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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Sayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Sayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Western Sayan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Sayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Sayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Sayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Eastern Sayan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Sayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ice_Age_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ice_Age_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Ice Age Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ice_Age_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_reindeer_husbandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_reindeer_husbandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins of reindeer husbandry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_reindeer_husbandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sayan Mountains</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جبال سايان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبال سايان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Sayanes" title="Montes Sayanes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Montes Sayanes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayan_da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Sayan dağları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sayan dağları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayan_Soa%E2%81%BF-me%CC%8Dh" title="Sayan Soaⁿ-me̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sayan Soaⁿ-me̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Саян тауҙары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Саян тауҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Саяны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саяны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Саяны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Саяны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Саяни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Саяни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Саяан уула – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Саяан уула" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saian" title="Saian – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saian" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayan_Mountains" title="Sayan Mountains – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sayan Mountains" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajany" title="Sajany – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sajany" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynyddoedd_Sayan" title="Mynyddoedd Sayan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynyddoedd Sayan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajanbjergene" title="Sajanbjergene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sajanbjergene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajangebirge" title="Sajangebirge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sajangebirge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajaanid" title="Sajaanid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sajaanid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Οροσειρά Σαγιάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οροσειρά Σαγιάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Sayanes" title="Montes Sayanes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Montes Sayanes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajan" title="Sajan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sajan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saian" title="Saian – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saian" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوه‌های سایان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوه‌های سایان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monts_Sa%C3%AFan" title="Monts Saïan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monts Saïan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Saian" title="Montes Saian – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Montes Saian" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%96%80%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="사얀산맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사얀산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սայաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սայաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="सायन पर्वत शृंखला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सायन पर्वत शृंखला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajanske_planine" title="Sajanske planine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sajanske planine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunungan_Sayan" title="Pegunungan Sayan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pegunungan Sayan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monti_Saiani" title="Monti Saiani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monti Saiani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F" title="הרי סייאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרי סייאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="საიანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საიანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milima_ya_Sayan" title="Milima ya Sayan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milima ya Sayan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ABps_Sayan" title="Crëps Sayan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Crëps Sayan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiani" title="Saiani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saiani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saj%C4%81ni" title="Sajāni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sajāni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajanbierger" title="Sajanbierger – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sajanbierger" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajanai" title="Sajanai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sajanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Saian" title="Montes Saian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Montes Saian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szaj%C3%A1nok" title="Szajánok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szajánok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сајански Планини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сајански Планини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="സയാൻ മലനിരകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സയാൻ മലനിരകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Соёны