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class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Sulawesi_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>South Sulawesi scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Sulawesi_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cham_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cham_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Cham script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cham_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punctuation_and_spacing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation_and_spacing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Punctuation and spacing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation_and_spacing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabetical_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabetical_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Alphabetical order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabetical_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_usage_and_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_usage_and_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contemporary usage and revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_usage_and_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivative_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivative_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Derivative scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivative_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sample texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sample texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_one_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_one_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Article one of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_one_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motto_of_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motto_of_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Motto of the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motto_of_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_anthem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_anthem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>National anthem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_anthem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unicode subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Block" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Block</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keyboard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Keyboard</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Keyboard-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Keyboard subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Keyboard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gboard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gboard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Gboard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gboard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines_Unicode_Keyboard_Layout_with_baybayin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines_Unicode_Keyboard_Layout_with_baybayin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Philippines Unicode Keyboard Layout with <span><i>baybayin</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines_Unicode_Keyboard_Layout_with_baybayin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skritur_babayinek" title="Skritur babayinek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skritur babayinek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="الفبای بیبیین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای بیبیین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%9D%B8" title="바이바이인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이바이인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="बायबायिन लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बायबायिन लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Baybayin" title="Aksara Baybayin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ബയ്ബായിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബയ്ബായിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97)" title="バイバイン (文字) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイバイン (文字)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Baybayin" title="Salitan Baybayin – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrita_baybayin" title="Escrita baybayin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escrita baybayin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Байбайин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Байбайин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="อักษรไบบายิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรไบบายิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD" title="Байбаїн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Байбаїн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Baybayin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E8%B4%9D%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="贝贝因字母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝贝因字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Philippine writing system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about language. For family, see <a href="/wiki/Bayba%C5%9Fin" title="Baybaşin">Baybaşin</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Baybayin<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1046610773">.mw-parser-output .script-baybayin{font-family:"Tagalog Stylized","Baybayin Lopez","Tagalog Doctrina 1593","Noto Sans Tagalog","Noto Sans Hanunoo",Code2000}</style><span class="script-baybayin">ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔</span><br /><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">Sulat Tagalog</i></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜐᜓᜎ ᜆᜄᜎᜓ</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulat_Tagalog_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sulat_Tagalog_sample.svg/250px-Sulat_Tagalog_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sulat_Tagalog_sample.svg/375px-Sulat_Tagalog_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sulat_Tagalog_sample.svg/500px-Sulat_Tagalog_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="138" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">"Tagalog script" ("<i>Sulat Tagalog</i>") written using traditional rules, also maintaining syllable-character count correspondence</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">14th to 19th century<sup id="cite_ref-PG1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> limited modern usage<sup id="cite_ref-artedelalengatagalog_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artedelalengatagalog-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812124?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan languages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmorrowchart_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmorrowchart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician script">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Baybayin</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunuo_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunuo script">Hanunuo script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa script</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang script</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Tglg</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(370)</span>, Tagalog (Baybayin, Alibata)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Tagalog</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1700.pdf">U+1700–U+171F</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Baybayin_Ba.svg/40px-Baybayin_Ba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Baybayin_Ba.svg/60px-Baybayin_Ba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Baybayin_Ba.svg/80px-Baybayin_Ba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baybayin</a> script.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Baybayin" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Baybayin characters.