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Knowing their stories, and the stories of their organizations, is essential to understanding how and why technology has developed as it has for the benefit of humanity. This gives technologists from around the world the opportunity to relate their personal, first-hand experiences as central participants in the process of technical innovation in its broadest context. Do you have a story to tell? No matter how big or small, we would be delighted to add your memoirs to our collection. Areas like the thought processes that led to choosing a particular engineering solution, how one came up with the idea for an invention, or projects that have given the most personal and professional satisfaction are all great areas of focus for a first hand history, and you can <a href="/Create" title="Create">submit your First Hand History here.</a> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Group_First-Hand_Histories"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Group First-Hand Histories</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#50_Year_Member_First-Hand_Histories"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">50 Year Member First-Hand Histories</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#ASEE_Fellows"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">ASEE Fellows</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Sportsvision"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sportsvision</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Single_Author_First-Hand_Histories"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Single Author First-Hand Histories</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Bioengineering"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bioengineering</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Communications"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Communications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Components,_Circuits,_Devices_and_Systems"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Computers_and_Information_Processing"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Computers and Information Processing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Energy_(Petroleum)"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Energy (Petroleum)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Energy_(Power)"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Energy (Power)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Engineering_Profession_and_Education"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Engineering Profession and Education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#IEEE"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">IEEE</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:_Q&As_with_Icons_of_Engineering_&_Technology"><span class="tocnumber">2.8.1</span> <span class="toctext">IEEE Award Recipient Series: Q&As with Icons of Engineering & Technology</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Lighting_and_Lasers"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Lighting and Lasers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Materials"><span class="tocnumber">2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Materials</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Microwaves"><span class="tocnumber">2.11</span> <span class="toctext">Microwaves</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Nuclear_and_Plasma_Sciences"><span class="tocnumber">2.12</span> <span class="toctext">Nuclear and Plasma Sciences</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Radio_and_Radar"><span class="tocnumber">2.13</span> <span class="toctext">Radio and Radar</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Transportation,_Aerospace,_and_Military"><span class="tocnumber">2.14</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation, Aerospace, and Military</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Group_First-Hand_Histories">Group First-Hand Histories</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:Evolution_of_the_2-Person_Crew_Jet_Transport_Flight_Deck" title="First-Hand:Evolution of the 2-Person Crew Jet Transport Flight Deck">Evolution of the 2-Person Crew Jet Transport Flight Deck</a>, by Delmar M. Fadden, Peter M. Morton, Richard W. Taylor, and Thomas Lindberg - The authors of this article provide an account of their experiences in conceptualizing and developing the two-person cockpit for commercial airlines.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Gigabit_Wireless_Networks" title="First-Hand:Gigabit Wireless Networks">Gigabit Wireless Networks</a>, by Arogyaswami J. Paulraj, Helmut Bölcskei, Rohit U. Nabar, and Dhananjay A. Gore - A brief account of the development of gigabit wireless networks in the late 1990s and early 2000s.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Solid_State_Circuits_Society_First_Hand_Histories" title="First-Hand:Solid State Circuits Society First Hand Histories">Solid State Circuits Society First Hand Histories</a> - A collection of first hand histories initially published in the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society newsletter and subsequently its magazine, including Dale L. Critchlow, Gene M. Amdahl, Barrie Gilbert, Robert H. Dennard, Mitsumasa Koyanagi, Eric A. Vittoz, Christian Enz, Gordon Bell, Erik H. M. Heijne, Federico Faggin, Marcian E. Hoff, Stanley Mazor, Masatoshi Shima, Joseph A. Fisher, Robert P. Colwell, Ken Smith, Tom Rent, John W. Meredith, Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, and Robert Brayton.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="50_Year_Member_First-Hand_Histories">50 Year Member First-Hand Histories</span></h3> <p>The 50 Year Member First-Hand Histories is a special collection of First-Hand Histories submitted by loyal members since the merger of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) to form IEEE on 1 January 1963. </p> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:50_Year_Member_First_Hand_Histories" class="mw-redirect" title="First-Hand:50 Year Member First Hand Histories">List of all 50 Year Member First-Hand Histories</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ASEE_Fellows">ASEE Fellows</span></h3> <p>The American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) was founded in 1893 as the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education (SPEE). As part of the observation of its 125th anniversary in 2018, ASEE is compiling these first-hand histories of its Fellow grade members. The grade of Fellow is one of unusual professional distinction. It is conferred by the Board of Directors upon an ASEE member with outstanding and extraordinary qualifications who has made significant contributions to engineering or engineering technology education or an allied field and to ASEE. The first Fellows were named in 1983. As of 2017, some 400 ASEE members have received this honor. </p> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:ASEE_Fellows" title="First-Hand:ASEE Fellows">List of all ASEE Fellows First-Hand Histories</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sportsvision">Sportsvision</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:Recollections_of_the_development_of_the_FoxTrax_hockey_puck_tracking_system" title="First-Hand:Recollections of the development of the FoxTrax hockey puck tracking system">Recollections of the development of the FoxTrax hockey puck tracking system</a>, by Rick Cavallaro - Cavallaro discusses how the hockey puck tracking system was developed under Fox’s commission when they won the NHL broadcasting rights in 1995. Included is discussion on the use of infra-red technology in the camera tracking system, development of an ‘electronic puck’ by using LEDs in the puck and the process of synchronizing the cameras and the puck.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Recollections_of_the_Development_of_the_Glowing_Hockey_Puck" title="First-Hand:My Recollections of the Development of the Glowing Hockey Puck">My Recollections of the Development of the Glowing Hockey Puck</a>, by Stan Honey - Honey recounts his experiences while working at Newscorp and developing the glowing hockey puck for Fox who were eager to make hockey more accessible to television viewers. He describes the various technical approaches and different kinds of technology used in TV cameras to provide a better viewing experience on television.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Single_Author_First-Hand_Histories">Single Author First-Hand Histories</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bioengineering">Bioengineering</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:Starting_Up_Cetus,_the_First_Biotechnology_Company_-_1973_to_1982" title="First-Hand:Starting Up Cetus, the First Biotechnology Company - 1973 to 1982">Starting Up Cetus, the First Biotechnology Company - 1973 to 1982</a>, by Roy Merrill - An account of Merrill's role in starting up Cetus with 20 other employees under Pete Farley, where he began by managing the computing facility supporting the Cetus Mass Screening System.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Real_First-Hand_Account_of_the_Startup_Phase_of_Cetus" title="First-Hand:A Real First-Hand Account of the Startup Phase of Cetus">A Real First-Hand Account of the Startup Phase of Cetus</a>, by Calvin Ward - A response to Merrill's First Hand History, discussing some of its claims.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:John_Webster_visits_China_in_June,_1980" title="First-Hand:John Webster visits China in June, 1980">John Webster visits China in June, 1980</a>, by John Webster - An account of Webster visiting China to meet with Chinese biomedical engineers</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Communications">Communications</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:From_War-Time_Radio_to_Peace-Time_Television" title="First-Hand:From War-Time Radio to Peace-Time Television">From War-Time Radio to Peace-Time Television</a>, by Leslie Balter - Reminiscences of Balter's childhood working with radio and later as a professional at Endicott.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Applying_digital_television_technology_to_medical_imaging_%3D_x-ray_dosage_reduction_and_non-invasive_angiography" title="First-Hand:Applying digital television technology to medical imaging = x-ray dosage reduction and non-invasive angiography">Applying digital television technology to medical imaging = x-ray dosage reduction and non-invasive angiography</a>, by Stanley Baron - An account detailing the development of noise reduction techniques for television images for creating angiograms which reduced the radiation risks involved with earlier imaging services for fetuses.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Digital_Television:_The_Digital_Terrestrial_Television_Broadcasting_(DTTB)_Standard" title="First-Hand:Digital Television: The Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) Standard">Digital Television: The Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) Standard</a>, by Stanley Baron - In this article, Baron discusses how the demand for an enhanced, advanced television broadcasting services led the ITU (International Telecommunications Union) to commission a taskforce that was to be engaged in developing digital terrestrial television broadcasting. The DTTB was to offer ‘broadcasters the ability to construct a digital highway into each home that allowed for a range of digital services.’</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Inventing_the_Vidifont:_the_first_electronics_graphics_machine_used_in_television_production" title="First-Hand:Inventing the Vidifont: the first electronics graphics machine used in television production">Inventing the Vidifont: the first electronics graphics machine used in television production</a>, by Stanley Baron - An account of Baron's dealings with the employees at CBS and their collaborative efforts in developing the vidifont.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Foundation_of_Digital_Television:_the_origins_of_the_4:2:2_component_digital_standard" title="First-Hand:The Foundation of Digital Television: the origins of the 4:2:2 component digital standard">The Foundation of Digital Television: the origins of the 4:2:2 component digital standard</a>, by Stanley Baron - Baron's recollections in developing a foundational standard for digital television broadcasting.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Wartime_Work_on_Missile_Guidance_to_Federal_Telecommunications_System" title="First-Hand:Wartime Work on Missile Guidance to Federal Telecommunications System">Wartime Work on Missile Guidance to Federal Telecommunications System</a>, by M. Lloyd Bond - Bond discusses his work on missile guidance systems, and his role in the Federal Telecommunications System (FTS) and the Advanced Record System in the 1960s.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Observations_of_the_History_Of_Radio/Television_Since_the_Close_of_World_War_II" title="First-Hand:Observations of the History Of Radio/Television Since the Close of World War II">Observations of the History Of Radio/Television Since the Close of World War II</a>, by Jules Cohen - Cohen provides highlights of various important events in the history of broadcasting.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Recollections:_Development_of_Football%27s_Virtual_First_Down_Line" title="First-Hand:My Recollections: Development of Football's Virtual First Down Line">My Recollections: Development of Football's Virtual First Down Line</a>, by J.R. Gloudemans - An account of the development of the First-and-Ten line used in football television broadcasting.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_end_of_PicturePhone" title="First-Hand:The end of PicturePhone">The end of PicturePhone</a>, by Edward Goldstein - PicturePhone had become an embarrassment to the Bell System, and Goldstein discusses his role in ending the project.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Chad_is_Our_Most_Important_Product:_An_Engineer%27s_Memory_of_Teletype_Corporation" title="First-Hand:Chad is Our Most Important Product: An Engineer's Memory of Teletype Corporation">Chad is Our Most Important Product: An Engineer's Memory of Teletype Corporation</a>, by Jim Haynes - A thoroughly comprehensive history about Teletype, a manufacturer of communications equipment.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Gunther_Karger%27s_Role_in_National_Security_Pioneer_Developing_the_World%27s_First_Cellular_Communications_Network" title="First-Hand:Gunther Karger's Role in National Security Pioneer Developing the World's First Cellular Communications Network">Gunther Karger's Role in National Security Pioneer Developing the World's First Cellular Communications Network</a>, by Gunther Karger - recollections of Karger's role in developing a national communication network capable of surviving an initial nuclear attack</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Negotiating_Communications_Center_Construction_in_India" title="First-Hand:Negotiating Communications Center Construction in India">Negotiating Communications Center Construction in India</a>, by Leonard A. Karr - An engineer for Burns and Roe, Karr recalls an assignment to Calcutta, where he was tasked with meeting with Damodar Valley Corporation to discuss a proposal for installing a central load dispatch and communications center.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Phase_Noise" title="First-Hand:Phase Noise">Phase Noise</a>, by David B. Leeson - A discussion of phase noise and Leeson's role in standardizing acceptable concepts for a common definition of phase noise in the early 1970s.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Radio,_TV,_and_Life_in_War_and_Peace" title="First-Hand:Radio, TV, and Life in War and Peace">Radio, TV, and Life in War and Peace</a>, by Rowland Medler - Medler discusses his experiences in World War II, and his work in television at WJHL/AM/FM/TV and WUFT after the war.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Seeing_the_Light_on_Ennylabegan" title="First-Hand:Seeing the Light on Ennylabegan">Seeing the Light on Ennylabegan</a>, by John O’Donnell - An account of the redesign of the the model 1126A, a stored program PCM telemetry decommutator, to increase its data rate capability from 1.2 Mbps to 2 Mbps and update other features including data compression, paper tape program loading, computer interface, and 4K core memory used for decommutation and data compression program storage to meet the specifics of a contract with a Kwajalein range contractor, LTV Kentron.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Bing_Crosby_and_the_Recording_Revolution" title="First-Hand:Bing Crosby and the Recording Revolution">Bing Crosby and the Recording Revolution</a>, by Robert R. Phillips - An account of Phillips role in the Bing Crosby corporation, which made pioneering developments in audio and video recording.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Evolution_of_the_Bing_Crosby_Radio_Show" title="First-Hand:The Evolution of the Bing Crosby Radio Show">The Evolution of the Bing Crosby Radio Show</a>, by Robert R. Phillips - An account of Phillips role in the Bing Crosby Radio Show, which made pioneering developments in audio and video recording.