нуруу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Соёны нуруу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajan" title="Sajan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sajan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A4%E3%83%B3%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="サヤン山脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サヤン山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajanfjellene" title="Sajanfjellene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sajanfjellene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajanfjella" title="Sajanfjella – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sajanfjella" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97" title="ସାୟନ ପର୍ବତ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାୟନ ପର୍ବତ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayan_tog%CA%BBlari" title="Sayan togʻlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sayan togʻlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajany" title="Sajany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sajany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Saian" title="Montes Saian – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Montes Saian" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Saian" title="Munții Saian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Munții Saian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Саяны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саяны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زنجیرەچیای سایان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زنجیرەچیای سایان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajani" title="Sajani – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sajani" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajanske_planine" title="Sajanske planine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sajanske planine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajan" title="Sajan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sajan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajanbergen" title="Sajanbergen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sajanbergen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சயான் மலைத்தொடர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சயான் மலைத்தொடர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เทือกเขาซายัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทือกเขาซายัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayan_Da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Sayan Dağları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sayan Dağları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Саян (даглар) – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Саян (даглар)" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Саяни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саяни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%91" title="سیان پہاڑ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیان پہاڑ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A3y_n%C3%BAi_Sayan" title="Dãy núi Sayan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dãy núi Sayan" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sayan_Mountains&params=51_43_08_N_100_36_53_E_type:mountain_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°43′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">100°36′53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.71889°N 100.61472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.71889; 100.61472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain range in southern Siberia, Russia and northern Mongolia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Sayan Mountains</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Munku-Sardyk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Munku-Sardyk.jpg/272px-Munku-Sardyk.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Munku-Sardyk.jpg/408px-Munku-Sardyk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Munku-Sardyk.jpg/544px-Munku-Sardyk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5116" data-file-height="3350" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">View of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nkh_Saridag" title="Mönkh Saridag">Mönkh Saridag</a>, highest peak in the Sayan Mountains</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nkh_Saridag" title="Mönkh Saridag">Mönkh Saridag</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,492 m (11,457 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sayan_Mountains&params=51_43_08_N_100_36_53_E_type:mountain_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°43′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">100°36′53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.71889°N 100.61472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.71889; 100.61472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_rel_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sayan Mountains is located in Russia"><img alt="Sayan Mountains is located in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Russia_rel_location_map.png/272px-Russia_rel_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Russia_rel_location_map.png/408px-Russia_rel_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Russia_rel_location_map.png/544px-Russia_rel_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.534%;left:52.757%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sayan Mountains"><img alt="Sayan Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>Sayan Mountains</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sayan Mountains is located in Mongolia"><img alt="Sayan Mountains is located in Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png/272px-Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png/408px-Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png/544px-Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="568" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.676%;left:40.043%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sayan Mountains"><img alt="Sayan Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>Sayan Mountains</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Mongolia</span></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altay-Sayan_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Altay-Sayan_map_en.png/272px-Altay-Sayan_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Altay-Sayan_map_en.png/408px-Altay-Sayan_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Altay-Sayan_map_en.png/544px-Altay-Sayan_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range"><span class="nowrap">Parent range</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/South_Siberian_Mountains" title="South Siberian Mountains">South Siberian