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1.1.4-5.2-10-8.2-13.5-10-11.1-5.2-30-15.3-35-27.3-2.5-6 2.8-13.8 9.4-13.6 6.9.2 13.4 7 17.5 12C70.9 34 75 43.8 86.3 47.4z"/> </svg> nLab higher category theory and physics </h1> <div class="navigation"> <a href='#navEnd'>Skip the Navigation Links</a> | <a href="/nlab/show/HomePage" accesskey="H" title="Home page">Home Page</a> | <a href="/nlab/all_pages" accesskey="A" title="List of all pages">All Pages</a> | <a href="/nlab/latest_revisions" accesskey="U" title="Latest edits and page creations">Latest Revisions</a> | <a href="https://nforum.ncatlab.org/discussion/1995/#Item_15" title="Discuss this page in its dedicated thread on the nForum" style="color: black">Discuss this page</a> | <form accept-charset="utf-8" action="/nlab/search" id="navigationSearchForm" method="get"> <fieldset class="search"><input type="text" id="searchField" name="query" value="Search" style="display:inline-block; float: left;" onfocus="this.value == 'Search' ? this.value = '' : true" onblur="this.value == '' ? this.value = 'Search' : true" /></fieldset> </form> </div> <div id="revision"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head><meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="application/xhtml+xml;charset=utf-8" /><title>Contents</title></head> <body> <div class="rightHandSide"> <div class="toc clickDown" tabindex="0"> <h3 id="context">Context</h3> <h4 id="physics">Physics</h4> <div class="hide"><div> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/physics">physics</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/mathematical+physics">mathematical physics</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/philosophy+of+physics">philosophy of physics</a> <h2 id="surveys_textbooks_and_lecture_notes">Surveys, textbooks and lecture notes</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+category+theory+and+physics">(higher) category theory and physics</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/geometry+of+physics">geometry of physics</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/books+and+reviews+in+mathematical+physics">books and reviews</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/physics+resources">physics resources</a> </li> </ul> <hr /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/theory+%28physics%29">theory (physics)</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/model+%28physics%29">model (physics)</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/experiment">experiment</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/measurement">measurement</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/computable+physics">computable physics</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/mechanics">mechanics</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/mass">mass</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charge">charge</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/momentum">momentum</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/angular+momentum">angular momentum</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/moment+of+inertia">moment of inertia</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dynamics+on+Lie+groups">dynamics on Lie groups</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/rigid+body+dynamics">rigid body dynamics</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+%28physics%29">field (physics)</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lagrangian+mechanics">Lagrangian mechanics</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/configuration+space">configuration space</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/state">state</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/action+functional">action functional</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lagrangian">Lagrangian</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/covariant+phase+space">covariant phase space</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Euler-Lagrange+equations">Euler-Lagrange equations</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Hamiltonian+mechanics">Hamiltonian mechanics</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/phase+space">phase space</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/symplectic+geometry">symplectic geometry</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Poisson+manifold">Poisson manifold</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/symplectic+manifold">symplectic manifold</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/symplectic+groupoid">symplectic groupoid</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/multisymplectic+geometry">multisymplectic geometry</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/n-symplectic+manifold">n-symplectic manifold</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spacetime">spacetime</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/smooth+Lorentzian+manifold">smooth Lorentzian manifold</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/special+relativity">special relativity</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/general+relativity">general relativity</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gravity">gravity</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity">supergravity</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dilaton+gravity">dilaton gravity</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/black+hole">black hole</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/classical+field+theory">Classical field theory</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/classical+physics">classical physics</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/classical+mechanics">classical mechanics</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/waves">waves</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/optics">optics</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+mechanics">Quantum Mechanics</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+mechanics+in+terms+of+dagger-compact+categories">in terms of ∞-compact categories</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+information">quantum information</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Hamiltonian+operator">Hamiltonian operator</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/density+matrix">density matrix</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Kochen-Specker+theorem">Kochen-Specker theorem</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Bell%27s+theorem">Bell's theorem</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Gleason%27s+theorem">Gleason's theorem</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantization">Quantization</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/geometric+quantization">geometric quantization</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/deformation+quantization">deformation quantization</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/path+integral">path integral quantization</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/semiclassical+approximation">semiclassical approximation</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+field+theory">Quantum Field Theory</a> <ul> <li> Axiomatizations <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/AQFT">algebraic QFT</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Wightman+axioms">Wightman axioms</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Haag-Kastler+axioms">Haag-Kastler axioms</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/operator+algebra">operator algebra</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/local+net">local net</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/conformal+net">conformal net</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Reeh-Schlieder+theorem">Reeh-Schlieder theorem</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Osterwalder-Schrader+theorem">Osterwalder-Schrader theorem</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/PCT+theorem">PCT theorem</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Bisognano-Wichmann+theorem">Bisognano-Wichmann theorem</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/modular+theory">modular theory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spin-statistics+theorem">spin-statistics theorem</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/boson">boson</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fermion">fermion</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/FQFT">functorial QFT</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cobordism">cobordism</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2Cn%29-category+of+cobordisms">(∞,n)-category of cobordisms</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cobordism+hypothesis">cobordism hypothesis</a>-theorem </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/extended+topological+quantum+field+theory">extended topological quantum field theory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> Tools <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/perturbative+quantum+field+theory">perturbative quantum field theory</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/vacuum">vacuum</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/effective+quantum+field+theory">effective quantum field theory</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/renormalization">renormalization</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/BV-BRST+formalism">BV-BRST formalism</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/geometric+%E2%88%9E-function+theory">geometric ∞-function theory</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/particle+physics">particle physics</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/phenomenology">phenomenology</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/model+%28in+particle+phyiscs%29">models</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fields+and+quanta+-+table">fields and quanta</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/GUT">Grand Unified Theories</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/MSSM">MSSM</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/scattering+amplitude">scattering amplitude</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/on-shell+recursion">on-shell recursion</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/KLT+relations">KLT relations</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> Structural phenomena <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/universality+class">universality class</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+anomaly">quantum anomaly</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Green-Schwarz+mechanism">Green-Schwarz mechanism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/instanton">instanton</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spontaneously+broken+symmetry">spontaneously broken symmetry</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Kaluza-Klein+mechanism">Kaluza-Klein mechanism</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/integrable+systems">integrable systems</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/holonomic+quantum+fields">holonomic quantum fields</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> Types of quantum field thories <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/TQFT">TQFT</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/2d+TQFT">2d TQFT</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dijkgraaf-Witten+theory">Dijkgraaf-Witten theory</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern-Simons+theory">Chern-Simons theory</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/TCFT">TCFT</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/A-model">A-model</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/B-model">B-model</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/homological+mirror+symmetry">homological mirror symmetry</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/QFT+with+defects">QFT with defects</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/conformal+field+theory">conformal field theory</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%281%2C1%29-dimensional+Euclidean+field+theories+and+K-theory">(1,1)-dimensional Euclidean field theories and K-theory</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%282%2C1%29-dimensional+Euclidean+field+theory">(2,1)-dimensional Euclidean field theory and elliptic cohomology</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/CFT">CFT</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/WZW+model">WZW model</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/6d+%282%2C0%29-supersymmetric+QFT">6d (2,0)-supersymmetric QFT</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+theory">gauge theory</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+strength">field strength</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+group">gauge group</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+transformation">gauge transformation</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+fixing">gauge fixing</a> </li> <li> examples <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electromagnetic+field">electromagnetic field</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/QED">QED</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electric+charge">electric charge</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/magnetic+charge">magnetic charge</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+field">Yang-Mills field</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/QCD">QCD</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+theory">Yang-Mills theory</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spinors+in+Yang-Mills+theory">spinors in Yang-Mills theory</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/topological+Yang-Mills+theory">topological Yang-Mills theory</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Kalb-Ramond+field">Kalb-Ramond field</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity+C-field">supergravity C-field</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/RR+field">RR field</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/first-order+formulation+of+gravity">first-order formulation of gravity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/general+covariance">general covariance</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity">supergravity</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/D%27Auria-Fre+formulation+of+supergravity">D'Auria-Fre formulation of supergravity</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gravity+as+a+BF-theory">gravity as a BF-theory</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/sigma-model">sigma-model</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/particle">particle</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/relativistic+particle">relativistic particle</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fundamental+particle">fundamental particle</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spinning+particle">spinning particle</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/superparticle">superparticle</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string">string</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spinning+string">spinning string</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/superstring">superstring</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/membrane">membrane</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/AKSZ+theory">AKSZ theory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+theory">String Theory</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+theory+results+applied+elsewhere">string theory results applied elsewhere</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/number+theory+and+physics">number theory and physics</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Riemann+hypothesis+and+physics">Riemann hypothesis and physics</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div> <a href="/nlab/edit/physicscontents">Edit this sidebar</a> </div></div></div> <h4 id="category_theory">Category theory</h4> <div class="hide"><div> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/category+theory">category theory</a> <h2 id="sidebar_concepts">Concepts</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/category">category</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/functor">functor</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/natural+transformation">natural transformation</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Cat">Cat</a> </li> </ul> <h2 id="sidebar_universal_constructions">Universal constructions</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/universal+construction">universal construction</a> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/representable+functor">representable functor</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/adjoint+functor">adjoint functor</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/limit">limit</a>/<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/colimit">colimit</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/weighted+limit">weighted limit</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/end">end</a>/<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/coend">coend</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Kan+extension">Kan extension</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="sidebar_theorems">Theorems</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yoneda+lemma">Yoneda lemma</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Isbell+duality">Isbell duality</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Grothendieck+construction">Grothendieck construction</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/adjoint+functor+theorem">adjoint functor theorem</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/monadicity+theorem">monadicity theorem</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/adjoint+lifting+theorem">adjoint lifting theorem</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Tannaka+duality">Tannaka duality</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Gabriel-Ulmer+duality">Gabriel-Ulmer