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class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">New England Complex Systems Institute</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Non-Profit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Research</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1996</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Yaneer_Bar-Yam" title="Yaneer Bar-Yam">Yaneer Bar-Yam</a>, Founding President</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data">Study of <a href="/wiki/Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">complex systems</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necsi.edu">necsi.edu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>New England Complex Systems Institute</b> (<b>NECSI</b>) is an independent <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> research institution and think tank dedicated to advancing analytics and its application to the challenges of society, and the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">complex systems</a> with the environment. NECSI offers educational programs, conducts research, and hosts the International Conference on Complex Systems. It was founded in 1996 and is located in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-NECSI_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NECSI-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NECSI was established in 1996 by faculty of various New England academic institutions, including <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis</a>, and others, to encourage communication and collaboration among researchers studying complex systems.<sup id="cite_ref-iccs2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iccs2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NECSI web site describes "<a href="/wiki/Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">complex systems</a>" as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-NECSI_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NECSI-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p> Complex systems have multiple interacting components whose <a href="/wiki/Collective_behavior" title="Collective behavior">collective behavior</a> cannot be simply inferred from the behavior of components. The recognition that understanding the parts cannot explain collective behavior has led to various new concepts and methodologies that are affecting all fields of science and engineering, and are being applied to technology, business and even <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policy</a>. </p></blockquote> <p>NECSI promotes collaboration and dissemination of new research among complex systems researchers in wide-ranging disciplines and numerous institutions. NECSI's activities for this purpose include hosting an international research conference and maintaining a roster of affiliated scholars and co-faculty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Conference_on_Complex_Systems">International Conference on Complex Systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International Conference on Complex Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NECSI hosts the International Conference on Complex Systems (ICCS), whose aims are: </p> <blockquote> <p>first, to investigate those properties or characteristics that appear to be common to the very different complex systems now under study; and second, to encourage cross fertilization among the many disciplines involved.<sup id="cite_ref-iccs8_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iccs8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>ICCS takes place on an occasional basis, with the most recent (eighth conference) in 2011. ICCS conferences have featured notable computer scientists (e.g., Gerald Sussman), mathematicians (e.g., Stephen Wolfram), systems theorists (e.g., <a href="/wiki/John_Sterman" title="John Sterman">John Sterman</a>), physicists (e.g. Sandy Pentland), economists (e.g., James Stock), and others. Events at ICCS include research presentations and workshops, as well as pedagogical sessions aimed at a wider community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affiliates_and_co-faculty">Affiliates and co-faculty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Affiliates and co-faculty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NECSI provides a public platform for affiliates and co-faculty at numerous academic institutions, primarily in the New England region. These researchers also contribute to NECSI educational programs.<sup id="cite_ref-short_course_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short_course-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Faculty and co-Faculty</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaneer_Bar-Yam" title="Yaneer Bar-Yam">Yaneer Bar-Yam</a>, President</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Baranger" title="Michel Baranger">Michel Baranger</a></li> <li>Dan Braha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cantor" title="Charles Cantor">Charles Cantor</a></li> <li>Richard Cooper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrence_Deacon" title="Terrence Deacon">Terrence Deacon</a></li> <li>Irving Epstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Martin_Gelbart_(geneticist)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Martin Gelbart (geneticist)">William Gelbart</a></li> <li>Ernest Hartmann</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehran_Kardar" title="Mehran Kardar">Mehran Kardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Kaufman" title="Les Kaufman">Les Kaufman</a></li> <li>Eric Klopfer</li> <li>Frannie Leautier</li> <li>Blake LeBaron</li> <li>Luci Leykum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Lloyd" title="Seth Lloyd">Seth Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Pentland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandy Pentland">Sandy Pentland</a></li> <li>Tom Petzinger</li> <li>Stuart Pimm</li> <li>Larry Rudolph</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Senge" title="Peter Senge">Peter Senge</a></li> <li>Temple Smith</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sterman" title="John Sterman">John Sterman</a></li> <li>James Stock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Nassim Nicholas Taleb</a></li> <li>Hiroshi Tasaka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Günter Wagner">Günter Wagner</a></li> <li>Peter Timmer</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Affiliates</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Marcus de Aguiar</li> <li>Zvi Bar-Yam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Boghosian" title="Bruce M. Boghosian">Bruce M. Boghosian</a></li> <li>Raffaele Calabretta</li> <li>Jeffrey Cares</li> <li>Gavin Crooks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Feigl-Ding" title="Eric Feigl-Ding">Eric Feigl-Ding</a></li> <li>Meghan Dierks</li> <li>Melissa Gerber</li> <li>Helen Harte</li> <li>Steven Hassan</li> <li>Sui Huang</li> <li>Michael J. Jacobson</li> <li>Fumiaki Katagiri</li> <li>Andreas Kemper</li> <li>Mark Klein</li> <li>Greg Lindsay</li> <li>David Meyer</li> <li>Ali Minai</li> <li>Joseph Norman</li> <li>Hiroki Sayama</li> <li>Paul Seguin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Toffoli" title="Tommaso Toffoli">Tommaso Toffoli</a></li> <li>Omer Trajman</li> <li>Sheldon White</li> <li>Uri Wilensky</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_areas">Research areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_and_ecology">Evolution and ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolution and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NECSI researchers have contributed to the understanding of evolutionary dynamics, the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Altruism_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Altruism in animals">altruism</a>, the origin and characterization of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, and the interplay between evolution and ecology. </p><p>Much of the work done at NECSI has focused on the role of the spatial distribution of species, an often overlooked factor of evolutionary dynamics. In the case where portions of a population are geographically isolated from each other, for example, <a href="/wiki/Yaneer_Bar-Yam" title="Yaneer Bar-Yam">Yaneer Bar-Yam</a> was able to demonstrate shortcomings in the <a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">gene-centered view of evolution</a>, an approximation that is valid only if there is complete mixing of alleles in the gene pool.