</li> <li>Philips Telephone Exchanges and Denmark, <a href="/First-Hand:Philips_Telephone_Exchanges_and_Denmark_before_1960" title="First-Hand:Philips Telephone Exchanges and Denmark before 1960">before 1960</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:Philips_Telephone_Exchanges_and_Denmark,_1960-1970" title="First-Hand:Philips Telephone Exchanges and Denmark, 1960-1970">1960 - 1970</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:Philips_Telephone_Exchanges_and_Denmark_1970-1980" title="First-Hand:Philips Telephone Exchanges and Denmark 1970-1980">1970 - 1980</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:Philips_Telephone_Exchanges_and_Denmark_1980-1990" title="First-Hand:Philips Telephone Exchanges and Denmark 1980-1990">1980 - 1990</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:Philips_Telephone_Exchanges_and_Denmark_1990_-_1997" title="First-Hand:Philips Telephone Exchanges and Denmark 1990 - 1997">1990 - 1997</a>, by Swenn Poulsen - A detailed account of the origins of Danish Philips telephone exchanges and the author's role in their development.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Telstar..._and_some_personal_recollections" title="First-Hand:Telstar... and some personal recollections">Telstar... and some personal recollections</a>, by Milton Punnett - Punnett's recollections of his role in the Telstar project, the first satellite to relay television signals.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Event_in_Telecom_Switching_Development" title="First-Hand:Event in Telecom Switching Development">Event in Telecom Switching Development</a>, by Philip C. Richards - A discussion of the Electronic Switching Systems by Bell Laboratories and the System 12 switching system.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Real-time_Telemetry_Processing" title="First-Hand:Real-time Telemetry Processing">Real-time Telemetry Processing</a>, by Bill Rymer - Rymer provides for a brief history of telemetry, and its development since World War II.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Early_Developments_in_T.V._Broadcasting" title="First-Hand:Early Developments in T.V. Broadcasting">Early Developments in T.V. Broadcasting</a>, by John Shaw - Receiving his first television set in 1936, Shaw discusses how he began his career as an electrical engineer and recounts the work done by his father, G. R. Shaw, Chief Engineer of RCA's Tube Division.</li></ul> <h3><span id="Components.2C_Circuits.2C_Devices_and_Systems"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Components,_Circuits,_Devices_and_Systems">Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:Discovery_of_Superconductivity_at_93_K_in_YBCO:_The_View_from_Ground_Zero" title="First-Hand:Discovery of Superconductivity at 93 K in YBCO: The View from Ground Zero">Discovery of Superconductivity at 93 K in YBCO: The View from Ground Zero</a>, by Jim Ashburn - A thorough account of the development of yttrium, barium, copper, and oxygen (YBCO) superconductivity.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_First-Ever_Integrated_High_Fidelity_Output_System" title="First-Hand:The First-Ever Integrated High Fidelity Output System">The First-Ever Integrated High Fidelity Output System</a>, by Alfred W. Barber - Barber discusses his role in the development of the W2XR high fidelity project.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Warsaw%27s_First_Vacuum_Tube_Factory:_The_Story_of_Wieslaw_Barwicz" title="First-Hand:Warsaw's First Vacuum Tube Factory: The Story of Wieslaw Barwicz">Warsaw's First Vacuum Tube Factory: The Story of Wieslaw Barwicz</a>, by Wieslaw Barwicz - An account of the vacuum tube manufacturing industry in Poland.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Raymond_Besson" title="First-Hand:Raymond Besson">Raymond Besson First Hand History</a> - Former professor at École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques and and Directeur du laboratoire de Chronométrie et Piézoélectricité from 1974 to 2002.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Invention_of_an_Integrated_Circuit" title="First-Hand:Invention of an Integrated Circuit">Invention of an Integrated Circuit</a>, by Jack Bremer - An account of the development of an integrated circuit using superconductivity instead of semiconductivity.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Tube_Manufacturing_at_Sylvania" title="First-Hand:Tube Manufacturing at Sylvania">Tube Manufacturing at Sylvania</a>, by W. A. Dickinson - Dickinson discusses his career manufacturing tubes for a number of clients, and his role in the IRE.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Life_in_Wire_and_Cable_Engineering" title="First-Hand:A Life in Wire and Cable Engineering">A Life in Wire and Cable Engineering</a>, by Emil Evancich - An account of Evancich's career, spanning from head of the manufacturing engineering department, and later president, at Northern Electric Company, head of computer stock market research at William O'Neil & Company, forming Wireflex and becoming chief engineer for Wrap On.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_First_Quartz_Wrist_Watch" title="First-Hand:The First Quartz Wrist Watch">The First Quartz Wrist Watch</a>, by Armin Frei - The world's first quartz wrist watch had been created by a group of researchers Centre Electronique Horloger (CEH), Neuchâtel. Here Frei explains his views on why the world's first quartz wrist watch was Beta 1 and not Beta 21, which is claimed by the Swiss watch industry. Frei then describes how CEH did not use the Beta 1 model after 1968, differing from non-Swiss manufacturers who saw great success by basing their products on Beta 1.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_First_Quartz_Wrist_Watch_Assembling_Crew" title="First-Hand:The First Quartz Wrist Watch Assembling Crew">The First Quartz Wrist Watch Assembling Crew</a>, by Armin Frei - Aside Frei's insights on Beta 1 and Beta 21 mentioned in the previous entry, this article sheds light on certain people who were involved the invention of the first quartz wrist watch but who did not receive recognition.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Saving_the_Transistor_Symbol" title="First-Hand:Saving the Transistor Symbol">Saving the Transistor Symbol</a>, by Sorab K. Ghandhi - Ghandhi reminisces about early standardization issues pertaining to the symbol used for transistors.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Reminiscences_on_My_Career_in_Control" title="First-Hand:Reminiscences on My Career in Control">Reminiscences on My Career in Control</a>, by Elmer Gilbert - Gilbert gives an account of his career in control systems engineering</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_recollections_of_50_years_in_Electronics" title="First-Hand:My recollections of 50 years in Electronics">My recollections of 50 years in Electronics</a>, by Stephen Goch - An account of the author's role in developing klystron transmitters, electronic navigational aids, and radar and IFF systems.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Semiconductors_at_Purdue_and_Beyond" title="First-Hand:Semiconductors at Purdue and Beyond">Semiconductors at Purdue and Beyond</a>, by David M. Hodgin - Recollections of Hodgin's role in semiconductor research at Purdue from 1942 through early 1944.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Standing_on_the_Shoulders_of_Giants:_An_Engineering_Career_in_Consumer_Electronics" title="First-Hand:Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: An Engineering Career in Consumer Electronics">Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: An Engineering Career in Consumer Electronics</a>, by Lee H. Hoke, Jr. - An account dealing with the changing nature of consumer electronics, spanning the developments that lead from vacuum tubes, to transistors, to integrated circuits, as well as discussion of the author's work at Philco-Ford.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Birth_of_Gapless_Metal_Oxide_Surge_Arrester_(MOSA)_and_Early_Days_of_Its_Promotion_Activities" title="First-Hand:A Birth of Gapless Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA) and Early Days of Its Promotion Activities">A Birth of Gapless Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA) and Early Days of Its Promotion Activities</a>, by Misao Kobayashi - An account of Kobayashi's role in the development of the gapless metal oxide surge arrester</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Surfing_the_Waves_of_Technological_Change._Part_One" title="First-Hand:Surfing the Waves of Technological Change. Part One">Surfing the Waves of Technological Change. Part One</a>, by Michael S. P. Lucas - An account of Lucas' career spanning his beginnings as a telephone maintenance engineer and teacher, to solid state researcher in thin films and superconductivity and finally a professor of electrical and computer engineering specializing in instrumentation and measurements.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Surfing_the_Waves_of_Technological_Change._Part_Two" title="First-Hand:Surfing the Waves of Technological Change. Part Two">Surfing the Waves of Technological Change. Part Two</a>, by Michael S. P. Lucas - An in depth look at Lucas' time at Kansas State University from 1968 to 1995</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Circuit_Design,_Fiber_Optics,_Games,_Detector_Arrays,_Voice_Communications:_A_Journal_of_an_Electrical_Engineer" title="First-Hand:Circuit Design, Fiber Optics, Games, Detector Arrays, Voice Communications: A Journal of an Electrical Engineer">Circuit Design, Fiber Optics, Games, Detector Arrays, Voice Communications: A Journal of an Electrical Engineer</a>, by Harold Minuskin - A varied account dealing with the many aspects of Minuskin's lengthy career.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Memorable_Period" title="First-Hand:A Memorable Period">A Memorable Period</a>, by Jack Peterson - An account of Peterson's work in the electronics industry in circuit design, starting with vacuum tubes, then working with early transistors, and his work with integrated circuits.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Ten_Years_at_Ampex_and_the_Development_of_the_Video_Recorder" title="First-Hand:My Ten Years at Ampex and the Development of the Video Recorder">My Ten Years at Ampex and the Development of the Video Recorder</a>, by Fred Pfost - Pfost recalls his role in the development of the Video Recorder.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Diffusion_Mode_Operation_of_FET_Devices" title="First-Hand:The Diffusion Mode Operation of FET Devices">The Diffusion Mode Operation of FET Devices</a>, by Keats Pullen - A brief recollection about Pullen's early experiences in AIEE and his role in the definition of the diffusion mode of operation of FET devices.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Hidden_Voltage_Source" title="First-Hand:A Hidden Voltage Source">A Hidden Voltage Source</a>, by R. H. Rehder - An account of a problem encountered by Canadian General Electric Company Limited measuring conductor temperatures at site during commissioning of a 30,000 A, 23 kV , isolated phase bus duct at a large nuclear generating station.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Evolution_of_Isolated_Phase_Bus_Duct,_1950_to_2000" title="First-Hand:The Evolution of Isolated Phase Bus Duct, 1950 to 2000">The Evolution of Isolated Phase Bus Duct, 1950 to 2000</a>, by R. H. Rehder - A chronicle of the isolated phase bus duct, developed to maximize the reliability and resilience of bus ducts used in power stations and critical applications mainly above 3000 amperes</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Heat_Losses_in_Isolated-Phase_Bus_Enclosures" title="First-Hand:Heat Losses in Isolated-Phase Bus Enclosures">Heat Losses in Isolated-Phase Bus Enclosures</a>, by R. H. Rehder - Rehder's experiences working with heat losses in the 1960’s at large power generating stations</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Creating_Self_Cooling_in_Switchgear_Equipment" title="First-Hand:Creating Self Cooling in Switchgear Equipment">Creating Self Cooling in Switchgear Equipment</a>, by R. H. Rehder - An account of Rehder's designing a self cooling switchgear assembly in the 1960s while working at General Electric Canada.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Lab_for_Agricultural_Remote_Sensing" title="First-Hand:Lab for Agricultural Remote Sensing">Lab for Agricultural Remote Sensing</a>, by Bill Rymer - Rymer discusses his role in the development of a pattern recognition circuit for agricultural remote sensing.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Work_at_RCA_on_Traveling_Wave_Tubes" title="First-Hand:Work at RCA on Traveling Wave Tubes">Work at RCA on Traveling Wave Tubes</a>, by Max J. Schindler - A brief account of the author's work on traveling wave tubes.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Birth_of_Glow_Discharge_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="First-Hand:The Birth of Glow Discharge Chemistry">The Birth of Glow Discharge Chemistry</a>, by R.C.G. Swann - A history documenting some of the research performed by the author at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories, Harlow, Essex (1959 -1966) and subsequently at the Shockley Laboratories in Palo Alto, California (1966 - 1968) and at ITT Semiconductors in West Palm Beach, Florida (1968 - 1971).</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Beginning_of_the_Silicon_Age" title="First-Hand:Beginning of the Silicon Age">Beginning of the Silicon Age</a>, by Morris Tanenbaum - This account details the beginnings of the silicon age and chronicles Tanenbaum's involvement with Bell Labs and the development of the transistor under William Shockley.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Serendipity_and_Superconducting_Magnets" title="First-Hand:Serendipity and Superconducting Magnets">Serendipity and Superconducting Magnets</a>, by Morris Tanenbaum - Tanenbaum writes about his work developing superconducting magnet technology at the Metallurgical Research Department at Bell Labs.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Computers_and_Information_Processing">Computers and Information Processing</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:Building_a_New_Generation_of_Slot_Machines:_Silicon_Valley_Meets_Las_Vegas" title="First-Hand:Building a New Generation of Slot Machines: Silicon Valley Meets Las Vegas">Building a New Generation of Slot Machines: Silicon Valley Meets Las Vegas</a>, by Allan Alcorn - An account of Alcorn's venture in starting a company that makes slot machines for Las Vegas in the 1990s.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Development_as_an_Engineer_in_the_Years_Before_Atari" title="First-Hand:My Development as an Engineer in the Years Before Atari">My Development as an Engineer in the Years Before Atari</a>, by Allan Alcorn - An account of how and why Alcorn decided to become an engineer, covering the period of his life when he took an RCA home correspondence course in radio and television repair, studied at UC Berkeley and worked at Ampex.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Development_of_Pong:_Early_Days_of_Atari_and_the_Video_Game_Industry" title="First-Hand:The Development of Pong: Early Days of Atari and the Video Game Industry">The Development of Pong: Early Days of Atari and the Video Game Industry</a>, by Allan Alcorn - Describes Alcorn's experiences in developing the video game Pong which revolutionized the video game industry.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Video_Game_and_Computer_Technology_Interaction" title="First-Hand:Video Game and Computer Technology Interaction">Video Game and Computer Technology Interaction</a>, by Allan Alcorn - In this article Alcorn discusses how computer and video game development through computer technology required re-orientations from engineers who had to apply their skill set to a new medium.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Engineering_the_Technology_of_the_Future:_Building_High-Speed_Computing_Machines_in_the_1950s" title="First-Hand:Engineering the Technology of the Future: Building High-Speed Computing Machines in the 1950s">Engineering the Technology of the Future: Building High-Speed Computing Machines in the 1950s</a>, by John Alrich - An account of the development of the Datatron computers at Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Experiences_with_the_Membrain_7700" title="First-Hand:Experiences with the Membrain 7700">Experiences with the Membrain 7700</a>, by Tanj Bennett - Recollections of Bennett working with the Membrain 7700, a computer that was effectively a minicomputer version of the MU5</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Birth_of_IMS/360" title="First-Hand:The Birth of IMS/360">The Birth of IMS/360</a>, by Uri Berman - Outlines the authors experience in the collaborative project between IBM and Rockwell Space which developed IMS/360 (Information Management System/360) which contained DL/I, a program that had been developed previously by Berman.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Applying_Advanced_Technology_to_Cryptologic_Systems:_Some_Special_Management_Challenges" title="First-Hand:Applying Advanced Technology to Cryptologic Systems: Some Special Management Challenges">Applying Advanced Technology to Cryptologic Systems: Some Special Management Challenges</a>, by James Boone - A discussion of applying advanced technology to the cryptologic field from a managerial standpoint.