duality</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/small+object+argument">small object argument</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Freyd-Mitchell+embedding+theorem">Freyd-Mitchell embedding theorem</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/relation+between+type+theory+and+category+theory">relation between type theory and category theory</a> </li> </ul> <h2 id="sidebar_extensions">Extensions</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/sheaf+and+topos+theory">sheaf and topos theory</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/enriched+category+theory">enriched category theory</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+category+theory">higher category theory</a> </li> </ul> <h2 id="sidebar_applications">Applications</h2> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/applications+of+%28higher%29+category+theory">applications of (higher) category theory</a></li> </ul> <div> <a href="/nlab/edit/category+theory+-+contents">Edit this sidebar</a> </div></div></div> <h4 id="higher_category_theory">Higher category theory</h4> <div class="hide"><div> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+category+theory">higher category theory</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/category+theory">category theory</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/homotopy+theory">homotopy theory</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="basic_concepts">Basic concepts</h2> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/k-morphism">k-morphism</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/coherence">coherence</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/looping+and+delooping">looping and delooping</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/stabilization">looping and suspension</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="basic_theorems">Basic theorems</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/homotopy+hypothesis">homotopy hypothesis</a>-theorem </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/delooping+hypothesis">delooping hypothesis</a>-theorem </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/periodic+table">periodic table</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/stabilization+hypothesis">stabilization hypothesis</a>-theorem </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/michaelshulman/show/exactness+hypothesis">exactness hypothesis</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/holographic+principle+of+higher+category+theory">holographic principle</a> </li> </ul> <h2 id="applications">Applications</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/applications+of+%28higher%29+category+theory">applications of (higher) category theory</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+category+theory+and+physics">higher category theory and physics</a> </li> </ul> <h2 id="models">Models</h2> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28n%2Cr%29-category">(n,r)-category</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Theta-space">Theta-space</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-category">∞-category</a>/<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-category">∞-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2Cn%29-category">(∞,n)-category</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/n-fold+complete+Segal+space">n-fold complete Segal space</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2C2%29-category">(∞,2)-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-category">(∞,1)-category</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quasi-category">quasi-category</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/algebraic+quasi-category">algebraic quasi-category</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/simplicially+enriched+category">simplicially enriched category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/complete+Segal+space">complete Segal space</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/model+category">model category</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2C0%29-category">(∞,0)-category</a>/<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-groupoid">∞-groupoid</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Kan+complex">Kan complex</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/algebraic+Kan+complex">algebraic Kan complex</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/simplicial+T-complex">simplicial T-complex</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2CZ%29-category">(∞,Z)-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/n-category">n-category</a> = (n,n)-category <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/2-category">2-category</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%282%2C1%29-category">(2,1)-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/1-category">1-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/0-category">0-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28-1%29-category">(-1)-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28-2%29-category">(-2)-category</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/n-poset">n-poset</a> = <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/n-poset">(n-1,n)-category</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/poset">poset</a> = <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%280%2C1%29-category">(0,1)-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/2-poset">2-poset</a> = <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%281%2C2%29-category">(1,2)-category</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/n-groupoid">n-groupoid</a> = (n,0)-category <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/2-groupoid">2-groupoid</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/3-groupoid">3-groupoid</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/categorification">categorification</a>/<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/decategorification">decategorification</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/geometric+definition+of+higher+category">geometric definition of higher category</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Kan+complex">Kan complex</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quasi-category">quasi-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/simplicial+model+for+weak+%E2%88%9E-categories">simplicial model for weak ∞-categories</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/complicial+set">complicial set</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/weak+complicial+set">weak complicial set</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/algebraic+definition+of+higher+category">algebraic definition of higher category</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bicategory">bicategory</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bigroupoid">bigroupoid</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tricategory">tricategory</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tetracategory">tetracategory</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strict+%E2%88%9E-category">strict ∞-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Batanin+%E2%88%9E-category">Batanin ∞-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Trimble+n-category">Trimble ∞-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Grothendieck-Maltsiniotis+%E2%88%9E-categories">Grothendieck-Maltsiniotis ∞-categories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/stable+homotopy+theory">stable homotopy theory</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/symmetric+monoidal+category">symmetric monoidal category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/symmetric+monoidal+%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-category">symmetric monoidal (∞,1)-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/stable+%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-category">stable (∞,1)-category</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dg-category">dg-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/A-%E2%88%9E+category">A-∞ category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/triangulated+category">triangulated category</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="morphisms">Morphisms</h2> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/k-morphism">k-morphism</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/2-morphism">2-morphism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/transfor">transfor</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/natural+transformation">natural transformation</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/modification">modification</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="functors">Functors</h2> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/functor">functor</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/2-functor">2-functor</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/pseudofunctor">pseudofunctor</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/lax+functor">lax functor</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-functor">(∞,1)-functor</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="universal_constructions">Universal constructions</h2> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/2-limit">2-limit</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/adjoint+%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-functor">(∞,1)-adjunction</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-Kan+extension">(∞,1)-Kan extension</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/limit+in+a+quasi-category">(∞,1)-limit</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-Grothendieck+construction">(∞,1)-Grothendieck construction</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="extra_properties_and_structure">Extra properties and structure</h2> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cosmic+cube">cosmic cube</a> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/k-tuply+monoidal+n-category">k-tuply monoidal n-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strict+%E2%88%9E-category">strict ∞-category</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strict+%E2%88%9E-groupoid">strict ∞-groupoid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/stable+%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-category">stable (∞,1)-category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-topos">(∞,1)-topos</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="1categorical_presentations">1-categorical presentations</h2> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/homotopical+category">homotopical category</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/model+category">model category theory</a></li> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/enriched+category+theory">enriched category theory</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </div> </div> This entry lists aspects of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fundamental+physics">fundamental physics</a> from the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/nPOV">nPOV</a>: its description in terms of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/category+theory">category theory</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+category+theory">higher category theory</a>. For a more coherent exposition, starting with introduction of the very basics, see also at <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/geometry+of+physics">geometry of physics</a>. <h1 id="contents">Contents</h1> <div class='maruku_toc'> <ul> <li><a href='#BasicStructures'>The basic structures</a></li> <ul> <li><a href='#Fundamentals'>Dynamics in space</a></li> <li><a href='#quantum_dynamics'>Quantum dynamics</a></li> <li><a href='#quantization'>Quantization</a></li> </ul> <li><a href='#the_detailed_structures'>The detailed structures</a></li> <ul> <li><a href='#GaugeTheory'>Gauge theory</a></li> <ul> <li><a href='#GaugeTheoryIntroduction'>Introduction</a></li> <li><a href='#ClassesOfExamples'>Classes of examples</a></li> <ul> <li><a href='#generalized_yangmills_theory'>Generalized Yang-Mills theory</a></li> <li><a href='#chernsimons_theory'><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mn>∞</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\infty</annotation></semantics></math>-Chern-Simons theory</a></li> <li><a href='#gravity'>Gravity</a></li> </ul> </ul> <li><a href='#phenomenological_models_the_standard_model_and_gravity'>Phenomenological models: the standard model and gravity</a></li> <ul> <li><a href='#SpecStandModAndGravity'>Spectral standard model and gravity</a></li> </ul> </ul> <li><a href='#RelatedIntroductions'>Related introductions</a></li> <li><a href='#references'>References</a></li> <ul> <li><a href='#CatsinPhysics'>Introductions to category theory in physics</a></li> <li><a href='#introductions_to_higher_category_theory_and_physics'>Introductions to higher category theory and physics</a></li> <li><a href='#monographs_on_cohomology_and_higher_gauge_theory'>Monographs on cohomology and higher gauge theory</a></li> <li><a href='#on_formal_quantum_field_theory'>On formal quantum field theory</a></li> <ul> <li><a href='#FQFTReferences'>FQFT</a></li> <ul> <li><a href='#FunctorialSpectral'>On functorial spectral geometry</a></li> </ul> <li><a href='#AQFTReferences'>AQFT</a></li> </ul> <li><a href='#LitOnQuantization'>On the quantization procedure</a></li> <li><a href='#on_gauge_fields_and_differential_cohomology'>On gauge fields and differential cohomology</a></li> <li><a href='#RefsOnToposTheoreticPhysics'>On topos-theoretic formulations of physics</a></li> <ul> <li><a href='#gros_toposes'>Gros toposes</a></li> <li><a href='#petit_toposes'>Petit toposes</a></li> </ul> <li><a href='#InPhenomenology'>In phenomenology and experimental physics</a></li> </ul> </ul> </div> <h2 id="BasicStructures">The basic structures</h2> We discuss the setting in which fundamental physics takes place. <h3 id="Fundamentals">Dynamics in space</h3> Physics is dynamics in spaces . <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+topos+theory">Higher topos theory</a> provides the formalizations of this most fundamental aspect of physics. <ul> <li> A general context for <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/space">space</a>s is a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/big+topos">big</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-topos">(∞,1)-topos</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>H</mi></mstyle></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbf{H}</annotation></semantics></math>. </li> <li> A general context for <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+geometry">geometrical</a> spaces is a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/local+%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-topos">local (∞,1)-topos</a>. </li> <li> A general context for geometrical spaces and processes in these spaces is a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cohesive+%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-topos">cohesive (∞,1)-topos</a>. </li> </ul> An example of relevance for much of physics is the cohesive <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>∞</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(\infty,1)</annotation></semantics></math>-topos <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>H</mi></mstyle><mo>=</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbf{H} = </annotation></semantics></math> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9ELieGrpd">∞LieGrpd</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Lie+groupoid">∞-Lie groupoid</a>s. This contains <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/smooth+manifold">smooth manifold</a>s; </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/orbifold">orbifold</a>s; </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/diffeological+space">diffeological space</a>s; </li> <li> smooth <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/path+space">path space</a>s; </li> </ul> In its <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Cahiers+topos">Cahiers topos</a>-version it contains also <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/infinitesimal+space">infinitesimal space</a>s; </li> <li> such as <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Lie+algebroid">∞-Lie algebroid</a>s. </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/de+Rham+space">de Rham space</a>s, smooth <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/D-module">D-module</a>s; </li> </ul> In its full <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/derived+geometry">derived geometry</a>-version it contains also <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/derived+%E2%88%9E-Lie+algebroid">derived ∞-Lie algebroid</a>s such as the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/BV-BRST+complex">BV-BRST complex</a>es of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+theories">gauge theories</a>.