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<!doctype html><html><head><title>View article</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><meta name="description" content="‪M Aaboud, G Aad, B Abbott, DC Abbott, O Abdinov, B Abeloos, DK Abhayasinghe, SH Abidi, OS AbouZeid, NL Abraham…‬, ‪The European Physical Journal C, 2019‬ - ‪Cited by 1,189‬"><meta property="og:description" content="‪M Aaboud, G Aad, B Abbott, DC Abbott, O Abdinov, B Abeloos, DK Abhayasinghe, SH Abidi, OS AbouZeid, NL Abraham…‬, ‪The European Physical Journal C, 2019‬ - ‪Cited by 1,189‬"><meta property="og:title" content="‪Electron reconstruction and identification in the ATLAS experiment using the 2015 and 2016 LHC proton–proton collision data at s= 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Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="800" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_cita-d-t" data-cid="gs_md_cita-l" data-wfc="gs_md_cita-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_cita-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_cita-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_md_cita-b-save" aria-label="Save" class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_md_cita-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_md_cita-d{width:90%;max-width:1000px;}.gs_el_ph 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Cohen</a></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gsc_vcpb" data-edit-link="/citations?view_op=edit_citation&hl=en&user=lphQnvMAAAAJ&citation_for_view=lphQnvMAAAAJ:KKiikWAUrRgC&citation_for_view=lphQnvMAAAAJ:KKiikWAUrRgC&back_view_op=view_citation"><form method="post" id="gsc_vcpb_btns" action="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="ADIE8skAAAAAZ0jpkgrEYA4WiIP6ornvRSkVCow"><input type="hidden" name="s" value="lphQnvMAAAAJ:KKiikWAUrRgC"><input type="hidden" name="continue" value="/citations?view_op=list_works&hl=en&hl=en&user=lphQnvMAAAAJ"></form><div id="gsc_oci_title_wrapper"><div id="gsc_oci_title_gg"><div class="gsc_oci_title_ggi"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7140-6" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ei=EphHZ7eBO5uDy9YPs-PngA4"><span class='gsc_vcd_title_ggt'>[HTML]</span> from springer.com</a></div><div class="gsc_oci_title_ggi"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7140-6.pdf" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ei=EphHZ7eBO5uDy9YPs-PngA4">Full View</a></div></div><div id="gsc_oci_title"><a class="gsc_oci_title_link" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7140-6" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ei=EphHZ7eBO5uDy9YPs-PngA4">Electron reconstruction and identification in the ATLAS experiment using the 2015 and 2016 LHC proton–proton collision data at <svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label=" s = 13 " width="69px" height="20px" style="vertical-align:-6px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01900, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01900, 0.00000, 15.15249)"><g><g><g><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 0.00000, -717.49945)" d="M 719 -1954 L 311 -1057 L 190 -1149 Q 184 -1155 176 -1155 Q 167 -1155 157 -1146 T 147 -1126 Q 147 -1116 156 -1110 L 399 -926 Q 405 -920 414 -920 Q 427 -920 434 -934 L 801 -1741 L 1671 63 Q 1681 82 1706 82 Q 1723 82 1735 70 T 1747 41 Q 1747 31 1745 27 L 793 -1948 Q 780 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1003 T 141 1079 Q 141 1167 194 1232 T 330 1330 T 498 1364 Q 560 1364 629 1345 T 754 1292 T 845 1204 T 881 1081 Q 881 995 842 922 T 737 796 T 590 717 Q 679 700 759 650 T 887 522 T 936 354 Q 936 241 874 149 T 711 6 T 498 -45 Q 402 -45 305 -9 T 147 101 T 86 276 Q 86 327 120 361 T 205 395 Q 238 395 265 379 T 308 336 T 324 276 Q 324 226 289 192 T 205 158 H 195 Z "/></g></g></g></g></svg> <svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label=" TeV " width="35px" height="13px" style="vertical-align:-1px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01900, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01900, 0.00000, 12.97700)"><g><g><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 346 0 V 72 Q 449 72 546 83 T 643 137 V 1262 Q 643 1306 618 1316 T 539 1327 H 453 Q 284 1327 213 1253 Q 176 1216 160 1134 T 133 930 H 74 L 113 1399 H 1364 L 1403 930 H 1343 Q 1331 1062 1316 1139 T 1264 1253 Q 1192 1327 1024 1327 H 938 Q 901 1327 880 1324 T 847 1306 T 834 1262 V 137 Q 834 95 931 83 T 1130 72 V 0 H 346 Z "/><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 638.88599, 0.00000)" d="M 510 -23 Q 385 -23 280 42 T 116 217 T 57 449 Q 57 569 111 677 T 263 851 T 481 918 Q 575 918 644 886 T 759 799 T 827 667 T 850 500 Q 850 473 829 473 H 236 V 451 Q 236 281 304 159 T 528 37 Q 591 37 644 65 T 737 143 T 791 250 Q 793 257 798 262 T 811 268 H 829 Q 850 268 850 242 Q 821 126 725 51 T 510 -23 Z M 238 524 H 705 Q 705 601 683 680 T 612 811 T 481 864 Q 365 864 301 755 T 238 524 Z "/><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 1083.32593, 0.00000)" d="M 721 -23 L 238 1262 Q 220 1305 169 1316 T 39 1327 V 1399 H 602 V 1327 Q 432 1327 432 1274 Q 433 1271 433 1268 T 434 1262 L 827 217 L 1198 1206 Q 1202 1214 1202 1231 Q 1202 1281 1156 1304 T 1053 1327 V 1399 H 1495 V 1327 Q 1418 1327 1359 1298 T 1276 1206 L 813 -23 Q 807 -45 780 -45 H 754 Q 727 -45 721 -23 Z "/></g></g></g></svg></a></div></div><div id="gsc_oci_table"><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Authors</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">Morad Aaboud, Georges Aad, Brad Abbott, Dale Charles Abbott, Ovsat Abdinov, Baptiste Abeloos, Deshan Kavishka Abhayasinghe, Syed Haider Abidi, OS AbouZeid, NL Abraham, Halina Abramowicz, Henso Abreu, Yiming Abulaiti, Bobby Samir Acharya, Shunsuke Adachi, Lennart Adam, Leszek Adamczyk, Lukas Adamek, Jahred Adelman, Michael Adersberger, Aytul Adiguzel, Tim Adye, AA Affolder, Yoav Afik, Catalin Agheorghiesei, JA Aguilar-Saavedra, Faig Ahmadov, Giulio Aielli, Shunichi Akatsuka, TPA Åkesson, Ece Akilli, AV Akimov, Gian Luigi Alberghi, Justin Albert, Pietro Albicocco, MJ Alconada Verzini, S Alderweireldt, Martin Aleksa, IN Aleksandrov, Calin Alexa, Didier Alexandre, Theodoros Alexopoulos, Muhammad Alhroob, Babar Ali, Gianluca Alimonti, John Alison, Steven Patrick Alkire, Corentin Allaire, BMM Allbrooke, Benjamin William Allen, PP Allport, Alberto Aloisio, Alejandro Alonso, Francisco Alonso, Cristiano Alpigiani, Azzah Aziz Alshehri, MI Alstaty, B Alvarez Gonzalez, D Álvarez Piqueras, MG Alviggi, Brian Thomas Amadio, Y Amaral Coutinho, Alessandro Ambler, Luca Ambroz, Christoph Amelung, D Amidei, SP Amor Dos Santos, Simone Amoroso, Cherifa Sabrina Amrouche, Fenfen An, Christos Anastopoulos, Lucian Stefan Ancu, Nansi Andari, Timothy Andeen, Christoph Falk Anders, John Kenneth Anders, KJ Anderson, Attilio Andreazza, V Andrei, Christopher Ryan Anelli, Stylianos Angelidakis, Ivan Angelozzi, Aaron Angerami, AV Anisenkov, Alberto Annovi, Claire Antel, Matthew Thomas Anthony, Mario Antonelli, DJA Antrim, Fabio Anulli, Masato Aoki, JA Aparisi Pozo, L Aperio Bella, Giorgi Arabidze, JP Araque, V Araujo Ferraz, R Araujo Pereira, ATH Arce, Rose Elisabeth Ardell, Francisco Anuar Arduh, Jean-Francois Arguin, Spyridon Argyropoulos, J-H Arling, Aaron James Armbruster, Lewis James Armitage, Alexander Armstrong, Olivier Arnaez, Hannah Arnold, Miguel Arratia, Ozan Arslan, Andrei Artamonov, Giacomo Artoni, Sebastian Artz, Shoji Asai, Nedaa Asbah, Eleni Myrto Asimakopoulou, Lily Asquith, Ketevi Assamagan, Robert Astalos, Ryan Justin Atkin, Markus Atkinson, Naim Bora Atlay, Kamil Augsten, Giuseppe Avolio, R Avramidou, Mohamad Kassem Ayoub, Adam Maxwell Azoulay, Georges