</li> <li>No Damned Computer Can Tell Me What To Do! The Story of the Naval Tactical Data System, NTDS, <a href="/First-Hand:No_Damned_Computer_is_Going_to_Tell_Me_What_to_DO_-_The_Story_of_the_Naval_Tactical_Data_System,_NTDS" title="First-Hand:No Damned Computer is Going to Tell Me What to DO - The Story of the Naval Tactical Data System, NTDS">Chapter 1</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:The_Navy_Codebreakers_and_Their_Digital_Computers_-_Chapter_2_of_the_Story_of_the_Naval_Tactical_Data_System" title="First-Hand:The Navy Codebreakers and Their Digital Computers - Chapter 2 of the Story of the Naval Tactical Data System">Chapter 2</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:McNally%27s_Challenge,_Conceptualizing_the_Naval_Tactical_Data_System_-_Chapter_3_of_the_Story_of_the_Naval_Tactical_Data_System" title="First-Hand:McNally's Challenge, Conceptualizing the Naval Tactical Data System - Chapter 3 of the Story of the Naval Tactical Data System">Chapter 3</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:Building_the_U.S._Navy%27s_First_Seagoing_Digital_System_-_Chapter_4_of_the_Story_of_the_Naval_Tactical_Data_System" title="First-Hand:Building the U.S. Navy's First Seagoing Digital System - Chapter 4 of the Story of the Naval Tactical Data System">Chapter 4</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:Testing_the_Naval_Tactical_Data_System_-_Chapter_5_of_the_Story_of_the_Naval_Tactical_Data_System" title="First-Hand:Testing the Naval Tactical Data System - Chapter 5 of the Story of the Naval Tactical Data System">Chapter 5</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:Moving_the_Firing_Key_to_NTDS_-_Chapter_6_of_the_Story_of_the_Naval_Tactical_Data_System" title="First-Hand:Moving the Firing Key to NTDS - Chapter 6 of the Story of the Naval Tactical Data System">Chapter 6</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:The_Naval_Tactical_Data_System_in_Combat_-_Chapter_7_of_the_Story_of_the_Naval_Tactical_Data_System" title="First-Hand:The Naval Tactical Data System in Combat - Chapter 7 of the Story of the Naval Tactical Data System">Chapter 7</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:The_Marine_Tactical_Data_System_and_the_Airborne_Tactical_Data_System_-_Chapter_8_of_the_Story_of_the_Naval_Tactical_Data_System" title="First-Hand:The Marine Tactical Data System and the Airborne Tactical Data System - Chapter 8 of the Story of the Naval Tactical Data System">Chapter 8</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:Legacy_of_NTDS_-_Chapter_9_of_the_Story_of_the_Naval_Tactical_Data_System" title="First-Hand:Legacy of NTDS - Chapter 9 of the Story of the Naval Tactical Data System">Chapter 9</a>, by David Boslaugh - An incredibly detailed account of the development of the Naval Tactical Data System, the first digitized weapon system in the US Navy, which is rich with photographs, interesting anecdotes and personal recollections of the events and technology.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Brief_Description_of_the_Early_Implementation_of_Ethernet_Networking_at_CBS_Television" title="First-Hand:A Brief Description of the Early Implementation of Ethernet Networking at CBS Television">A Brief Description of the Early Implementation of Ethernet Networking at CBS Television</a>, by Mark Carey - A a brief description of the early implementation in 1988 of Ethernet networking in broadcast systems at CBS Television in New York, New York.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Origins_of_Hewlett_Packard_35_(HP-35)" title="First-Hand:Origins of Hewlett Packard 35 (HP-35)">Origins of Hewlett Packard 35 (HP-35)</a>, by Dave Cochran - In this article Cochran traces his work at Hewlett-Packard from the mid 1960s to the early 1970s. In particular he writes about their work on developing the HP-35, a pocket-sized hand-held calculator.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Six_Decades_of_Calculations" title="First-Hand:Six Decades of Calculations">Six Decades of Calculations</a>, by Thomas Cuthbert - Provides an account of all ‘kinds of computing devices’ used over 62 years. A naval pilot officer, Cuthbert earned three EE degrees that ‘have enabled design and synthesis of electrical filters and impedance-matching RF networks in frequency ranges from VLF through K band in conjunction with numerical methods and analysis, especially optimization (nonlinear programming), and computer programming in FORTRAN, BASICA, QuickBASIC, Visual BASIC, and C languages.’</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Interview_of_Peter_J._Denning" title="First-Hand:Interview of Peter J. Denning">Interview of Peter J. Denning</a>, by Dave Walden - An interview with Denning on the course of his career, originally published in the October-December 2012 issue of the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Anti-Submarine_Warfare_Ship_Command_and_Control_System" class="mw-redirect" title="First-Hand:The Anti-Submarine Warfare Ship Command and Control System">The Anti-Submarine Warfare Ship Command and Control System</a>, by Capt. Carl C. Drenkard - A spin off of the history of the Naval Tactical Data System, Captain Drenkard recalls his role in the development of new automated methods for combatting submarines.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Parallel_Processor,_Theory_and_Circuits" title="First-Hand:Parallel Processor, Theory and Circuits">Parallel Processor, Theory and Circuits</a>, by Raymond Dudley - Materials pertaining to the development of a parallel computing processor and its applications in chess.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_First_Commercial_Computer_Application_at_General_Electric" title="First-Hand:The First Commercial Computer Application at General Electric">The First Commercial Computer Application at General Electric</a>, by Burton Grad - Grad details how GE learned the ‘value of using analog computing facilities for scientific calculations and the enhanced use of punch card equipment for all kinds of business applications like accounting, manufacturing control and engineering support’ during the world war II. Its investments in these fields made GE a leading company in computerization.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Wi-Fi%27s_Early_Days" title="First-Hand:Wi-Fi's Early Days">Wi-Fi's Early Days</a>, by Alex Hills - An account of Hill's involvement in development of Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) from 1993 to 1998.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Bletchley_Park,_Station_X_-_Memories_of_a_Colossus_Operator" title="First-Hand:Bletchley Park, Station X - Memories of a Colossus Operator">Bletchley Park, Station X - Memories of a Colossus Operator‎</a>, by Eleanor Ireland - Ireland recalls her time working as an operator on the Colossus computer, a decrypting machine used by the British in World War II.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Innovations_in_Disk_Recording,_MFM_and_3PM_Code" title="First-Hand:Innovations in Disk Recording, MFM and 3PM Code">Innovations in Disk Recording, MFM and 3PM Code</a>, by George V. Jacoby - Jacoby recalls his role in developing what would be known as the MFM code, and his development of the 3PM code, used in magnetic disk recording.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_AT%26T_BELLMAC-32_Microprocessor_Development" title="First-Hand:The AT&T BELLMAC-32 Microprocessor Development">The AT&T BELLMAC-32 Microprocessor Development</a>, by Sung Mo (Steve) Kang - In this article Kang contextualizes the emergence of the microprocessor BELLMAC-80 during the division of Bell Laboratories into two separate entities due to federal pressure from 1974-1984.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Origin_of_Toshiba_Computer_Software_Product_Line_COPOS_and_PODIA_for_Power-Generation_Plant_and_its_induction_into_the_Software_Product_Line_Hall_of_Fame_at_Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="First-Hand:Origin of Toshiba Computer Software Product Line COPOS and PODIA for Power-Generation Plant and its induction into the Software Product Line Hall of Fame at Carnegie Mellon University">Origin of Toshiba Computer Software Product Line "COPOS and PODIA" for Power-Generation Plant and its induction into the Software Product Line Hall of Fame at Carnegie Mellon University</a>, by Haruo Kawahara - An account of how the Toshiba computer software product line for power-generation plant control and operation became one of the most successful and one of the earliest large-scale real-time software for industrial plants.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Title_Plant_Operating_System:_A_Data_Base_System_of_Index_Files_for_Recorded_Documents" title="First-Hand:The Title Plant Operating System: A Data Base System of Index Files for Recorded Documents">The Title Plant Operating System: A Data Base System of Index Files for Recorded Documents</a>, by Jerry Koory - Koory discusses his experience developing the Title Plant Operating System on the IBM 360 and the financial and time-related challenges involved.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:39_years_with_IBM" title="First-Hand:39 years with IBM">39 years with IBM</a>, by Joe Kuhn - An overview of Kuhn's lengthy career at IBM.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Experiences_and_Reflections_of_a_Computer_Pioneer" title="First-Hand:Experiences and Reflections of a Computer Pioneer">Experiences and Reflections of a Computer Pioneer</a>, by Harold “Bud” Lawson - An account of Lawson's lengthy career, beginning in 1959, encompassing computer industry, computer-based systems and complex systems</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Internet%27s_Origin" title="First-Hand:Internet's Origin">Internet's Origin</a>, by Yngvar Lundh - An overview of the technology underlying the Internet, including a discussion of the author's role in the development of Arpanet.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Little_Non-standard_Intel_format_(BPNF)" title="First-Hand:A Little Non-standard Intel format (BPNF)">A Little Non-standard Intel format (BPNF)</a>, by Stanley Mazor - In 1970 Intel developed a proprietary coding scheme for customers to transmit their orders for ROM chips. The formatting scheme was called BPNF, and its usage and Mazor's involvement is explained here.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Why_didn%27t_Intel_invent_the_Personal_Computer%3F" title="First-Hand:Why didn't Intel invent the Personal Computer?">Why didn't Intel invent the Personal Computer?</a>, by Stanley Mazor - A brief discussion of Intel's role in the development of the personal computer in the mid to late 1970s</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Over_50_Years_in_Computing" title="First-Hand:Over 50 Years in Computing">Over 50 Years in Computing</a>, by Raymond E. Miller - An account of Miller's work in the computing field, beginning in 1950 with engineering courses at IBM.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Bell_Labs_and_2001:_A_Space_Odyssey" title="First-Hand:Bell Labs and 2001: A Space Odyssey">Bell Labs and 2001: A Space Odyssey</a>, by A. Michael Noll - Noll discusses the role he, John Pierce and Bell Labs played in the set production of the pioneering science fiction film <i>2001: A Space Odyssey</i></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Early_Digital_Art_At_Bell_Telephone_Laboratories,_Inc" title="First-Hand:Early Digital Art At Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc">Early Digital Art At Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc</a>, by A. Michael Noll - A history, with summary timeline, of the digital computer art and animation that was developed and created at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. during the 1960s and early 1970s.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Beginnings_of_Force-Feedback:_A_Memoir" title="First-Hand:The Beginnings of Force-Feedback: A Memoir">The Beginnings of Force-Feedback: A Memoir</a>, by A. Michael Noll - An account of a three-dimensional force-feedback system was designed and constructed at Bell Labs – what today would be known as haptics and virtual reality, implemented and constructed, finishing in 1970, at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Howard_Wise_Gallery_Show_of_Digital_Art_and_Patterns_(1965):_A_50th_Anniversary_Memoir" title="First-Hand:Howard Wise Gallery Show of Digital Art and Patterns (1965): A 50th Anniversary Memoir">Howard Wise Gallery Show of Digital Art and Patterns (1965): A 50th Anniversary Memoir</a>, by A. Michael Noll - Noll's reminiscences of the Howard Wise Gallery in New York City held a show of computer-generated pictures by Bela Julesz and Michael Noll. This show was a very early public exhibit of digital art in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Little_Role_With_the_Internet:_A_Memoir" title="First-Hand:My Little Role With the Internet: A Memoir">My Little Role With the Internet: A Memoir</a>, by A. Michael Noll - An account of Noll's work in computer technology and privacy for the White House Office of Science and Technology (OST)</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:New_Media_at_Bell_Labs" title="First-Hand:New Media at Bell Labs">New Media at Bell Labs</a>, by A. Michael Noll - A history of Bell Labs' forays into computer art and animation in the 1960s.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_VanDerBeek-Knowlton_Movies" title="First-Hand:The VanDerBeek-Knowlton Movies">The VanDerBeek-Knowlton Movies</a>, by A. Michael Noll - An account of filmmaker Stan VanDerBeek's collaboration with Bell Labs researcher Kenneth Knowlton in the production of ten computer-animated movies.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:I_Was_Fired" title="First-Hand:I Was Fired">I Was Fired</a>, by A. Michael Noll - A brief account of Noll's dismissal from Bell Labs in the mid 1970s</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Today%E2%80%99s_Metaverse:A_Hazy_Universe_From_the_Past" class="mw-redirect" title="First-Hand:Today’s Metaverse:A Hazy Universe From the Past">Today’s Metaverse:A Hazy Universe From the Past</a>, by A. Michael Noll - A discussion of three dimensional and four-dimensional hyperspace digital environments at Bell Labs in the 1960s.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Disney_and_Early_Computer_Animation" title="First-Hand:Disney and Early Computer Animation">Disney and Early Computer Animation</a>, by A. Michael Noll - A discussion of Disney's contemplation in using computer animation in the mid 1960s for its EPCOT exhibits</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Harmon-Knowlton%27s_%22The_Nude%22_Overshadows_All" title="First-Hand:Harmon-Knowlton's "The Nude" Overshadows All">Harmon-Knowlton's "The Nude" Overshadows All</a>, by A. Michael Noll - A discussion of "The Nude", a famous computer image generated at Bell Labs</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Two_Years_in_Washington" title="First-Hand:Two Years in Washington">Two Years in Washington</a>, by A. Michael Noll - This piece documents Noll's memories of the two years 1971-73 that he worked in Washington at the Office of Science and Technology at the Executive Office of the President.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Classical_Music_Prelude_to_Engineering" title="First-Hand:Classical Music Prelude to Engineering">Classical Music Prelude to Engineering</a>, by A. Michael Noll - Recollections and thoughts on classical music, including work on music at Bell Labs.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Women_in_Programming_and_Computer_Art_at_Bell_Labs" title="First-Hand:Women in Programming and Computer Art at Bell Labs">Women in Programming and Computer Art at Bell Labs</a>, by A. Michael Noll - Recollections of some of the women who have worked at Bell Labs in numerous positions.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Personal_Experience_With_Lincoln_Center%27s_Philharmonic_Hall" title="First-Hand:My Personal Experience With Lincoln Center's Philharmonic Hall">My Personal Experience With Lincoln Center's Philharmonic Hall</a>, by A. Michael Noll - A discussion of Noll's small involvement and personal experience with the acoustics of Lincoln Center’s Philharmonic Hall.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:AT%26T_vs_Bell_Labs" title="First-Hand:AT&T vs Bell Labs">AT&T vs Bell Labs</a>, by A. Michael Noll - An account of the tension between the AT&T and Bell Labs entities.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:AT%26T_Mod_1-A_Deaf_Terminal" title="First-Hand:AT&T Mod 1-A Deaf Terminal">AT&T Mod 1-A Deaf Terminal</a>, by A. Michael Noll - An account of Noll's experience in the AT&T Marketing department in product management, and AT&T was performing a videotext and home information trial with Knight-Ridder Newspapers in southern Florida</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Computer_Art_Copyright" title="First-Hand:Computer Art Copyright">Computer Art Copyright</a>, by A. Michael Noll - A brief recollection of an attempt to copyright a work of art generated by computer algorithms in 1965</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Spoofing" title="First-Hand:Spoofing">Spoofing</a>, by A. Michael Noll - An account of a spoof presentation given as a social experiment</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Computer_Security" title="First-Hand:Computer Security">Computer Security</a>, by A. Michael Noll - An account of Noll's experiences working with people from the National Security Agency (NSA)</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Historical_Cobol_Note" title="First-Hand:A Historical Cobol Note">A Historical Cobol Note</a>, by Robert Patrick - This brief account notes how Patrick discovered a debate in the 1930s on producing and standardizing a single language for international commerce, and integrated the constructs of one of the contenders, Basic English, into the Honeywell compiler.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Measurement_in_Early_Software" title="First-Hand:Measurement in Early Software">Measurement in Early Software</a>, by Robert Patrick - An account on Patrick's involvement in the the development of software for various early IBM machines (701, 704, 709, 7040, 7090), and the engineering approaches that came along with it.