</li> </ul> Every <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>∞</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(\infty,1)</annotation></semantics></math>-topos comes with its intrinsic notion of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cohomology">cohomology</a>. This encodes kinematics in physics. Such as <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/orientation">orientation</a>; <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spin+structure">spin structure</a>s; <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+structure">string structure</a>s, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fivebrane+structure">fivebrane structure</a>s. Every cohesive <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>∞</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(\infty,1)</annotation></semantics></math>-topos is in particular a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/locally+%E2%88%9E-connected+%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-topos">locally ∞-connected (∞,1)-topos</a>. For these their intrinsic cohomology refines to <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/schreiber/show/differential+cohomology+in+an+%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-topos">differential cohomology in an (∞,1)-topos</a> classifying <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connections+on+%E2%88%9E-bundles">connections on ∞-bundles</a>. This encodes dynamics in physics: a connection on a principal <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mn>∞</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\infty</annotation></semantics></math>-bundle is a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+field">gauge field</a> which exerts <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/force">force</a>s. Such as: <ul> <li>the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electromagnetic+field">electromagnetic field</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+field">Yang-Mills field</a>, the field of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gravity">gravity</a>, of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity">supergravity</a>, the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Kalb-Ramond+field">Kalb-Ramond field</a>, the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity+C-field">supergravity C-field</a>, the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/RR-field">RR-field</a>.</li> </ul> In every such connected <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>∞</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(\infty,1)</annotation></semantics></math>-topos every <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/characteristic+class">characteristic class</a> gives rise to its <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Chern-Weil+homomorphism">∞-Chern-Weil homomorphism</a> that sends gauge fields encoded as <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connections+on+%E2%88%9E-bundles">∞-connections</a> on <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+%E2%88%9E-bundles">principal ∞-bundles</a> to <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/circle+n-bundles+with+connection">circle n-bundles with connection</a>. Such as: <ul> <li>the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern-Simons+circle+3-bundle">Chern-Simons circle 3-bundle</a> known from the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Green-Schwarz+mechanism">Green-Schwarz mechanism</a> or the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern-Simons+circle+7-bundle">Chern-Simons circle 7-bundle</a> known from <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dual+heterotic+string+theory">dual heterotic string theory</a>.</li> </ul> Under the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+parallel+transport">higher parallel transport</a> of these circle <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</annotation></semantics></math>-bundles with connection, this assignment is the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/action+functional">action functional</a> for the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/schreiber/show/%E2%88%9E-Chern-Simons+theory">∞-Chern-Simons theory</a> of the corresponding characteristic class. This includes as special cases various <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/sigma-model">sigma-model</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+field+theories">quantum field theories</a> such as: <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dijkgraaf-Witten+theory">Dijkgraaf-Witten theory</a>, ordinary <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern-Simons+theory">Chern-Simons theory</a>, all versions of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/AKSZ+theory">AKSZ theory</a>, (Chern-Simons-)<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity">supergravity</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/BF-theory">BF-theory</a> coupled to <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/topological+Yang-Mills+theory">topological Yang-Mills theory</a> with cosmological constant.</li> </ul> These are all <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/topological+quantum+field+theories">topological quantum field theories</a>. But by the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/holographic+principle+of+higher+category+theory">holographic principle of higher category theory</a> we have that on their boundaries live non-topological theories: <ul> <li> on the boundary of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern-Simons+theory">Chern-Simons theory</a> sits the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Wess-Zumino-Witten+model">Wess-Zumino-Witten model</a>. </li> <li> on the boundary of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/A-model">A-model</a> sits the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> dynamics of any classical <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/symplectic+manifold">symplectic</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/phase+space">phase space</a> and on the boundary of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Poisson+sigma-model">Poisson sigma-model</a> that of a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Poisson+manifold">Poisson manifold</a> phase space. </li> </ul> <h3 id="quantum_dynamics">Quantum dynamics</h3> The <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> associated with such <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/sigma-model">sigma-model</a>s is the collection of data given by <ul> <li> on each closed piece <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Σ</mi> <mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Sigma_{d-n}</annotation></semantics></math> of worldvolume <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cobordism">cobordism</a> of codimension <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</annotation></semantics></math> the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/n-vector+space">n-vector space</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/state">state</a>s of the system; </li> <li> on each piece with boundary <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo>∂</mo><msub><mi>Σ</mi> <mi>in</mi></msub><mo>→</mo><mi>Σ</mi><mo>←</mo><mo>∂</mo><msub><mi>Σ</mi> <mi>out</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\partial \Sigma_{in} \to \Sigma \leftarrow \partial \Sigma_{out}</annotation></semantics></math> a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/morphism">morphism</a> between these <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</annotation></semantics></math>-vector spaces encoding the propagation of states; </li> <li> on each open subset <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>U</mi><mo>⊂</mo><mi>Σ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">U \subset \Sigma</annotation></semantics></math> the algebra of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/observable">observable</a>s . </li> </ul> Two dual formalizations axiomatize this: <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/AQFT">AQFT</a>/<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/factorization+algebra">factorization algebra</a>s: the assignment of algebras of observables is encoded in an <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-presheaf">(∞,n)-copresheaf</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-algebra">∞-algebra</a>s on <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>Σ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Sigma</annotation></semantics></math> with suitable properties; </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/FQFT">FQFT</a>: the assignment of spaces of states and propagators is encoded in an <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2Cn%29-functor">(∞,n)-functor</a> on the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2Cn%29-category+of+cobordisms">(∞,n)-category of cobordisms</a> (see <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cobordism+hypothesis">cobordism hypothesis</a>). </li> </ul> Well-understood examples of such quantum field theories include <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/AQFT">AQFT</a>: <ul> <li> 2-dimensional <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/conformal+field+theory">conformal field theory</a> by <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/conformal+net">conformal net</a>s and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/vertex+operator+algebra">vertex operator algebra</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/topological+chiral+homology">topological chiral homology</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/FQFT">FQFT</a>: <ul> <li> 2-dimensional <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/conformal+field+theory">conformal field theory</a> (see <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/FFRS-formalism">FFRS-formalism</a>) </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/TCFT">TCFT</a>s (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-category">(∞,1)-category</a>-formulations of 2d <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/TQFT">TQFT</a>): the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/A-model">A-model</a>, the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/B-model">B-model</a>, their duality under <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/homological+mirror+symmetry">homological mirror symmetry</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="quantization">Quantization</h3> By the above there is a fairly well-developed formalization of <ol> <li> background <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+field">gauge field</a>s and their <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/sigma-model">sigma-model</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/action+functional">action functional</a>; </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+field+theories">quantum field theories</a>. </li> </ol> The idea is that the former induce examples of the latter by a process called <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantization">quantization</a>. This is imagined to be given by a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/path+integral">path integral</a> over the action functional. This step in full generality is not yet well understood formally. For a list of literature addressing this problem see <a href="#LitOnQuantization">Literature on quantization</a>. But special aspects of quantization are quite well understood. See for instance <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/deformation+quantization">deformation quantization</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/geometric+quantization">geometric quantization</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/multisymplectic+geometry">multisymplectic geometry</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Hopf-algebraic+renormalization">Hopf-algebraic renormalization</a> </li> </ul> <h2 id="the_detailed_structures">The detailed structures</h2> We look at some aspects of the <a href="#BasicStructures">above</a> general abstract story in more detail. <h3 id="GaugeTheory">Gauge theory</h3> <h4 id="GaugeTheoryIntroduction">Introduction</h4> The discovery of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+theory">gauge theory</a> is effectively the discovery of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/groupoid">groupoid</a>s in fundamental physics. The notion of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+transformation">gauge transformation</a> is close to synonymous to the notion <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/isomorphism">isomorphism</a> and more generally to <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/equivalence+in+an+%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-category">equivalence in an (∞,1)-category</a> . From a modern point of view, the mathematical model for a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+field">gauge field</a> in physics is a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cocycle">cocycle</a> in (nonabelian) <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/differential+cohomology">differential cohomology</a>: a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+bundle">principal bundle</a> with <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+a+bundle">connection</a> and its higher analogs. These naturally do not form just a set, but a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/groupoid">groupoid</a> and generally an <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-groupoid">∞-groupoid</a>, whose morphisms are gauge transformations, and higher morphisms are gauge-of-gauge transformations. The development of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/differential+cohomology">differential cohomology</a> has to a fair extent been motivated by and influenced by its application to fundamental theoretical physics in general and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+theory">gauge theory</a> in particular. Around 1850 Maxwell realized that the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+strength">field strength</a> of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electromagnetic+field">electromagnetic field</a> is modeled by what today we call a closed <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/differential+form">differential 2-form</a> on <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spacetime">spacetime</a>. In the 1930s Dirac observed that more precisely this 2-form is the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/curvature">curvature</a> 2-form of a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/circle+group">U(1)</a>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+bundle">principal bundle</a> with <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+a+bundle">connection</a>, hence that the electromagnetic field is modeled by what today is called a degree 2-cocycle in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/ordinary+differential+cohomology">ordinary differential cohomology</a> . Meanwhile, in 1915, Einstein had identified also the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+strength">field strength</a> of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gravity">field of gravity</a> as the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔰𝔬</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{so}(d,1)</annotation></semantics></math>-valued curvature 2-form of the canonical <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/orthogonal+group">O(d,1)</a>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+bundle">principal bundle</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+a+bundle">with connection</a> on a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d+1</annotation></semantics></math>-dimensional <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spacetime">spacetime</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lorentzian+manifold">Lorentzian manifold</a>. This is a cocycle in differential <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/nonabelian+cohomology">nonabelian cohomology</a>: in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern-Weil+theory">Chern-Weil theory</a>. In the 1950s <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+theory">Yang-Mills theory</a> identified the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+strength">field strength</a> of all the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+field">gauge field</a>s in the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a> as the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔲</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{u}(n)</annotation></semantics></math>-valued <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/curvature">curvature</a> 2-forms of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/unitary+group">U(n)</a>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+bundle">principal bundle</a>s <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+a+bundle">with connection</a>. This is again a cocycle in differential <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/nonabelian+cohomology">nonabelian cohomology</a>. <div class="standout"> Entities of ordinary <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+theory">gauge theory</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+algebra">Lie algebra</a><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔤</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{g}</annotation></semantics></math> with <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+group">gauge</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+group">Lie group</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</annotation></semantics></math> – <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+a+bundle">connection</a> with values in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔤</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{g}</annotation></semantics></math> on <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</annotation></semantics></math>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+bundle">principal bundle</a> over a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/smooth+manifold">smooth manifold</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X</annotation></semantics></math>. </div> It is noteworthy that already in this mathematical formulation of experimentally well-confirmed fundamental physics the seed of higher differential cohomology is hidden: Dirac had not only identified the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electromagnetic+field">electromagnetic field</a> as a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/line+bundle">line bundle</a> with connection, but he also correctly identified (rephrased in modern language) its underlying cohomological <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern+class">Chern class</a> with the (physically hypothetical but formally inevitable) <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/magnetic+charge">magnetic charge</a> located in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spacetime">spacetime</a>. But in order to make sense of this, he had to resort to removing the support of the magnetic charge density from the spacetime manifold, because Maxwell’s equations imply that at the support of any