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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Research career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bose–Einstein_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bose–Einstein_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bose–Einstein statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bose–Einstein_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bose–Einstein_condensate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bose–Einstein_condensate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Bose–Einstein condensate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bose–Einstein_condensate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dhaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dhaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calcutta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calcutta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Calcutta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calcutta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prize_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prize_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nobel Prize nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prize_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_(selection)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_(selection)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works (selection)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_(selection)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Satyendra Nath Bose</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="सत्येन्द्र नाथ बोस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सत्येन्द्र नाथ बोस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ساتيندرا ناث بوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساتيندرا ناث بوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81" title="সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ বসু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ বসু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="सत्येन्द्र नाथ बोस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सत्येन्द्र नाथ बोस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ساتیندرا بوز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساتیندرا بوز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81" title="সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ বসু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ বসু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шацьендранат Бозе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шацьендранат Бозе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Сатиендра Нат Бозе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сатиендра Нат Бозе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0atendran%C3%A1th_Bose" title="Šatendranáth Bose – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šatendranáth Bose" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendranath_Bose" title="Satyendranath Bose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Satyendranath Bose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendranath_Bose" title="Satyendranath Bose – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Satyendranath Bose" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Σατέντραναθ Μπόους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σατέντραναθ Μπόους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ساتیندرا بوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساتیندرا بوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendranath_Bose" title="Satyendranath Bose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Satyendranath Bose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A5_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9D" title="સત્યેન્દ્રનાથ બોઝ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સત્યેન્દ્રનાથ બોઝ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%8B%B0%EC%97%94%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC_%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="사티엔드라 나트 보스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사티엔드라 나트 보스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5" title="Շատենդրանաթ Բոզե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շատենդրանաթ Բոզե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="सत्येन्द्रनाथ बोस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सत्येन्द्रनाथ बोस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendranath_Bose" title="Satyendranath Bose – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Satyendranath Bose" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%96" title="סאטינדרה נאת בוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סאטינדרה נאת בוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A5_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸತ್ಯೇಂದ್ರನಾಥ ಬೋಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸತ್ಯೇಂದ್ರನಾಥ ಬೋಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94" title="შატენდრანატ ბოზე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შატენდრანატ ბოზე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0atjendranats_Boze" title="Šatjendranats Boze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šatjendranats Boze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="सत्येन्द्र नाथ बोस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सत्येन्द्र नाथ बोस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шатјендранат Бозе – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шатјендранат Бозе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendranath_Bose" title="Satyendranath Bose – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Satyendranath Bose" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സത്യേന്ദ്രനാഥ് ബോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സത്യേന്ദ്രനാഥ് ബോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="सत्येंद्रनाथ बोस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सत्येंद्रनाथ बोस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94" title="შატენდრანატ ბოზე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შატენდრანატ ბოზე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ساتيندرا ناث بوز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساتيندرا ناث بوز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="सत्येन्द्र नाथ बोस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सत्येन्द्र नाथ बोस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="サティエンドラ・ボース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サティエンドラ・ボース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A5_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B7" title="ସତ୍ୟେନ୍ଦ୍ରନାଥ ବୋଷ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସତ୍ୟେନ୍ଦ୍ରନାଥ ବୋଷ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boze" title="Boze – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boze" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8F%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A5_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8" title="ਸੱਤਿਏੰਦ੍ਰਨਾਥ ਬੋਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੱਤਿਏੰਦ੍ਰਨਾਥ ਬੋਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ستیندرناتھ بوس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ستیندرناتھ بوس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5,_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Бозе, Шатьендранат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бозе, Шатьендранат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81" title="सत्येन्द्रनाथ बसु – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सत्येन्द्रनाथ बसु" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0atendran%C3%A1th_Bose" title="Šatendranáth Bose – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šatendranáth Bose" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satjendra_Nat_Bose" title="Satjendra Nat Bose – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Satjendra Nat Bose" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Bose" title="Satyendra Bose – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Satyendra Bose" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="சத்தியேந்திர நாத் போசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சத்தியேந்திர நாத் போசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A5%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="సత్యేంద్రనాథ్ బోస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సత్యేంద్రనాథ్ బోస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AA" title="สัตเยนทระ นาถ โพส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตเยนทระ นาถ โพส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шатендранат Бозе – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шатендранат Бозе" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Satyendra Nath Bose" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Шатьєндранат Бозе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian theoretical physicist and polymath (1894–1974)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Indian nationalist belonging to the Anushilan Samiti, see <a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Bosu" title="Satyendranath Bosu">Satyendranath Bosu</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Satyendra Nath Bose</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship of the Royal Society">FRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Rajya_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha">MP</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SatyenBose1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SatyenBose1925.jpg/220px-SatyenBose1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SatyenBose1925.jpg/330px-SatyenBose1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/SatyenBose1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="497" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bose in 1925</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Satyendra Nath Bose</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1894-01-01</span>)</span>1 January 1894<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 February 1974<span style="display:none">(1974-02-04)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, India<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bose–Einstein distribution">Bose–Einstein distribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_correlations" title="Bose–Einstein correlations">Bose–Einstein correlations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bose_gas" title="Bose gas">Bose gas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">Boson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_state" title="Equation of state">Ideal Bose Equation of State</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Photon_gas" title="Photon gas">Photon gas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bosonic_string_theory" title="Bosonic string theory">Bosonic string theory</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ushabati Bose (<i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a></i> Ghosh)<sup id="cite_ref-SNB_Project_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNB_Project-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical Physics">Theoretical Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Mechanics">Quantum Mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati" class="mw-redirect" title="Visva-Bharati">Visva-Bharati</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chandra_Ray" title="Prafulla Chandra Ray">Prafulla Chandra Ray</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purnima_Sinha" title="Purnima Sinha">Purnima Sinha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Partha_Ghose" title="Partha Ghose">Partha Ghose</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Siva_Brata_Bhattacherjee" title="Siva Brata Bhattacherjee">Siva Brata Bhattacherjee</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Lal_Bhaumik" title="Mani Lal Bhaumik">Mani Lal Bhaumik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lilabati_Bhattacharjee" title="Lilabati Bhattacharjee">Lilabati Bhattacharjee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Asima_Chatterjee" title="Asima Chatterjee">Asima Chatterjee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Lal_Brahmachary" title="Ratan Lal Brahmachary">Ratan Lal Brahmachary</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Rajya_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha">Member of Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 April 1952 – 2 April 1960</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominated_members_of_Rajya_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha">Nominated (Education)</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_Satyendranath_Bose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Signature_Satyendranath_Bose.svg/150px-Signature_Satyendranath_Bose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Signature_Satyendranath_Bose.svg/225px-Signature_Satyendranath_Bose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Signature_Satyendranath_Bose.svg/300px-Signature_Satyendranath_Bose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist nowraplinks" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series of articles about</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1799e4a910c7d26396922a20ef5ceec25ca1871c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.882ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle }"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist nowrap" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_elementary_quantum_mechanics" title="Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics" title="History of quantum mechanics">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">Old quantum theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%E2%80%93ket_notation" title="Bra–ket notation">Bra–ket notation</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_(quantum_mechanics)" title="Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)">Hamiltonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">Interference</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)">Complementarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_decoherence" title="Quantum decoherence">Decoherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">Entanglement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">Energy level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Measurement in quantum mechanics">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality" title="Quantum nonlocality">Nonlocality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">Quantum number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">Superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Symmetry in quantum mechanics">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">Tunnelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">Wave function</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_function_collapse" title="Wave function collapse">Collapse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Experiments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_test" title="Bell test">Bell's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHSH_inequality" title="CHSH inequality">CHSH inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer_experiment" title="Davisson–Germer experiment">Davisson–Germer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-slit_experiment" title="Double-slit