<sup id="cite_ref-gene-centered_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gene-centered-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Networks">Networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies of <a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">network topologies</a> have found surprising similarities between a variety of complex social, technological and biological networks. NECSI research in networks focuses on the relationship between structure, dynamics and function. The study of networks has emerged in diverse disciplines as a means of analyzing complex relational data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_systems">Social systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NECSI research in social systems focuses on the collective actions that create revolutions, ethnic violence, urban health, fads and panics, global food and so on. The role of individuals and organization can be analyzed by techniques and tools of <a href="/wiki/Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">complex systems</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation">Representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Complex systems exhibit behaviors at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Researchers working at NECSI have developed a mathematical formalism for simultaneously describing systems on multiple scales. This formalism had been applied to physical systems, information systems, organizational behavior, engineering projects and military conflict. </p><p>An essential tool for multiscale analysis, the complexity profile, the relationship between the observed complexity of a system and the scale of observation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-crisis_focus_on_social_and_economic_systems">Post-crisis focus on social and economic systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-crisis focus on social and economic systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2009, the Institute's research focus has shifted to socio-economic systems, with particular attention to the causes and consequences of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2008 financial crisis</a> and dynamics of <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> networks and social sentiment. Policy-relevant articles on stock market regulation and market crashes,<sup id="cite_ref-market-interdependence_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-market-interdependence-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uptick_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uptick-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-panic_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panic-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bear-raid_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bear-raid-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> food riots and the causes of high <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-foodprices_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodprices-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-food-crises_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-food-crises-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-food-update_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-food-update-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European bond crisis</a><sup id="cite_ref-europe-debt_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe-debt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been released straight to the press. Peer-reviewed articles continue to appear on other subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-twitter_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-twitter-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-twitter_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-twitter-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ring-species_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ring-species-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_fields_of_research">Further fields of research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further fields of research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Organizational management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">Negotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Science">Network Science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_attention">Public attention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Public attention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NECSI's work on the global food crisis has been widely cited by the press,<sup id="cite_ref-time-coverage_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-coverage-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wired-coverage_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-coverage-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-motherboard-coverage_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motherboard-coverage-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by movements to curb financial speculation,<sup id="cite_ref-foodwatch_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodwatch-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wdm_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdm-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and included among the top-10 discoveries in science in 2011 by <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wired-top-discoveries_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-top-discoveries-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NECSI's scientific visualizations have received multiple citations on top-10 lists.<sup id="cite_ref-wired-best-figures_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-best-figures-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wired-graphics_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-graphics-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-map-porn_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map-porn-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NECSI has been called "a pioneer in using mathematics, computation and other quantitative methods to analyse topics like ethnic violence, economic crises and healthcare systems" by the press.