magnetic charge the 2-form representing the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+strength">field strength</a> of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electromagnetic+field">electromagnetic field</a> is in fact not closed and hence in particular not the curvature 2-form of an ordinary connection on an ordinary bundle. In (<a href="#Freed">Freed</a>) this old argument was improved by refining the model for the electromagnetic field one more step: <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dan+Freed">Dan Freed</a> notices that the charge current 3-form is itself to be regarded as a curvature, but for a connection on a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/circle+n-bundle+with+connection">circle 2-bundle with connection</a> – also called a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bundle+gerbe">bundle gerbe</a> – , which is a cocycle in degree 3 <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/ordinary+differential+cohomology">ordinary differential cohomology</a>. Accordingly, the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electromagnetic+field">electromagnetic field</a> is fundamentally not quite a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/line+bundle">line bundle</a>, but a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/twisted+bundle">twisted bundle</a> with connection, with the twist being the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/magnetic+charge">magnetic charge</a> 3-cocycle. Freed shows that this perspective is inevitable for understanding the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+anomaly">quantum anomaly</a> of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/action+functional">action functional</a> for <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> is the presence of magnetic charge. In summary, the experimentally verified models, to date, of fundamental physics are based on the notion of (twisted) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">U(n)</annotation></semantics></math>-principal bundles with connection for the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+field">Yang-Mills field</a> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>O</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">O(d,1)</annotation></semantics></math>-principal bundles with connection for the description of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gravity">gravity</a>, hence on nonabelian differential cohomology in degree 2 (possibly with a degree-3 twist). In attempts to better understand the structure of these two theories and their interrelation, theoretical physicists were led to consider variations and generalizations of them that are known as <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity">supergravity</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+theory">string theory</a>. In these theories the notion of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+field">gauge field</a> turns out to generalize: instead of just <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+algebra">Lie algebra</a>s, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+group">Lie group</a>s and connections with values in these, one finds structures called <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+2-algebra">Lie 2-algebra</a>s, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+2-group">Lie 2-group</a>s and the gauge fields themselves behave like generalized connections with values in these. <div class="standout"> Entities of 2-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+theory">gauge theory</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+2-algebra">Lie 2-algebra</a><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔤</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{g}</annotation></semantics></math> with gauge <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+2-group">Lie 2-group</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</annotation></semantics></math> – <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+a+2-bundle">connection on a 2-bundle</a> with values in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔤</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{g}</annotation></semantics></math> on <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</annotation></semantics></math>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+2-bundle">principal 2-bundle</a>/<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gerbe">gerbe</a> over an <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/orbifold">orbifold</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X</annotation></semantics></math>. </div> Notably the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+theory">string</a> is charged under a field called the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Kalb-Ramond+field">Kalb-Ramond field</a> or <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">B</annotation></semantics></math>-field which is modeled by a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>B</mi></mstyle><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbf{B}U(1)</annotation></semantics></math>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+2-bundle">principal 2-bundle</a> with connection, where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>B</mi></mstyle><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbf{B}U(1)</annotation></semantics></math> is the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+2-group">Lie 2-group</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/delooping">delooping</a> of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/circle+group">circle group</a>: the <a href="http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Lie+infinity-groupoid#BnU1">circle Lie 2-group</a>. Its <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+2-algebra">Lie 2-algebra</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>B</mi></mstyle><mi>𝔲</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbf{B}\mathfrak{u}(1)</annotation></semantics></math> is given by the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/differential+crossed+module">differential crossed module</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>𝔲</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>→</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">[\mathfrak{u}(1) \to 0]</annotation></semantics></math> which has <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔲</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{u}(1)</annotation></semantics></math> shifted up by one in homological degree. So far all these differential cocycles were known and understood mostly as concrete constructs, without making their abstract home in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/differential+cohomology">differential cohomology</a> explicit. It is the next gauge field that made <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dan+Freed">Freed</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Mike+Hopkins">Hopkins</a> propose (<a href="#FreedHopkins">FreedHopkins</a>, <a href="#Freed">Freed</a>) that the theory of differential cohomology is generally the formalism that models <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+field">gauge field</a>s in physics: The superstring is charged also under what is called the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/RR-field">RR-field</a>, a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+field">gauge field</a> modeled by cocycles in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/differential+K-theory">differential K-theory</a>. In even degrees we may think of this as a differential cocycle whose <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/curvature">curvature</a> form has coefficients in the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Lie+algebra">∞-Lie algebra</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mo>⊕</mo> <mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow> <mn>∞</mn></msubsup><msup><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>B</mi></mstyle> <mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi></mrow></msup><mi>𝔲</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\oplus_{n=0}^\infty \mathbf{B}^{2 n} \mathfrak{u}(1)</annotation></semantics></math>. Here <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>b</mi> <mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi></mrow></msup><mi>𝔲</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">b^{2n} \mathfrak{u}(1)</annotation></semantics></math> is the abelian <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/L-%E2%88%9E-algebra">2n-Lie algebra</a> whose underlying complex is concentrated in degree <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">2 n</annotation></semantics></math> on <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>ℝ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbb{R}</annotation></semantics></math>. So fully generally, one finds <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Lie+algebra">∞-Lie algebra</a>s, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Lie+group">∞-Lie group</a>s and gauge fields behaving like connections with values in these. <div class="standout"> Entities of general <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+theory">gauge theory</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Lie+algebra">∞-Lie algebra</a><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔤</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{g}</annotation></semantics></math> with gauge <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Lie+group">∞-Lie group</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</annotation></semantics></math> – <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+an+%E2%88%9E-bundle">connection on an ∞-bundle</a> with values in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔤</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{g}</annotation></semantics></math> on <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</annotation></semantics></math>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+%E2%88%9E-bundle">principal ∞-bundle</a> over an <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Lie+groupoid">∞-Lie groupoid</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X</annotation></semantics></math>. </div> The <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/curvature+characteristic+form">curvature characteristic form</a>s / <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern+character">Chern character</a>s in the abelian formulation of differential cohomology take values in abelian <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Lie+algebra">∞-Lie algebra</a>s and are therefore effectively nothing but differential forms with values in a complex of vector spaces, but more generally in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Chern-Weil+theory">∞-Chern-Weil theory</a> on nonabelian <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+%E2%88%9E-bundle">principal ∞-bundle</a>s, the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/curvature">curvature</a>s forms themselves take values in general <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Lie+algebra">∞-Lie algebra</a>s, such as the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+Lie+2-algebra">string Lie 2-algebra</a>, the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity+Lie+3-algebra">supergravity Lie 3-algebra</a> and the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fivebrane+Lie+6-algebra">fivebrane Lie 6-algebra</a>. Apart from generalizing the notion of gauge <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+group">Lie group</a>s to <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+2-group">Lie 2-group</a>s and further, structural considerations in fundamental physics also led theoretical physicists to consider models for <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spacetime">spacetime</a> that are more general than than the notion of a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/smooth+manifold">smooth manifold</a>. In <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+theory">string theory</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spacetime">spacetime</a> is allowed to be more generally an <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/orbifold">orbifold</a> or a generalization thereof, such as an <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/orientifold">orientifold</a>. The natural mathematical model for these generalized spaces are <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+groupoid">Lie groupoid</a>s or, essentially equivalently, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/differentiable+stack">differentiable stack</a>s . It is noteworthy that the notions of generalized gauge groups and the generalized spacetime models encountered this way have a natural common context: all of these are examples of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/smooth+%E2%88%9E-groupoid">smooth ∞-groupoid</a>s. There is a natural mathematical concept that serves to describe contexts of such <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/space">generalized space</a>s: a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gros+topos">gros</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-topos">(∞,1)-topos</a>. The notion of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/schreiber/show/differential+cohomology+in+an+%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-topos">differential cohomology in an (∞,1)-topos</a> provides a unifying perspective on the mathematical structure encoding the generalized <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+field">gauge field</a>s and generalized <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spacetime">spacetime</a> models encountered in modern theoretical physics in such a general context. <h4 id="ClassesOfExamples">Classes of examples</h4> We discuss classes of examples of gauge theories that have been considered. For all of these the configuration space is a space of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connections+on+%E2%88%9E-bundles">connections on ∞-bundles</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mo>∇</mo><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\{\nabla\}</annotation></semantics></math> over <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spacetime">spacetime</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X</annotation></semantics></math> of sorts, which one might take to be the defining property of a gauge theory. But there are different types of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/action+functional">action functional</a>s on these configuration spaces. <h5 id="generalized_yangmills_theory">Generalized Yang-Mills theory</h5> In <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+theory">Yang-Mills theory</a> the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/action+functional">action functional</a> is of the form <div class="maruku-equation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo>∇</mo><mo>↦</mo><msub><mo>∫</mo> <mi>X</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo><msub><mi>F</mi> <mo>∇</mo></msub><mo>∧</mo><mo>⋆</mo><msub><mi>F</mi> <mo>∇</mo></msub><mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo><mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace><mo>,</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> \nabla \mapsto \int_X \langle F_\nabla \wedge \star F_\nabla \rangle \,, </annotation></semantics></math></div> where <ul> <li> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi> <mo>∇</mo></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F_\nabla</annotation></semantics></math> is the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/curvature">curvature</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/differential+form">differential form</a>, </li> <li> “<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo>⋆</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\star</annotation></semantics></math>” the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Hodge+star">Hodge star</a> operator with respect to a fixed (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/pseudo-Riemannian+manifold">pseudo</a>-)<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Riemannian+metric">Riemannian metric</a>-structure on <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X</annotation></semantics></math> </li> <li> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo><mo lspace="verythinmathspace" rspace="0em">−</mo><mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\langle -\rangle</annotation></semantics></math> some <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/invariant+polynomial">invariant polynomial</a>. </li> </ul> This is the original notion of gauge theory and might be taken to be the strict sense of the term. <ul> <li> For <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+group">gauge group</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G = U(1)</annotation></semantics></math> the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/circle+group">circle group</a> this is <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>; </li> <li> For gauge group a general nonabelian <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+group">Lie group</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</annotation></semantics></math> this is <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+theory">Yang-Mills theory</a> proper. </li> <li> Specifically for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</annotation></semantics></math> a discrete quotient of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>SU</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><mi>SU</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">SU(3) \times SU(2) \times U(1)</annotation></semantics></math> this is the gauge-field part of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a>. </li> <li> For structure group <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi><mo>=</mo><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>B</mi></mstyle><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G = \mathbf{B}U(1)</annotation></semantics></math> the <a