experiment">Double-slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitzur%E2%80%93Vaidman_bomb_tester" title="Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester">Elitzur–Vaidman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck%E2%80%93Hertz_experiment" title="Franck–Hertz experiment">Franck–Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leggett_inequality" title="Leggett inequality">Leggett inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leggett%E2%80%93Garg_inequality" title="Leggett–Garg inequality">Leggett–Garg inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach%E2%80%93Zehnder_interferometer" title="Mach–Zehnder interferometer">Mach–Zehnder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popper%27s_experiment" title="Popper's experiment">Popper</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_eraser_experiment" title="Quantum eraser experiment">Quantum eraser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delayed-choice_quantum_eraser" title="Delayed-choice quantum eraser">Delayed-choice</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat" title="Schrödinger's cat">Schrödinger's cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern%E2%80%93Gerlach_experiment" title="Stern–Gerlach experiment">Stern–Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler%27s_delayed-choice_experiment" title="Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment">Wheeler's delayed-choice</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Formulations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics">Overview</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heisenberg_picture" title="Heisenberg picture">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_picture" title="Interaction picture">Interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_mechanics" title="Matrix mechanics">Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-space_formulation" title="Phase-space formulation">Phase-space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_picture" title="Schrödinger picture">Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_integral_formulation" title="Path integral formulation">Sum-over-histories (path integral)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Equations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_equation" title="Dirac equation">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein%E2%80%93Gordon_equation" title="Klein–Gordon equation">Klein–Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_equation" title="Pauli equation">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rydberg_formula" title="Rydberg formula">Rydberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" title="Quantum Bayesianism">Bayesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_histories" title="Consistent histories">Consistent histories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">de Broglie–Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_interpretation" title="Ensemble interpretation">Ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden-variable_theory" title="Hidden-variable theory">Hidden-variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_hidden-variable_theory" title="Local hidden-variable theory">Local</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superdeterminism" title="Superdeterminism">Superdeterminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-collapse_theory" title="Objective-collapse theory">Objective-collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_quantum_mechanics" title="Relational quantum mechanics">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_interpretation" title="Transactional interpretation">Transactional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann%E2%80%93Wigner_interpretation" title="Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation">Von Neumann–Wigner</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Advanced topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_mechanics" title="Relativistic quantum mechanics">Relativistic quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chaos" title="Quantum chaos">Quantum chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Podolsky%E2%80%93Rosen_paradox" title="Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox">EPR paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_matrix" title="Density matrix">Density matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattering_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattering theory">Scattering theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_statistical_mechanics" title="Quantum statistical mechanics">Quantum statistical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Aharonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Debye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest" title="Paul Ehrenfest">Ehrenfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Everett_III" title="Hugh Everett III">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Fock" title="Vladimir Fock">Fock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gutzwiller" title="Martin Gutzwiller">Gutzwiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kramers" title="Hans Kramers">Kramers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Onnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rydberg" title="Johannes Rydberg">Rydberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Simmons" title="Michelle Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Sommerfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_mechanics" title="Template:Quantum mechanics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_mechanics" title="Template talk:Quantum mechanics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum_mechanics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum mechanics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Satyendra Nath Bose</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship of the Royal Society">FRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Rajya_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha">MP</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>. He is best known for his work on <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> in the early 1920s, in developing the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a> and the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society#Fellows" title="Royal Society">Fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, he was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a>, in 1954 by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xv,_xxxiv_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xv,_xxxiv-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biography_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMahanti_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMahanti-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The class of particles that obey Bose statistics, <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">bosons</a>, was named after Bose by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sean2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sean2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, he had a wide range of interests in varied fields, including <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>. He served on many research and development committees in India after independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xl_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bose was born in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> (now Kolkata), the eldest of seven children in a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Kayastha" title="Bengali Kayastha">Bengali Kayastha</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the only son, with six sisters after him. His ancestral home was in the village Bara Jagulia, in the district of <a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>. His schooling began at the age of five, near his home. When his family moved to Goabagan, he was admitted into the New Indian School. In his final year of school, he was admitted into the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu School">Hindu School</a>. He passed his entrance examination (<a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculation</a>) in 1909 and stood fifth in the order of merit. He then joined the intermediate science course at the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, where his teachers included <a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarada_Prasanna_Das&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarada Prasanna Das (page does not exist)">Sarada Prasanna Das</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chandra_Ray" title="Prafulla Chandra Ray">Prafulla Chandra Ray</a>. </p><p>Bose received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> in mixed mathematics from <a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency College</a>, standing first in 1913. Then he joined <a href="/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee" title="Ashutosh Mukherjee">Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee's</a> newly formed <a href="/wiki/Rajabazar_Science_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajabazar Science College">Science College</a> where he again stood first in the <a href="/wiki/MSc" class="mw-redirect" title="MSc">MSc</a> mixed mathematics exam in 1915. His marks in the MSc examination created a new record in the annals of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>, which is yet to be surpassed.<sup id="cite_ref-gamble_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamble-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After completing his MSc, Bose joined the <a href="/wiki/Rajabazar_Science_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajabazar Science College">Science College, Calcutta University</a> as a research scholar in 1916 and started his studies in the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>. It was an exciting era in the history of scientific progress. <a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">Quantum theory</a> had just appeared on the horizon and significant results had started pouring in.<sup id="cite_ref-gamble_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamble-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His father, Surendranath Bose, worked in the Engineering Department of the <a href="/wiki/East_Indian_Railway_Company" title="East Indian Railway Company">East Indian Railway Company</a>. In 1914, at age 20, Satyendra Nath Bose married Ushabati Ghosh,<sup id="cite_ref-SNB_Project_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNB_Project-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xvii_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xvii-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 11-year-old daughter of a prominent Calcutta physician.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had nine offspring, two of whom died in early childhood. When he died in 1974, he left behind his wife, two sons, and five daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-gamble_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamble-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Polyglotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglotism">polyglot</a>, Bose was well versed in several languages such as <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, English, French, German and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> as well as the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Lord Tennyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kālidāsa">Kalidasa</a>. He could play the <i><a href="/wiki/Esraj" title="Esraj">esraj</a></i>, an Indian instrument similar to a violin.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was actively involved in running night schools that came to be known as the Working Men's Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-SMahanti_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMahanti-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xvi_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xvi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_career">Research career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bose attended <a href="/wiki/Hindu_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu School">Hindu School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kolkata_Presidencians" title="List of Kolkata Presidencians">attended</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency College, Kolkata">Presidency College</a>, also in Calcutta, earning the highest marks at each institution, while fellow student and future astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a> came second.<sup id="cite_ref-SMahanti_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMahanti-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came in contact with teachers such as <a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a>, Prafulla Chandra Ray and Naman Sharma who provided inspiration to aim high in life. From 1916 to 1921, he was a lecturer in the <a href="/wiki/Academic_department" title="Academic department">physics department</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rajabazar_Science_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajabazar Science College">Rajabazar Science College</a> under <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>. Along with Saha, Bose prepared the first book in English based on German and French translations of original papers on Einstein's special and general relativity in 1919. </p><p>In 1921, Satyendra Nath Bose joined as <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">Reader</a> in the Department of Physics of the recently founded <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a> (in present-day Bangladesh).<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banglapedia-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bose set up whole new departments, including laboratories, to teach advanced courses for MSc and BSc honours and taught <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field" title="A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field">theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xvii,_xviii,_xx_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xvii,_xviii,_xx-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bose, along with Indian Astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a>, presented several papers in theoretical physics and pure mathematics from 1918 onwards. In 1924, whilst a Reader in the Physics Department of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a>, Bose wrote a paper deriving <a href="/wiki/Planck%27s_law" title="Planck's law">Planck's quantum radiation law</a> without any reference to <a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">classical physics</a> by using a novel way of counting states with <a href="/wiki/Identical_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Identical particles">identical particles</a>. This paper was seminal in creating the important field of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum statistics">quantum statistics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not accepted at once for publication, he sent the article directly to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> in Germany. Einstein, recognising the importance of the paper, translated it into German himself and submitted it on Bose's behalf to the <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a></i>. As a result of this recognition, Bose was able to work for two years in European <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">crystallography</a> laboratories, during which he worked with <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, and Einstein.