Mountains</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Sayan_Ergaki_2004_Gornyh_Duhov_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Western_Sayan_Ergaki_2004_Gornyh_Duhov_Lake.jpg/220px-Western_Sayan_Ergaki_2004_Gornyh_Duhov_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Western_Sayan_Ergaki_2004_Gornyh_Duhov_Lake.jpg/330px-Western_Sayan_Ergaki_2004_Gornyh_Duhov_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Western_Sayan_Ergaki_2004_Gornyh_Duhov_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Lake of Mountain Spirits<br />Western Sayan, Ergaki mountains</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Sayan Mountains</b> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">Соёны нуруу</span>, <span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">Soyonii nuruu</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a>: <span lang="otk" dir="rtl">𐰚𐰇𐰏𐰢𐰤</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Old Turkic-language romanization"><i lang="otk-Latn">Kögmen</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> spanning southeastern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irkutsk Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Krasnoyarsk Krai">Krasnoyarsk Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a>) and northern <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. Before the rapid expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>, the mountain range served as the border between Mongolian and Russian cultures and cultural influences.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sayan Mountains' towering peaks and cool lakes southwest of <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> give rise to the <a href="/wiki/Tributaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries">tributaries</a> that merge to become one of Siberia's major rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a>, which flows north over 3,400 kilometres (2000 mi) to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. This is a protected and isolated area, having been kept closed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> since 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayan_Mountains&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging-rock-ergaki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hanging-rock-ergaki.jpg/220px-Hanging-rock-ergaki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hanging-rock-ergaki.jpg/330px-Hanging-rock-ergaki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hanging-rock-ergaki.jpg/440px-Hanging-rock-ergaki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Stone" title="Hanging Stone">Hanging Stone</a>, Western Sayan, <a href="/wiki/Ergaki_Nature_Park" title="Ergaki Nature Park">Ergaki Nature Park</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Sayan">Western Sayan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayan_Mountains&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Western Sayan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At 92°E the Western Sayan system is pierced by the Ulug-Khem (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Улуг-Хем</span>) or Upper <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a>, and at 106°, at its eastern extremity, it terminates above the depression of the <a href="/wiki/Selenga" title="Selenga">Selenga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Valley" title="Orkhon Valley">Orkhon Valley</a>. It stretches almost at a right angle to the Western Sayan for 650 km (400 mi) in a roughly northeast/southwest direction between the Shapshal Range of the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Eastern Altai</a> in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Abakan_Range" title="Abakan Range">Abakan Range</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kuznetsk_Alatau" title="Kuznetsk Alatau">Kuznetsk Alatau</a> in the east. From the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian plateau">Mongolian plateau</a> the ascent is on the whole gentle, but from the plains of Siberia it is much steeper. The range includes a number of subsidiary ranges of an Alpine character, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aradan_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aradan Range (page does not exist)">Aradan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borus_(range)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borus (range) (page does not exist)">Borus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oy_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oy Range (page does not exist)">Oy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulumys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulumys (page does not exist)">Kulumys</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirsky_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirsky Range (page does not exist)">Mirsky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurtushibin_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurtushibin Range (page does not exist)">Kurtushibin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uyuk_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uyuk Range (page does not exist)">Uyuk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheshpir-Taiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheshpir-Taiga (page does not exist)">Sheshpir-Taiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergaki" title="Ergaki">Ergak-Targak-Taiga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedran_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedran Range (page does not exist)">Kedran</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nazarovsky_range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nazarovsky range (page does not exist)">Nazarovsky</a> ranges. The most important peaks are <a href="/wiki/Kyzlasov_Peak" title="Kyzlasov Peak">Kyzlasov Peak</a> (2,969 m (9,741 ft)), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aradansky_Peak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aradansky Peak (page does not exist)">Aradansky Peak</a> (2,456 m (8,058 ft)), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bedelig_Golets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bedelig Golets (page does not exist)">Bedelig Golets</a> (2,492 m (8,176 ft)), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samzhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samzhir (page does not exist)">Samzhir</a> (2,402 m (7,881 ft)), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borus_(peak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borus (peak) (page does not exist)">Borus</a> (2,318 m (7,605 ft)) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvezdny_Peak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvezdny Peak (page does not exist)">Zvezdny Peak</a> (2,265 m (7,431 ft)).