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Operating_System_Roots" title="First-Hand:Operating System Roots">Operating System Roots</a>, by Robert Patrick - A history of the evolution of various IBM operating systems and Patrick's role in their development.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Evolutionary_Events_in_Core_Business_Information_Systems" title="First-Hand:Evolutionary Events in Core Business Information Systems">Evolutionary Events in Core Business Information Systems</a>, by Bruce Peterson - In this article, Peterson highlights key events in his computing career which shaped core business information systems, including his work on IBM S/360 computers and Pitchfork Processing.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:To_Be_an_Engineer_is_Sometimes_an_Adventure" title="First-Hand:To Be an Engineer is Sometimes an Adventure">To Be an Engineer is Sometimes an Adventure</a>, by Paolo M. De Gaetano Polverosi - Recollections on Polverosi's lengthy career spanning Europe, Saudi Arabia and the United States.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Hidden_Markov_Model" title="First-Hand:The Hidden Markov Model">The Hidden Markov Model</a>, by Lawrence R. Rabiner - A remembrance of Rabiner's development of the Hidden Markov Model, a statistical method for speech processing.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Birth_of_MELVYL" title="First-Hand:The Birth of MELVYL">The Birth of MELVYL</a>, by Stephen R. Salmon - A brief account of the development of MELVYL, the first online library catalog.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Information_Technology_Career:_Swim_or_Sink" title="First-Hand:My Information Technology Career: Swim or Sink">My Information Technology Career: Swim or Sink</a>, by Chetan Sankar - In this article, Chetan Sankar provides a fascinating account of his forty-year experience in industry and academics in use of information technologies. He concludes by stating how the technology has progressed exponentially leaving him bewildered in his senior years.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Commercialization_of_Embedded_RISC_Cores" title="First-Hand:Commercialization of Embedded RISC Cores">Commercialization of Embedded RISC Cores</a>, by Hajime Sasaki - A recollection of Sasaki's role in semiconductor development at NEC Corporation.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Interview_with_Rolf_Sk%C3%A5r" title="First-Hand:Interview with Rolf Skår">Interview with Rolf Skår</a>, by Dave Walden - An interview with Skår on the course of his career, originally published in the January-March 2013 issue of the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Things_I_remember_about_my_time_with_IBM" title="First-Hand:Things I remember about my time with IBM">Things I remember about my time with IBM</a> - by Russel Theisen - A recollection about how Theisen suggested using an oscilloscope to solve a particular problem with excessive noise in the transmission of data of an IBM 7030 computer in the North Street Plant of Endicott, NY.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Contributions_of_Russell_E._Theisen" title="First-Hand:Contributions of Russell E. Theisen">Contributions of Russell E. Theisen</a> - Theisen talks about how in 1964 he suggested and implemented a "cookbook" of substitute transistors, diodes and other parts for replacement and service on IBM machines.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:More_Contributions_of_Russell_E._Theisen" title="First-Hand:More Contributions of Russell E. Theisen">More Contributions of Russell E. Theisen</a> - Theisen discusses being tasked with building the first IBM Solid Logic Computer, the IBM 360-20, and the problems he encountered with the power system.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:In_Her_Own_Words" title="First-Hand:In Her Own Words">In Her Own Words</a> - by John Travis - Joan Travis (neé Kaye) describes her life as a pioneering programmer working for Ferranti in the 1950s</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Unscented_Transform" title="First-Hand:The Unscented Transform">The Unscented Transform</a>, by Jeffrey Uhlmann - Uhlmann discusses the development of the unscented transform in Q&A format.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Cryo_CMOS_and_40%2B_layer_PC_Boards_-_How_Crazy_is_this%3F" title="First-Hand:Cryo CMOS and 40+ layer PC Boards - How Crazy is this?">Cryo CMOS and 40+ layer PC Boards - How Crazy is this?</a>, by Tony Vacca - An account detailing how logic designers and other computer scientists decided to utilize CMOS technology for the ETA Systems Supercomputer.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_First_CMOS_And_The_Only_Cryogenically_Cooled_Supercomputer" title="First-Hand:The First CMOS And The Only Cryogenically Cooled Supercomputer">The First CMOS And The Only Cryogenically Cooled Supercomputer</a>, by Tony Vacca - A brief history of the hardware technology developed for the ETA Systems ETA-10 supercomputer CPU and the major features of the resulting technology, many of which are applied to today’s systems.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:PDP-8/E_OMNIBUS_Ride" title="First-Hand:PDP-8/E OMNIBUS Ride">PDP-8/E OMNIBUS Ride</a>, by Remo J. Vogelsang - An account of Vogelsang's experience at DEC where he designed the PDP-8/E, an improvement on the DEC minicomputer PDP-8 using a new I/O bus, the OMNIBUS, and its debut at the 1970 WESCON exhibition Western Electronic Show and Convention.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Learning_About_Computers,_Programming,_and_Computer_System_Design_Circa_1963_-_1981" title="First-Hand:Learning About Computers, Programming, and Computer System Design Circa 1963 - 1981">Learning About Computers, Programming, and Computer System Design Circa 1963 - 1981</a>, by Dave Walden - Walden tells how he learned the technology of computing in the days when university computer science departments were still a new idea.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Brief_Account_of_Spell_Checking_as_Developed_by_Houghton_Mifflin_Company" title="First-Hand:A Brief Account of Spell Checking as Developed by Houghton Mifflin Company">A Brief Account of Spell Checking as Developed by Houghton Mifflin Company</a>, by Howard Webber - An account of Webber's role in developing a spellchecker for Houghton Mifflin.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Early_PC_History" title="First-Hand:Early PC History">Early PC History</a> - by Alan Weinkrantz, a brief account which discusses the importance of Datapoint in the history of the development of the personal computer.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Hacking_Apollo%27s_Guidance_Computer" title="First-Hand:Hacking Apollo's Guidance Computer">Hacking Apollo's Guidance Computer</a>, by Walt Whipple - A description of using a known bug in the Apollo software to implement a memory/channel dump routine on program restart during command module testing at North American Rockwell</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Novell_1980-1990" title="First-Hand:Novell 1980-1990">Novell 1980-1990</a>, by Roger White - A brief account of three stages in Novell's history, first when Novel Data Systems is founded, second from 1983-1989 in which the company witnessed huge success and employed thousands and third in 1990 when there was a management shift and the visionaries left.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Liquid_Crystal_Display_Evolution_-_Swiss_Contributions" title="First-Hand:Liquid Crystal Display Evolution - Swiss Contributions">Liquid Crystal Display Evolution - Swiss Contributions</a>, by Peter Wild - An account of the Swiss contributions to the development of the LCD.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IBM%27s_Evolution,_From_Punch-Card_Machines_to_High-Speed_Computers" title="First-Hand:IBM's Evolution, From Punch-Card Machines to High-Speed Computers">IBM's Evolution, From Punch-Card Machines to High-Speed Computers</a>, by Harry D. Young - Young discusses his usage of IBM Punched Card machines in the military and his employment at MEMCO.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Career_with_IBM" title="First-Hand:A Career with IBM">A Career with IBM</a>, by Joe Zauchner - A brief account of Zauchner's lengthy career at IBM.</li></ul> <h3><span id="Energy_.28Petroleum.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_(Petroleum)">Energy (Petroleum)</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:History_of_Operational_Safety_Awareness_in_the_US_Gulf_of_Mexico_1964_to_2014:_A_personal_recollection_by_Kenneth_E._(KEN)_Arnold" title="First-Hand:History of Operational Safety Awareness in the US Gulf of Mexico 1964 to 2014: A personal recollection by Kenneth E. (KEN) Arnold">History of Operational Safety Awareness in the US Gulf of Mexico 1964 to 2014:</a>, by Ken Arnold - A history of operational safety of workers during offshore operations.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Prudhoe_Bay_Permafrost,_the_Cold_War,_and_the_CIA:_Nothing_Can_Be_So_Bad_That_It_Cannot_Get_Worse" title="First-Hand:Prudhoe Bay Permafrost, the Cold War, and the CIA: Nothing Can Be So Bad That It Cannot Get Worse">Prudhoe Bay Permafrost, the Cold War, and the CIA: Nothing Can Be So Bad That It Cannot Get Worse</a>, by Stan Christman - An account of Christman's experience as drilling engineer at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:First_Artificial_Lift_Installation" title="First-Hand:First Artificial Lift Installation">First Artificial Lift Installation</a>, by Joe Clegg - A brief story regarding an artificial lift installation at Shell’s West Texas Odessa Production Division in September 1953.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Dual_Wells" title="First-Hand:The Rise and Fall of Dual Wells">The Rise and Fall of Dual Wells</a>, by Joe Clegg - Clegg's account of the use of dual wells in Texas.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Jacques_L._Elbel" title="First-Hand:Jacques L. Elbel">Jacques L. Elbel</a>, an autobiography of Elbel's career.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Charles_Sedwick_(C.S.)_Matthews:_A_Biography" title="First-Hand:Charles Sedwick (C.S.) Matthews: A Biography">Charles Sedwick (C.S.) Matthews: A Biography</a>, by George L. Stegemeier - A recollection of Matthews' life written by Stegemeier.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:How_to_Fix_a_Broken_Computer" title="First-Hand:How to Fix a Broken Computer">How to Fix a Broken Computer</a>, by Sam Gibbs - A brief anecdote about the hardiness of an HP computer.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Computer_Hot_Flashes_and_Cold_Feet" title="First-Hand:Computer Hot Flashes and Cold Feet">Computer Hot Flashes and Cold Feet</a>, by Sam Gibbs - An account dealing with the temperature sensitivity of early mainframe computers.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Learning_by_Serendipity" title="First-Hand:Learning by Serendipity">Learning by Serendipity</a>, by Sam Gibbs - Gibbs details how practical experience can be just as useful as scientific methods in well analysis work.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Sometimes_Well_Weighers_are_Just_Lucky" title="First-Hand:Sometimes Well Weighers are Just Lucky">Sometimes Well Weighers are Just Lucky</a>, by Sam Gibbs - A brief account of how luck can play into oil well diagnoses.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Memories_of_Working_in_Hydraulic_Fracturing" title="First-Hand:Memories of Working in Hydraulic Fracturing">Memories of Working in Hydraulic Fracturing</a>, by Carl Montgomery - Recollections of moments in Montgomery's career in hydraulic fracturing.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Fracturing_Recollections" title="First-Hand:Fracturing Recollections">Fracturing Recollections</a>, by Tom Perkins - Perkins provides an account of his career beginning at Atlantic Refining Company in 1957.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:How_we_learned_to_drill_the_pressurized_shale_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico:_one_person%27s_recollection" title="First-Hand:How we learned to drill the pressurized shale in the Gulf of Mexico: one person's recollection">How we learned to drill the pressurized shale in the Gulf of Mexico: one person's recollection</a> - by Bill Rehm, An account of how Rehm figured out how to drill the plastic pressured marine shale in the Mississippi River Delta.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Only_Woman_in_the_Room" title="First-Hand:The Only Woman in the Room">The Only Woman in the Room</a>, by Eve Sprunt - Sprunt's reflections on gender in engineering, and her recollections of her career in the oil industry.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Reflections_of_a_Production_Engineer" title="First-Hand:Reflections of a Production Engineer">Reflections of a Production Engineer</a>, by Ralph Veatch - Veatch's musings and recollections on a career in hydraulic fracturing as a production engineer beginning in 1960 at Pan American Production.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Evolution_of_the_ARAMCO_Reservoir_Behavior_Simulator_(ARBS)" title="First-Hand:The Evolution of the ARAMCO Reservoir Behavior Simulator (ARBS)">The Evolution of the ARAMCO Reservoir Behavior Simulator (ARBS)</a> - A seminal paper on oil reservoir simulation was published by Bill West, Walt Garvin and John Sheldon in 1954.</li></ul> <h3><span id="Energy_.28Power.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_(Power)">Energy (Power)</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:Electrical_Power_Conversion" title="First-Hand:Electrical Power Conversion">Electrical Power Conversion</a>, by Harold T. Adkins - A history of the development of switching power amplifiers and power supplies.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Lights_Go_Off_All_Over_the_Camp" title="First-Hand:The Lights Go Off All Over the Camp">The Lights Go Off All Over the Camp</a>, by Ralph H. Baer - An account of Baer restoring the power to a military camp at a Normandy Chateau during World War II.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Arc_Furnace_Transformers_(and_me!)" title="First-Hand:Arc Furnace Transformers (and me!)">Arc Furnace Transformers (and me!)</a>, by Thomas Blalock - Traces the history of arc furnaces and provides details of the furnace transformers for Pontiac and Baytown, and details Blalock's experiences and observations on those furnaces.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Life_in_Power_Electronics" title="First-Hand:My Life in Power Electronics">My Life in Power Electronics</a>, by Bimal K. Bose - An account of Bose's professional career from a power engineer in India in the mid-1950s to joining the faculty at Bengal Engineering College to being employed by General Electric's Corporate Research and Development division.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Life_of_an_Engineer" title="First-Hand:The Life of an Engineer">The Life of an Engineer</a>, by Arthur Cable - Cable's recollection of his career in power spanning England, Singapore, Ceylon and Canada.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Career_as_an_Electrical_Consultant" title="First-Hand:My Career as an Electrical Consultant">My Career as an Electrical Consultant</a>, by Aubrey G. Caplan - Caplan talks about his work as an electrical consultant, whose office designed over four thousand jobs.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Life_Over_60_Years_in_the_Development_of_Our_National_Energy_Systems" title="First-Hand:My Life Over 60 Years in the Development of Our National Energy Systems">My Life Over 60 Years in the Development of Our National Energy Systems</a>, by Jack Casazza - Cassaza, who came from a working class family, writes about his schooling, his admission to the engineering program at Cooper Union, his part-time work that sustained his education, his education in the V-7 program at Cornell and Princeton University, enrollment in the Midshipmen program at the Naval Academy following his recruitment in the navy during the WWII. After this period he describes his work at PSE&G, further education at GE electrical and management roles in the IEEE in the post WWII era.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Experiences_at_Westinghouse" title="First-Hand:My Experiences at Westinghouse">My Experiences at Westinghouse</a>, by John Cerminara, jr. - A brief account of the author's position installing wind turbine structures.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Evolution_of_the_Independent_Power_System_Operator_in_New_York_State" title="First-Hand:The Evolution of the Independent Power System Operator in New York State">The Evolution of the Independent Power System Operator in New York State</a>, by Dean Chapman - A narrative of the evolution of the Independent Power System Operator as an independent entity under the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission in New York State.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:WAPDA%27s_Electric_Distribution_System_in_Pakistan" title="First-Hand:WAPDA's Electric Distribution System in Pakistan">WAPDA's Electric Distribution System in Pakistan</a>, by Frank K. Faulkner - A brief account of a promising, yet ultimately disappointing venture in Faulkner's career.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Engineering_Power" title="First-Hand:Engineering Power">Engineering Power</a>, by Clive M. Gardam - Recollections of Gardam's career at English Electric Company of Canada and Toledo Edison Company.