<sup id="cite_ref-SMahanti_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMahanti-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shanbhag_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanbhag-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OConnorRobertson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConnorRobertson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xx–xxiii_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xx–xxiii-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bose–Einstein_statistics"><span id="Bose.E2.80.93Einstein_statistics"></span>Bose–Einstein statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bose–Einstein statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While presenting a lecture<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a> on the theory of <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_catastrophe" title="Ultraviolet catastrophe">ultraviolet catastrophe</a>, Bose intended to show his students that the contemporary theory was inadequate, because it predicted results not in accordance with experimental results. </p><p>In the process of describing this discrepancy, Bose for the first time took the position that the <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution" title="Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution">Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution</a> would not be true for microscopic particles, where fluctuations due to <a href="/wiki/Heisenberg%27s_uncertainty_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisenberg's uncertainty principle">Heisenberg's uncertainty principle</a> will be significant. Thus he stressed the probability of finding particles in the <a href="/wiki/Phase_space" title="Phase space">phase space</a>, each state having volume <span class="texhtml"><i>h</i><sup>3</sup></span>, and discarding the distinct position and <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> of the particles. </p><p>Bose adapted this lecture into a short article called "Planck's Law and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta" and sent it to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> with the following letter:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Respected Sir, I have ventured to send you the accompanying article for your perusal and opinion. I am anxious to know what you think of it. You will see that I have tried to deduce the coefficient <span class="texhtml">8π ν<sup>2</sup>/<i>c</i><sup>3</sup></span> in Planck's Law independent of classical electrodynamics, only assuming that the ultimate elementary region in the phase-space has the content <span class="texhtml"><i>h</i><sup>3</sup></span>. I do not know sufficient German to translate the paper. If you think the paper worth publication I shall be grateful if you arrange for its publication in <i>Zeitschrift für Physik</i>. Though a complete stranger to you, I do not feel any hesitation in making such a request. Because we are all your pupils though profiting only by your teachings through your writings. I do not know whether you still remember that somebody from Calcutta asked your permission to translate your papers on Relativity in English. You acceded to the request. The book has since been published. I was the one who translated your paper on Generalised Relativity.</p></blockquote> <p>Einstein agreed with him, translated Bose's papers "Planck's Law and Hypothesis of Light Quanta" into German, and had it published in <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a></i> under Bose's name, in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009414_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009414-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div style="min-width:150px; max-width:315px; float:left; margin-top:3px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:25px;"> <div class="thumb" style="float:left; margin-right:15px; margin-bottom:10px;"> <div style="width: 150px"> <table width="150" cellpadding="3" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 3px; border: 1px solid #8888aa"> <caption><b>Possible outcomes of flipping two coins</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Two heads</td> <td>Two tails</td> <td>One of each </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="thumbcaption"><b>(1)</b> There are three outcomes. What is the probability of producing two heads?</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb" style="float:left;"> <div style="width: 150px;"> <table width="150" cellpadding="3" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 3px; border: 1px solid #8888aa"> <caption><b>Outcome probabilities</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">  </td> <th colspan="2">Coin 1 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Head</th> <th>Tail </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Coin 2 </th> <th>Head </th> <td>HH</td> <td>HT </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tail </th> <td>TH</td> <td>TT </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="thumbcaption"><b>(2)</b> Since the coins are distinct, there are two outcomes which produce a head and a tail. The probability of two heads is one-quarter.</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>The reason Bose's interpretation produced accurate results was that since photons are indistinguishable from each other, one cannot treat any two photons having equal energy as being two distinct identifiable photons. By analogy if, in an alternate universe, coins were to behave like photons and other <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">bosons</a>, the probability of producing two heads would indeed be one-third (tail-head = head-tail). </p><p>Bose's interpretation is now called <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a>. This result derived by Bose laid the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum statistics">quantum statistics</a>, and especially the revolutionary new philosophical conception of the indistinguishability of particles, as acknowledged by Einstein and Dirac.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009414_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009414-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Einstein met Bose face-to-face, he asked him whether he had been aware that he had invented a new type of statistics, and he very candidly said that no, he wasn't that familiar with <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Boltzmann">Boltzmann</a>'s statistics and didn't realize that he was doing the calculations differently. He was equally candid with anyone who asked. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bose–Einstein_condensate"><span id="Bose.E2.80.93Einstein_condensate"></span>Bose–Einstein condensate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bose–Einstein condensate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="skin-invert-image noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/240px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/360px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/480px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" usemap="#ImageMap_af1b7d82cba73703" resource="/wiki/File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_af1b7d82cba73703"><area href="/wiki/Up_quark" shape="rect" coords="17,48,59,89" alt="Up quark" title="Up quark" /><area href="/wiki/Charm_quark" shape="rect" coords="60,48,102,89" alt="Charm quark" title="Charm quark" /><area href="/wiki/Top_quark" shape="rect" coords="104,48,145,89" alt="Top quark" title="Top quark" /><area href="/wiki/Gluon" shape="rect" coords="149,48,190,89" alt="Gluon" title="Gluon" /><area href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" shape="rect" coords="194,48,235,89" alt="Higgs boson" title="Higgs boson" /><area href="/wiki/Down_quark" shape="rect" coords="17,91,59,132" alt="Down quark" title="Down quark" /><area href="/wiki/Strange_quark" shape="rect" coords="60,91,102,132" alt="Strange quark" title="Strange quark" /><area href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" shape="rect" coords="104,91,145,132" alt="Bottom quark" title="Bottom quark" /><area href="/wiki/Photon" shape="rect" coords="149,91,190,132" alt="Photon" title="Photon" /><area href="/wiki/Electron" shape="rect" coords="17,137,59,178" alt="Electron" title="Electron" /><area href="/wiki/Muon" shape="rect" coords="60,137,102,178" alt="Muon" title="Muon" /><area href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" shape="rect" coords="104,137,145,178" alt="Tau (particle)" title="Tau (particle)" /><area href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons#Z_bosons}Z_boson" shape="rect" coords="149,137,190,178" alt="W and Z bosons#Z bosons}Z boson" title="W and Z bosons#Z bosons}Z boson" /><area href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" shape="rect" coords="17,180,59,221" alt="Electron neutrino" title="Electron neutrino" /><area href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" shape="rect" coords="60,180,102,221" alt="Muon neutrino" title="Muon neutrino" /><area href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" shape="rect" coords="104,180,145,221" alt="Tau neutrino" title="Tau neutrino" /><area href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" shape="rect" coords="149,180,190,221" alt="W and Z bosons" title="W and Z bosons" /><area href="/wiki/Standard_Model" shape="rect" coords="16,8,224,19" alt="Standard Model" title="Standard Model" /><area href="/wiki/Fermion" shape="rect" coords="17,24,145,38" alt="Fermion" title="Fermion" /><area href="/wiki/Boson" shape="rect" coords="149,24,235,38" alt="Boson" title="Boson" /><area href="/wiki/Quark" shape="rect" coords="6,93,14,133" alt="Quark" title="Quark" /><area href="/wiki/Lepton" shape="rect" coords="6,176,12,219" alt="Lepton" title="Lepton" /><area href="/wiki/Scalar_boson" shape="rect" coords="227,92,233,172" alt="Scalar boson" title="Scalar boson" /><area href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" shape="rect" coords="196,143,202,219" alt="Gauge boson" title="Gauge boson" /><area href="/wiki/Vector_boson" shape="rect" coords="205,165,209,219" alt="Vector boson" title="Vector boson" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary particles</a> of the Standard Model</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">Gauge theory</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">Spontaneous symmetry breaking</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Higgs_mechanism" title="Higgs mechanism">Higgs mechanism</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Constituents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cabibbo%E2%80%93Kobayashi%E2%80%93Maskawa_matrix" title="Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix">CKM matrix</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">Standard Model mathematics</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Limitations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Strong_CP_problem" title="Strong CP problem">Strong CP problem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_problem" title="Hierarchy problem">Hierarchy problem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation" title="Neutrino oscillation">Neutrino oscillations</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Physics beyond the Standard Model">Physics beyond the Standard Model</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis Jr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">Iliopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Maiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Meer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Cowan" title="Clyde Cowan">Cowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Cabibbo" title="Nicola Cabibbo">Cabibbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Majorana" title="Ettore Majorana">Majorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clive_Ward" title="John Clive Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mills_(physicist)" title="Robert Mills (physicist)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pais" title="Abraham Pais">Pais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Vleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Brout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Hagen" title="C. R. Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Guralnik" title="Gerald Guralnik">Guralnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kibble" title="Tom Kibble">Kibble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ant%C3%BAnez_de_Mayolo" title="Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo">de Mayolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Lattes" title="César Lattes">Lattes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Zweig" title="George Zweig">Zweig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Standard_model_of_particle_physics" title="Template:Standard model of particle physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Standard_model_of_particle_physics" title="Template talk:Standard model of particle physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Standard_model_of_particle_physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Standard model of particle physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bose_Einstein_condensate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/250px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/375px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/500px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Velocity-distribution data of a gas of <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> atoms, confirming the discovery of a new phase of matter, <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">the Bose–Einstein condensate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Left: just before the appearance of a Bose–Einstein condensate. Center: just after the appearance of the condensate. Right: after further evaporation, leaving a sample of nearly pure condensate.</figcaption></figure> <p>Einstein also did not at first realize how radical Bose's departure was, and in his first paper after Bose, he was guided, like Bose, by the fact that the new method gave the right answer. But after Einstein's second paper using Bose's method in which Einstein predicted the Bose-Einstein condensate (<i>pictured left</i>), he started to realize just how radical it was, and he compared it to wave/particle duality, saying that some particles didn't behave exactly like particles. Bose had already submitted his article to the British Journal <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>, which rejected it before he sent it to Einstein. It is not known why it was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Einstein adopted the idea and extended it to atoms. This led to the prediction of the existence of phenomena which became known as <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a>, a dense collection of <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">bosons</a> (which are particles with integer <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a>, named after Bose), which was demonstrated to exist by experiment in 1995. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dhaka">Dhaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dhaka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyendra-nath-bose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Satyendra-nath-bose.jpg/220px-Satyendra-nath-bose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Satyendra-nath-bose.jpg/330px-Satyendra-nath-bose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Satyendra-nath-bose.jpg/440px-Satyendra-nath-bose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Bose at Dhaka University in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>After his stay in Europe, Bose returned to <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> in 1926. He did not have a doctorate, and so ordinarily, under the prevailing regulations, he would not be qualified for the post of Professor he applied for, but <a href="/wiki/Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein">Einstein</a> recommended him. He was then made <a href="/wiki/Chair_(official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair (official)">Head</a> of the Department of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka University">Dhaka University</a>. He continued guiding and teaching at Dhaka University and was the <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">Dean</a> of the Faculty of Science there until 1945. </p><p>Bose designed equipment himself for an <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a> laboratory. He set up laboratories and libraries to make the department a center of research in X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetic properties of matter, optical spectroscopy, wireless, and <a href="/wiki/Unified_field_theory" title="Unified field theory">unified field theories</a>. He also published an <a href="/wiki/Equation_of_state" title="Equation of state">equation of state</a> for <a href="/wiki/Real_gas" title="Real gas">real gases</a> with <a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calcutta">Calcutta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Calcutta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> became imminent (1947), he returned to <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> (now known as Kolkata) and taught there until 1956. He insisted every student design their own equipment using local materials and local technicians. He was made <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">professor emeritus</a> on his retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-shanbhag_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanbhag-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxx,_xxiv_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxx,_xxiv-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMahanti_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMahanti-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then became Vice-Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santiniketan" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiniketan">Santiniketan</a>. He returned to the University of Calcutta to continue research in nuclear physics and complete earlier works in organic chemistry. In subsequent years, he worked in applied research such as extraction of <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> in hot springs of <a href="/wiki/Bakreshwar" title="Bakreshwar">Bakreshwar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxxvi,_xxxviii_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxxvi,_xxxviii-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_fields">Other fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from physics, he did research in <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> and literature (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali</a> and English). He made studies in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, geology, <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, engineering and other sciences. Being <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a>, he devoted significant time to promoting <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> as a teaching language, translating scientific papers into it, and promoting the development of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-OConnorRobertson_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConnorRobertson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxiv,_xxxix_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxiv,_xxxix-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biography_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M_N_Saha,_J_C_Bose,_J_C_Ghosh,_Snehamoy_Dutt,_S_N_Bose,_D_M_Bose,_N_R_Sen,_J_N_Mukherjee,_N_C_Nag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg/220px-M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg/330px-M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg/440px-M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Bose with other scientists at the University of Calcutta</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Satyendra_Nath_Bose_at_BITM_13_July_14_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bust_of_Satyendra_Nath_Bose_at_BITM_13_July_14_006.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Satyendra_Nath_Bose_at_BITM_13_July_14_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bust_of_Satyendra_Nath_Bose_at_BITM_13_July_14_006.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Satyendra_Nath_Bose_at_BITM_13_July_14_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bust_of_Satyendra_Nath_Bose_at_BITM_13_July_14_006.jpg/440px-Bust_of_Satyendra_Nath_Bose_at_BITM_13_July_14_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Satyendra Nath Bose which is placed in the garden of <a href="/wiki/Birla_Industrial_%26_Technological_Museum" title="Birla Industrial & Technological Museum">Birla Industrial & Technological Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> dedicated his only book on science, <i>Visva–Parichay</i>, to Satyendra Nath Bose. Bose was honoured with the title <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a> by the Indian Government in 1954. In 1959, he was appointed as the National Professor, the highest honour in the country for a scholar, a position he held for 15 years. In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/S.N._Bose_National_Centre_for_Basic_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences">S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences</a> was established by an act of Parliament, Government of India, in Salt Lake, Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxxiv,_xxxviii_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxxiv,_xxxviii-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bose became an adviser to the then newly formed <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council of Scientific and Industrial Research">Council of Scientific and Industrial Research</a>. He was the president of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Physical_Society" title="Indian Physical Society">Indian Physical Society</a> and the National Institute of Science. He was elected general president of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Science_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Science Congress">Indian Science Congress</a>. He was the vice president and then the president of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a>. In 1958, he became a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a>. He was nominated as <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Rajya_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha">member of</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Partha_Ghose" title="Partha Ghose">Partha Ghose</a> has stated that<sup id="cite_ref-SMahanti_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMahanti-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Bose's work stood at the transition between the '<a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">old quantum theory</a>' of Planck, Bohr and Einstein and the new quantum mechanics of <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a> and others.</p></blockquote> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prize_nomination">Nobel Prize nomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bose was nominated by <a href="/wiki/Kedareswar_Banerjee" title="Kedareswar Banerjee">K. Banerjee</a> (1956), <a href="/wiki/Daulat_Singh_Kothari" title="Daulat Singh Kothari">D.S. Kothari</a> (1959), S.N. Bagchi (1962), and A.K. Dutta (1962) for the Nobel Prize in Physics, for his contribution to <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Unified_field_theory" title="Unified field theory">unified field theory</a>. Banerjee, head of the Physics Department, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Allahabad" title="University of Allahabad">University of Allahabad</a>, in a letter of 12 January 1956 wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committee</a> as follows: "(1). He (Bose) made very outstanding contributions to physics by developing the statistics known after his name as Bose statistics. In recent years this statistics is found to be of profound importance in the classifications of <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental particles">fundamental particles</a> and has contributed immensely to the development of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>. (2). During the period from 1953 to date, he has made a number of highly interesting contributions of far-reaching consequences on the subject of Einstein's <a href="/wiki/Unified_field_theory" title="Unified field theory">Unitary Field Theory</a>." Bose's work was evaluated by an expert of the Nobel Committee, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein" title="Oskar Klein">Oskar Klein</a>, who deemed his work not worthy of a Nobel Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyendranath_Bose_1994_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Satyendranath_Bose_1994_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Satyendranath_Bose_1994_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Satyendranath_Bose_1994_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Satyendranath_Bose_1994_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Satyendranath_Bose_1994_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Satyendranath_Bose_1994_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Bose on a 1994 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bosons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosons">Bosons</a>, a class of elementary <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic</a> particles in <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a> were named by Dirac after Satyendra Nath Bose to commemorate his contributions to science.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20120710_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20120710-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20120919_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20120919-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> kept a list of names of physicists which he ranked on a logarithmic scale of productivity ranging from 1 to 5. Albert Einstein was ranked 0.5. Landau awarded a rank of 1 to Bose along with the founding fathers of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a>, and others. Landau ranked himself as a 2.5 but later promoted to a 2.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although seven Nobel Prizes were awarded for research related to S N Bose's concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">boson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a>, Bose himself was not awarded a Nobel Prize. </p><p> In his book <i>The Scientific Edge</i>, physicist <a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a> observed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>SN Bose's work on particle statistics (c. 1922), which clarified the behaviour of <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">particles</a> of light in an enclosure) and opened the door to new ideas on statistics of Microsystems that obey the rules of quantum theory, was one of the top ten achievements of 20th century Indian science and could be considered in the Nobel Prize class.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <p>When Bose himself was once asked that question, he replied, "I have got all the recognition I deserve."<sup id="cite_ref-outlook-in-bose_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outlook-in-bose-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the main academic buildings of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rajshahi" title="University of Rajshahi">University of Rajshahi</a>, the No 1 science building has been named after him. </p><p>The 4 June 2022 <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> featured Bose, on the 98th anniversary of his sending his work to Einstein.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_(selection)"><span id="Works_.28selection.29"></span>Works (selection)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works (selection)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBose1924" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bose (1924), "Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese", <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a></i> (in German), <b>26</b> (1): 178–181, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924ZPhy...26..178B">1924ZPhy...26..178B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01327326">10.1007/BF01327326</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186235974">186235974</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=Plancks+Gesetz+und+Lichtquantenhypothese&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=178-181&rft.date=1924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186235974%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01327326&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1924ZPhy...26..178B&rft.au=Bose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The English pronunciation is from the Hindustani, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hns-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[səˈtjeːndrə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnaːtʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈboːs]</a></span>. The Bengali pronunciation is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ʃotːendronatʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>boʃu]</a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehra1975" class="citation journal cs1">Mehra, J. (1975). "Satyendra Nath Bose 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>21</b>: 116–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1975.0002">10.1098/rsbm.1975.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72507392">72507392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Satyendra+Nath+Bose+1+January+1894+%E2%80%93+4+February+1974&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=116-126&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1975.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A72507392%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/biography/Satyendra-Nath-Bose">"Satyendra Nath Bose – Bengali physicist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603023919/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Satyendra-Nath-Bose">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satyendra+Nath+Bose+%E2%80%93+Bengali+physicist&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSatyendra-Nath-Bose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SNB_Project-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SNB_Project_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SNB_Project_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/snbproject/timeline">"S. N. Bose Biography Project"</a>. July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017165140/https://sites.google.com/site/snbproject/timeline">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.