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-STM_M-45_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STM_M-45-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the breach of the Yenisei and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l" title="Lake Khövsgöl">Lake Khövsgöl</a> at 100° 30' E. the system bears also the name of Yerghik-Taiga. The flora is on the whole poor, although the higher regions carry good forests of <a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">larch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">rhododendrons</a> and species of <i><a href="/wiki/Berberis" title="Berberis">Berberis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">Ribes</a></i>. Lichens and mosses clothe many of the boulders that are scattered over the upper slopes.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Sayan">Eastern Sayan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayan_Mountains&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eastern Sayan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eastern Sayan stretches almost at a right angle to the Western Sayan for 1,000 km (620 mi) in a northwest/southeast direction, from the Yenisei to the <a href="/wiki/Angara_Range" title="Angara Range">Angara Range</a>. Some subranges of the northwest form a system of "White Mountains" (Белогорье) or "<a href="/wiki/Belki_(geography)" title="Belki (geography)">Belki</a>", such as Manskoye Belogorye, Kanskoye Belogorye, Kuturchinskoye Belogorye, as well as Agul Belki (Агульские Белки), with permanent snow on the peaks. In the central part, towards the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Kazyr" title="Kazyr">Kazyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kizir" title="Kizir">Kizir</a> rivers, several ridges, such as the Kryzhin Range form a cluster culminating in the 2,982 m (9,783 ft) high <a href="/wiki/Grandiozny_Peak" title="Grandiozny Peak">Grandiozny Peak</a>, the highest point in Krasnoyarsk Krai. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To the southeast rise the highest and most remote subranges, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshoy_Sayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolshoy Sayan (page does not exist)">Bolshoy Sayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kropotkin_Range_(Eastern_Sayan)" title="Kropotkin Range (Eastern Sayan)">Kropotkin Range</a>, as well as "<a href="/wiki/Goltsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Goltsy">Goltsy</a>" type of mountains, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tunka_Goltsy" title="Tunka Goltsy">Tunka Goltsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitoy_Goltsy" title="Kitoy Goltsy">Kitoy Goltsy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Botogolsky_Goltsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Botogolsky Goltsy (page does not exist)">Botogolsky Goltsy</a>, among others. The highest point of the Eastern Sayan, as well as the highest point of the whole Sayan system, 3,491 m (11,453 ft) high Mount <a href="/wiki/Munku-Sardyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Munku-Sardyk">Munku-Sardyk</a>, is located in the range of the same name in this area. 2,939 m (9,642 ft) high <a href="/wiki/Pik_Tofalariya" title="Pik Tofalariya">Pik Tofalariya</a> is the highest point of <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Oblast" title="Irkutsk Oblast">Irkutsk Oblast</a>. The mountains of the Eastern Sayan characteristically display alpine relief forms. In general, rivers flowing down from the ranges form <a href="/wiki/Gorge" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorge">gorges</a> and there is an abundance of waterfalls in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-STM_N-47_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STM_N-47-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Ice_Age_Period">The Ice Age Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayan_Mountains&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Ice Age Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayan_Mountains_-_Daily_Rest_(6232014997).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sayan_Mountains_-_Daily_Rest_%286232014997%29.jpg/220px-Sayan_Mountains_-_Daily_Rest_%286232014997%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sayan_Mountains_-_Daily_Rest_%286232014997%29.jpg/330px-Sayan_Mountains_-_Daily_Rest_%286232014997%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sayan_Mountains_-_Daily_Rest_%286232014997%29.jpg/440px-Sayan_Mountains_-_Daily_Rest_%286232014997%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Sayan Mountains in August</figcaption></figure> <p>In this area that currently shows only small cirque glaciers, at glacial times glaciers have flowed down from the 3492 m high <a href="/wiki/Munku_Sardyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Munku Sardyk">Munku Sardyk</a> massif situated west of Lake Baikal and from the 12.100 km<sup>2</sup> extended completely glaciated granite-gneiss plateau (2300 m asl) of the East-Sayan mountains as well as the east-connected 2600 – 3110 m-high summits in the Tunkinskaya Dolina valley, joining to a c. 30 km-wide parent glacier. Its glacier tongue that flowed down to the east, to Lake Baikal, came to an end at 500 m asl (51°48’28.98"N/103°0’29.86"E). The Khamar Daban mountains were covered by a large-scale ice cap filling up the valley relief. </p><p>From its valley heads, e.g. the upper Slujanka valley (51°32’N/103°37’E), but also through parallel valleys like the Snirsdaja valley, outlet glaciers flowed to the north to Lake Baikal. The Snirsdaja-valley-outlet glacier has calved, among other outlet glaciers, at c. 400 m asl into Lake Baikal (51°27’N/104°51’E). The glacial (Würm ice age = Last Glacial Period = MIS 2) glacier snowline (ELA) as altitude limit between glacier feeding area and ablation zone has run in these mountains between 1450 and 1250 m asl. This corresponds to a snowline depression of 1500 m against the current height of the snowline. Under the condition of a comparable precipitation ratio there might result from this a glacial depression of the average annual temperature of 7.5 to 9 °C for the Last Ice Age against today.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_reindeer_husbandry">Origins of reindeer husbandry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayan_Mountains&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins of reindeer husbandry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Autumn forest in the Eastern Sayan Mountains, <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Sev%E2%80%99yan_I._Vainshtein" class="mw-redirect" title="Sev’yan I. Vainshtein">Sev’yan I. Vainshtein</a>, Sayan reindeer herding, as historically practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Evenk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenk people">Evenks</a>, is "the oldest form of reindeer herding and is associated with the earliest domestication of the reindeer by the <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_peoples" title="Samoyedic peoples">Samoyedic taiga population</a> of the Sayan Mountains at the turn of the first millennium A.D."