href="http://nlab.mathforge.org/nlab/show/Lie%20infinity-groupoid#BnU1">circle 2-group</a> this yields the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Kalb-Ramond+field">Kalb-Ramond field</a> </li> <li> For structure group <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>B</mi></mstyle> <mn>2</mn></msup><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G = \mathbf{B}^2U(1)</annotation></semantics></math> the <a href="http://nlab.mathforge.org/nlab/show/Lie%20infinity-groupoid#BnU1">circle 3-group</a> this yields the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity+C-field">supergravity C-field</a>. </li> <li> For structure group the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/K-theory+spectrum">K-theory spectrum</a> we get <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/differential+K-theory">differential K-theory</a> describing the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/RR-field">RR-field</a>. </li> </ul> A <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/nonabelian+cohomology">nonabelian cohomology</a> version of higher Yang-Mills theory – replacing a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+a+bundle">connection on a bundle</a> by a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+a+2-bundle">connection on a 2-bundle</a> is expected to control certain 6-dimensional theories that compactify to ordinary Yang-Mills on the torus and thereby explain <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/S-duality">S-duality</a> . See there for more details on this. <h5 id="chernsimons_theory"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mn>∞</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\infty</annotation></semantics></math>-Chern-Simons theory</h5> In <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/schreiber/show/%E2%88%9E-Chern-Simons+theory">∞-Chern-Simons theory</a> the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/action+functional">action functional</a> is of the form <div class="maruku-equation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo>∇</mo><mo>↦</mo><msub><mo>∫</mo> <mi>X</mi></msub><mi>CS</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>∇</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace><mo>,</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> \nabla \mapsto \int_X CS(\nabla) \,, </annotation></semantics></math></div> <ul> <li>where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>CS</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo lspace="verythinmathspace" rspace="0em">−</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">CS(-)</annotation></semantics></math> is a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern-Simons+element">Chern-Simons element</a> for an <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/invariant+polynomial">invariant polynomial</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo><mo lspace="verythinmathspace" rspace="0em">−</mo><mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\langle - \rangle</annotation></semantics></math> on an <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Lie+algebroid">∞-Lie algebroid</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔞</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{a}</annotation></semantics></math>.</li> </ul> This includes ordinary <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern-Simons+theory">Chern-Simons theory</a> in the case that <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔞</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{a}</annotation></semantics></math> is a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/semisimple+Lie+algebra">semisimple Lie algebra</a>, but for general <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔞</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{a}</annotation></semantics></math> it subsumes a wide variety of types of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/TQFT">TQFT</a>s that are often counted as of different type than Chern-Simons theory, such as <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/BF-theory">BF-theory</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/AKSZ+theory">AKSZ theory</a>. The action functional of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Chern-Simons+theory">∞-Chern-Simons theory</a> stands out by the fact that it arises by <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/category+theory">general abstract</a> construction: <ul> <li> the underlying Lagrangian <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>CS</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>∇</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">CS(\nabla)</annotation></semantics></math> is nothing but the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%E2%88%9E-Chern-Weil+homomorphism">∞-Chern-Weil homomorphism</a> <div class="maruku-equation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>CS</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo lspace="verythinmathspace" rspace="0em">−</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>:</mo><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>B</mi></mstyle><msub><mi>G</mi> <mi>diff</mi></msub><mo>→</mo><msup><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>B</mi></mstyle> <mi>n</mi></msup><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>diff</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> CS(-) : \mathbf{B}G_{diff} \to \mathbf{B}^n U(1)_{diff} </annotation></semantics></math></div> induced by the given <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/invariant+polynomial">invariant polynomial</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo><mo lspace="verythinmathspace" rspace="0em">−</mo><mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\langle - \rangle</annotation></semantics></math>. This sends gauge fields in the form of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</annotation></semantics></math>-valued <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connections+on+%E2%88%9E-bundles">connections on ∞-bundles</a> to the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/circle+n-bundle+with+connection">circle n-bundle with connection</a> whose <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+parallel+transport">higher parallel transport</a> is given by the Lagrangian; </li> <li> the integral over <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>CS</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>∇</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">CS(\nabla)</annotation></semantics></math> is induced by postcomposition with the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/truncated">trunction</a> morphism <div class="maruku-equation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>H</mi></mstyle><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>Σ</mi><mo>,</mo><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>B</mi></mstyle><msub><mi>G</mi> <mi>conn</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mover><mo>→</mo><mrow><mi>CS</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo lspace="verythinmathspace" rspace="0em">−</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mover><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>H</mi></mstyle><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>Σ</mi><mo>,</mo><msup><mstyle mathvariant="bold"><mi>B</mi></mstyle> <mi>n</mi></msup><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>diff</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>≃</mo><mn>∞</mn><mi>Grpd</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>Π</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>Σ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>,</mo><msup><mi>B</mi> <mi>n</mi></msup><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mover><mo>→</mo><mrow><msub><mo>∫</mo> <mi>Σ</mi></msub></mrow></mover><msub><mi>τ</mi> <mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>dim</mi><mi>Σ</mi></mrow></msub><mn>∞</mn><mi>Grpd</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>Π</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>Σ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>,</mo><msup><mi>B</mi> <mi>n</mi></msup><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>≃</mo><msup><mi>B</mi> <mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>dim</mi><mi>Σ</mi></mrow></msup><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace><mo>.</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> \mathbf{H}(\Sigma, \mathbf{B}G_{conn}) \stackrel{CS(-)}{\to} \mathbf{H}(\Sigma,\mathbf{B}^n U(1)_{diff}) \simeq \infty Grpd(\Pi(\Sigma), B^n U(1)) \stackrel{\int_\Sigma}{\to} \tau_{n-dim \Sigma} \infty Grpd(\Pi(\Sigma), B^n U(1)) \simeq B^{n-dim \Sigma} U(1) \,. </annotation></semantics></math></div></li> <li> For <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔞</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{a}</annotation></semantics></math> a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/semisimple+Lie+algebra">semisimple Lie algebra</a> equipped with its <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Killing+form">Killing form</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/invariant+polynomial">invariant polynomial</a> we have that <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>CS</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo lspace="verythinmathspace" rspace="0em">−</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">CS(-)</annotation></semantics></math> is the ordinary <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern-Simons+element">Chern-Simons element</a> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msub><mo>∫</mo> <mi>X</mi></msub><mi>CS</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>∇</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\int_X CS(\nabla)</annotation></semantics></math> the ordinary <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern-Simons+theory">Chern-Simons theory</a> action functional. This may be understood as the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+parallel+transport">higher parallel transport</a> of a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern-Simons+circle+3-bundle">Chern-Simons circle 3-bundle</a> with connection. </li> <li> For <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔞</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{a}</annotation></semantics></math> a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/semisimple+Lie+algebra">semisimple Lie algebra</a> equipped with its degree 8 <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/invariant+polynomial">invariant polynomial</a> this yields 7-dimensional, whose action functional may be understood as the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+parallel+transport">higher parallel transport</a> of a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern-Simons+circle+7-bundle">Chern-Simons circle 7-bundle</a> with connection. </li> <li> For <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔞</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{a}</annotation></semantics></math> a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/symplectic+Lie+n-algebroid">symplectic Lie n-algebroid</a> equipped with its canonical <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/invariant+polynomial">invariant polynomial</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\omega</annotation></semantics></math> of degree <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n+2</annotation></semantics></math> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msub><mo>∫</mo> <mi>X</mi></msub><msub><mi>CS</mi> <mi>ω</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo lspace="verythinmathspace" rspace="0em">−</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\int_X CS_\omega(-)</annotation></semantics></math> is the actional functional of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/AKSZ+theory">AKSZ theory</a>: <ul> <li> for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n = 1</annotation></semantics></math> this is the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Poisson+sigma-model">Poisson sigma-model</a>; </li> <li> for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n = 2</annotation></semantics></math> this is the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Courant+sigma-model">Courant sigma-model</a>. </li> </ul> </li> <li> For <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔞</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{a}</annotation></semantics></math> a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lie+2-algebra">Lie 2-algebra</a> equipped with the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Killing+form">Killing form</a> invariant polynomial, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msub><mo>∫</mo> <mi>X</mi></msub><mi>CS</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo lspace="verythinmathspace" rspace="0em">−</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\int_X CS(-)</annotation></semantics></math> is the action functional of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/BF-theory">BF-theory</a> coupled to <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/topological+Yang-Mills+theory">topological Yang-Mills theory</a> with a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cosmological+constant">cosmological constant</a>. </li> </ul> <h5 id="gravity">Gravity</h5> The configuration spaces of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gravity">gravity</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity">supergravity</a> may be identified with spaces of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connections+on+%E2%88%9E-bundles">connections on ∞-bundles</a> with gauge group a variant of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Poincare+group">Poincare group</a>. This parameterization of the configuration space of gravity is known as the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/first+order+formulation+of+gravity">first order formulation of gravity</a>, to be contrasted with a formulation explicitly over a space of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/pseudo-Riemannian+manifold">pseudo-Riemannian manifold</a>s. <ul> <li> The <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/special+orthogonal+group">special orthogonal group</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S O</annotation></semantics></math>-component of the connection in this case is called the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spin+connection">spin connection</a>; </li> <li> the translation group-component of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo>∇</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\nabla</annotation></semantics></math> is called the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/vielbein">vielbein</a>. </li> </ul> For the ordinary Poincare group this yields the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Palatini+action">Palatini action</a> expression for the standard <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Einstein-Hilbert+action">Einstein-Hilbert action</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/general+relativity">general relativity</a>. In contrast to the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mn>∞</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\infty</annotation></semantics></math>-Chern-Simons theory discussed above, the general abstract nature, if any, of the action functional for gravity remains somewhat inconclusive and subject of a plethora of speculations. If one passes from connections to their associated <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dirac+operator">Dirac operator</a>s and interprets these as parts of a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spectral+triple">spectral triple</a> there is the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spectral+action">spectral action</a> functional on the space of spectral triples. This we discuss in more detail <a href="SpecStandModAndGravity">below</a>. There are various higher <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/group+extension">group extension</a>s of the Poincare group and the orthonormal group that lead accordingly to higher order variations of gravity. <ul> <li> lifting <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S O</annotation></semantics></math>-connections through the <a href="http://nlab.mathforge.org/nlab/show/Lie%20infinity-groupoid#SmoothWhitehead">smooth Whitehead tower</a> <div class="maruku-equation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>⋯</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>Fivebrane</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>String</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>Spin</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>S</mi><mi>O</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>O</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> \cdots \to Fivebrane \to String \to Spin \to S O \to O </annotation></semantics></math></div> yields, in order of appearance, <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spin+structure">spin structure</a>s and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spin+group">spin group</a>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+bundle">principal bundle</a>s with <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+a+bundle">connection</a>. This lift is necessary to cancel the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+anomaly">quantum anomaly</a> of spinning particles coupled to gravity; </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+structure">string structure</a>s and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+2-group">string 2-group</a>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+2-bundle">principal 2-bundle</a>s with <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+a+2-bundle">2-connection</a> This lift is necessary to cancel the quantum anomaly of heterotic super<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+theory">string</a>s; </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fivebrane+structure">fivebrane structure</a>s and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fivebrane+6-group">fivebrane 6-group</a>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+%E2%88%9E-bundle">principal 6-bundle</a> with <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+an+%E2%88%9E-bundle">6-connection</a> </li> </ul> This lift is necessary to cancel the quantum anomaly of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/brane">super 5-brane</a>s. </li> <li> lifting to <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/super+Lie+group">super Lie group</a> extensions of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>SO</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">SO</annotation></semantics></math> yields action functionals for <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity">supergravity</a> The <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/D%27Auria-Fre+formulation+of+supergravity">D'Auria-Fre formulation of supergravity</a> explicitly describes higher dimensional supergravity theories as gauge theories with higher super Lie structure groups <ul> <li>11-dimensional supergravity is a gauge theory for the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity+Lie+6-algebra">supergravity Lie 6-algebra</a>.