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Westinghouse_Pioneers_Development_of_Sulfur_Hexafluoride_(SF6)_Circuit_Breakers" title="First-Hand:Westinghouse Pioneers Development of Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breakers">Westinghouse Pioneers Development of Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breakers</a>, by Winthrop Leeds - Leeds discusses the influence of Benjamin Garver Lamme's on his career, which culminated with his role in the application of the gas SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride) to high voltage switchgear, which were the first 500 kw circuit breakers put into service in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:An_Electrophysicist%27s_Role_in_Academia_and_Star_Wars" title="First-Hand:An Electrophysicist's Role in Academia and Star Wars">An Electrophysicist's Role in Academia and Star Wars</a>, by Enrico Levi - The author of the texts "Polyphase Motors: a Direct Approach to their Design" and "Electromechanical Power Conversion", Levi discusses his career in academia, his teaching approach where he encouraged his students to broaden their horizons to astrophysics, and his role in the Star Wars program, which he began in 1956.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Generators_and_Electrical_Insulation" title="First-Hand:Generators and Electrical Insulation">Generators and Electrical Insulation</a>, by Vernon McFarlin - McFarlin discusses the Great Depression and poor job prospects afterwards, and his work in testing generators for predicting the life of electrical insulation.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Lifelong_Career_in_Engineering,_An_Interview_with_Darrel_E._Moll" title="First-Hand:A Lifelong Career in Engineering, An Interview with Darrel E. Moll">A Lifelong Career in Engineering, An Interview with Darrel E. Moll</a> - A brief interview with Moll about his career, focusing in power engineering.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Petros_N._Papas" title="First-Hand:Petros N. Papas">Petros N. Papas biography</a> - A brief account of Papas' career in power, from his emigration to America from Greece in 1949 to his career at Westinghouse.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Interconnected_Power_Systems,_Regional_Integration_and_the_EPA" title="First-Hand:Interconnected Power Systems, Regional Integration and the EPA">Interconnected Power Systems, Regional Integration and the EPA</a>, by Theodore Schroeder - Schroeder recounts his experiences in power engineering, including designing interconnected power systems.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Early_Youth_and_Developing_Interests_of_Henry_F._Seels" title="First-Hand:Early Youth and Developing Interests of Henry F. Seels">Early Youth and Developing Interests of Henry F. Seels</a>, by Henry Seels - A brief account of Seels' observations on service issues with Con Edison in Hell's Kitchen.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Engineering_Profession_and_Education">Engineering Profession and Education</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:An_Engineer%27s_World_Travels" title="First-Hand:An Engineer's World Travels">An Engineer's World Travels</a>, by Leo Berberich - Berberich details his varied career, focusing on his time working in international relations at Westinghouse.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Co-op_Student_Before_Graduation" title="First-Hand:A Co-op Student Before Graduation">A Co-op Student Before Graduation</a>, by Dean Chapman - This article examines the Co-op Student before Graduation program, its benefits for the prospective engineer and its role as a recruiting tool for GE.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:It%27s_a_Small_World" title="First-Hand:It's a Small World">It's a Small World</a>, by Samuel Colodny - An account of Colodny's career spanning from Philco to American Electronic Laboratories.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:An_IEEE_Senior_Member%27s_Interesting_Engineering_Career" title="First-Hand:An IEEE Senior Member's Interesting Engineering Career">An IEEE Senior Member's Interesting Engineering Career</a>, by William S. Cranmer - An overview of Cranmer's career.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:An_Engineer%27s_Career_in_Academia" title="First-Hand:An Engineer's Career in Academia">An Engineer's Career in Academia</a>, by W. Jack Cunningham - Cunningham describes his career trajectory from the University of Texas (Austin) to Yale.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Seeing_Was_Believing" title="First-Hand:Seeing Was Believing">Seeing Was Believing</a>, by Thomas Cuthbert - A brief recollection of how Cuthbert's research was shaped by Arthur Collins papers.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Experiences_at_Westinghouse" title="First-Hand:Experiences at Westinghouse">Experiences at Westinghouse</a>, by John Duhl - A brief account of Duhl's career at Westinghouse.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Checkered_Career_in_Electrical_Engineering" title="First-Hand:A Checkered Career in Electrical Engineering">A Checkered Career in Electrical Engineering</a>, by William A. Edson - Edson discusses his varied career, spanning from the University of Kansas, Bell Labs, the Electromagnetic Technology Corporation and the Radio Physics Lab of SRI International.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Apple,_RCA_and_the_Visionaries" title="First-Hand:Apple, RCA and the Visionaries">Apple, RCA and the Visionaries</a>, by Michael Ettenberg - Based on his experience at RCA, Ettenberg contrasts RCA and Sarnoff with Apple and Jobs.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Disability_Story_of_Harold_M._Frost,_III,_A_Mathematical_Physicist" title="First-Hand:Disability Story of Harold M. Frost, III, A Mathematical Physicist">Disability Story of Harold M. Frost, III, A Mathematical Physicist</a> - This account is the story of a 76-year-old survivor of mental illness, and of associated discrimination in the STEM workplace on disability, age and religious grounds.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Jesuit%27s_Forays_in_Astronomy_and_Seismology" title="First-Hand:A Jesuit's Forays in Astronomy and Seismology">A Jesuit's Forays in Astronomy and Seismology</a>, by Francis J. Heyden - An account of Heyden's career, receiving an assignment to be the chief astronomer of the Manila Observatory.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Fifty_years_of_R_D_%26_D_in_Engineering_and_Technological_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="First-Hand:Fifty years of R D & D in Engineering and Technological Education">Fifty years of R D & D in Engineering and Technological Education</a>, by John Heywood - Heywood recalls his engineering experiences, beginning as a radio officer in the British Merchant Marines which led to a varied career in academia.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Engineering_in_Military,_Civilian,_and_Government_Sectors" title="First-Hand:Engineering in Military, Civilian, and Government Sectors">Engineering in Military, Civilian, and Government Sectors</a>, by Alfred Holtum - Holtum recalls his lengthy and varied career starting with the Signal Corps, and spanning from the Andrew California Corporation, the R&D Department of the CIA, and Professor of Engineering Technology at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Adversity_No_Match_for_Electronics_Engineer" title="First-Hand:Adversity No Match for Electronics Engineer">Adversity No Match for Electronics Engineer</a>, by Frank T. Luff - Raised in a small farming town in rural Nebraska, Luff discusses his experiences in the Great Depression, difficulties finding adequate math and science courses in high school, and various obstacles overcome in his career as a radar engineer.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Unions_and_Utilities_in_New_York" title="First-Hand:Unions and Utilities in New York">Unions and Utilities in New York</a>, by Alexander Lurkis - One of the founders of the first civil service technical organization, the Civil Service Technical Guild, and former president of AFL-CIO, Lurkis discusses his role in organized labor in New York, his position of Chief Engineer of the Bureau of Gas and Electricity in the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity under Commissioner Armand D'Angelo, and his post-retirement consulting activities.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:NYU_Interactive_Telecommunications_Program" title="First-Hand:NYU Interactive Telecommunications Program">NYU Interactive Telecommunications Program</a>, by A. Michael Noll - Noll's story of his years of teaching at the Interactive Telecommunications Program at the NYU Tisch School of the Arts from September 1982 to 1996.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Electrophysiology_and_Defense,_EKGs,_Electroshock_Therapy,_and_Antisubmarine_Weaponry" title="First-Hand:Electrophysiology and Defense, EKGs, Electroshock Therapy, and Antisubmarine Weaponry">Electrophysiology and Defense, EKGs, Electroshock Therapy, and Antisubmarine Weaponry</a>, by Franklin Offner - Founder of Offner Electronics which initially manufactured electrophysiological equipment, but later worked on defense contracts and merged with Beckman Instruments, Offner provides an overview of his career and his various accomplishments.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Career_at_Westinghouse" title="First-Hand:A Career at Westinghouse">A Career at Westinghouse</a>, by Nick Petrou - A brief account of Petrou's career at Westinghouse which culminated with the position of Corporate Vice President of Human Resources.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Education_and_Management_in_an_IEEE_Life_Member%27s_Career" title="First-Hand:Education and Management in an IEEE Life Member's Career">Education and Management in an IEEE Life Member's Career</a>, by George Platts - A manager at Crosley Corporation, Platts discusses his career, building devices including automotive radios and proximity fuzes.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Electrical_Engineering_Career_Of_Thomas_J._Radcliffe,_P.E." title="First-Hand:The Electrical Engineering Career Of Thomas J. Radcliffe, P.E.">The Electrical Engineering Career Of Thomas J. Radcliffe, P.E.</a>, by Thomas J. Radcliffe - A sketch of Radcliffe's career, the majority of which spent at Republic Steel, working on power, x-ray gauging, high frequency welding, automatic control systems, and finally applying nuclear technology in steel-making.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Optimizing_the_Project_Engineering_Process" title="First-Hand:Optimizing the Project Engineering Process">Optimizing the Project Engineering Process</a>, by C. R. Schmidt - Detailed musings about Schmidt's experience and thoughts on the engineering industry and its trends towards younger engineers who have a fresh grasp on emerging technologies that enable their companies to make a profit.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Transitions_in_Engineering,_Technology_and_Life" title="First-Hand:Transitions in Engineering, Technology and Life">Transitions in Engineering, Technology and Life</a>, Donald Schover - Schover recounts his career, changing from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Transition_from_Animal_to_Machine_Power_Spurs_Farm_Boy%27s_Electrical_Interest" title="First-Hand:Transition from Animal to Machine Power Spurs Farm Boy's Electrical Interest">Transition from Animal to Machine Power Spurs Farm Boy's Electrical Interest</a>, by M. E. Scoville - Born a poor farm boy, Scoville discusses how he got off the farm and into electrical engineering.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Career_at_Bell_Laboratories" title="First-Hand:A Career at Bell Laboratories">A Career at Bell Laboratories</a>, by Philip Sproul - A brief account of Sproul's 43 year career at Bell Labs.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_recollections_as_an_educator" title="First-Hand:My recollections as an educator">My recollections as an educator</a>, by Srini Srinivasan - Recollections on Srinivasan's experience with computers in the classroom</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Trials_of_Engineer_Training_in_New_Zealand" title="First-Hand:The Trials of Engineer Training in New Zealand">The Trials of Engineer Training in New Zealand</a>, by Nigel Stace - Stace presents an anecdote about being asked to design a motor for a rail system in New Zealand for an exam and his early interests in civil engineering.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Ups_and_Downs_in_an_Engineer%27s_Career" title="First-Hand:Ups and Downs in an Engineer's Career">Ups and Downs in an Engineer's Career</a>, by Rudolph Steiner - Steiner gives a brief recollection of his personal accomplishments and the most important people he met during his career as an engineer.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Milestones_in_Consumer_Electronics_-_Memories_of_a_High-Tech_PR_Pioneer" title="First-Hand:Milestones in Consumer Electronics - Memories of a High-Tech PR Pioneer">Milestones in Consumer Electronics - Memories of a High-Tech PR Pioneer</a>, by Joel Strasser - A recollection of Strasser's landmark work in marketing communications, specifically the development of high-tech public relations.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:How_I_Chose_My_Profession" title="First-Hand:How I Chose My Profession">How I Chose My Profession</a>, by George W. Swenson, Jr. - A recollection of how Swanson entered the engineering profession.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Recollections_of_My_Career" title="First-Hand:Recollections of My Career">Recollections of My Career</a>, by Sasson Toeg - A brief overview of Toeg's varied career.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Very_Biased_History_of_the_Electrical_Engineering_Department_at_the_University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="First-Hand:My Very Biased History of the Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Maryland, College Park">My Very Biased History of the Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Maryland, College Park</a>, by Steven Tretter - Tretter recounts his experiences at the University of Maryland from 1958 through 2008.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Ingenious_Gender_Detector" title="First-Hand:Ingenious Gender Detector">Ingenious Gender Detector</a>, by V. Vanek - A brief recollection of a piece of gender recognition equipment, developed by RCA in 1964 for the New York World's Fair.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Electronics_and_Industrial_Engineering" title="First-Hand:Electronics and Industrial Engineering">Electronics and Industrial Engineering</a>, by Edgar W. Van Winkle - Van Winkle recalls his career, spanning loudspeaker design at Best Manufacturing to Western Electric (WE) to the Allen B. DuMont Lab.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Growing_up_in_Rural_Vermont_in_the_Early_Twentieth_Century" title="First-Hand:Growing up in Rural Vermont in the Early Twentieth Century">Growing up in Rural Vermont in the Early Twentieth Century</a>, by Cyril G. Veinott - A brief account of Veinott's recollections of automobiles and electrification in rural Vermont.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:From_Draftsman_to_Engineering_Dept._at_the_Philadelphia_Electric_Company" title="First-Hand:From Draftsman to Engineering Dept. at the Philadelphia Electric Company">From Draftsman to Engineering Dept. at the Philadelphia Electric Company</a>, by Olaf B. Vikoren - Vikoren notes his difficulty finding employment in his native Norway, and his hiring at The Philadelphia Electric Company.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Diversity_in_Engineering_Applications,_From_Oncology_to_Radio_Guidance_Systems" title="First-Hand:Diversity in Engineering Applications, From Oncology to Radio Guidance Systems">Diversity in Engineering Applications, From Oncology to Radio Guidance Systems</a>, by H. R. Weiss - A refugee from Nazi Germany, Weiss provides an overview of his career, beginning at MIT's High Voltage Research Laboratory, to Raytheon, to General Electric.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Project_Engineering_on_a_Broad_Scale" title="First-Hand:Project Engineering on a Broad Scale">Project Engineering on a Broad Scale</a>, by Price Wickersham - Musings on Wickersham's experiences in project management and the lessons learned throughout his engineering career.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Recollections_in_Electrical_Engineering" title="First-Hand:My Recollections in Electrical Engineering">My Recollections in Electrical Engineering</a>, by Alvin C. Wilson - A recollection of the author's time spent at the National Bureau of Standards.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:An_Electrical_Engineering_Education_at_Cornell,_1956_-_1961" title="First-Hand:An Electrical Engineering Education at Cornell, 1956 - 1961">An Electrical Engineering Education at Cornell, 1956 - 1961</a>, by A. David Wunsch - An account of Wunsch's experiences in the Cornell engineering program.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="IEEE">IEEE</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:First-Hand:From_a_Colorado_Farm_to_the_Bureau_of_Reclamation:_An_IEEE_Life_Member%27s_Story" title="First-Hand:First-Hand:From a Colorado Farm to the Bureau of Reclamation: An IEEE Life Member's Story">From a Colorado Farm to the Bureau of Reclamation: An IEEE Life Member's Story</a>, by Thomas M. Austin - A brief account of Austin's career at the Bureau of Reclamation and his relationship with AIEE and IEEE.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Life_with_IEEE" title="First-Hand:My Life with IEEE">My Life with IEEE</a>, by Jacob Baal-Schem - Recollections of Baal-Schem's IEEE career, including involvement in Region 8, IEEE Israel Section, AFRICON, COMPEURO and HISTELCON.