+N.+Bose+Biography+Project&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fsnbproject%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718190953/https://www.lexico.com/definition/bose,_satyendra_nath">"Bose, Satyendra Nath"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bose,_Satyendra_Nath">the original</a> on 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bose%2C+Satyendra+Nath&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FBose%2C_Satyendra_Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xv,_xxxiv-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xv,_xxxiv_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWali2009">Wali 2009</a>, pp. xv, xxxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biography-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarran" class="citation cs2">Barran, Michel, "Bose, Satyendranath (1894–1974)", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Bose.html"><i>Science world</i></a> (biography), Wolfram, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801223439/http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Bose.html">archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bose%2C+Satyendranath+%281894%E2%80%931974%29&rft.btitle=Science+world&rft.pub=Wolfram&rft.aulast=Barran&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceworld.wolfram.com%2Fbiography%2FBose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMahanti-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMahanti_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMahanti_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMahanti_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMahanti_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMahanti_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMahanti_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahanti" class="citation web cs1">Mahanti, Dr Subodh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm">"Satyendra Nath Bose, The Creator of Quantum Statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">IN</a>: Vigyan Prasar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410165124/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satyendra+Nath+Bose%2C+The+Creator+of+Quantum+Statistics&rft.place=IN&rft.pub=Vigyan+Prasar&rft.aulast=Mahanti&rft.aufirst=Dr+Subodh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vigyanprasar.gov.in%2Fscientists%2Fsnbose%2Fbosenew.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmelo" class="citation cs2">Farmelo, Graham, "The Strangest Man", <i>Notes on Dirac's lecture </i>Developments in Atomic Theory<i> at Le Palais de la Découverte, 6 December 1945</i>, UKNATARCHI Dirac Papers, p. 331, note 64, BW83/2/257889</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Strangest+Man&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Dirac%27s+lecture+Developments+in+Atomic+Theory+at+Le+Palais+de+la+D%C3%A9couverte%2C+6+December+1945&rft.series=UKNATARCHI+Dirac+Papers&rft.pages=p.+331%2C+note+64&rft.aulast=Farmelo&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sean2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sean2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Sean2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Sean (18 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXTcSoXEZNUC&pg=PA63"><i>Strung Together: The Cultural Currency of String Theory as a Scientific Imaginary</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11866-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11866-3"><bdi>978-0-472-11866-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strung+Together%3A+The+Cultural+Currency+of+String+Theory+as+a+Scientific+Imaginary&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11866-3&rft.au=Miller%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNXTcSoXEZNUC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xl-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xl_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWali2009">Wali 2009</a>, p. xl.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantimay_ChatterjeeEnakshi_Chatterjee1987" class="citation book cs1">Santimay Chatterjee; Enakshi Chatterjee (1987). <i>Satyendra Nath Bose</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Trust" title="National Book Trust">National Book Trust</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-237-0492-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-237-0492-0"><bdi>978-81-237-0492-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857799092">857799092</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13132713M">13132713M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125628281" class="extiw" title="d:Q125628281">Q125628281</a>. <q>Satyendra Nath was born in Calcutta on the first of January, 1894, in a high caste Kayastha family with two generations of English education behind him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satyendra+Nath+Bose&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857799092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL13132713M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-81-237-0492-0&rft.au=Santimay+Chatterjee&rft.au=Enakshi+Chatterjee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gamble-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gamble_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gamble_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gamble_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamble2002" class="citation web cs1">Kamble, Dr VB (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/jan2002/article1.htm">"Vigyan Prasar"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304021244/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/jan2002/article1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vigyan+Prasar&rft.date=2002-01&rft.aulast=Kamble&rft.aufirst=Dr+VB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vigyanprasar.gov.in%2Fdream%2Fjan2002%2Farticle1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xvii-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xvii_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWali2009">Wali 2009</a>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters,_Barry_R.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Masters, Barry R. (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newweb.bose.res.in/Prof.S.N.Bose-Archive/objects/Masters-Bose.pdf">"Satyendra Nath Bose and Bose–Einstein Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Optics & Photonics News</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 41. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013OptPN..24...40M">2013OptPN..24...40M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOPN.24.4.000040">10.1364/OPN.24.4.000040</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414144753/http://newweb.bose.res.in/Prof.S.N.Bose-Archive/objects/Masters-Bose.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Optics+%26+Photonics+News&rft.atitle=Satyendra+Nath+Bose+and+Bose%E2%80%93Einstein+Statistics&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FOPN.24.4.000040&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013OptPN..24...40M&rft.au=Masters%2C+Barry+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewweb.bose.res.in%2FProf.S.N.Bose-Archive%2Fobjects%2FMasters-Bose.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm">"Vigyan Prasar – SC Bose"</a>. <i>www.vigyanprasar.gov.in</i>. Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410165124/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vigyanprasar.gov.in&rft.atitle=Vigyan+Prasar+%E2%80%93+SC+Bose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vigyanprasar.gov.in%2Fscientists%2Fsnbose%2Fbosenew.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xvi-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xvi_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWali2009">Wali 2009</a>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banglapedia-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banglapedia_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMd_Mahbub_Murshed2012" class="citation cs2">Md Mahbub Murshed (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bose,_Satyendra_Nath">"Bose, Satyendra Nath"</a>, in Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.), <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i> (Second ed.), <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107004743/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bose,_Satyendra_Nath">archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bose%2C+Satyendra+Nath&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Md+Mahbub+Murshed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBose%2C_Satyendra_Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xvii,_xviii,_xx-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xvii,_xviii,_xx_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWali2009">Wali 2009</a>, pp. xvii, xviii, xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bose, S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Astrophysics+and+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Planck%27s+Law+and+the+Light+Quantum+Hypothesis&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=3-7&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121808581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03010400&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994JApA...15....3B&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhermes.ffn.ub.es%2Fluisnavarro%2Fnuevo_maletin%2FBose_1924.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shanbhag-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shanbhag_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shanbhag_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanbhag" class="citation web cs1">Shanbhag, MR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020802081628/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/snbose.shtml">"Scientist"</a>. <i>Personalities</i>. 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UK: St Andrew's. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918212827/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bose.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft.atitle=Satyendranath+Bose&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Robertson%2C+EF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FBose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xx–xxiii-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xx–xxiii_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWali2009">Wali 2009</a>, pp. xx–xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanbhag" class="citation web cs1">Shanbhag, MR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isical.ac.in/~econophys/bose.html">"Satyendra Nath Bose (January 1, 1894 – February 4, 1974)"</a>. Indian Statistical Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528020607/http://www.isical.ac.in/~econophys/bose.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satyendra+Nath+Bose+%28January+1%2C+1894+%E2%80%93+February+4%2C+1974%29&rft.pub=Indian+Statistical+Institute&rft.aulast=Shanbhag&rft.aufirst=MR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isical.ac.in%2F~econophys%2Fbose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkataraman1992" class="citation cs2">Venkataraman, G (1992), <i>Bose And His Statistics</i>, Universities Press, p. 14, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7371-036-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7371-036-0"><bdi>978-81-7371-036-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bose+And+His+Statistics&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Universities+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7371-036-0&rft.aulast=Venkataraman&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009414-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009414_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009414_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWali2009">Wali 2009</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patapsco.nist.gov/imagegallery/details.cfm?imageid=193">"Quantum Physics; Bose Einstein condensate"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patapsco.nist.gov/"><i>Image Gallery</i></a>, NIST, 11 March 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516181854/http://patapsco.nist.gov/">archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quantum+Physics%3B+Bose+Einstein+condensate&rft.btitle=Image+Gallery&rft.pub=NIST&rft.date=2006-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatapsco.nist.gov%2Fimagegallery%2Fdetails.cfm%3Fimageid%3D193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.Douglas Stone, Chapter 24, <i>The Indian Comet</i>, in the book <i>Einstein and the Quantum</i>, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxx,_xxiv-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxx,_xxiv_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWali2009">Wali 2009</a>, pp. xxx, xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxxvi,_xxxviii-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxxvi,_xxxviii_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWali2009">Wali 2009</a>, pp. xxxvi, xxxviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxiv,_xxxix-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxiv,_xxxix_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWali2009">Wali 2009</a>, pp. xxiv, xxxix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxxiv,_xxxviii-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWali2009xxxiv,_xxxviii_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWali2009">Wali 2009</a>, pp. xxxiv, xxxviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhose2012" class="citation cs2">Ghose, Partha (3 January 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225060556/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120103/jsp/opinion/story_14952697.jsp">"Original vision"</a>, <i>The Telegraph</i> (Opinion), <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">IN</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120103/jsp/opinion/story_14952697.jsp">the original</a> on 25 February 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Original+vision&rft.date=2012-01-03&rft.aulast=Ghose&rft.aufirst=Partha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1120103%2Fjsp%2Fopinion%2Fstory_14952697.