Azuelos, AE Baas, Matthew John Baca, Henri Bachacou, Konstantinos Bachas, Moritz Backes, Paolo Bagnaia, Marzieh Bahmani, H Bahrasemani, AJ Bailey, Virginia Ruth Bailey, JT Baines, Milena Bajic, Christos Bakalis, OK Baker, Pepijn Johannes Bakker, D Bakshi Gupta, Shyam Balaji, EM Baldin, Petr Balek, Fabrice Balli, William Keaton Balunas, Johannes Balz</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Publication date</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">2019/8</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Journal</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">The European Physical Journal C</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Volume</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">79</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Pages</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">1-40</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Publisher</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">Springer Berlin Heidelberg</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Description</div><div class="gsc_oci_value" id="gsc_oci_descr"><div class="gsh_small"> <div class="gsh_csp">Algorithms used for the reconstruction and identification of electrons in the central region of the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are presented in this paper; these algorithms are used in ATLAS physics analyses that involve electrons in the final state and which are based on the 2015 and 2016 proton–proton collision data produced by the LHC at <svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label=" s " width="18px" height="15px" style="vertical-align:-3px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01400, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01400, 0.00000, 11.16499)"><g><g><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 0.00000, -717.49945)" d="M 719 -1954 L 311 -1057 L 190 -1149 Q 184 -1155 176 -1155 Q 167 -1155 157 -1146 T 147 -1126 Q 147 -1116 156 -1110 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style="stroke-width:40.00000"/></g></g></g></g></svg> = 13 <svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label=" TeV " width="26px" height="10px" style="vertical-align:0px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01400, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01400, 0.00000, 9.56200)"><g><g><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 346 0 V 72 Q 449 72 546 83 T 643 137 V 1262 Q 643 1306 618 1316 T 539 1327 H 453 Q 284 1327 213 1253 Q 176 1216 160 1134 T 133 930 H 74 L 113 1399 H 1364 L 1403 930 H 1343 Q 1331 1062 1316 1139 T 1264 1253 Q 1192 1327 1024 1327 H 938 Q 901 1327 880 1324 T 847 1306 T 834 1262 V 137 Q 834 95 931 83 T 1130 72 V 0 H 346 Z "/><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 638.88599, 0.00000)" d="M 510 -23 Q 385 -23 280 42 T 116 217 T 57 449 Q 57 569 111 677 T 263 851 T 481 918 Q 575 918 644 886 T 759 799 T 827 667 T 850 500 Q 850 473 829 473 H 236 V 451 Q 236 281 304 159 T 528 37 Q 591 37 644 65 T 737 143 T 791 250 Q 793 257 798 262 T 811 268 H 829 Q 850 268 850 242 Q 821 126 725 51 T 510 -23 Z M 238 524 H 705 Q 705 601 683 680 T 612 811 T 481 864 Q 365 864 301 755 T 238 524 Z "/><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 1083.32593, 0.00000)" d="M 721 -23 L 238 1262 Q 220 1305 169 1316 T 39 1327 V 1399 H 602 V 1327 Q 432 1327 432 1274 Q 433 1271 433 1268 T 434 1262 L 827 217 L 1198 1206 Q 1202 1214 1202 1231 Q 1202 1281 1156 1304 T 1053 1327 V 1399 H 1495 V 1327 Q 1418 1327 1359 1298 T 1276 1206 L 813 -23 Q 807 -45 780 -45 H 754 Q 727 -45 721 -23 Z "/></g></g></g></svg>. The performance of the electron reconstruction, identification, isolation, and charge identification algorithms is evaluated in data and in simulated samples using electrons from <svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label=" Z → e e " width="45px" height="10px" style="vertical-align:0px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01400, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01400, 0.00000, 9.56200)"><g><g><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 119 16 Q 119 46 133 63 L 1260 1327 H 958 Q 808 1327 709 1291 T 546 1173 T 438 948 Q 434 930 418 930 H 399 Q 379 930 379 956 L 508 1380 Q 512 1399 528 1399 H 1462 Q 1479 1399 1479 1382 Q 1479 1352 1466 1339 L 344 78 H 655 Q 836 78 939 122 T 1103 263 T 1221 537 Q 1223 544 1228 549 T 1241 555 H 1260 Q 1280 555 1280 528 L 1118 18 Q 1109 0 1098 0 H 137 Q 119 0 119 16 Z "/><g transform="translate(754.19751, 0.00000)"><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 277.77780, 0.00000)" d="M 154 471 Q 137 471 126 484 T 115 512 Q 115 527 126 540 T 154 553 H 1708 Q 1630 609 1570 682 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669 T 1132 741 T 1100 801 Q 1100 841 1133 874 T 1206 907 Q 1255 907 1276 862 T 1298 760 Q 1298 700 1286 640 T 1253 498 Q 1206 311 1057 162 Q 1006 111 944 68 T 814 1 T 676 -23 H 643 L 547 -408 Q 543 -420 530 -420 H 506 Q 498 -420 492 -414 T 487 -399 Z "/><g transform="translate(1949.06116, 0.00000)"><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 277.77780, 0.00000)" d="M 154 471 Q 137 471 126 484 T 115 512 Q 115 527 126 540 T 154 553 H 1708 Q 1630 609 1570 682 T 1470 840 T 1413 1020 Q 1413 1047 1434 1047 H 1475 Q 1482 1047 1487 1041 T 1495 1028 Q 1512 940 1548 864 T 1640 724 T 1763 612 T 1917 535 Q 1931 526 1931 512 Q 1931 496 1917 492 Q 1810 455 1721 381 T 1574 208 T 1495 -4 Q 1493 -11 1487 -17 T 1475 -23 H 1434 Q 1413 -23 1413 4 Q 1439 144 1517 267 T 1708 471 H 154 Z "/></g><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 3504.61670, 0.00000)" d="M 412 -23 Q 314 -23 240 28 T 128 165 T 90 348 Q 90 494 163 622 T 363 828 T 633 905 Q 721 905 786 859 T 852 729 Q 852 611 758 553 T 546 482 T 285 469 H 279 Q 246 347 246 260 Q 246 169 288 100 T 416 31 Q 538 31 650 87 T 834 242 Q 840 248 850 248 Q 860 248 870 236 T 881 215 Q 881 207 877 203 Q 802 98 675 37 T 412 -23 Z M 291 522 Q 410 522 511 533 T 694 588 T 776 727 Q 776 765 755 793 T 700 837 T 631 852 Q 544 852 474 805 T 360 682 T 291 522 Z "/><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 3970.22656, 0.00000)" d="M 412 -23 Q 314 -23 240 28 T 128 165 T 90 348 Q 90 494 163 622 T 363 828 T 633 905 Q 721 905 786 859 T 852 729 Q 852 611 758 553 T 546 482 T 285 469 H 279 Q 246 347 246 260 Q 246 169 288 100 T 416 31 Q 538 31 650 87 T 834 242 Q 840 248 850 248 Q 860 248 870 236 T 881 215 Q 881 207 877 203 Q 802 98 675 37 T 412 -23 Z M 291 522 Q 410 522 511 533 T 694 588 T 776 727 Q 776 765 755 793 T 700 837 T 631 852 Q 544 852 474 805 T 360 682 T 291 522 Z "/></g></g></g></svg> decays. Typical examples of combinations of electron reconstruction, identification, and isolation operating points used in ATLAS physics analyses are shown.</div></div></div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Total citations</div><div class="gsc_oci_value"><div style="margin-bottom:1em"><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12201393953778976071,4336965122269208500&as_sdt=5">Cited by 1189</a></div><div id="gsc_oci_graph_wrapper"><div id="gsc_oci_graph" style="width:237px;"><div id="gsc_oci_graph_x"></div><div