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Recollections_of_the_IRE" title="First-Hand:Recollections of the IRE">Recollections of the IRE</a>, by Bradford Bates - Brief recollections of IEEE's predecessor organization</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Orange_County_Section_Early_History_with_Details_about_the_L.A._Council,_Wescon_And_Personalities_Thereof" title="First-Hand:IEEE Orange County Section Early History with Details about the L.A. Council, Wescon And Personalities Thereof">IEEE Orange County Section Early History with Details about the L.A. Council, Wescon And Personalities Thereof</a>, by Benton Bejach - An account of the section's early days and origins starting off with the author joining the AIEE in 1948.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Norman_Bleshman,_Chairman_of_the_Power_and_Industrial_Division_(NY)" title="First-Hand:Norman Bleshman, Chairman of the Power and Industrial Division (NY)">Norman Bleshman, Chairman of the Power and Industrial Division (NY)</a>, by Norman A. Bleshman - A brief account of Bleshman's role in the AIEE New York Section.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Gustav_Bliesner:_Coordinator,_Portland_Section" title="First-Hand:Gustav Bliesner: Coordinator, Portland Section">Gustav Bliesner: Coordinator, Portland Section</a>, by Gustav Bliesner - A brief account of Bliesner's role in IEEE.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Starting_IEEE_Computer_Magazine" title="First-Hand:Starting IEEE Computer Magazine">Starting IEEE Computer Magazine</a>, by Ted Bonn - A recollection of the formation of IEEE Computer Magazine, the first magazine published by the IEEE.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Recollections_of_a_Region_8_Director" title="First-Hand:Recollections of a Region 8 Director">Recollections of a Region 8 Director</a>, by Anthony C. Davies - An account of Davies' relationship with IEEE and Region 8, dating back to the 1967.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Constitution-amendment_Attempt" title="First-Hand:A Constitution-amendment Attempt">A Constitution-amendment Attempt</a>, by Anthony C. Davies - Discussion and documentation on initiatives to change the IEEE constitution, with contrasting background from the IET provided</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Challenges_IEEE_Faced_Supporting_Ethical_Behavior_and_Professionalism" title="First-Hand:Challenges IEEE Faced Supporting Ethical Behavior and Professionalism">Challenges IEEE Faced Supporting Ethical Behavior and Professionalism</a>, by Walter L. Elden - This article provides Elden's personal experiences and viewpoints, recalled from over the 50 years I have been a member of the IEEE, watching and experiencing some of the challenges IEEE faced in supporting ethical behavior and professionalism of its members as well as that while employed in industry.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Challenges_IEEE_Faced_Supporting_Ethical_Behavior_and_Professionalism_-_Part_2_My_Technical_Experience" title="First-Hand:Challenges IEEE Faced Supporting Ethical Behavior and Professionalism - Part 2 My Technical Experience">Challenges IEEE Faced Supporting Ethical Behavior and Professionalism - Part 2 My Technical Experience</a>, by Walter L. Elden - The continuation of the previous installment, focusing on Elden's technical career</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Re-Establishing_IEEE_Members%27_Right_to_Ethical_Support_in_Employee-Employer_Professional/Ethical_Disputes" title="First-Hand:Re-Establishing IEEE Members' Right to Ethical Support in Employee-Employer Professional/Ethical Disputes">Re-Establishing IEEE Members' Right to Ethical Support in Employee-Employer Professional/Ethical Disputes</a>, by Walter L. Elden - A historical view and position statement on the right of ethical support</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:What_I_Learned_Updating_Page_2_of_the_IEEE_ETHICS_HISTORY_REPOSITORY,_IEHR" title="First-Hand:What I Learned Updating Page 2 of the IEEE ETHICS HISTORY REPOSITORY, IEHR">What I Learned Updating Page 2 of the IEEE ETHICS HISTORY REPOSITORY, IEHR</a>, by Walter L. Elden - Reflections on the process of compiling <a href="/IEEE_Ethics_History_Repository_(IEHR),_part_2" title="IEEE Ethics History Repository (IEHR), part 2">part 2</a> of the <a href="/IEEE_Ethics_History_Repository_(IEHR)" title="IEEE Ethics History Repository (IEHR)">IEEE Ethics History Repository (IEHR)</a>, a historical repository for IEEE's ethics activities</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE%E2%80%99s_Concerned_Ethics_Volunteers_CEV-Who_They_Are" title="First-Hand:IEEE’s Concerned Ethics Volunteers CEV-Who They Are">IEEE’s Concerned Ethics Volunteers CEV-Who They Are</a>, by Walter L. Elden - A profile of the Concerned Ethics Volunteeers from 2017-2020</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:RAW_Interview_of_Walter_L._Elden,_P.E._(Ret)_by_the_INSTITUTE_on_%22Professionalism_and_Ethics%22" title="First-Hand:RAW Interview of Walter L. Elden, P.E. (Ret) by the INSTITUTE on "Professionalism and Ethics"">Raw Interview of Walter L. Elden, P.E. (Ret) by the Institute on "Professionalism and Ethics"</a>, by Walter L. Elden - The full text of an interview with the Institute</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Podbrodz_-_As_I_Remember" title="First-Hand:Podbrodz - As I Remember">First-Hand:Podbrodz - As I Remember</a>, by Irving Engelson - A memoir on long-time IEEE volunteer and leader Irving Engelson's early life surviving the Holocaust</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Events_that_Influenced_My_Career" title="First-Hand:Events that Influenced My Career">Events that Influenced My Career</a>, by Gerard H. (Gus) Gaynor - An account of Gaynor's experiences at College, 3M Europe where he worked for more than 25 years and his post-retirement activities in IEEE.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:History_of_the_GHN" title="First-Hand:History of the GHN">History of GHN</a>, by Richard Gowen - Gowen, past president of the IEEE and Chair of the IEEE History Committee from 2007-2008, served as a guide for the development of the Global History Network and provides an account of the motivations behind the development of the GHN, its objectives, and the processes involved in establishing it.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Look_Back_over_the_First_50_Years_of_IEEE" title="First-Hand:A Look Back over the First 50 Years of IEEE">A Look Back over the First 50 Years of IEEE</a>, by G. Holman King - Reflections on IEEE and its relationship with the engineering profession.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Polio_and_Education" title="First-Hand:Polio and Education">Polio and Education</a>, by Emerson Pugh - An account of the early life of the 1989 IEEE president</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Recollections_on_the_Merger_of_IRE_and_AIEE" title="First-Hand:Recollections on the Merger of IRE and AIEE">Recollections on the Merger of IRE and AIEE‎</a>, by Julian Reitman - A brief account of Reitman's role in the IRE and how the merge affected his career.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Origins_of_the_Winter_Simulation_Conference" title="First-Hand:Origins of the Winter Simulation Conference">Origins of the Winter Simulation Conference</a>, by Julian Reitman - An account of the origins the IEEE Winter Simulation Conference in November of 1967</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:What%27s_in_a_Name_-_Use_of_the_Letters_I-E-E-E_vs._The_Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="First-Hand:What's in a Name - Use of the Letters I-E-E-E vs. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">What's in a Name? Use of the Letters I-E-E-E vs. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>, by John Vig - Documentation of the 1997 Board of Directors decision that “Only the letters I-E-E-E may be used as the name of the organization."</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:How_I_Became_VP_of_IEEE_Technical_Activities" title="First-Hand:How I Became VP of IEEE Technical Activities">How I Became VP of IEEE Technical Activities</a>, by John Vig - An account of how Vig became Vice President of IEEE Technical Activities</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_IEEE_Internet_of_Things_Journal_Started_With_a_Conversation_About_Bread" title="First-Hand:The IEEE Internet of Things Journal Started With a Conversation About Bread">The IEEE Internet of Things Journal Started With a Conversation About Bread</a>, by John Vig - An anecdote about the formation of the IEEE Internet of Things Journal</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Overviews_of_IEEE_Operations_-_1999_to_2017" title="First-Hand:Overviews of IEEE Operations - 1999 to 2017">Overviews of IEEE Operations - 1999 to 2017</a>, by John Vig - A number of primary documents and presentations with commentary by Vig.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Who_Is_In_Charge_of_IEEE%3F" title="First-Hand:Who Is In Charge of IEEE?">Who Is In Charge of IEEE?</a>, by John Vig - An account of the termination of an executive director by the IEEE Board of Directors</li></ul> <h4><span id="IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:_Q.26As_with_Icons_of_Engineering_.26_Technology"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:_Q&As_with_Icons_of_Engineering_&_Technology">IEEE Award Recipient Series: Q&As with Icons of Engineering & Technology</span></h4> <p>IEEE's most illustrious Award Recipients provide us with a glimpse into their upbringings, their personal interests, and share some career advice in these brief introspectives. </p> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Chenming_Hu" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Chenming Hu">2020 IEEE Medal of Honor Recipient: Chenming Hu‎</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Frede_Blaabjerg" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Frede Blaabjerg">2020 IEEE Edison Medal Recipient: Frede Blaabjerg</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Rajiv_Laroia" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Rajiv Laroia">2020 IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal Recipient: Rajiv Laroia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:John_Vig" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:John Vig">2020 IEEE Richard M. Emberson Award Recipient: John Vig‎</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Sampathkumar_Veeraraghavan" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Sampathkumar Veeraraghavan">2020 IEEE Theodore W. Hissey Outstanding Young Professional Award: Sampathkumar Veeraraghavan</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Michael_I._Jordan" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Michael I. Jordan">2020 IEEE John von Neumann Medal Recipient: Michael I. Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Rik_W._De_Doncker" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Rik W. De Doncker">2020 IEEE Medal in Power Engineering Recipient: Rik W. De Doncker‎</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Byrana_Nagappa_Suresh" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Byrana Nagappa Suresh">2020 IEEE Simon Ramo Medal Recipient: Byrana Nagappa Suresh‎</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Jacob_Ziv" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Jacob Ziv">2021 IEEE Medal of Honor Recipient Jacob Ziv</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Kenichi_Iga" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Kenichi Iga">2021 IEEE Edison Medal Recipient: Kenichi Iga</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Lewis_Terman" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Lewis Terman">2021 IEEE Richard M. Emberson Award Recipient Lewis Terman</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Kaushik_Rajashekara" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Kaushik Rajashekara">2021 IEEE Medal on Environment and Safety Technologies Recipient Kaushik Rajashekara</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Henry_Samueli" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Henry Samueli">2021 IEEE Founder's Medal Recipient: Henry Samueli</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Raymond_Wai_Ho_Yeung" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Raymond Wai Ho Yeung">2021 IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal Recipient: Raymond Wai Ho Yeung</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Ruzena Bajcsy">2021 IEEE Medal for Innovations in Health Technology Recipient Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Justin_Romberg" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Justin Romberg">2021 IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal Recipient: Justin Romberg</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Emmanuel_Candes" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Emmanuel Candes">2021 IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal Recipient: Emmanuel Candes</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Terence_Chi-Shen_Tao" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Terence Chi-Shen Tao">2021 IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal Recipient: Terence Chi-Shen Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Evelyn_L._Hu" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Evelyn L. Hu">2021 IEEE/RST James Clerk Maxwell Medal Evelyn L. Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:John_D._Cressler" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:John D. Cressler">2021 IEEE James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal Recipient: John D. Cressler</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:James_J._Coleman" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:James J. Coleman">2021 IEEE Jun-ichi Nishizawa Medal Recipient: James J. Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Praveen_K._Jain" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Praveen K. Jain">2021 IEEE Medal in Power Engineering Recipient Praveen K. Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Elisabeth_Pat%C3%A9-Cornell" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Elisabeth Paté-Cornell">2021 IEEE Simon Ramo Medal Recipient: Elisabeth Paté-Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Jeffrey_Dean" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Jeffrey Dean">2021 IEEE John von Neumann Medal Recipient: Jeffrey Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Asad_Mohamed_Madni" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Asad Mohamed Madni">2022 IEEE Medal of Honor Recipient: Asad Mohamed Madni</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Alan_Conrad_Bovik" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Alan Conrad Bovik">2022 IEEE Edison Medal Recipient: Alan Conrad Bovik‎</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Eugene_Wimberly_Myers_Jr." title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Eugene Wimberly Myers Jr.">2022 IEEE Frances E. Allen Medal Recipient: Eugene Wimberly Myers Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:P._R._Kumar" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:P. R. Kumar">2022 IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal Recipient: P. R. Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Frederick_C._Mintzer" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Frederick C. Mintzer">2022 IEEE Richard M. Emberson Award Recipient: Frederick C. Mintzer</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:John_J._Croat" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:John J. Croat">2022 IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies Recipient: John J. Croat‎</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:John_Brooks_Slaughter" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:John Brooks Slaughter">2022 IEEE Founder's Medal Recipient: John Brooks Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Joseph_V._Lillie" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Joseph V. Lillie">2022 IEEE Haraden Pratt Award Recipient: Joseph V. Lillie‎</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:James_G._Fujimoto" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:James G. Fujimoto">2022 IEEE Medal for Innovations in Healthcare Technology Recipient: James G. Fujimoto‎</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Ingo_Wolff" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Ingo Wolff">2022 IEEE James Clerk Maxwell Medal Recipient: Ingo Wolff‎</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Ned_Mohan" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Ned Mohan">2022 James H. Mulligan, Jr. Education Medal Recipient: Ned Mohan‎</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Umesh_Kumar_Mishra" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Umesh Kumar Mishra">2022 IEEE Jun-ichi Nishizawa Medal Recipient: Umesh Kumar Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Jingsheng_Jason_Cong" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Jingsheng Jason Cong">2022 IEEE Robert N. Noyce Medal Recipient: Jingsheng Jason Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Moeness_G._Amin" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Moeness G. Amin">2022 IEEE Dennis J. Picard Medal in Radar Technologies and Applications Recipient: Moeness G. Amin‎‎</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Pravin_Varaiya" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Pravin Varaiya">2022 IEEE Simon Ramo Medal Recipient: Pravin Varaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Deborah_Estrin" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Deborah Estrin">2022 IEEE John von Neumann Medal Recipient: Deborah Estrin‎</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:IEEE_Award_Recipient_Series:Calyampudi_R._Rao" title="First-Hand:IEEE Award Recipient Series:Calyampudi R. Rao">2022 IEEE Honorary Membership Recipient: Calyampudi R. Rao‎‎</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Lighting_and_Lasers">Lighting and Lasers</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Saga_of_%22Astral_Convertible%22" title="First-Hand:The Saga of "Astral Convertible"">The Saga of "Astral Convertible"</a>, by Per Biorn - An account of Biorn's involvement in the construction of eight towers with light and sound which would respond to dancers in a performance by the Trisha Brown Dance Company.