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="phenomenological_models_the_standard_model_and_gravity">Phenomenological models: the standard model and gravity</h3> Theoretical physics consists of two parts: theory and models, laws and initial conditions, axioms and phenomenology. For instance the theory called <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/general+relativity">general relativity</a> describes the classical dynamics of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gravity">gravity</a>, but does not predict the value of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cosmological+constant">cosmological constant</a>. Rather, for each choice of the latter does the theory predict a certain dynamics the large-scale universe. The theory that describes the fundamental forces and particles except gravity is <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+theory">Yang-Mills theory</a>. This, too, does not predict the fundamental particle species seen in experiments, but for a correct choice and identification of these, the theory does predict the dynamics of these particles, as observed in accelerators. The total collection of these choices of fundamental particles that are observed in experiments is called the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a>. It consists basically of <ol> <li> a choice of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+group">gauge group</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</annotation></semantics></math>, such that all observed <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+field">gauge field</a>s are components of a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+a+bundle">connection</a> on a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</annotation></semantics></math>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+bundle">principal bundle</a>; </li> <li> a choice of linear <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/representation">representation</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\rho</annotation></semantics></math> of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</annotation></semantics></math>, such that all observed <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fermion">fermion</a> fields are components of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/section">section</a>s of a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\rho</annotation></semantics></math>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/associated+bundle">associated bundle</a>. </li> </ol> What precisely the “standard” model of particle physics is changes slightly over time, as new experimental insights are gained. Its particles were added item-by-item as they were discovered. More recently the mass of the particles called <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/neutrino">neutrino</a>s, which was originally thought to be precisely 0, was measured to be very small, but non-vanishing. The standard model as far as understood today exhibits a curious mixture of pattern and irregularity. This seems to suggest that it ought to have a more fundamental description in terms of a conceptually simpler structure out of which these patterns with their irregularities emerge. Since also the force of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gravity">gravity</a> is not presently included in the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantization">quantization</a> of the standard model, it may seem plausible that this underlying structure is related to <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+gravity">quantum gravity</a>. We discuss in the following some of the proposals that have been suggested for how to formalize this situation. <h4 id="SpecStandModAndGravity">Spectral standard model and gravity</h4> A fundamental <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/relativistic+particle">relativistic particle</a> is technically a 1-dimensional <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/sigma-model">sigma-model</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/QFT">QFT</a> on 1-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dimension">dimension</a>al <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cobordism">cobordism</a>s with target the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spacetime">spacetime</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X</annotation></semantics></math> that it propagates in. Since both <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gravity">gravity</a> as well as <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+field">Yang-Mills field</a>s are encoded in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/connection+on+a+bundle">connections</a> it is plausible to assume that the only background field on <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X</annotation></semantics></math> that the particle couples to is a connection <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msub><mo>∇</mo> <mi>ρ</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\nabla_\rho</annotation></semantics></math> on a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\rho</annotation></semantics></math>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/associated+bundle">associated bundle</a> over a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">G</annotation></semantics></math>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/principal+bundle">principal bundle</a>. Here <ul> <li> roughly every <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/semisimple+Lie+algebra">semisimple Lie algebra</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/direct+sum">summand</a> in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔤</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>Lie</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>G</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{g} = Lie(G)</annotation></semantics></math> is one <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+field">gauge field</a> – a bosonic field; </li> <li> every <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/irreducible+representation">irreducible representation</a> that <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\rho</annotation></semantics></math> decomposes into is one matter particle species – a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spinors+in+Yang-Mills+theory">fermion field</a>. </li> </ul> This way a single <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sigma</annotation></semantics></math>-model may encode a rich multiple particle content and we shall speak of a single <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/superparticle">superparticle</a> with different excitations or modes . An early proposal for a single unified connection <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo>∇</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\nabla</annotation></semantics></math> that would subsume both gravity as well as Yang-Mills forces in a phenomenologically realistic way is the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Kaluza-Klein+mechanism">Kaluza-Klein mechanism</a>. This assumes a single <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Levi-Civita+connection">Levi-Civita connection</a> but on a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/pseudo-Riemannian+manifold">pseudo-Riemannian manifold</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X</annotation></semantics></math> which is locally of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/product">product</a> form <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi> <mn>4</mn></msub><mo>×</mo><msub><mi>F</mi> <mi>d</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X_4 \times F_{d}</annotation></semantics></math> with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi> <mn>4</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X_4</annotation></semantics></math> a 4-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dimension">dimension</a>al pseudo-Riemannian manifold and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi> <mi>d</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F_d</annotation></semantics></math> a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d</annotation></semantics></math>-dimensional <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Riemannian+manifold">Riemannian manifold</a> of very small Riemannian volume. As described in more detail at <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Kaluza-Klein+mechanism">Kaluza-Klein mechanism</a>, this makes the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/isometry">isometry</a> groups of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi> <mi>d</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F_d</annotation></semantics></math> appear as extra <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+group">gauge group</a> factors as seen on <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi> <mn>4</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X_4</annotation></semantics></math>. As also described in more detail there, while this Ansatz does reproduce the correct general form of gravity coupled to Yang-Mills forces, in its original form it does also have some phenomenologically unviable aspects. It was observed by <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Alain+Connes">Alain Connes</a> and collaborators that the Kaluza-Klein mechanism works better when used not <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/internalization">internal</a> to the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/category">category</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Diff">Diff</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/smooth+manifolds">smooth manifolds</a> but in context for more general <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+geometry">geometry</a>: <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/noncommutative+geometry">noncommutative geometry</a>. This is the content of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Connes-Lott-Chamseddine+model">Connes-Lott-Chamseddine model</a>. This more general geometry turns out to model exactly the most general <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>σ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sigma</annotation></semantics></math>-model backgrounds for a 1-dimensional <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/FQFT">FQFT</a>: because such is algebraically specified by <ol> <li> the (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Hilbert+space">Hilbert</a>) space <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>ℋ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal{H}</annotation></semantics></math> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/state">state</a>s that it assigns to the point; </li> <li> An <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/associative+algebra">associative algebra</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>↪</mo><mi>ℋ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A \hookrightarrow \mathcal{H}</annotation></semantics></math> whose <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/monoid">multiplication operation</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>⊗</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A\otimes A \to A</annotation></semantics></math> is the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/operator+product+expansion">operator product</a> assigned to the trivalent interaction vertex <div class="maruku-equation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mtable><mtr><mtd><mo>•</mo></mtd></mtr> <mtr><mtd></mtd> <mtd><mo>↘</mo></mtd></mtr> <mtr><mtd></mtd> <mtd></mtd> <mtd><mo>•</mo></mtd> <mtd><mo>→</mo></mtd></mtr> <mtr><mtd></mtd> <mtd><mo>↗</mo></mtd></mtr> <mtr><mtd><mo>•</mo></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> \array{ \bullet \\ & \searrow \\ && \bullet & \to \\ & \nearrow \\ \bullet } </annotation></semantics></math></div></li> <li> A <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dirac+operator">Dirac operator</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D</annotation></semantics></math> whose <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dyson+formula">Dyson formula</a> exponential <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>exp</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>t</mi><msup><mi>D</mi> <mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mi>θ</mi><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\exp(t D^2 + \theta D)</annotation></semantics></math> is assigned to a piece of 1-dimensional cobordism of superlength <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>θ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(t, \theta)</annotation></semantics></math>. </li> </ol> This data is that of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spectral+triple">spectral triple</a>, which is well known to enocode Riemannian noncommutative geometry (rather: spectral geometry ). It is therefore natural to search for a Kaluza-Klein ansatz in spectral geometry that would produce the standard model context. A very detailed such construction was given by <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Alain+Connes">Alain Connes</a> (see the <a href="#FunctorialSpectral">references below</a>). It turns out that the realistic model has <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">K</annotation></semantics></math>-theory dimension <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D = 4+6</annotation></semantics></math>. By the result at <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%281%2C1%29-dimensional+Euclidean+field+theories+and+K-theory">(1,1)-dimensional Euclidean field theories and K-theory</a> this <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">K</annotation></semantics></math>-theory dimension is precisely the intrinsic dimension of target space as seen by the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/superparticle">superparticle</a>. Moreover, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D = 4+6</annotation></semantics></math> is precisely the dimension for which the 2-dimensional super-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/CFT">CFT</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/sigma-model">sigma-model</a> is critical and hence allows to lift the 1-dimensional superparticle described here to <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+theory">string theory</a>. This means that Connes’ <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spectral+triple">spectral triple</a> whose particle spectrum reproduces the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a> has a chance of being the point particle limit or <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/decategorification">decategorification</a> of the kind of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/2-spectral+triple">2-spectral triple</a> – a 2-dimensional <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/CFT">superconformal field theory</a> – of the kind that is considered in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+theory">string theory</a>. If so the lift of Connes’ model to the corresponding element in the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/moduli+space">moduli space</a> of 2-spectral triples called the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/landscape+of+string+theory+vacua">landscape of string theory vacua</a> might provide, via the second quantization of the latter, a (perturbative) quantization of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spectral+action">spectral action</a> of the former. <h2 id="RelatedIntroductions">Related introductions</h2> <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+structures">higher structures</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fiber+bundles+in+physics">fiber bundles in physics</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/motivation+for+sheaves%2C+cohomology+and+higher+stacks">motivation for sheaves, cohomology and higher stacks</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+theory+FAQ">string theory FAQ</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/motivation+for+higher+differential+geometry">motivation for higher differential geometry</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/applications+of+%28higher%29+category+theory">applications of (higher) category theory</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/motivation+for+cohesion">motivation for cohesion</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Hilbert%27s+sixth+problem">Hilbert's sixth problem</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/motives+in+physics">motives in physics</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/model+theory+and+physics">model theory and physics</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/L-infinity+algebras+in+physics">L-infinity algebras in physics</a> </li> </ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> We list various references related to higher category theory and fundamental physics. A discussion of an axiomatization of basic