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, Rajinder (2016) <i>India's Nobel Prize Nominators and Nominees – The Praxis of Nomination and Geographical Distribution</i>, Shaker Publisher, Aachen, pp. 26–27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8440-4315-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8440-4315-0">978-3-8440-4315-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, Rajinder (2016) <i>Die Nobelpreise und die indische Elite</i>, Shaker Verlag, Aachen, pp. 24–25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8440-4429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8440-4429-4">978-3-8440-4429-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, Rajinder (2016) <i>Chemistry and Physics Nobel Prizes – India's Contribution</i>, Shaker Verlag, Aachen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8440-4669-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8440-4669-4">978-3-8440-4669-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-20120710-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20120710_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaigle2012" class="citation news cs1">Daigle, Katy (10 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.excite.com/article/20120710/D9VU1DRG0.html">"India: Enough about Higgs, let's discuss the boson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316121948/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20120710/D9VU1DRG0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=India%3A+Enough+about+Higgs%2C+let%27s+discuss+the+boson&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft.aulast=Daigle&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.excite.com%2Farticle%2F20120710%2FD9VU1DRG0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20120919-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20120919_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBal2012" class="citation news cs1">Bal, Hartosh Singh (19 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/19/indians-clamor-for-credit-for-the-bose-in-boson/">"The Bose in the Boson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922024310/http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/19/indians-clamor-for-credit-for-the-bose-in-boson/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times+blog&rft.atitle=The+Bose+in+the+Boson&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft.aulast=Bal&rft.aufirst=Hartosh+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatitude.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F09%2F19%2Findians-clamor-for-credit-for-the-bose-in-boson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theor.jinr.ru/~kuzemsky/smolind.pdf">"New Einsteins need positive environment, independent spirit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Einsteins+need+positive+environment%2C+independent+spirit&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheor.jinr.ru%2F~kuzemsky%2Fsmolind.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontaner2010" class="citation web cs1">Montaner, Jordi (5 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109195944/http://www.en.globaltalentnews.com/current_news/reports/3609/As-a-student-Landau-dared-to-correct-Einstein-in-a-lecture.html">"As a student, Landau dared to correct Einstein in a lecture: Lev P. Pitaevskii"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.en.globaltalentnews.com/current_news/reports/3609/As-a-student-Landau-dared-to-correct-Einstein-in-a-lecture.html">the original</a> on 9 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+a+student%2C+Landau+dared+to+correct+Einstein+in+a+lecture%3A+Lev+P.+Pitaevskii&rft.date=2010-05-05&rft.aulast=Montaner&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.en.globaltalentnews.com%2Fcurrent_news%2Freports%2F3609%2FAs-a-student-Landau-dared-to-correct-Einstein-in-a-lecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarlikar2003" class="citation cs2">Narlikar, Jayant V (2003), <i>The Scientific Edge: The Indian Scientist from Vedic to Modern Times</i>, Penguin Books, p. 127, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303028-7"><bdi>978-0-14-303028-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Edge%3A+The+Indian+Scientist+from+Vedic+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303028-7&rft.aulast=Narlikar&rft.aufirst=Jayant+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span>. The work of other 20th century Indian scientists which Narlikar considered to be of Nobel Prize class were <a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megh_Nad_Saha" class="mw-redirect" title="Megh Nad Saha">Megh Nad Saha</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-outlook-in-bose-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-outlook-in-bose_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlikhan2012" class="citation news cs1">Alikhan, Anvar (16 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281539">"The Spark in a Crowded Field"</a>. <i>Outlook India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709141149/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281539">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook+India&rft.atitle=The+Spark+in+a+Crowded+Field&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft.aulast=Alikhan&rft.aufirst=Anvar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Farticle.aspx%3F281539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebengalichronicle.com/google-give-respect-to-satyendranath-bose-for-his-inventions-via-doodle-mst/">"Google Doodle : বিশ্ব মঞ্চে শ্রেষ্ঠ শিরোপা! বিজ্ঞানী Satyendra Nath Bose-কে সম্মান গুগলের"</a>. <i>The Bengali Chronicle</i> (in Bengali). 4 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810111121/https://thebengalichronicle.com/google-give-respect-to-satyendranath-bose-for-his-inventions-via-doodle-mst/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bengali+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Google+Doodle+%3A+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0+%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%21+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80+Satyendra+Nath+Bose-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0&rft.date=2022-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebengalichronicle.com%2Fgoogle-give-respect-to-satyendranath-bose-for-his-inventions-via-doodle-mst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-satyendra-nath-bose/">"Celebrating Satyendra Nath Bose"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220611152445/https://www.google.com/doodles/celebrating-satyendra-nath-bose">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Satyendra+Nath+Bose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Fcelebrating-satyendra-nath-bose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/satyendra-nath-bose-google-pays-tribute-to-indian-physicist-with-special-doodle-3037229">"Satyendra Nath Bose: Google Pays Tribute To Indian Physicist With Special Doodle"</a>. <i>NDTV.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616211418/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/satyendra-nath-bose-google-pays-tribute-to-indian-physicist-with-special-doodle-3037229">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=Satyendra+Nath+Bose%3A+Google+Pays+Tribute+To+Indian+Physicist+With+Special+Doodle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fsatyendra-nath-bose-google-pays-tribute-to-indian-physicist-with-special-doodle-3037229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Satyendra_Nath_Bose" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Satyendranath_Bose" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Satyendranath Bose">Satyendranath Bose</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bose%2C%20Satyendra%20Nath%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bose%2C%20Satyendra%20N%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bose%2C%20S%2E%20N%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Satyendra%20Nath%20Bose%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Satyendra%20N%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22S%2E%20N%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bose%2C%20Satyendra%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Satyendra%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Satyendra%20Nath%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Satyendra%20N%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20N%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20Nath%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20Satyendra%20Nath%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20Satyendra%20N%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20S%2E%20N%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20S%2E%20Nath%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Satyendra%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20Satyendra%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Satyendra%20Nath%20Bose%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Satyendra%20N%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20title%3A%22S%2E%20N%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Satyendra%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Satyendra%20Nath%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Satyendra%20N%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22S%2E%20N%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bose%2C%20Satyendra%20Nath%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bose%2C%20Satyendra%20N%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Satyendra%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bose%2C%20Satyendra%22%29%20OR%20%28%221894-1974%22%20AND%20Bose%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Satyendra Nath Bose</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Satyendra-Nath-Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPais1982" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pais" title="Abraham Pais">Pais, Abraham</a> (1982), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/subtleislordscie00pais"><i>Subtle is the Lord...: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein</i></a></span>, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 423–34, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-853907-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-853907-0"><bdi>978-0-19-853907-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subtle+is+the+Lord...%3A+The+Science+and+Life+of+Albert+Einstein&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=423-34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-853907-0&rft.aulast=Pais&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsubtleislordscie00pais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahaSrivasthava" class="citation cs2">Saha; Srivasthava, <i>Heat and thermodynamics</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heat+and+thermodynamics&rft.au=Saha&rft.au=Srivasthava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitaevskiiStringari2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Pitaevskii" title="Lev Pitaevskii">Pitaevskii, Lev</a>; Stringari, Sandro (2003), <i>Bose–Einstein Condensation</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bose%E2%80%93Einstein+Condensation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Pitaevskii&rft.aufirst=Lev&rft.au=Stringari%2C+Sandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWali2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kameshwar_C._Wali" title="Kameshwar C. Wali">Wali, Kameshwar C</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o1eCJO7lBfUC&q=satyendra+nath+bose"><i>Satyendra Nath Bose: his life and times</i></a> (selected works with commentary), Singapore: World Scientific, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-279-070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-279-070-5"><bdi>978-981-279-070-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satyendra+Nath+Bose%3A+his+life+and+times&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-981-279-070-5&rft.aulast=Wali&rft.aufirst=Kameshwar+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do1eCJO7lBfUC%26q%3Dsatyendra%2Bnath%2Bbose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bose.html">"Satyendra Nath Bose"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satyendra+Nath+Bose&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FBose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/jan2002/article1.htm">"Bosons – The Birds That Flock and Sing Together"</a>, <i>Vigyan Prasar</i>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">IN</a>, January 2002</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vigyan+Prasar&rft.atitle=Bosons+%E2%80%93+The+Birds+That+Flock+and+Sing+Together&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vigyanprasar.gov.in%2Fdream%2Fjan2002%2Farticle1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span> (biography of Bose and Bose–Einstein Condensation).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biochem.wisc.edu/faculty/ansari/bose_scholars/bose.aspx"><i>S.N. Bose Scholars Program</i></a>, Wisc, 25 April 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.N.+Bose+Scholars+Program&rft.pub=Wisc&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biochem.wisc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fansari%2Fbose_scholars%2Fbose.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatyendra+Nath+Bose" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7z9NUV_YrOo"><span class="plainlinks">The Quantum Indians: film on Bose, Raman and Saha</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Choudhury" title="Raja Choudhury">Raja Choudhury</a> and produced by PSBT and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Public_Diplomacy" title="Indian Public Diplomacy">Indian Public Diplomacy</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Indira_Devi_Chaudhurani" title="Indira Devi Chaudhurani">Indira Devi Chaudhurani</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chancellor">Upacharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Bharati" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwa Bharati">Vishwa Bharati</a> </b><br />1956–58 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khitishchandra_Chaudhuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khitishchandra Chaudhuri (page does not exist)">Khitishchandra Chaudhuri</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Padma_Vibhushan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Template talk:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Padma_Vibhushan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Vibhushan_award_recipients" title="List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients">Recipients</a> of <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Alkazi" title="Ebrahim Alkazi">Ebrahim Alkazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishori_Amonkar" title="Kishori Amonkar">Kishori Amonkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabha_Atre" title="Prabha Atre">Prabha Atre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teejan_Bai" title="Teejan Bai">Teejan Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Balamuralikrishna" title="M. Balamuralikrishna">M. Balamuralikrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasaraswati" title="Balasaraswati">T. Balasaraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam" title="S. P. Balasubrahmanyam">S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariprasad_Chaurasia" title="Hariprasad Chaurasia">Hariprasad Chaurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiranjeevi" title="Chiranjeevi">Chiranjeevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girija_Devi" title="Girija Devi">Girija Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Gandharva" title="Kumar Gandharva">Kumar Gandharva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangubai_Hangal" title="Gangubai Hangal">Gangubai Hangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._F._Husain" title="M. F. Husain">M. F. Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)" title="Zakir Hussain (musician)">Zakir Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja" title="Ilaiyaraaja">Ilaiyaraaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmangudi_Srinivasa_Iyer" title="Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer">Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Ali Akbar Khan">Ali Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amjad_Ali_Khan" title="Amjad Ali Khan">Amjad Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allauddin_Khan" title="Allauddin Khan">Allauddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mustafa_Khan_(singer)" title="Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)">Ghulam Mustafa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamini_Krishnamurthy" title="Yamini Krishnamurthy">Yamini Krishnamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Laxman" title="R. K. Laxman">R. K. Laxman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birju_Maharaj" title="Birju Maharaj">Birju Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishan_Maharaj" title="Kishan Maharaj">Kishan Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonal_Mansingh" title="Sonal Mansingh">Sonal Mansingh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Mansur" title="Mallikarjun Mansur">Mallikarjun Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Miranda" title="Mario Miranda">Mario Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhannulal_Mishra" title="Chhannulal Mishra">Chhannulal Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra" title="Kelucharan Mohapatra">Kelucharan Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Mohapatra" title="Raghunath Mohapatra">Raghunath Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasraj" title="Jasraj">Jasraj Motiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benode_Behari_Mukherjee" title="Benode Behari Mukherjee">Benode Behari Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrishikesh_Mukherjee" title="Hrishikesh Mukherjee">Hrishikesh Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajinikanth" title="Rajinikanth">Rajinikanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Narayan" title="Ram Narayan">Ram Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Pattammal" title="D. K. Pattammal">D. K. Pattammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balwant_Moreshwar_Purandare" class="mw-redirect" title="Balwant Moreshwar Purandare">Balwant Moreshwar Purandare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao" title="Akkineni Nageswara Rao">Akkineni Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloji_Narayana_Rao" title="Kaloji Narayana Rao">Kaloji Narayana Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._H._Raza" title="S. H. Raza">S. H. Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohra_Sehgal" title="Zohra Sehgal">Zohra Sehgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uday_Shankar" title="Uday Shankar">Uday Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Shantaram" title="V. Shantaram">V. Shantaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivkumar_Sharma" title="Shivkumar Sharma">Shivkumar Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayalpuram_K._Sivaraman" title="Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman">Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._G._Subramanyan" title="K. G. Subramanyan">K. G. Subramanyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Vatsyayan" title="Kapila Vatsyayan">Kapila Vatsyayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homai_Vyarawalla" title="Homai Vyarawalla">Homai Vyarawalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._J._Yesudas" title="K. J. Yesudas">K. J. Yesudas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Civil service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimala_Prasad_Chaliha" title="Bimala Prasad Chaliha">Bimala Prasad Chaliha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresh_Chandra" title="Naresh Chandra">Naresh Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Chaturvedi" title="T. N. Chaturvedi">T. N. Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri">Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suranjan_Das" title="Suranjan Das">Suranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeshwar_Dayal" title="Rajeshwar Dayal">Rajeshwar Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanti_Devi" title="Basanti Devi">Basanti Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Dhar" title="P. N. Dhar">P. N. Dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotindra_Nath_Dixit" title="Jyotindra Nath Dixit">Jyotindra Nath Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Gill" title="M. S. Gill">M. S. Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._R._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="H. V. R. Iyengar">H. V. R. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhola_Nath_Jha" title="Bhola Nath Jha">Bhola Nath Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._S._Joshi" title="D. S. Joshi">Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajudhiya_Nath_Khosla" title="Ajudhiya Nath Khosla">Ajudhiya Nath Khosla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Krishna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anand Krishna (page does not exist)">Rai Krishnadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Krishnamurthy" title="V. Krishnamurthy">V. Krishnamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">Pratap Chandra Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Lall" title="K. B. Lall">K. B. Lall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Mehra" title="Om Prakash Mehra">Om Prakash Mehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Sinha_Mehta" title="Mohan Sinha Mehta">Mohan Sinha Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajesh_Mishra" title="Brajesh Mishra">Brajesh Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumati_Morarjee" title="Sumati Morarjee">Sumati Morarjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcot_Ramasamy_Mudaliar" title="Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar">A. Ramasamy Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardarilal_Mathradas_Nanda" title="Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda">Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakravarthi_V._Narasimhan" title="Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan">Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Kumar_Nehru" title="Braj Kumar Nehru">Braj Kumar Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._D._Pande" title="B. D. Pande">Bhairab Dutt Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghananand_Pande" title="Ghananand Pande">Ghananand Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Rajeswar" title="T. V. Rajeswar">T. V. Rajeswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Krishnaswamy_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao">C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._R._Rao" title="P. V. R. Rao">Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._R._Varadaraja_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="V. K. R. Varadaraja Rao">V. K. R. V. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusro_Faramurz_Rustamji" title="Khusro Faramurz Rustamji">Khusro Faramurz Rustamji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish_Chandra_Sarin" title="Harish Chandra Sarin">Harish Chandra Sarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binay_Ranjan_Sen" title="Binay Ranjan Sen">Binay Ranjan Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_Sethna" title="Homi Sethna">Homi Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbaksh_Singh" title="Harbaksh Singh">Harbaksh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Kirpal_Singh_Ji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Kirpal Singh Ji Maharaj">Kirpal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlok_Singh_(economist)" title="Tarlok Singh (economist)">Tarlok Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lallan_Prasad_Singh" title="Lallan Prasad Singh">Lallan Prasad Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Sivaraman" title="B. Sivaraman">Balaram Sivaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Prasad_Srivastava" title="Chandrika Prasad Srivastava">Chandrika Prasad Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Swaminathan" title="T. Swaminathan">T. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shridhar_Vaidya" title="Arun Shridhar Vaidya">Arun Shridhar Vaidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Vira" title="Dharma Vira">Dharma Vira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Nath_Vohra" title="Narinder Nath Vohra">Narinder Nath Vohra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Literature and <br />education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._S._R._Arunachalam" title="V. S. R. Arunachalam">V. S. R. Arunachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Chand_(archaeologist)" title="Tara Chand (archaeologist)">Tara Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._P._Chattopadhyaya" title="D. P. Chattopadhyaya">D. P. Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhabatosh_Datta" title="Bhabatosh Datta">Bhabatosh Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasweta_Devi" title="Mahasweta Devi">Mahasweta Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Gopal" title="Sarvepalli Gopal">Sarvepalli Gopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Shastri_Joshi" title="Lakshman Shastri Joshi">Lakshman Shastri Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaka_Kalelkar" title="Kaka Kalelkar">Kaka Kalelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Kaviraj" title="Gopinath Kaviraj">Gopinath Kaviraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radheshyam_Khemka" title="Radheshyam Khemka">Radheshyam Khemka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitakant_Mahapatra" title="Sitakant Mahapatra">Sitakant Mahapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathai" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mathai">John Mathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotha_Satchidananda_Murthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotha Satchidananda Murthy">Kotha Satchidananda Murthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Gurmukh_Singh_Musafir" class="mw-redirect" title="Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir">Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanti_Dulal_Nagchaudhuri" title="Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri">Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Ram_Nanda" title="Bal Ram Nanda">Bal Ram Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Narayan" title="R. K. Narayan">R. K. Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Parameswaran" title="P. Parameswaran">P. Parameswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Pritam" title="Amrita Pritam">Amrita Pritam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Raj" title="K. N. Raj">K. N. Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rangarajan" title="C. Rangarajan">C. Rangarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Rao" title="Raja Rao">Raja Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoji_Rao" title="Ramoji Rao">Ramoji Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormasji_Maneckji_Seervai" title="Hormasji Maneckji Seervai">Hormasji Maneckji Seervai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaram_Shastri" title="Rajaram Shastri">Rajaram Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._L._Shrimali" title="K. L. Shrimali">Kalu Lal Shrimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindbhai_Shroff" title="Govindbhai Shroff">Govindbhai Shroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandeshwar_Prasad_Narayan_Singh" title="Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh">Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premlila_Vithaldas_Thackersey" title="Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey">Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_Varma" title="Mahadevi Varma">Mahadevi Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Hussain_Zaidi" title="Bashir Hussain Zaidi">Bashir Hussain Zaidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasbir_Singh_Bajaj" title="Jasbir Singh Bajaj">Jasbir Singh Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._Goyal" title="B. K. Goyal">B. K. Goyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purshotam_Lal" title="Purshotam Lal">Purshotam Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Lakshmanaswami_Mudaliar" title="A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar">A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._I._Padmavati" title="S. I. Padmavati">S. I. Padmavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autar_Singh_Paintal" title="Autar Singh Paintal">Autar Singh Paintal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantilal_Hastimal_Sancheti" title="Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti">Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balu_Sankaran" title="Balu Sankaran">Balu Sankaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Shanta" title="V. Shanta">V. Shanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithal_Nagesh_Shirodkar" title="Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar">Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Narain_Tandon" title="Prakash Narain Tandon">Prakash Narain Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati_Dev_Triguna" title="Brihaspati Dev Triguna">Brihaspati Dev Triguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Valiathan" title="M. S. Valiathan">M. S. Valiathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Mahalanabis" title="Dilip Mahalanabis">Dilip Mahalanabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambhadracharya" title="Rambhadracharya">Rambhadracharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwesha_Teertha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwesha Teertha">Vishwesha Teertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._V._Doshi" title="B. V. Doshi">B. V. Doshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Public affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montek_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Montek Singh Ahluwalia">Montek Singh Ahluwalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazal Ali">Fazal Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsh_Sein_Anand" title="Adarsh Sein Anand">Adarsh Sein Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Shrihari_Aney" title="Madhav Shrihari Aney">Madhav Shrihari Aney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikander_Bakht" title="Sikander Bakht">Sikander Bakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milon_K._Banerji" title="Milon K. Banerji">Milon K. Banerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hameedullah_Beg" title="Mirza Hameedullah Beg">Mirza Hameedullah Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Bhagwati" title="P. N. Bhagwati">P. N. Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Chelliah" title="Raja Chelliah">Raja Chelliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._K._Daphtary" title="C. K. Daphtary">Chandra Kisan Daphtary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niren_De" title="Niren De">Niren De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Deshmukh" title="C. D. Deshmukh">C. D. Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lancelot_Dias" title="Anthony Lancelot Dias">Anthony Lancelot Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Lhendup_Dorjee" title="Kazi Lhendup Dorjee">Kazi Lhendup Dorjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._B._Gajendragadkar" title="P. B. Gajendragadkar">P. B. Gajendragadkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">Benjamin Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Krishna_Iyer" title="V. R. Krishna Iyer">V. R. Krishna Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Chand_Jain" title="Lakshmi Chand Jain">Lakshmi Chand Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya_Nath_Jha" title="Aditya Nath Jha">Aditya Nath Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anerood_Jugnauth" title="Anerood Jugnauth">Anerood Jugnauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Nawaz_Jung" title="Mehdi Nawaz Jung">Mehdi Nawaz Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Yavar_Jung" title="Ali Yavar Jung">Ali Yavar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Kelkar" title="Vijay Kelkar">Vijay Kelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Khare" title="V. N. Khare">V. N. Khare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._G._Kher" title="B. G. Kher">Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhlaqur_Rahman_Kidwai" title="Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai">Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivraj_Narayan_Mehta" title="Jivraj Narayan Mehta">Jivraj Narayan Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirendranath_Mukherjee" title="Hirendranath Mukherjee">Hirendranath Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Mukherjee" title="Ajoy Mukherjee">Ajoy Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu" title="Padmaja Naidu">Padmaja Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Narain" title="Govind Narain">Govind Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fali_Sam_Nariman" title="Fali Sam Nariman">Fali Sam Nariman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosei_Norota" title="Hosei Norota">Hosei Norota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabhoy_Palkhivala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanabhoy Palkhivala">Nanabhoy Palkhivala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Parasaran" title="K. Parasaran">K. Parasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Vinayak_Pataskar" title="Hari Vinayak Pataskar">Hari Vinayak Pataskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Lal_Patwa" title="Sunder Lal Patwa">Sunder Lal Patwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Pillai" title="N. R. Pillai">Naryana Raghvan Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Prakasa" title="Sri Prakasa">Sri Prakasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Narayana_Reddy" title="Ravi Narayana Reddy">Ravi Narayana Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._Venugopal_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Y. Venugopal Reddy">Y. Venugopal Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mohammed_Sadiq" title="Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq">Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._A._Sangma" title="P. A. Sangma">P. A. Sangma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Setalvad" title="M. C. Setalvad">M. C. Setalvad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Singh" title="Kalyan Singh">Kalyan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagendra_Singh" title="Nagendra Singh">Nagendra Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_Sorabjee" title="Soli Sorabjee">Soli Sorabjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Sundaram" title="Kalyan Sundaram">Kalyan Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandulal_Madhavlal_Trivedi" title="Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi">Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Venkatachaliah" title="M. N. Venkatachaliah">M. N. Venkatachaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._Venugopal" title="K. K. Venugopal">Kottayan Katankot Venugopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Krishna" title="S. M. Krishna">S. M. Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Science and <br />engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Aatre" title="V. K. Aatre">V. K. Aatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Ali" title="Salim Ali">Salim Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajagopala_Chidambaram" title="Rajagopala Chidambaram">Rajagopala Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Correa" title="Charles Correa">Charles Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan" title="Satish Dhawan">Satish Dhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kakodkar" title="Anil Kakodkar">Anil Kakodkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Kasturirangan" title="Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan">Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daulat_Singh_Kothari" title="Daulat Singh Kothari">Daulat Singh Kothari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verghese_Kurien" title="Verghese Kurien">Verghese Kurien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Anant_Mashelkar" title="Raghunath Anant Mashelkar">Raghunath Anant Mashelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roddam_Narasimha" title="Roddam Narasimha">Roddam Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_K._Pachauri" title="Rajendra K. Pachauri">Rajendra K. Pachauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Peary_Pal" title="Benjamin Peary Pal">Benjamin Peary Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yash_Pal" title="Yash Pal">Yash Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._G._Patel" title="I. G. Patel">I. G. Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Ramanathan" title="K. R. Ramanathan">K. R. Ramanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna" title="Raja Ramanna">Raja Ramanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">C. N. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palle_Rama_Rao" title="Palle Rama Rao">Palle Rama Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Ramachandra_Rao" title="Udupi Ramachandra Rao">Udupi Ramachandra Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Sharma" title="Man Mohan Sharma">Man Mohan Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obaid_Siddiqi" title="Obaid Siddiqi">Obaid Siddiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Sreedharan" title="E. Sreedharan">E. Sreedharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Srinivasan" title="M. R. Srinivasan">M. R. Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">George Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Social work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaki_Devi_Bajaj" title="Janaki Devi Bajaj">Janaki Devi Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgabai_Deshmukh" title="Durgabai Deshmukh">Durgabai Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Deshpande" title="Nirmala Deshpande">Nirmala Deshpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Dharia" title="Mohan Dharia">Mohan Dharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Gracias" title="Valerian Gracias">Valerian Gracias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerendra_Heggade" title="Veerendra Heggade">Veerendra Heggade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Clubwala_Jadhav" title="Mary Clubwala Jadhav">Mary Clubwala Jadhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaganvihari_Lallubhai_Mehta" title="Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta">Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usha_Mehta" title="Usha Mehta">Usha Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Joshi" title="Nirmala Joshi">Sister Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kom" title="Mary Kom">Mary Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Trade and industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani" title="Dhirubhai Ambani">Dhirubhai Ambani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._Birla" title="G. D. Birla">Ghanshyam Das Birla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Sekhar_Ganguly" title="Ashok Sekhar Ganguly">Ashok Sekhar Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Mittal" title="Lakshmi Mittal">Lakshmi Mittal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Manibhai_Naik" class="mw-redirect" title="Anil Manibhai Naik">Anil Manibhai Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Narayana_Murthy" title="N. R. Narayana Murthy">N. R. Narayana Murthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Narasimham" title="M. Narasimham">M. Narasimham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Raj_Singh_Oberoi" title="Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi">Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_Premji" title="Azim Premji">Azim Premji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathap_C._Reddy" title="Prathap C. Reddy">Prathap C. Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Tata" title="Ratan Tata">Ratan Tata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_awards_templates" title="Category:Indian awards templates">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Atul_Prasad_Sen" title="Atul Prasad Sen">Atul Prasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnarayan_Basu" title="Rajnarayan Basu">Rajnarayan Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendra_Mohan_Bose" title="Debendra Mohan Bose">Debendra Mohan Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhusudan_Gupta" title="Madhusudan Gupta">Madhusudan Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliot_Drinkwater_Bethune" title="John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune">Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendranath_Brahmachari" title="Upendranath Brahmachari">Upendranath Brahmachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Kumar_Datta" title="Akshay Kumar Datta">Akshay Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Vivian_Derozio" title="Henry Louis Vivian Derozio">Henry Derozio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadambini_Ganguly" title="Kadambini Ganguly">Kadambini Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomohun_Ghose" title="Monomohun Ghose">Monomohun Ghose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgopal_Ghosh" title="Ramgopal Ghosh">Ramgopal Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aghore_Nath_Gupta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aghore Nath Gupta (page does not exist)">Aghore Nath Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hare_(philanthropist)" title="David Hare (philanthropist)">David Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Lafont" title="Eugène Lafont">Eugène Lafont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanambrata_Brahmachari" title="Mahanambrata Brahmachari">Mahanambrata Brahmachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee" title="Ashutosh Mukherjee">Ashutosh Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikrishna_Mitra" title="Kalikrishna Mitra">Kalikrishna Mitra</a></li> <li>Harish Chandra Mukherjee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna Paramahamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gour_Govinda_Ray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gour Govinda Ray (page does not exist)">Gour Govinda Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Chandra_Sarkar" title="Akshay Chandra Sarkar">Akshay Chandra Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendralal_Sarkar" title="Mahendralal Sarkar">Mahendralal Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajendra_Nath_Seal" title="Brajendra Nath Seal">Brajendra Nath Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girish_Chandra_Sen" title="Girish Chandra Sen">Girish Chandra Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshub_Chandra_Sen" title="Keshub Chandra Sen">Keshub Chandra Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haraprasad_Shastri" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraprasad Shastri">Haraprasad Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Debendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanindra_Nath_Gooptu" title="Fanindra Nath Gooptu">Fanindra Nath Gooptu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitanath_Tattwabhushan" title="Sitanath Tattwabhushan">Sitanath Tattwabhushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay" title="Brahmabandhav Upadhyay">Brahmabandhav Upadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Vidyabagish" title="Ram Chandra Vidyabagish">Ram Chandra Vidyabagish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarkanath_Vidyabhusan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan (page does not exist)">Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">Begum Rokeya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Bengali poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Bengali music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiya Sahitya Parishad">Bangiya Sahitya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam Sampraday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="List of works by Kazi Nazrul Islam">Nazrul geeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambad_Prabhakar" title="Sambad Prabhakar">Sambad Prabhakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattwabodhini_Patrika" title="Tattwabodhini Patrika">Tattwabodhini Patrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Bengal" title="Young Bengal">Young Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_College" title="Chittagong College">Chittagong College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_School,_Kolkata" title="Hindu School, Kolkata">Hindu School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethune_College" title="Bethune College">Bethune College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine">Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45789#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45789#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45789#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/62384518">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/79477/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbM6DbYdKykrYYkThfKBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120656876">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81108262">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16197932t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16197932t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153881&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810619802105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007604948605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=79985">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bose.satyendra-nath">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/39950">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd120656876.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083627065">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s48wfz">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&oldid=1256119438">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satyendra_Nath_Bose&oldid=1256119438</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Category:Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li><li><a 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href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Indian_chemists" title="Category:20th-century Indian chemists">20th-century Indian chemists</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Hindustani_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Hindustani IPA">Pages with Hindustani IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Bengali_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Bengali IPA">Pages with Bengali IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Bengali-language_sources_(bn)" title="Category:CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn)">CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from 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