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_First_Continuous_Visible_Laser" title="First-Hand:The First Continuous Visible Laser">The First Continuous Visible Laser</a>, by Alan White - White details his experiences working on the laser from 1958 - 1962. He explains how much of the innovation in this field at Bell Labs was sponsored by Signal Corps’ request after the latter recognized the potential of laser for communications.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Illusion_or_Reality%3F_Optics_and_the_Human_Brain,_an_Experiment" title="First-Hand:Illusion or Reality? Optics and the Human Brain, an Experiment">Illusion or Reality? Optics and the Human Brain, an Experiment</a>, by J. Coleman White An anecdote involving White's professor at Cornell employing an optical illusion as a classroom experiment.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Materials">Materials</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:Tales_from_The_Steel" title="First-Hand:Tales from The Steel">Tales from the Steel</a>, by Thomas Blalock - An account of Blalock's experiences at Bethlehem Steel</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Microwaves">Microwaves</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:There_Was_No_Ban_on_Microwave_Ovens_in_the_USSR" title="First-Hand:There Was No Ban on Microwave Ovens in the USSR">There Was No Ban on Microwave Ovens in the USSR</a>, by John M. Osepchuk - Osepchuck addresses the rumor of a microwave ban in the USSR by relating his personal experiences in the field of microwave engineering.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nuclear_and_Plasma_Sciences">Nuclear and Plasma Sciences</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:Recollections_of_my_Wartime_and_University_Experiences_in_Nuclear_Physics" title="First-Hand:Recollections of my Wartime and University Experiences in Nuclear Physics">Recollections of my Wartime and University Experiences in Nuclear Physics‎</a>, by Dean Edmonds, jr. - Prior to teaching physics for 30 years at Boston University, Edmonds details his wartime experiences and his education at MIT and Princeton where he worked with atomic beam systems.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Adventures_at_Wartime_Los_Alamos" title="First-Hand:Adventures at Wartime Los Alamos">Adventures at Wartime Los Alamos</a>, by Lawrence Johnston - Johnson details his experiences in Los Alamos, work on the Fat Man implosion type bomb, and focuses on wartime bomb events such as the Trinity test of the Fat Man bomb and the delivery missions of the bombs to Japan.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Spanning_the_Cold_War_Nuclear_Weapons_Era:_1956-58_to_1994-2001" title="First-Hand:Spanning the Cold War Nuclear Weapons Era: 1956-58 to 1994-2001">Spanning the Cold War Nuclear Weapons Era: 1956-58 to 1994-2001</a>, by Roy Merrill - An account discussing Merrill's role in the development of nuclear weapons at Sandia Corporation, the ARIES weapons disassembly facility, and a plant prototypic system for immobilizing waste plutonium accumulated from nuclear weapons development.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Experience_in_the_Army_Air_Force,_1943_to_1946" title="First-Hand:My Experience in the Army Air Force, 1943 to 1946">My Experience in the Army Air Force, 1943 to 1946</a>, by Herman Lunden Miller - Miller discusses his experiences in the Army which started his on a career in physics, including radiation safety, controlled thermonuclear research, the space program, and nuclear power plants.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Radio_and_Radar">Radio and Radar</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:Innovations_in_Radio_Communications:_Post_WWI" title="First-Hand:Innovations in Radio Communications: Post WWI">Innovations in Radio Communications: Post WWI</a>, by Paul D. Andrews - An account of Andrews' early career after World War I and his development of a radio transmitter which was meant to be installed on Post Office aircraft for navigational purposes.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Radio_Engineering_and_NACA_Telemetering" title="First-Hand:Radio Engineering and NACA Telemetering">Radio Engineering and NACA Telemetering</a>, by Paul Burk - Burk details his career at the NACA Instrument Research Division and installing the first FM police radio in Juarez.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Sidelobe_Cancellers_and_the_Like" title="First-Hand:Sidelobe Cancellers and the Like">Sidelobe Cancellers and the Like</a>, by Dean Chapman - Details Chapman's work in developing Electronic Counter-countermeasures (ECCM) to shield radar against scrambling electronic countermeasure (ECM) equipment.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_First_Handmade_Radio" title="First-Hand:My First Handmade Radio">My First Handmade Radio</a>, by Di Chen - A brief description of the first radio built by Chen during the last years of World War II.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Personal_History_With_APS,_Part_1" title="First-Hand:My Personal History With APS, Part 1">My Personal History With APS, Part 1</a>, by William Croswell - This article contains a detailed account of Croswell’s education at the Airforce Institute of Technology and his subsequent work on various aircraft projects such as F-102A, Falcon Missile and Bomarc missile. His engagements with these projects were directly linked with his research interests in Radome research and development.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Personal_History_With_APS,_Part_2a" title="First-Hand:My Personal History With APS, Part 2a">My Personal History With APS, Part 2a</a>, by William Croswell - Here Croswell continues his narrative, describing various rocket projects including Echo I and II, Little Joe, Project Mercury, the Apollo program, experiments with antenna analysis and Brush cathode discharge tubes.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Personal_History_With_APS,_Part_2b" title="First-Hand:My Personal History With APS, Part 2b">My Personal History With APS, Part 2b</a>, by William Croswell - A short continuation outlining the development of GTD methods of predicting antenna patterns on aircraft scale models, thin wire structures and the Moment Method.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Personal_History,_part_3" title="First-Hand:My Personal History, part 3">My Personal History, Part 3</a>, by William Croswell - Croswell's final installment, elaborating on his work on microwave radiometer measurements of the Cape Cod Canal, radiometer development on the AAFE Program, scatterometers, and the stepped frequency microwave radiometer at NASA Langley.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Early_Recollections_of_Ham_Radio" title="First-Hand:Early Recollections of Ham Radio">Early Recollections of Ham Radio</a>, by John J. Dougherty - A brief account of Dougherty's first experiences with ham radio, following a near-fatal case of pneumatic fever.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Passion_for_Radio" title="First-Hand:A Passion for Radio">A Passion for Radio</a>, by A. James Ebel - Ebel discusses his interest in radio began in the mid-20s and recollects his lengthy career in radio broadcasting.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Slide_Rule_Gives_Flight_to_Tracking_Antenna" title="First-Hand:Slide Rule Gives Flight to Tracking Antenna">Slide Rule Gives Flight to Tracking Antenna</a>, by G. Fonda-Bonardi - A narrative dealing with Fonda-Bonardi’s work in the Hughes Aircraft Company (HAC) where he was responsible for the design, test, and integration of the RF subsystem for the APG37 airborne fire control radar which was intended for use in the new generation of jet interceptors and fighter airplanes, beginning with the F86.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Hand-Held_Radios_and_Electronic_Beepers" title="First-Hand:Hand-Held Radios and Electronic Beepers">Hand-Held Radios and Electronic Beepers</a>, by Al Gross - Gross discusses his work on a "Joan-Eleanor" system of hand-hand radios which operated on high frequencies, and the development of Royalcall, the first beeper.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:It_Started_with_Ham_Radio" title="First-Hand:It Started with Ham Radio">It Started with Ham Radio</a>, by Pete Lefferson - Lefferson details how his interest in ham radio in 1956 led him to become an electrical engineer and IEEE member.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Electronic_Warfare,_Radio_Receivers_and_Countermeasures" title="First-Hand:Electronic Warfare, Radio Receivers and Countermeasures">Electronic Warfare, Radio Receivers and Countermeasures</a>, by Howard O. Lorenzen - One of the founders of the Electronic Warfare Branch of the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC, Lorenzen discusses his role in the development of countermeasures during World War II, Korea and Vietnam.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Television_Receivers,_Missile_Guidance_Systems,_and_the_USA%27s_First_Satellite" title="First-Hand:Television Receivers, Missile Guidance Systems, and the USA's First Satellite">Television Receivers, Missile Guidance Systems, and the USA's First Satellite</a>, by Leonard R. Malling - Malling discusses his work with the BBC, Varian Associates JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratories) and the Lincoln Lab.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:AM_Noise_Reduction_System" title="First-Hand:AM Noise Reduction System">AM Noise Reduction System</a>, by John L. Markwalter, Jr. - A brief account of the author's work in noise reduction.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Wartime_Meteorology,_Radar,_and_Encryption" title="First-Hand:Wartime Meteorology, Radar, and Encryption">Wartime Meteorology, Radar, and Encryption</a>, by Philip Morris - A student in the Air Force meteorology program during World War II, Morris recounts his training before being discharged at the end of the war.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Brief_History_of_the_Moorehead_Laboratories_of_San_Francisco_and_its_Successor_the_A-P_Radio_Laboratories" title="First-Hand:A Brief History of the Moorehead Laboratories of San Francisco and its Successor the A-P Radio Laboratories">A Brief History of the Moorehead Laboratories of San Francisco and its Successor the A-P Radio Laboratories</a>, by Frank Polkinghorn - An account of one of the earliest factories for the manufacture of vacuum tubes in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Establishing_Radio_Communications_in_Post-WWII_Japan" title="First-Hand:Establishing Radio Communications in Post-WWII Japan">Establishing Radio Communications in Post-WWII Japan</a>, by Homer M. Sarasohn - A twenty-nine year old radar expert at MIT, Sarasohn was summoned by Douglas MacArthur to help in the rebuilding process of Japan's radio infrastructure after the War.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Early_Development_and_Implementation_of_Transistor_Radios_in_Automobiles" title="First-Hand:Early Development and Implementation of Transistor Radios in Automobiles">Early Development and Implementation of Transistor Radios in Automobiles</a>, by Walter Schweiss - Schweiss discusses his childhood fascination with crystal radios and the beginning of his engineering career, which led to him designing automobile radios for Philco Corporation.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:WWII-Era_Radar_Development_at_MIT" title="First-Hand:WWII-Era Radar Development at MIT">WWII-Era Radar Development at MIT</a>, by Samuel Seely - A brief account of Seely's role at the MIT Rad Lab.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Ally_of_Peace,_Global_Telecommunications_in_the_Information_Age" title="First-Hand:Ally of Peace, Global Telecommunications in the Information Age">Ally of Peace, Global Telecommunications in the Information Age</a>, by Alfred J. Siegmeth - Born in Hungary before the outbreak of World War I, Siegmeth recounts his experiences in radio broadcasting in Budapest, and his move to the United States after World War II.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Development_(and_Subsequent_Abandonment)_of_Low-Frequency_Radio" title="First-Hand:The Development (and Subsequent Abandonment) of Low-Frequency Radio">The Development (and Subsequent Abandonment) of Low-Frequency Radio</a>, by Frank R. Stansel - Recollections of Stansel's involvement in the development of a short-lived radio transmitted that operated at 68 kilohertz.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Major_Developments_in_Military_Radar_Technology" title="First-Hand:Major Developments in Military Radar Technology">Major Developments in Military Radar Technology</a>, by Julius Stratton - A description of Stratton's role in the MIT Radiation Laboratory.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:C-Band_Story" title="First-Hand:C-Band Story">First-Hand:C-Band Story</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:Ku_Band_Story" title="First-Hand:Ku Band Story">Ku Band Story‎</a>, <a href="/First-Hand:S-Band_Story" title="First-Hand:S-Band Story">S-Band Story</a>, by Robert Walp - Originally used for a presentation at the 2001 IEEE Conference on the History of Telecommunications‎, Walp gives an account of three bands used in satellite communication.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:War-Time_Production_and_Design_at_Wheeler_Labs,_Mine_Detection_and_IFF_Radar" title="First-Hand:War-Time Production and Design at Wheeler Labs, Mine Detection and IFF Radar">War-Time Production and Design at Wheeler Labs, Mine Detection and IFF Radar</a>, by Harold Alden Wheeler - Wheeler recounts his experiences in IRE, AIEE and IEEE, as well as his role in developing the Mark III IFF (Identity Friend or Foe) system.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Radar_Research_and_Development_during_WWII" title="First-Hand:Radar Research and Development during WWII">Radar Research and Development during WWII</a>, by J. Rennie Whitehead - An overview of Whitehead's career including his work on the IFF Mark III and the first 400MHz transponder for the Alouette topside sounder satellite.</li></ul> <h3><span id="Transportation.2C_Aerospace.2C_and_Military"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Transportation,_Aerospace,_and_Military">Transportation, Aerospace, and Military</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Time_at_NASA_Houston" title="First-Hand:My Time at NASA Houston">My Time at NASA Houston</a>, by T. Scott Atkinson - An account of Atkinson's time at NASA in 1967 and 1968</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:From_Radio_Engineering_to_War-Time_Research" title="First-Hand:From Radio Engineering to War-Time Research">From Radio Engineering to War-Time Research</a>, by Sidney Bertram - Bertram details experiences working at Boeing and Ramo Wooldridge, where he worked on the Universal Automatic Map Compilation System, or UNAMACE.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Description_of_the_Error_Angle_Counter_module" title="First-Hand:Description of the Error Angle Counter module">Description of the Error Angle Counter module</a>, by Mark Birnbaum - A description of the Error Angle Counter module, which was part of Electronic Coupling Data Unit (ECDU) prototype, which was part of the Apollo Guidance System used in the Command Module and Lunar Excursion Module.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Story_of_the_Automobile_Voltage_Regulator" title="First-Hand:The Story of the Automobile Voltage Regulator">The Story of the Automobile Voltage Regulator</a>, by Bernard Cain - A history of vehicle starters and Cain's involvement in their development in the 1930s</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Making_Sure_that_the_Lunar_Lander_was_Correctly_Tested" title="First-Hand:Making Sure that the Lunar Lander was Correctly Tested">Making Sure that the Lunar Lander was Correctly Tested</a>, by Robert Catenaro - An account of Catenaro's work on the testing of the Lunar Module's Guidance, Navigation and Control System</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Project_Mercury_Experience_of_Rufus_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="First-Hand:Project Mercury Experience of Rufus Chávez">Project Mercury Experience</a>, by Rufus Chávez - An account of Chávez's working on the Mercury project for 28 months during his early career</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Manufacturer_of_Silicon_Transistors_useful_in_Apollo" title="First-Hand:Manufacturer of Silicon Transistors useful in Apollo">Manufacturer of Silicon Transistors useful in Apollo</a>, by Edward N. Clarke - Clarke's, co-founder of National Semiconductor Corp, recollections in the semiconductor manufacturing industry</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Work_on_the_Apollo_Program" title="First-Hand:My Work on the Apollo Program">My Work on the Apollo Program</a>, by Richard Coen - An account of Coen and his boss, Ken Mac Lean's work on developing a communications system design for the proposal to develop the Lunar Excursion Module for the ongoing Apollo Program.