concepts of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+theory">gauge</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+field+theory">quantum field theory</a> in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cohesive+homotopy+type+theory">cohesive homotopy type theory</a> is in <ul id="SchreiberShulman"> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Urs+Schreiber">Urs Schreiber</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Mike+Shulman">Mike Shulman</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/schreiber/show/Quantum+gauge+field+theory+in+Cohesive+homotopy+type+theory">Quantum gauge field theory in Cohesive homotopy type theory</a></li> </ul> For general (formal) accounts of physics see also the references at <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/books+and+reviews+in+mathematical+physics">books and reviews in mathematical physics</a>, such as <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Paugam">Frédéric Paugam</a>, <a href="http://people.math.jussieu.fr/~fpaugam/documents/enseignement/master-mathematical-physics.pdf">Towards the mathematics of quantum field theory</a></li> </ul> <h3 id="CatsinPhysics">Introductions to category theory in physics</h3> The translation between the axioms of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/functorial+quantum+field+theory">functorial quantum field theory</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/path+integral">path integral</a> imagery is explained in <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Edward+Witten">Edward Witten</a>, Section 1 of: Geometric Langlands From Six Dimensions (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0905.2720">arXiv:0905.2720</a>)</li> </ul> In <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Bob+Coecke">Bob Coecke</a>, Introducing categories to the practicing physicist (<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.1032">arXiv:0808.1032</a>) </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Bob+Coecke">Bob Coecke</a>, Categories for the practising physicist (<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0905.3010">arXiv:0905.3010</a>) </li> </ul> the authors try to motivate and introduce some basic concepts of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/category+theory">category theory</a> for an audience familiar with standard physics and in particular with <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. The article focuses towards the end on <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/monoidal+categories">monoidal categories</a>, their description in terms of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+diagram">string diagram</a>s and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+mechanics+in+terms+of+dagger-compact+categories">quantum mechanics in terms of dagger-compact categories</a>. More details on the use of string diagrams in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dagger-categories">dagger-categories</a> for the description of quantum mechanics is is <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Bob+Coecke">Bob Coecke</a>, Kindergarten quantum mechanics (<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0510032">arXiv:quant-ph/0510032</a>) </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Bob+Coecke">Bob Coecke</a>, Quantum Picturalism (<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0908.1787">arXiv:0908.1787</a>) </li> </ul> A similar introduction to the relation between quantum mechanics and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/monoidal+categories">monoidal categories</a>, but more from the perspective of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/FQFT">FQFT</a> is in <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/John+Baez">John Baez</a>, Quantum quandaries (<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0404040">arXiv:quant-ph/0404040</a>)</li> </ul> <h3 id="introductions_to_higher_category_theory_and_physics">Introductions to higher category theory and physics</h3> A historical introduction to some aspects of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/n-categories">n-categories</a> (for low <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</annotation></semantics></math>) in physics can be found here: <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/John+Baez">John Baez</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Aaron+Lauda">Aaron Lauda</a>, A prehistory of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</annotation></semantics></math>-categorical physics (<a href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/history.pdf">pdf</a>), to appear in Deep Beauty: Mathematical Innovation and the Search for an Underlying Intelligibility of the Quantum World, ed. Hans Halvorson.</li> </ul> A historical introduction to applications in physics of more <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/homotopy+theory">homotopy theoretic</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+category+theory">higher category theory</a> (revolving around <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/BV-BRST+formalism">BV-BRST formalism</a>) is in: <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Jim+Stasheff">Jim Stasheff</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/A+Survey+of+Cohomological+Physics">A Survey of Cohomological Physics</a></li> </ul> The following book-to-be aims to give picture of the present state of the art of describing the category-theoretic structure of the universe, as far as fundamental physics is concerned <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Hisham+Sati">Hisham Sati</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Urs+Schreiber">Urs Schreiber</a> (eds.) <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/schreiber/show/Mathematical+Foundations+of+Quantum+Field+and+Perturbative+String+Theory">Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Field and Perturbative String Theory</a></li> </ul> Amplifying the ambition towards <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Hilbert%27s+sixth+problem">Hilbert's sixth problem</a>: <ul> <li id="MartinsBiezuner20"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yuri+Ximenes+Martins">Yuri Ximenes Martins</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Rodney+Josu%C3%A9+Biezuner">Rodney Josué Biezuner</a>, Towards An Approach to Hilbert’s Sixth Problem: A Brief Review, 2020 (<a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02909681">hal:02909681</a>, <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02909681/document">pdf</a>)</li> </ul> <h3 id="monographs_on_cohomology_and_higher_gauge_theory">Monographs on cohomology and higher gauge theory</h3> An unusually comprehensive collection of detailed discussion of bundles, higher bundles, cohomology, characteristic classes, etc. with an eye on applications in physics is <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dale+Husem%C3%B6ller">Dale Husemöller</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Michael+Joachim">Michael Joachim</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Branislav+Jurco">Branislav Jurco</a>, Martin Schottenloher, Basic bundle theory and K-cohomology invariants , Springer Lecture Notes in Physics 726, 2008 (<a href="http://www.mathematik.uni-muenchen.de/~schotten/Texte/978-3-540-74955-4_Book_LNP726.pdf">pdf</a>)</li> </ul> <h3 id="on_formal_quantum_field_theory">On formal quantum field theory</h3> There are two axiomatizations of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/QFT">QFT</a>: <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/FQFT">FQFT</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/AQFT">AQFT</a>. <ul> <li> <a href="#FQFTReferences">FQFT references</a> </li> <li> <a href="#AQFTReferences">AQFT references</a> </li> </ul> <h4 id="FQFTReferences">FQFT</h4> Kontsevich’s 1994 ICM article, is one of the seminal papers of the 1990s. This paper invented the categorical side of mirror symmetry (homological mirror symmetry), discovered D-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/brane">brane</a>s (before physicists realized their role — and directly inspiring many physicists) and the fact that they naturally form <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dg-category">dg-categories</a> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi> <mn>∞</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A_\infty</annotation></semantics></math>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/A-infinity-category">category</a>, and thus led to a deluge of papers involving <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/category+theory">category theory</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+category+theory">higher category theory</a> in close relation with mathematical physics. In particular the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/FQFT">Moore–Segal paper</a> should be seen in the light of this development. On a similar note, roughly contemporary with Moore–Segal (which is <a href="http://www.arxiv.org/abs/math/0609042">arXiv:math/0609042</a> though developed earlier) are the works of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Kevin+Costello">Kevin Costello</a> on <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/TCFT">TCFT</a> (<a href="http://www.arxiv.org/abs/math/0412149">arXiv:math/0412149</a>) and Kontsevich–Soibelman (<a href="http://www.arxiv.org/abs/math/0606241">arXiv:math/0606241</a> — some of the results were lectured on in various places by Kontsevich in 2003 and in particular helped inspire Costello) proving a much stronger result, which is the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/TCFT">TCFT</a> (or equivalently differential graded or <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi> <mn>∞</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A_\infty</annotation></semantics></math>-) version of the classification of open-closed 2d <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/TQFT">TQFT</a>s. These papers were directly motivated by <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/homological+mirror+symmetry">homological mirror symmetry</a> and topological <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+theory">string theory</a>, and have greatly influenced work in areas such as <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/string+topology">string topology</a> which you mention and the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cobordism+hypothesis">cobordism hypothesis</a> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/On+the+Classification+of+Topological+Field+Theories">Hopkins-Lurie</a> started from Costello’s paper and abstracted the argument, before the general argument in n-dimensions came around). <blockquote> (in parts taken from <a href="http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2009/07/a_prehistory_of_ncategorical_p_1.html#c025075">here</a>) </blockquote> For the moment see the references at <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/FQFT">FQFT</a> for more. <h5 id="FunctorialSpectral">On functorial spectral geometry</h5> Literature on the relation between <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spectral+triple">spectral triple</a>s and 1-dimensional super-QFT is to appear shortly. Spectral background for the standard model have been considered here: The first proposal for such compactifications, which already came very close to the standard model, is decades old by now. <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Alain+Connes">Alain Connes</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/John+Lott">John Lott</a>, Particle Models And Noncommutative Geometry Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl.18B:29-47,1991 (<a href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?rawcmd=find+author+Connes+and+author+Lott&FORMAT=WWW&SEQUENCE=">spires</a>)</li> </ul> This is reviewed in <ul> <li>Daniel Kastler, Thomas Schucker, The Standard Model a la Connes-Lott <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9412185">arXiv:hep-th/9412185</a> .</li> </ul> As far as I can tell, at that time the Yang-Mills terms were stilll included by hand. The main point of the spectral approach was to realize that it could nicely explain the Higgs boson and its Yukawa coupling terms to the fermions. It did (and does) so by realizing the Higgs boson as an internal part of an ordinary minimally coupled connection 1-form - an internal gauge boson. A few years later Connes apparently realized that also the gravitational and gauge kinetic Yang-Mills terms had an inherent operator-theoretic formulation, namely the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spectral+action">spectral action</a> principle. This is indicated in <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Alain+Connes">Alain Connes</a>, Gravity coupled with matter and foundation of non-commutative geometry <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9603053">arXiv:hep-th/9603053</a></li> </ul> and fully formulated in <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Ali+Chamseddine">Ali Chamseddine</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Alain+Connes">Alain Connes</a>, The Spectral Action Principle <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9606001">arXiv:hep-th/9606001</a>,</li> </ul> both of which start by presenting the general spectral idea and then working out how to realize the standard model in detail. A useful discussion of the details of the realization of the standard model in this approach is <ul> <li>C. P. Martin, Jose M. Gracia-Bondia, Joseph C. Varilly, The Standard Model as a noncommutative geometry: the low energy regime (<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9605001">arXiv:hep-th/9605001</a>) .</li> </ul> This is in particular designed to take the ordinary physicst by the hand and introduce him or her gently to the operator-theoretic spectral description by motivating these by the structure of the standard model. So already over ten years ago people had a pretty good idea that and how the standard model action has an elegant descritption as a spectral action. The only problem was: this description was wrong. But only in the sense in which ideas in physics tend to be wrong - not entirely wrong but not quite right. Namely, instead of containing the fermionic particle content of the standard model, these spectral models produced four copies of every fermion in the standard model. A slight overkill. By a remarkable synchronicity, it seems that there was no progress on this aspect for about ten years, and now two preprints appear almost simultaneously, presenting the solution: <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/John+Barrett">John Barrett</a>, A Lorentzian version of the non-commutative geometry of the standard model of particle physics <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0608221">arXiv:hep-th/0608221</a>. </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Alain+Connes">Alain Connes</a>, Noncommutative Geometry and the standard model with neutrino mixing <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0608226">arXiv:hep-th/0608226</a> </li> </ul> And the modification needed to get this solution is rather tiny, just a small change in the real structure <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">J</annotation></semantics></math> of the spectral triple from ten years ago. A survey is also at <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Urs+Schreiber">Urs Schreiber</a>, Connes on spectral geometry of the standard model IV (<a href="http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2006/09/connes_on_spectral_geometry_of_3.html">blog entry</a>)</li> </ul> <h4 id="AQFTReferences">AQFT</h4> For the moment see the references at <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/AQFT">AQFT</a> for more. <h3 id="LitOnQuantization">On the quantization procedure</h3> First sketches of the idea that <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/path+integral">path integral</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantization">quantization</a> may have a formalization in terms of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+category+theory">higher category theory</a> appeared in <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dan+Freed">Dan Freed</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Higher+Algebraic+Structures+and+Quantization">Higher Algebraic Structures and Quantization</a> (<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9212115">arXiv:hep-th/9212115</a>)</li> </ul> and its companion <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dan+Freed">Dan Freed</a>, Quantum groups and path integrals (<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/q-alg/9501025">arXiv:q-alg/9501025</a>)</li> </ul> More formal aspects along these lines appear in <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Simon+Willerton">Simon Willerton</a>The twisted Drinfeld double of a finite group via gerbes and finite groupoids (<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/math.QA/0503266">arXiv:math/0503266</a>)</li> </ul> An indication of a full formalization of what that may mean for discrete QFTs such as <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dijkgraaf-Witten+theory">Dijkgraaf-Witten theory</a> is in <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dan+Freed">Dan Freed</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Mike+Hopkins">Mike Hopkins</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Jacob+Lurie">Jacob Lurie</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Constantin+Teleman">Constantin Teleman</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Topological+Quantum+Field+Theories+from+Compact+Lie+Groups">Topological Quantum Field Theories from Compact Lie Groups</a></li> </ul> based on work in <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Jacob+Lurie">Jacob Lurie</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/On+the+Classification+of+Topological+Field+Theories">On the Classification of Topological Field Theories</a></li> </ul> <h3 id="on_gauge_fields_and_differential_cohomology">On gauge fields and differential cohomology</h3> The observation that generally <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/differential+cohomology">differential