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Sayan region was apparently the origin of the economic and cultural complex of reindeer hunters-herdsmen that we now see among the various Evenki groups and the peoples of the Sayan area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ancestors of modern Evenki groups inhabited areas adjacent to the Sayan Mountains, and it is highly likely that they took part in the process of reindeer domestication along with the Samoyedic population."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local indigenous groups that have retained their traditional lifestyle nowadays live almost exclusively in the area of the Eastern Sayan mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the local reindeer herding communities were greatly affected by <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">russification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">sovietization</a>, with many Evenks losing their traditional lifestyle and groups like the <a href="/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamasins" title="Kamasins">Kamas</a> peoples being assimilated altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Juha_Janhunen" title="Juha Janhunen">Juha Janhunen</a>, and other linguists, the homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> is located in South-Central Siberia in the Sayan Mountains region.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Peter Benjamin Golden</a> locates the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Turkic">Proto-Turkic</a> Urheimat in the southern <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> zone of the Sayan-Altay region.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, the Proto-Uralic homeland is located farther westwards (e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kama_(river)" title="Kama (river)">Kama</a> region<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) while the Proto-Turkic homeland is located farther eastwards (e.g. "in the southern fringe of the [Northern Eurasian Greenbelt] in Northeast Asia ... near eastern Mongolia"). <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayan_Mountains&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%97%D0%A4_%D0%A1%D0%9E_%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D" class="extiw" title="ru:Саянская обсерватория ИСЗФ СО РАН">Sayan Solar Observatory</a> is located in these mountains (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sayan_Mountains&params=51_37_18_N_100_55_07_E_type:mountain_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°37′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">100°55′07″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.62167°N 100.91861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.62167; 100.91861</span></span></span></a></span></span>) at an altitude of 2,000 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayan_Mountains&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abakan_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Abakan River">Abakan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergaki" title="Ergaki">Ergaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South-Central_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South-Central Siberia">Geography of South-Central Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lykov_family" title="Lykov family">Lykov family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mana River">Mana River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minusinsk_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Minusinsk Depression">Minusinsk Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_Depression" title="Tuva Depression">Tuva Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai-Sayan_region" title="Altai-Sayan region">Altai-Sayan region</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayan_Mountains&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVasily_Bartold1935" class="citation book cs1">Vasily Bartold (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/3673071"><i>Vorlesungen uber die Geschichte der Turken Mittelasiens</i></a>. Vol. 12. Berlin: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Islamkunde. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3673071">3673071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vorlesungen+uber+die+Geschichte+der+Turken+Mittelasiens&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Deutsche+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Islamkunde&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3673071&rft.au=Vasily+Bartold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F3673071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASayan+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Sayan%20Mountains">"Sayan Mountains"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sayan+Mountains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolumbia.thefreedictionary.com%2FSayan%2520Mountains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASayan+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126095830/http://www.geographicbureau.com/russia/info/siberia/tuva">"Tuva and Sayan Mountains"</a>. Geographic Bureau - Siberia and Pacific. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographicbureau.com/russia/info/siberia/tuva">the original</a> on 2015-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuva+and+Sayan+Mountains&rft.pub=Geographic+Bureau+-+Siberia+and+Pacific&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographicbureau.com%2Frussia%2Finfo%2Fsiberia%2Ftuva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASayan+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gufo.me/dict/mining_encyclopedia/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B">B. C. Bасильев, Ю. M. Mальцев, Б. И. Cуганов, E. H. Черных - <i>Саяны</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STM_M-45-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-STM_M-45_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mapm45.narod.ru/im45partb.html">"M-45 Chart (in Russian)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M-45+Chart+%28in+Russian%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmapm45.narod.ru%2Fim45partb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASayan+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sayan Mountains"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sayan_Mountains">"Sayan Mountains" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sayan+Mountains&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=276&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASayan+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ЭСБЕ/Саянский горный хребет, Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STM_N-47-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-STM_N-47_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mapn47.narod.ru/map5/indexg.html">"N-47 Chart (in Russian)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N-47+Chart+%28in+Russian%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmapn47.narod.ru%2Fmap5%2Findexg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASayan+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grosswald, M. G.; Kuhle, M. (1994):<i>Impact of Glaciations on Lake Baikal.