CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913503d349701d40',cH: 'bY_U0f_id_leiI5qS0IGtT0yEhKwHmran3blKF8_BjI-1739787313-1.2.1.1-8kPT23djRKNavYgD8YRzz8DOjFS7pf25ykNf7ncZ2HmX9qTxtEQVjFXQcfwKfTb8',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=ethnography&__cf_chl_tk=2Gcqxfdu09lg6gq1bplFYsoEck2G48zpclCo1FAKPC4-1739787313-1.0.1.1-YI.flBACv1ElXAQutIhSWO9R7Ej4acvhsiFBdQlYrM8",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739787313',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=ethnography&__cf_chl_f_tk=2Gcqxfdu09lg6gq1bplFYsoEck2G48zpclCo1FAKPC4-1739787313-1.0.1.1-YI.flBACv1ElXAQutIhSWO9R7Ej4acvhsiFBdQlYrM8",md: "NpgBGHvPyDyWzqRQ5JhnWvd6aFfbhwLTThcU4As1a0o-1739787313-1.2.1.1-UNLlaBkISpJxRUnsAcmfwi6TcB91yB_phdz3NOqppRTgE0HOaJcJsZfcP4yFD1tseOiKm1jWYfwKtESpFCov6Oqzy_wlHH_cSLRPIXKVelU23RPP8YQUsbLHy04XVuoOgmReBLLCyAZ3aL3URlNKqLWp6Fv3tY4FIVwCkRuny2iAVGrBepq_cr6jopinfgctr1T7kc0SjQnAgmMi_WoES46Sf7Flzj4QsBMl8LQItpQgvqjfJ6QImJnYpcHMWvn_RMHgL2Ipx7Lj_1wJSiN29vwFKCDdu8HN.3lZg6awKr2bjP56tGTM0xFLD25UnkVTOoNt9PLkdk_0GqZNeWVOf.YtOYpiZxyNLicd3SIDoglJVCLTYjCnxF73w0ZJ4ESy0KZ7FZeJYs0gLjabyc.yiBAHMKaz6KX9tXie6mmQZe18o41xXUwrJWVB_miUy_VCKqajR.2SHFKwZG5HREoumBCsOzJTgzFXmy7G6HKcYO1O.HG0Pocva0aB8CxLt6n4pveYAktr44CoELIWVcsjhxXKO.WIe1mVBagHUBV5HPgMNzgDJ8MzL4yQVSz8SjzsePZhiOJOmwrWJkTopfNfGqau_ucHaq2EqH06PGe01GV7_7_LPm6aLe2rmxnk7_UCl5W_Ddy6lag5DSNHPKN_MyLREIgVAzOMhdA.yfC02y3yJxW238OnJ36Rkv.7kU7bNuDEpPvVnH4I1HKNiEY6HhVad.gQ0WqVr_E0ZphsvMVh0KnkJ.DUmvIPAV8tqPoqi58tDARoOiKmp7DOKqlDiwG7A2xD57.AjW6Be1t8bn4yv3LAxom5KaPMbEdeO3nVsZAkZLK41N9WqUYEIvnnin4a.oV2DJeGpZaqAVXGn0c7S4wi2ZbNwMWxx10yNBnoSURL8WZWsDXKpdVYUJSSj.rl9KTeX_l5KGIUynAOq7z62aBPf_6GDjeKb0PkC0byQh9rwzFAD6B9ueQlNl.Djcxk5dx5s22Fi0rVUBiLSilT8vzQrv3PpFREZL.b_1YH.77NPbDx2bTDZMsGZUtoGaUIOJY7o2a3awfIHh19Frp95KA1ugSWkRx5NG7mipO9.qGbgmLQs5JCsEJ3LgGpRYgqRH.6nLVJXeOcmELkk742eQQWhNsvhCsTeXsUh6bnn_fOg4sEwUoPP5aDZ2JT.VH1fmwHIwJAe.vfHE_Ron66Z.XELFs84o9hMUdudlYdwVVRbdJUMOJWIn2aA7W8lG__vx2bSUWoiOzYJTvIlok.qAHcdWjxcK2EKIsyEHlEI4z4VZzB4AlTZZWIhdccQnpwKxXOVv.Soy37pYRbPvjfjin0Sw.3brHRbn.G07N3ChJY_9b72SdleqhoC72OGyW00wH4dOTw0jk_V1o3TKZz2_DEKvHksgY0j2tYet45Axj0v7.WXE_G3V7ghRSTYmAV1opT6tiThjJ6uel_p0.iC.8BiVlwqb4A1eKoMY8NL.GWjfPJh6EJl.BVuv8SGnRtRA5YjACmMqZXeLY3BJQIxiBfjQbwN9VjE5xRgt4zQHnNwO5vcWQbPvbQSyYxTKNvxgmupvWHRA0qwA2mfmdw_DuoBNYNYmX.uNjqSX3Ze.qBfPNdZpOA5WsLZMM4qeC_9Vv.RUb.xjaNaNbZ.FX0JyXbrSsUZuuG9AnB84izFrtTXgsAxmoRjuvwrfAM3p8ZeVUNomYBe68mIUQ73AB7ouLmbI5MStzIAYvSHIaJAjW4UyoqJP8pER9.noeQ2coV0vHKk1Z_ctMyEMjOOCNgRVgr4rlmYWElgdCzt_lp3.olwI_azjymqw089XBAc8Hl3l3tfGvuoeTU.dQWybQ_HwDwjaCwI2ZIyQsAi4EhiCjuOBAOaK0zlqpKWKdm5GE5oX.CTtH1k6kB7DlkyHUnPxtMj3pQQ3bJVfbv7ToulJbtP62klwYV4LYetM7OzQ",mdrd: "7VpvWapMM2pKt5zmf.fleBo672viJYJeEn07seyDKUg-1739787313-1.2.1.1-v8dTnDgj9sDcV18nLqHQc53MIldd3__o2jGgFkALreD3OO.VERU1X1GqCZvIrhHwU2meBFdCjrjBu3cSiW0U0maV5Xm81XhJKZSSxzSYC8kqxX1U3qRLF7mVGCa51AI8mGLdvy4vvblUAML85vr9XYQKD7sdp_D2JKMcijRRc0U65DgAB9KSgeJdTVIngwRbMDFSd_F1OQpCZsr_Yb2uYIlIhhTcDxeCVwdlzYACk_990dNJL7aUy0HS1xIcCWWbQtuioLIV7W8moARTKEj1U8W7j00XPFeaYeyPUqGkpreFsxpjUFG8a10MoFPe0mllZKKon07wxL8xvpNzFhm3wSDep_I1fpkc15sFbYnO0vXrBlZVbHNXlfLCq6PrZWB2OkEI7mhT8bj.llk0xKRAr2Tnrnu3JlliClUwCvic7IFtX5NnOmhzil2EITzoaUijPFjLC8hUmjIjQyhEx.vxqT2eGNbvJxIM90tUt3g6vNFfop5FsyvhxSBkwGtApGVw4YN427BoE0.0bBm1GPOtR6dkxSwfGDzUUfdE7JdmI4I8P8yfRsl0DQZESP5s.Bvlu7odxp5P8SmlwM4WiPOEZ37oyjGijgDOCJZ447DFir_lX84J_Cq_CpnLrJbyhwL96Tby7r8Ayj13XgCnEB6OGNA36zItp_qbP6JZSllL8i0.RfWSJ6jCpWn_k8tv8ogL4IZnd.y_c5yjxPhRwedqdHAODoIZiLrmG2TVvhMujZu12cbxmgxe8H9j4Ihe923MmjVQuUVFUt0LEd8cMH_.WQlleY3hxSvJ3nT.pN1Wc_uMVCEFNwviYYcSgktVh2lGWsIEiA_MtgupaXcgaDG7JJWLe9jc6N.EZaXVOMxh2.XZEni2UKoPuPSyG65dgPBTqb2aczvzs5v_H1K.Hv.KQi5gMvirE.8KnYtahlXfs_4c6l69tcIFjAK_kqIygi9mWthLjtP0ZJrenOzf_a.EQG7_i5wXyBUCO43UG8_u5MXlXTWTvl_V4rWqTQJHGVSU9x.dW.UTR09UT.qfX2dsrrl1RlftZVZ9iiEInDElFez6TjRh4s8DzJRKSa4Gy6vSCe.e3mEpSJ_oMzW0MNXO7ZKxOnyAK.UZl3yEY6WCjZX1p7rheIn26su1DJSKwVe7AZ9jdgASnk2T4qmhpINJhmXCe5pkts0.F3s7ClizRSAfug0lCv_POrNafyMRV_0ERZ90GOOkAuXUpVCR7eUPhVfLCqQYJiBP58abPHLfmWYHW8uPYm.BQCZ1UaJvV.FXU_ohxVCPB2d2yHDdgK0nVsi3Ki0LWK0oeE2p20y5.jxOc6IouvNFOM081.pEmfNXg5DR0nR7EK76dqsvlusFEwHOMOnWVX001iAlA3ssyOLrJDcJy4WKAE_mxuGURSxchPKei1C7wj80ygVOZvXakColsibVZslAXHNo6s7dBggmJTqtgwaz5EDd5lJ0KknEvUmf0_JhruRE4n9MqxiwW9Z7Npccj5OmV_Y2WD1wyh13s0OE5TMu.cXKe57KLFuyuAiC8kmn62fAzvb81BtvKO0OXN3H93F_BDescHFiQRFDR8DWrCYkqy7Hr84VJ1xmJv4iv3yD6OurL7fXzmyp1tMLfHSFW.mGFhCfJm04ynhWPncn7WeozXHuh_861ecd6wCLVqCK2dt9B4Ve_yAh.n1qg72zLqJ1Kwd7UqjhU0fZ.one6BH8LF8crpAY7s9BTLweojb4qgNOAfr8ifRmpSDycGjNCLLCH5maFZi6DFxk07Psj75YyGyqnDTGOKKkFFGKymCfGe40ZvpqHgpTQdvt7kOf2wE_xWjKGIDyE_k1WUTZ0.9hRNbVaYEnz3Em4Xc_mCgFztT.gptyIqyCYgPq5aAcARt_2SjGs.A9E4qGQmK5dnN0jhlFeebcIYgSc9KWby8JcsfFreCV2qS6ofJMaRmrf_.H8IBB8WbYgOYkBukyU6Qd6niBQ026LqNg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913503d349701d40';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=ethnography&__cf_chl_rt_tk=2Gcqxfdu09lg6gq1bplFYsoEck2G48zpclCo1FAKPC4-1739787313-1.0.1.1-YI.flBACv1ElXAQutIhSWO9R7Ej4acvhsiFBdQlYrM8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>