cohomology</a> is the correct formalism for describing <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+field">gauge field</a>s in physics originates around <ul id="FreedHopkins"> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dan+Freed">Dan Freed</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Mike+Hopkins">Mike Hopkins</a>, On Ramond-Ramond fields and K-theory Journal of High Energy Physics 0005 (2000) 044 (<a href="http://web.me.com/teichner/Math/Smooth_Cohomology_files/Freed-Hopkins.pdf">pdf</a>) </li> </ul> Motivated by this, the theory of differential cohomology itself was developed in <ul id="HopkinsSinger"> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Mike+Hopkins">Mike Hopkins</a>, I. Singer <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Quadratic+Functions+in+Geometry%2C+Topology%2Cand+M-Theory">Quadratic Functions in Geometry, Topology,and M-Theory</a></li> </ul> and shown to encode subtle <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+anomaly">quantum anomaly</a>-cancellation phenomena in gauge theory. A systematic formal description of the nature of these quantum anomalies and further discussion of applications on differential cohomology in physics is in <ul id="Freed"> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dan+Freed">Dan Freed</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dirac+charge+quantization+and+generalized+differential+cohomology">Dirac charge quantization and generalized differential cohomology</a></li> </ul> This article starts with an introduction on basic <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> and points out that already there, in the presence of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/magnetic+charge">magnetic charge</a>, a careful analysis of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+anomalies">quantum anomalies</a> shows that there are higher gauge theoretic effects even in this familiar theory. <h3 id="RefsOnToposTheoreticPhysics">On topos-theoretic formulations of physics</h3> <h4 id="gros_toposes">Gros toposes</h4> The observation that any formalization of physics ought to take place in a suitable <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/topos">topos</a> has been promoted early on by <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Bill+Lawvere">Bill Lawvere</a>. Lawvere started out as a student in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/continuum+mechanics">continuum mechanics</a> and his search for a formalization of physics made him end up being one of the most general abstract thinkers in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/category+theory">category theory</a>. Lawvere thought about <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/classical+physics">classical physics</a> governed, as it is since Newton, by the theory of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/differential+equation">differential equation</a>s. He proposed that <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/differential+geometry">differential geometry</a> is something that takes place inside a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/smooth+topos">smooth topos</a> – a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/topos">topos</a> with a suitable notion of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/infinitesimal+object">infinitesimal object</a>s – an approach now known as <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/synthetic+differential+geometry">synthetic differential geometry</a>. In <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Bill+Lawvere">Bill Lawvere</a>, Categorical dynamics, lecture (1967)</li> </ul> which is recalled in <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Bill+Lawvere">Bill Lawvere</a>, Toposes of laws of motion , transcript of a talk in Montreal, Sept. 1997 (<a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~wlawvere/ToposMotion.pdf">pdf</a>)</li> </ul> he sketched an outline both of synthetic differenial geometry in general and its application to the formulation of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/differential+equation">differential equation</a>s in classical dynamics. In this spirit he to search for <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/category+theory">category theoretic</a> formalizations of fundamental ( metaphysical in the good sense of the word) ontological concepts. A collection of such formalizations is indicated in <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Bill+Lawvere">Bill Lawvere</a>, Taking categories seriously, Reprints in Theory and Applications of Categories, No. 8, 2005, pp. 1–24. (<a href="http://www.emis.de/journals/TAC/reprints/articles/8/tr8.pdf">pdf</a>)</li> </ul> On <a href="http://www.tac.mta.ca/tac/reprints/articles/8/tr8.pdf#page=14">page 14</a> there appears the hint of the general abstract definition of a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/locally+connected+topos">locally connected topos</a> as a general abstract <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gros+topos">gros topos</a> context for geometric spaces. This idea was then refined to the concept of a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/cohesive+topos">cohesive topos</a> in <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Bill+Lawvere">Bill Lawvere</a>, Axiomatic cohesion Theory and Applications of Categories, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2007, pp. 41–49. (<a href="http://www.tac.mta.ca/tac/volumes/19/3/19-03.pdf">pdf</a>)</li> </ul> In this spirit a generalization of formalization of physics in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28%E2%88%9E%2C1%29-topos">(∞,1)-topos</a> is discussed in <ul id="SchreiberLectures"> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Urs+Schreiber">Urs Schreiber</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/schreiber/show/differential+cohomology+in+a+cohesive+topos">differential cohomology in a cohesive topos</a> </li> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Urs+Schreiber">Urs Schreiber</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/twisted+smooth+cohomology+in+string+theory">twisted smooth cohomology in string theory</a>, Lectures at <a href="http://maths-old.anu.edu.au/esi/2012/">ESI program on K-theory and quantum fields</a> (2012) </li> </ul> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Urs+Schreiber">Urs Schreiber</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Mike+Shulman">Mike Shulman</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/schreiber/show/Quantum+gauge+field+theory+in+Cohesive+homotopy+type+theory">Quantum gauge field theory in Cohesive homotopy type theory</a> (2012)</li> </ul> <h4 id="petit_toposes">Petit toposes</h4> Independent of these developments is another proposal for a role of topos theory in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> initiated by <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chris+Isham">Chris Isham</a>. The motivation here is the observation that the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Kochen-Specker+theorem">Kochen-Specker theorem</a> – which may be used to formalize the way in which <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> fails to secretly a theory of classical mechanics – has a natural interpretation in terms of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/internal+logic">internal logic</a> of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/presheaf+topos">presheaf topos</a> on the category of commutative sub-algebras of a given bounded <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/operator+algebra">operator algebra</a>. This observation led Isham to propose a fundamental role of these presheaf toposes in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. <ul> <li>Andread Doering, C.J. Isham, A Topos Foundation for Theories of Physics I-IV (<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0703060">arXiv</a>)</li> </ul> This idea was further refined in <ul> <li> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chris+Heunen">Chris Heunen</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Nicolaas+Landsman">Nicolaas Landsman</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Bas+Spitters">Bas Spitters</a>, A topos for algebraic quantum theory (<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0709.4364">arXiv:0709.4364</a>) Abstract The aim of this paper is to relate <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/AQFT">algebraic quantum mechanics</a> to <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/topos+theory">topos theory</a>, so as to construct new foundations for <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+logic">quantum logic</a> and quantum spaces. Motivated by Bohr’s idea that the empirical content of quantum physics is accessible only through classical physics, we show how a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/C-star-algebra">C-star-algebra</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/observable">observable</a>s <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A</annotation></semantics></math> induces a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/topos">topos</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>T</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T(A)</annotation></semantics></math> in which the amalgamation of all of its commutative subalgebras comprises a single commutative <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>C</mi> <mo>*</mo></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">C^*</annotation></semantics></math>-algebra. According to the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/constructive+mathematics">constructive</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Gelfand+duality">Gelfand duality</a> theorem of Banaschewski and Mulvey, the latter has an internal spectrum <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S(A)</annotation></semantics></math> in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>T</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T(A)</annotation></semantics></math>, which in our approach plays the role of a quantum <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/phase+space">phase space</a> of the system. Thus we associate a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/locale">locale</a> (which is the topos-theoretical notion of a space and which intrinsically carries the intuitionistic logical structure of a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Heyting+algebra">Heyting algebra</a>) to a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>C</mi> <mo>*</mo></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">C^*</annotation></semantics></math>-algebra (which is the noncommutative notion of a space). In this setting, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/state">state</a>s on <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A</annotation></semantics></math> become <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/probability+measure">probability measure</a>s (more precisely, valuations) on <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S(A)</annotation></semantics></math>, and self-adjoint elements of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A</annotation></semantics></math> define continuous functions (more precisely, locale maps) from <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S(A)</annotation></semantics></math> to Scott’s interval domain. Noting that open subsets of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S(A)</annotation></semantics></math> correspond to propositions about the system, the pairing map that assigns a (generalized) <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/truth+value">truth value</a> to a state and a proposition assumes an extremely simple categorical form. Formulated in this way, the quantum theory defined by <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A</annotation></semantics></math> is essentially turned into a classical theory, internal to the topos <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>T</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T(A)</annotation></semantics></math>. </li> </ul> A refinement of this from <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> to <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/AQFT">AQFT</a>-<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+field+theory">quantum field theory</a> is in <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Joost+Nuiten">Joost Nuiten</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/schreiber/show/bachelor+thesis+Nuiten">Boohrification of local nets of observables</a> .</li> </ul> See <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Bohr+topos">Bohr topos</a> for more. <h3 id="InPhenomenology">In phenomenology and experimental physics</h3> In the context of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/phenomenology">phenomenology</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/higher+category+theory">higher category theory</a> is currently applied mostly for <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/2-categories">2-categories</a> in the context of 2-dimensional <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/TQFT">TQFT</a> (modelling phenomena in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/solid+state+physics">solid state physics</a>) and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/CFT">CFT</a> (modelling critical surface phenomena in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/statistical+physics">statistical physics</a>). Specifically 2d <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/extended+quantum+field+theory">extended quantum field theory</a> has been applied to the solid state physics modeled by the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Levin-Wen+model">Levin-Wen model</a>, see <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Alexei+Kitaev">Alexei Kitaev</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Liang+Kong">Liang Kong</a>, Levin-Wen models and tensor categories ([pdf])</li> </ul> For more discussion of 2d <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/CFT">CFT</a> in terms of higher category theory see the references there and at <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/FRS+formalism">FRS formalism</a>. In <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d = 3</annotation></semantics></math> the quantum hall effect<a href="/nlab/new/quantum+hall+effect">?</a> and related effects are described to some extent by <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Chern-Simons+theory">Chern-Simons theory</a>, and Chern-Simons theory comes with a rich higher categorical framework. Notably there is now a fully <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/extended+TQFT">extended TQFT</a> description of Chern-Simons theory down to the point, hence in terms of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28infinity%2Cn%29-functors">(infinity,3)-functors</a>, see <a href="Topological+Quantum+Field+Theories+from+Compact+Lie+Groups#3dCSFullyExtended">here</a>. Closely related to this, several approaches at realizing <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+computing">quantum computing</a> rely on <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/TQFT">TQFT</a> methods and are treated with methods from higher category theory. For instance the notion of a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/blob+n-category">blob n-category</a> orginates in investigations of quantum computing. Indeed, if one counts computing as “experimental” or “phenomenology” – at least as related to the tangible world – then category theory is ubiquituous, see at <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/computational+trinitarianism">computational trinitarianism</a> for the general idea and further pointers. For instance the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/relation+between+type+theory+and+category+theory">relation between type theory and category theory</a> (see there) which underlies the formal understanding of modern <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/computer+science">computer science</a>, is an <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/equivalence+of+2-categories">equivalence of 2-categories</a> in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/2-category+theory">2-category theory</a>. More recently, computing in the guise of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/homotopy+type+theory">homotopy type theory</a> is closely related to <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%28infinity%2C1%29-category+theory">(infinity,1)-category theory</a>. This carries in it the prospect of serving as the very <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/foundations">foundations</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/computer+science">computer science</a>. And hence, in effect, also of theoretical physics (see <a href="#SchreiberShulman">Schreiber-Shulman 2012</a> above). </body></html> </div> <div class="revisedby"> Last revised on May 19, 2022 at 13:43:08. See the <a href="/nlab/history/higher+category+theory+and+physics" style="color: #005c19">history</a> of this page for a list of all contributions to it. </div> <div class="navigation navfoot"> <a href="/nlab/edit/higher+category+theory+and+physics" accesskey="E" class="navlink" id="edit" rel="nofollow">Edit</a><a href="https://nforum.ncatlab.org/discussion/1995/#Item_15">Discuss</a><a href="/nlab/revision/higher+category+theory+and+physics/76" accesskey="B" class="navlinkbackintime" id="to_previous_revision" rel="nofollow">Previous revision</a><a href="/nlab/show/diff/higher+category+theory+and+physics" accesskey="C" class="navlink" id="see_changes" rel="nofollow">Changes from previous revision</a><a href="/nlab/history/higher+category+theory+and+physics" accesskey="S" class="navlink" id="history" rel="nofollow">History (76 revisions)</a> <a href="/nlab/show/higher+category+theory+and+physics/cite" style="color: black">Cite</a> <a href="/nlab/print/higher+category+theory+and+physics" accesskey="p" id="view_print" rel="nofollow">Print</a> <a href="/nlab/source/higher+category+theory+and+physics" id="view_source" rel="nofollow">Source</a> </div> </div>  </div>  </body> </html>