</i> International Project on Paleolimnology and Late Cenozoic Climate No. 8. (Eds: Shoji Horie; Kazuhiro Toyoda (IPPCCE)) Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck, pp. 48–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhle, M. (2004) : 'The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) glacier cover in High- and Central Asia. Accompanying text to the mapwork in hand with detailed references to the literature of the underlying empirical investigations'. Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (eds). <i>Extent and Chronology of Glaciations, Vol. 3 (Latin America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica)</i>. Amsterdam, Elsevier B.V., pp. 175-199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/russia/evenki-reindeer-herding-history">"Evenki Reindeer Herding: A History"</a>, <i>Cultural Survival</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Survival&rft.atitle=Evenki+Reindeer+Herding%3A+A+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalsurvival.org%2Fpublications%2Fcultural-survival-quarterly%2Frussia%2Fevenki-reindeer-herding-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASayan+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVainshtein1971" class="citation cs2">Vainshtein, Sev’yan I. (1971), "The Problem of the Origins of Reindeer Herding in Eurasia, Part II: The Role of the Sayan Center in the Diffusion of Reindeer Herding in Eurasia", <i><a href="/wiki/Etnograficheskoe_Obozrenie" title="Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie">Sovetskaya Etnografiya</a></i>, <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">37–</span>52</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sovetskaya+Etnografiya&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+the+Origins+of+Reindeer+Herding+in+Eurasia%2C+Part+II%3A+The+Role+of+the+Sayan+Center+in+the+Diffusion+of+Reindeer+Herding+in+Eurasia&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Vainshtein&rft.aufirst=Sev%E2%80%99yan+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASayan+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForysth1991" class="citation book cs1">Forysth, J. (1991). "The Siberian Native Peoples Before and After the Russian Conquest". In Wood, A. (ed.). <i>The History of Siberia: From Russian Conquest to Revolution</i>. London: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05873-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05873-2"><bdi>0-415-05873-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Siberian+Native+Peoples+Before+and+After+the+Russian+Conquest&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Siberia%3A+From+Russian+Conquest+to+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-415-05873-2&rft.aulast=Forysth&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASayan+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2009" class="citation book cs1">Janhunen, Juha (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust258/sust258.pdf#page=57">"Proto-Uralic—what, where, and when?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society</i>. Helsinki. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proto-Uralic%E2%80%94what%2C+where%2C+and+when%3F&rft.btitle=The+Quasquicentennial+of+the+Finno-Ugrian+Society&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgr.fi%2Fsust%2Fsust258%2Fsust258.pdf%23page%3D57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASayan+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziebel2012" class="citation web cs1">Dziebel, German (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthropogenesis.kinshipstudies.org/blog/2012/10/01/on-the-homeland-of-the-uralic-language-family/">"On the Homeland of the Uralic Language Family"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Homeland+of+the+Uralic+Language+Family&rft.date=2012-10&rft.aulast=Dziebel&rft.aufirst=German&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthropogenesis.kinshipstudies.org%2Fblog%2F2012%2F10%2F01%2Fon-the-homeland-of-the-uralic-language-family%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASayan+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2011" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter Benjamin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9609971">"Ethnogenesis in the tribal zone: The Shaping of the Turks"</a>. <i>Studies on the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian steppes</i>. Bucureşti: Ed. Acad. Române. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-1871-96-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-1871-96-7"><bdi>978-973-1871-96-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnogenesis+in+the+tribal+zone%3A+The+Shaping+of+the+Turks&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+peoples+and+cultures+of+the+Eurasian+steppes&rft.place=Bucure%C5%9Fti&rft.pub=Ed.+Acad.+Rom%C3%A2ne&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-973-1871-96-7&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9609971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASayan+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parpola, A. (2013). "Formation of the Indo-European and Uralic language families in the light of archaeology: Revised and integrated 'total' correlations". In R. Grünthal, & P. Kallio (Eds.), <i>Linguistic map of prehistoric north Europe</i> (pp. 119-184). (Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne; Vol. 266). Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uchiyama, J., Gillam, J., Savelyev, A., & Ning, C. (2020). "Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: A long-term perspective from Northeast Asia", <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>, 2, E16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.11">10.1017/ehs.2020.11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.iszf.irk.ru/Sayan_Solar_Observatory">"Sayan Solar Observatory"</a>. Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> - <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> branch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sayan+Solar+Observatory&rft.pub=Institute+of+Solar-Terrestrial+Physics%2C+Russian+Academy+of+Sciences+-+Siberian+branch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.iszf.irk.ru%2FSayan_Solar_Observatory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASayan+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayan_Mountains&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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