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Space_Program_reminiscences" title="First-Hand:Space Program reminiscences">Space Program reminiscences</a>, by Carol Cram - Recollections of Crom's time at the Tulsa Division of Douglas Aircraft Company (DAC) in 1956-1958</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Reinventing_the_Wheel:_Collaboration,_Cooperation,_and_Contention_in_Engineering" title="First-Hand:Reinventing the Wheel: Collaboration, Cooperation, and Contention in Engineering">Reinventing the Wheel: Collaboration, Cooperation, and Contention in Engineering</a>, by Paul G. Cushman - Recollections of Cushman's experience with selsyn differential motors and The Polaris Project.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Experiences_as_a_Space_Engineer:_The_Pre-launch_Years" title="First-Hand:My Experiences as a Space Engineer: The Pre-launch Years">My Experiences as a Space Engineer: The Pre-launch Years</a>, by Sajjad Durrani - A narrative of Durrani's experiences from his engineering college in Lahore, doctorate in New Mexico, work at GE communications, and work teaching at various universities and colleges in the US, RCA Space Center, Comsat Labs, and Operations Research, Inc. (ORI) and NASA. The article provides a detailed account of his involvement in space projects.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:50th_Anniversary_of_Apollo_Lunar_Landing_%26_50_years_in_Space_Research:_A_Personal_Reminiscence" title="First-Hand:50th Anniversary of Apollo Lunar Landing & 50 years in Space Research: A Personal Reminiscence">50th Anniversary of Apollo Lunar Landing & 50 years in Space Research: A Personal Reminiscence</a>, by Clive Dyer - An account of Dyer's work in space science and radiation effects by the Apollo missions</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Unmanned_Aircraft_Guidance_Technology" title="First-Hand:Unmanned Aircraft Guidance Technology">Unmanned Aircraft Guidance Technology</a>, by Manuel Fernandez - The author discusses his role in the development of the Cruise missile.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Recollections_on_Education_and_Missile_Guidance_Systems" title="First-Hand:Recollections on Education and Missile Guidance Systems">Recollections on Education and Missile Guidance Systems</a>, by Emil Gaynor - Gaynor recalls his early studies and his work at ADT Company and the Fairchild Guided Missiles Division and RCA where he developed the hybrid fire control computer for the Talos weapon system and the display systems for the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS).</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:George_L._Gentzler_Jr._Apollo_Experiences" title="First-Hand:George L. Gentzler Jr. Apollo Experiences">George L. Gentzler Jr. Apollo Experiences</a>, by George L. Gentzler Jr. - Gentzler's experiences working on Apollo 7 and 11 in the summers of 1968 and 1969, respectively</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Quest_for_Understanding_Weightlessness" class="mw-redirect" title="First-Hand:A Quest for Understanding Weightlessness">A Quest for Understanding Weightlessness</a>, by Richard Gowen - Gowen's account of leading a research team to develop the capability for the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) to evaluate physiological changes in astronauts that occurred during the weightlessness of zero gravity spaceflight</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Development_of_the_Instrument_Landing_System_Glide_Path" title="First-Hand:Development of the Instrument Landing System Glide Path">Development of the Instrument Landing System Glide Path</a>, by Leon Himmel - An account of Himmel's work at the ITT Federal Laboratories developing a glide path for the instrument landing system. Development work on the equi-signal glide path having a constant rate of descent which was used by the military, and further commercialized for civilian use. It was commissioned by the CAA/Signal Corps.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Lessons_Learned_from_Six_Decades_of_Spacecraft_Guidance_and_Control_Experiences" title="First-Hand:Lessons Learned from Six Decades of Spacecraft Guidance and Control Experiences">Lessons Learned from Six Decades of Spacecraft Guidance and Control Experiences</a>, by Henry C. Hoffman, Jr. - Hoffman details his experiences with NASA since the 1940s.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:ETAK,_an_early_vehicle_navigation_system" title="First-Hand:ETAK, an early vehicle navigation system">ETAK, an early vehicle navigation system</a>, by Stan Honey - An account of Honey's involvement in the development of ETAK, an early vehicle navigation system which predates GPS.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:WWII_Allied_Telecommunications_Systems" title="First-Hand:WWII Allied Telecommunications Systems">WWII Allied Telecommunications Systems</a>, by Julius J. Hupert - A recent graduate of Warsaw Polytechnic when World War II broke out, Hupert discusses his experience in Poland, his escape to France, and the development of a partial-crystal-control frequency generation scheme.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Robert_Alden_Hutchison_Apollo_reminiscences" title="First-Hand:Robert Alden Hutchison Apollo reminiscences">Robert Alden Hutchison Apollo reminiscences</a>, by Robert Alden Hutchison - An account of Hutchinson's work at Dunbar Kapple Aerospace on the pipes on the Apollo rocket for the first stage, 2nd stage, 3rd stage and the moon lander stage</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Black_Magic" title="First-Hand:Black Magic">Black Magic</a>, by Anthony J. Iacono - An anecdote about solving a problem related to the Fuel Quantity System on the A6E aircraft.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Hotter_in_the_Shade" title="First-Hand:Hotter in the Shade">Hotter in the Shade</a>, by Anthony J. Iacono - A brief story about Iacono's work on a particularly hot scenario while performing an EMC Safety of Flight Test.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:John_Jacobs_Apollo_Experience" title="First-Hand:John Jacobs Apollo Experience">John Jacobs Apollo Experience</a>, by John Jacobs - Reminiscences on Jacobs' first job with the Bendix Field Engineering Corporation who had a contract for the maintenance and operation of the NASA Field site in Bermuda.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Kumar_Krishen%27s_Moon_Exploration_Journey" title="First-Hand:Kumar Krishen's Moon Exploration Journey">Kumar Krishen's Moon Exploration Journey</a>, by Kumar Krishen - Reflections on Krishen's 53 years work in space exploration, from his first assignment was identifying his Moon surface material, to his last assignment before retiring analyzing problems in the human exploration of Mars</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Background_of_how_I_became_involved_in_the_Saturn-Apollo_Lunar_Landing_Program" title="First-Hand:Background of how I became involved in the Saturn-Apollo Lunar Landing Program">First-Hand:Background of how I became involved in the Saturn-Apollo Lunar Landing Program</a>, by Walker H. Land - Land's experiences at Huntsville Al from 1964 to 1968</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:BMEWS" title="First-Hand:BMEWS">BMEWS – Ballistic Missile Early Warning System</a>, by Stu Levy - Levy explains how the main objective of the BMEWS was to detect an ICBM attack from the Soviet Union and how it would be electronically connected to NORAD.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Recollections_of_the_Apollo_and_Lunar_Module_simulators" title="First-Hand:Recollections of the Apollo and Lunar Module simulators">Recollections of the Apollo and Lunar Module simulators</a>, by Edward Martin - Recollections of the facility at General Precision-Link’s "Kirkwood Plant" in Binghamton NY</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Climbing_Technical_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="First-Hand:Climbing Technical Mountains">Climbing Technical Mountains</a>, by Bernard Maxum - Maxum provides a lengthy overview of his thirty-year career in the aerospace industry through Project Management, plus twenty years in academia through Professor and Chair of the Electrical Engineering Department at Texas State University</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Adventures_on_the_USS_Intrepid" title="First-Hand:Adventures on the USS Intrepid">Adventures on the USS Intrepid</a>, by John Meredith - This article traces the history of the USS Intrepid, its role in World War II, its voyages in southeast Asia from the 1960s-1970s and primarily focuses upon the Meredith's experiences as a crew member.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Brief_Biography_of_My_Life" title="First-Hand:A Brief Biography of My Life">A Brief Biography of My Life</a>, by Roy Merrill - Merrill provides an account of his life, both professional and personal.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:LearJet,_Auto_Pilot_and_Eight_Tracks" title="First-Hand:LearJet, Auto Pilot and Eight Tracks">LearJet, Auto Pilot and Eight Tracks</a>, by Kenneth Miller - A member of the founding management team at LearJet, Miller discusses his relationship with Lear Inc., where he developed auto pilot systems, eight track tape players and recalls how he got hired by fixing Bill Lear's wire recorder.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Reliability_Engineering_at_GE_Apollo_Support_Department" title="First-Hand:Reliability Engineering at GE Apollo Support Department">Reliability Engineering at GE Apollo Support Department</a>, by Larry Miller - Recollections of Miller's experience as a Reliability Engineer for the GE Apollo Support Department (ASD) in Daytona Beach, FL from April 1964 to Sept. 1966</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Banging_the_Large_Drum_Slowly" title="First-Hand:Banging the Large Drum Slowly">Banging the Large Drum Slowly</a>, by William Merton Nellis - An account of Nellis' experience in working on a project for the Navy which included recording on large drums as a means of delaying analog signals.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:AERA_3_and_the_NAS_Plan:_The_Attempt_to_Automate_ATC,_1981-1994" title="First-Hand:AERA 3 and the NAS Plan: The Attempt to Automate ATC, 1981-1994">AERA 3 and the NAS Plan: The Attempt to Automate ATC, 1981-1994</a>, by Gary G. Nelson - This memoir records Nelson's participation at the Mitre Corporation in the benefit-cost (B-C) analysis of the Advanced Automation System (AAS) component of the National Airspace System (NAS) Plan and development of Automated En Route Air Traffic Control (AERA) phase 3 (AERA 3).</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Apollo_1_Disaster_Tape_Analysis_by_Bell_Telephone_Laboratories,_Incorporated" title="First-Hand:Apollo 1 Disaster Tape Analysis by Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated">Apollo 1 Disaster Tape Analysis by Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated</a>, by A. Michael Noll - An account of the Bell Labs analysis of the tape recordings from the fatal Apollo 1 disaster.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Right_Brain_Romantic%27s_Memories_of_Satellites_and_Deep_Space_Probes" title="First-Hand:A Right Brain Romantic's Memories of Satellites and Deep Space Probes">A Right Brain Romantic's Memories of Satellites and Deep Space Probes</a>, by George D. O’Clock - An account of O'Clock's work on a frequency upconverter and the Pioneer 10 and 11 deep space probe system at TRW Systems Group.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:To_Randomize_or_Not_to_Randomize_Should_Not_Be_A_Question" title="First-Hand:To Randomize or Not to Randomize Should Not Be A Question">To Randomize or Not to Randomize Should Not Be A Question</a>, by John O’Donnell - An account of how things can go wrong when following poorly written standards, regarding NASA’s Terra spacecraft, the flagship of its polar-orbiting Earth Observing System fleet of remote sensing spacecraft</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Saturn_V_ground_support_computer_reminiscences" title="First-Hand:Saturn V ground support computer reminiscences">Saturn V ground support computer reminiscences</a>, by Richard Reis - An account of Reis' work on the Saturn Ground Support computer at RCA</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Lunar_Module_(LM)_Full_Mission_Engineering_Simulator_(FMES)" title="First-Hand:The Lunar Module (LM) Full Mission Engineering Simulator (FMES)">The Lunar Module (LM) Full Mission Engineering Simulator (FMES)</a>, by John H (Jack) Sachleben - The author discusses his role in the development of the FMES at Grumman.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Brush_With_History" title="First-Hand:My Brush With History">My Brush With History</a>, by Helmut Schrank - An account of Schrank meeting Joe Lockhart and Mitsuo Fuchida, two major players in the Pearl Harbor bombing.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Astronaut_Training_on_Lunar_Landing_Training_Vehicles_(LLTVs)" title="First-Hand:Astronaut Training on Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTVs)">Astronaut Training on Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTVs)</a>, by Henry A. Siemienowski - Siemienowski's recollections of training several astronauts, including Neil Armstrong, Charles “Pete” Conrad and David Scott, in the use of Lunar Landing Training Vehicles</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Technical_Career" title="First-Hand:My Technical Career">My Technical Career</a>, by Sherry Sisson - An account of Sisson's career at Bell Labs, where she was hired to develop software for the first Electronic Switching System, her termination when she became pregnant, and later employment at Hewlett-Packard in various positions</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Young_Engineer_Puts_Mechanical_Expertise_to_Use_in_WWII" title="First-Hand:Young Engineer Puts Mechanical Expertise to Use in WWII">Young Engineer Puts Mechanical Expertise to Use in WWII</a>, by Jack Staller - A brief account of Staller's entrance into the military as an electrical engineer after formal training in mechanical engineering.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Apollo_Project_by_Stavroulakis" title="First-Hand:Apollo Project by Stavroulakis">Apollo Project by Stavroulakis</a>, by Peter Stavroulakis - Details of Stavroulakis' research activities on satellite communications used in a domestic Iranian satellite system</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Espionage_and_Engineering_in_WWII-Era_Finland" title="First-Hand:Espionage and Engineering in WWII-Era Finland">Espionage and Engineering in WWII-Era Finland</a>, by Harry E. Stockman - Stockman describes his experiences analyzing a Soviet transceiver that was recovered from a downed aircraft.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:My_Saturn_5_Experiences" title="First-Hand:My Saturn 5 Experiences">My Saturn 5 Experiences</a>, by Darrell Tesdall - A recollection of Tesdall's role at Douglas Aircraft designing the Saturn 5 rocket.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Professor_Turns_%27Expert_in_Space_Communications%27" title="First-Hand:Professor Turns 'Expert in Space Communications'">Professor Turns 'Expert in Space Communications'</a>, by Fred J. Tischer - Tischer recalls how he was approached by NASA for employment in 1962.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Research_and_Development_in_Missile_Tracking_and_Jet_Propulsion" title="First-Hand:Research and Development in Missile Tracking and Jet Propulsion">Research and Development in Missile Tracking and Jet Propulsion</a>, by Marvin Udevitz - An overview of Udevitz's career spanning from Missile Ranging and Navigation (MIRAN) to Mission Operations team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratories (JPL).</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Trident_Submarine_Communication_System_and_Other_Innovations_in_Electronics_and_Communications_Engineering" title="First-Hand:The Trident Submarine Communication System and Other Innovations in Electronics and Communications Engineering">The Trident Submarine Communication System and Other Innovations in Electronics and Communications Engineering</a>, by Elias Weinberger - Graduating from high school in the middle of the Great Depression, Weinberger experienced a lengthy military career and received his degree in electrical engineering after World War II.</li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:The_Loon_and_the_Lark" title="First-Hand:The Loon and the Lark">The Loon and the Lark</a>, by Howard Wilson - Wilson discusses his experiences working as an engineer in the Army in the 1950s in the electrical modification shop, modifying German V-1 buzzbombs into the army Loon missile, and subsequent development of the LARK missile.</li></ul>    </div></div><div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ethw.org/w/index.php?title=First-Hand:List_of_First_Hand_Histories&oldid=202929">https://ethw.org/w/index.php?title=First-Hand:List_of_First_Hand_Histories&oldid=202929</a>"</div>   <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <p><div id="banner-slideshow"><a href="https://www.aiaa.org/SciTech" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-1" style="display: none;"></a><a href="https://www.smeannualconference.com/" 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src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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