id="gsc_oci_graph_bars"><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:0px">2018</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:33px">2019</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:66px">2020</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:99px">2021</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:132px">2022</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:165px">2023</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:198px">2024</span><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12201393953778976071,4336965122269208500&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2018&as_yhi=2018" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:5px;height:1px;top:56px;z-index:7"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">5</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12201393953778976071,4336965122269208500&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2019&as_yhi=2019" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:38px;height:42px;top:15px;z-index:6"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">192</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12201393953778976071,4336965122269208500&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2020&as_yhi=2020" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:71px;height:57px;top:0px;z-index:5"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">258</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12201393953778976071,4336965122269208500&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2021&as_yhi=2021" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:104px;height:46px;top:11px;z-index:4"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">208</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12201393953778976071,4336965122269208500&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2022&as_yhi=2022" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:137px;height:31px;top:26px;z-index:3"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">139</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12201393953778976071,4336965122269208500&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2023&as_yhi=2023" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:170px;height:56px;top:1px;z-index:2"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">253</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12201393953778976071,4336965122269208500&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2024&as_yhi=2024" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:203px;height:29px;top:28px;z-index:1"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">129</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Scholar articles</div><div class="gsc_oci_value"><div class="gsc_oci_merged_snippet"><div><a href="/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=12201393953778976071&btnI=1&hl=en">Electron reconstruction and identification in the ATLAS experiment using the 2015 and 2016 LHC proton–proton collision data at s= 13 s= 13 TeV TeV</a></div><div>M Aaboud, G Aad, B Abbott, DC Abbott, O Abdinov… - The European Physical Journal C, 2019</div><div><a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12201393953778976071&as_sdt=5">Cited by 1187</a> <a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&q=related:R0WYuycPVKkJ:scholar.google.com/">Related articles</a> <a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cluster=12201393953778976071">All 78 versions</a> </div></div><div class="gsc_oci_merged_snippet"><div><a href="/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=4336965122269208500&btnI=1&hl=en">Electron reconstruction and identification in the ATLAS experiment using the 2015 and 2016 LHC proton-proton collision data at $$\sqrt {s}= 13$$ TeV.(2019)</a><span class="gsc_oms_mm">*</span></div><div>ATLAS Collaboration - arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.04655</div><div><a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=4336965122269208500&as_sdt=5">Cited by 5</a> <a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&q=related:tF8d7Mz-LzwJ:scholar.google.com/">Related articles</a> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.co.in/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.co.in/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>