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economic_Times_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economic_Times-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Warning_on_the_COVID-19_Coronavirus_Pandemic">Early Warning on the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early Warning on the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to global lockdowns, in January, 2020 Joseph Norman, Yaneer Bar Yam, and Nassim Taleb submitted a paper to the White House administration, urging them to take drastic steps to curtail the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NECSI later assembled EndCoronaVirus.org, which included over 4,000 volunteers by March 21, 2020. The network of volunteers built endCoronavirus.org with the goal to minimize the impact of COVID-19 by providing useful data and guidelines for action.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">Complex systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Institute" title="Santa Fe Institute">Santa Fe Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NECSI-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NECSI_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NECSI_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://necsi.edu/">"New England Complex Systems Institute"</a>. <i>New England Complex Systems Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+England+Complex+Systems+Institute&rft.atitle=New+England+Complex+Systems+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnecsi.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+England+Complex+Systems+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iccs2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iccs2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Unifying Themes in Complex Systems: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Complex Systems</i>, eds. Yaneer Bar-Yam, Ali A. 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NECSI Technical Report 2008-11 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.necsi.edu/research/UptickTechReport.pdf">http://www.necsi.edu/research/UptickTechReport.pdf</a> (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-panic-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-panic_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Harmon, M. de Aguiar, D. Chinellato, D. Braha, I. Epstein, Y. Bar-Yam, Predicting economic market crises using measures of collective panic. arXiv:1102.2620v1 (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://necsi.edu/research/economics/economicpanic.html">http://necsi.edu/research/economics/economicpanic.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bear-raid-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bear-raid_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Misra, M. Lagi, Y. Bar-Yam, Evidence of market manipulation in the financial crisis.arXiv:1112.3095 (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://necsi.edu/research/economics/bearraid.html">http://necsi.edu/research/economics/bearraid.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harmon D, Lagi M, de Aguiar MAM, Chinellato DD, Braha D, Epstein IR, et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0131871">"Anticipating Economic Market Crises Using Measures of Collective Panic."</a> PLoS ONE 10(7): e0131871.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131871.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foodprices-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foodprices_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Lagi, Y. Bar-Yam, K.Z. Bertrand, Y. 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color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Economic_Times-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Economic_Times_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311051650/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-08/news/31135825_1_food-prices-food-and-agriculture-organisation-price-rise">"The Economic Times"</a>. 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href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template talk:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychologists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_evolutionary_psychologists" title="List of evolutionary psychologists">Evolutionary psychologists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Biologists /<br />neuroscientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crespi" title="Bernard Crespi">Bernard Crespi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crook_(ethologist)" title="John Crook (ethologist)">John Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Orians" title="Gordon Orians">Gordon Orians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaak_Panksepp" title="Jaak Panksepp">Jaak Panksepp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margie_Profet" title="Margie Profet">Margie Profet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Richerson" title="Peter Richerson">Peter Richerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Rizzolatti" title="Giacomo Rizzolatti">Giacomo Rizzolatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Thornhill" title="Randy Thornhill">Randy Thornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trivers" title="Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_van_Schaik" title="Carel van Schaik">Carel van Schaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Wedekind" title="Claus Wedekind">Claus Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_West-Eberhard" title="Mary Jane West-Eberhard">Mary Jane West-Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Christopher_Williams" title="George Christopher Williams">George C. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sloan_Wilson" title="David Sloan Wilson">David Sloan Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wrangham" title="Richard Wrangham">Richard Wrangham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Anthropologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Barkow" title="Jerome H. Barkow">Jerome H. Barkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Boehm" title="Christopher Boehm">Christopher Boehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(anthropologist)" title="Robert Boyd (anthropologist)">Robert Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Brown_(anthropologist)" title="Donald Brown (anthropologist)">Donald E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Chagnon" title="Napoleon Chagnon">Napoleon Chagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Dunbar" title="Robin Dunbar">Robin Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fessler" title="Daniel Fessler">Daniel Fessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Flinn" title="Mark Flinn">Mark Flinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Hawks" title="John D. Hawks">John D. Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henrich" title="Joseph Henrich">Joseph Henrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mace" title="Ruth Mace">Ruth Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nettle" title="Daniel Nettle">Daniel Nettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shennan" title="Stephen Shennan">Stephen Shennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Symons" title="Donald Symons">Donald Symons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tooby" title="John Tooby">John Tooby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_L._van_den_Berghe" title="Pierre L. van den Berghe">Pierre van den Berghe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Psychologists /<br />cognitive scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Baron-Cohen" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_L._Barrett" title="Justin L. Barrett">Justin L. Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Belsky" title="Jay Belsky">Jay Belsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Bering" title="Jesse Bering">Jesse Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Bjorklund" title="David F. Bjorklund">David F. Bjorklund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bloom_(psychologist)" title="Paul Bloom (psychologist)">Paul Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Boyer" title="Pascal Boyer">Pascal Boyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bulbulia" title="Joseph Bulbulia">Joseph Bulbulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Buss" title="David Buss">David Buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Call" title="Josep Call">Josep Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Campbell_(academic)" title="Anne Campbell (academic)">Anne Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carruthers_(philosopher)" title="Peter Carruthers (philosopher)">Peter Carruthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leda_Cosmides" title="Leda Cosmides">Leda Cosmides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Daly_(professor)" title="Martin Daly (professor)">Martin Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_J._Ellis" title="Bruce J. Ellis">Bruce J. Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Fernald" title="Anne Fernald">Anne Fernald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Aurelio José Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Diana Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Frith" title="Uta Frith">Uta Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_G._Gallup" title="Gordon G. Gallup">Gordon G. Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Geary" title="David C. Geary">David C. Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Gigerenzer" title="Gerd Gigerenzer">Gerd Gigerenzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gray_(psychologist)" title="Peter Gray (psychologist)">Peter Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Rich_Harris" title="Judith Rich Harris">Judith Rich Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martie_Haselton" title="Martie Haselton">Martie Haselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_and_Stephen_Kaplan" title="Rachel and Stephen Kaplan">Stephen Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T._Kenrick" title="Douglas T. Kenrick">Douglas T. Kenrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_M._Kirby" title="Simon M. Kirby">Simon M. Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurzban" title="Robert Kurzban">Robert Kurzban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_MacWhinney" title="Brian MacWhinney">Brian MacWhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._McGuire" title="Michael T. McGuire">Michael T. McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Geoffrey Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darcia_Narvaez" title="Darcia Narvaez">Darcia Narvaez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Nelson" title="Katherine Nelson">Katherine Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_M._Nesse" title="Randolph M. Nesse">Randolph M. Nesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Neuberg" title="Steven Neuberg">Steven Neuberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Perrett" title="David Perrett">David Perrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plotkin" title="Henry Plotkin">Henry Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rozin" title="Paul Rozin">Paul Rozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schaller" title="Mark Schaller">Mark Schaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Schmitt" title="David P. Schmitt">David P. Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Segal" title="Nancy Segal">Nancy Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_K._Shackelford" title="Todd K. Shackelford">Todd K. Shackelford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Silverman" title="Irwin Silverman">Irwin Silverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_K._Smith" title="Peter K. Smith">Peter K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Sperber" title="Dan Sperber">Dan Sperber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stevens_(Jungian_analyst)" title="Anthony Stevens (Jungian analyst)">Anthony Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sulloway" title="Frank Sulloway">Frank Sulloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Michael Tomasello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Tybur" title="Joshua Tybur">Joshua Tybur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_van_Vugt" title="Mark van Vugt">Mark van Vugt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Whiten" title="Andrew Whiten">Andrew Whiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Wilson_(psychologist)" title="Glenn Wilson (psychologist)">Glenn Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margo_Wilson" title="Margo Wilson">Margo Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other<br />social scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Badcock" title="Christopher Badcock">Christopher Badcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)">Samuel Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fehr" title="Ernst Fehr">Ernst Fehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gintis" title="Herbert Gintis">Herbert Gintis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_D._P._Johnson" title="Dominic D. P. Johnson">Dominic D. P. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_Saad" title="Gad Saad">Gad Saad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Literary theorists /<br />philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carroll_(scholar)" title="Joseph Carroll (scholar)">Joseph Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Dutton" title="Denis Dutton">Denis Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_research_groups_and_centers" title="Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers">Research centers/<br />organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Evolutionary_Psychology" title="Center for Evolutionary Psychology">Center for Evolutionary Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Behavior_and_Evolution_Society" title="Human Behavior and Evolution Society">Human Behavior and Evolution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences">Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New England Complex Systems Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adapted_Mind" title="The Adapted Mind">The Adapted Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_Human_Behavior" title="Evolution and Human Behavior">Evolution and Human Behavior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Human_Sexuality" title="The Evolution of Human Sexuality">The Evolution of Human Sexuality</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution,_Mind_and_Behaviour" title="Evolution, Mind and Behaviour">Evolution, Mind and Behaviour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences">Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Psychology_(journal)" title="Evolutionary Psychology 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