</div></div> </div> <style 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmic" title="Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmic" title="Template talk:Brahmic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Baybayin</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Tagalog pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">[bajˈbajɪn]</a></span>) or <b>Sulat Tagalog</b>, also called <b>Basahan</b> by Bicolanos, sometimes erroneously referred to as <b>alibata</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Suyat" title="Suyat">Philippine script</a> widely used primarily in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> during the 16th and 17th centuries and prior to write <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kampampangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, and several other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>. </p><p>Baybayin is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> belonging to the family of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a>. Its use was gradually replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> during <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonization_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Colonization in the Philippines">Spanish rule</a>, though it has seen limited modern usage in the Philippines. The script is encoded in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> as <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_(Unicode_block)" title="Tagalog (Unicode block)">Tagalog block</a> since 1998 alongside <a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa scripts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Archives_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="Archives of the University of Santo Tomas">Archives of the University of Santo Tomas</a> in Manila holds the largest collection of extant writings using Baybayin.<sup id="cite_ref-ustwebsite_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ustwebsite-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baybay_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baybay-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ustbaybayin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ustbaybayin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baybayin has seen increasing modern usage in the Philippines. Today, Baybayin is often used for cultural and aesthetic purposes, such as in art, graduation regalia, tattoos, and logos. It is also featured on the logos of government agencies, Philippine banknotes, and passports. Additionally, there are educational initiatives and workshops aimed at teaching Baybayin to a new generation. Social media has also been instrumental in the increased awareness and interest in Baybayin. Artists, educators, and enthusiasts use these platforms to share tutorials, artworks, and historical facts about the script, sparking interest among younger generations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bills to recognize the script and revive its use alongside the Latin alphabet have been repeatedly considered by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybáyin</i></span> means "to write" or "to spell" in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>. The earliest known use of the word to refer to the script was from the <i><a href="/wiki/Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_tagala" title="Vocabulario de la lengua tagala">Vocabulario de la lengua tagala</a></i> (1613) by Pedro San Buenaventura as <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baibayin</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-San_Buenaventura_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-San_Buenaventura-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baybayin is also used colloquially as an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> for the indigenous scripts in the Philippines. However, this has since been discouraged by linguists, who prefer to use the term <i><a href="/wiki/Suyat" title="Suyat">suyat</a></i> to refer to these pre-Hispanic scripts as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-INQPHsuyatproposal_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INQPHsuyatproposal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the term <i>alibata</i> was used synonymously with Baybayin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalili2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgUt5v8ET4QYCpgPA47_47]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalili2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgUt5v8ET4QYCpgPA47_47]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuka2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4wk8yqCEmJUCpgPA32_32–33]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuka2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4wk8yqCEmJUCpgPA32_32–33]-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Alibata</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> first coined in 1914, possibly under the false assumption that the script was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic script</a>, hence the name.<sup id="cite_ref-paulmorrow_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulmorrow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern scholars reject the use of the word <i>alibata</i> as incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-paulmorrow_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulmorrow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Normandelossantos_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Normandelossantos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> are disputed and multiple theories exist as to its origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_Greater_India">Influence of Greater India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence of Greater India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Sanskrit" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">Indian Sanskrit loanwords in Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization of Southeast Asia">Indianization of Southeast Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/220px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/330px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/440px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Indian cultural extent.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> was under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Ancient India</a>, where numerous <a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdom">Indianized principalities</a> and empires flourished for several centuries in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. The influence of Indian culture into these areas was given the term <i><a href="/wiki/Indianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization">Indianization</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-acharya_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acharya-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French archaeologist <a href="/wiki/George_Coedes" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedes">George Coedes</a> defined it as the expansion of an organized culture that was framed upon Indian originations of royalty, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sanskritization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritization">Sanskrit language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-coedes_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coedes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization of Southeast Asia">Indianization of Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a> and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Buddhism in Southeast Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_honorifics" title="Indian honorifics">Indian honorifics</a> also influenced the <a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_royal_ranks_and_titles" title="Thai royal ranks and titles">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_styles_and_honorifics" title="Filipino styles and honorifics">Filipino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names#Honorifics" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> honorifics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagar200252_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagar200252-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of these include <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">raja</a>, rani, <a href="/wiki/Maharlika" title="Maharlika">maharlika</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">datu</a>, which were transmitted from Indian culture to Philippines via <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivijaya empire">Srivijaya empire</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Indian Hindu colonists played a key role as professionals, traders, priests and warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer1948402_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer1948402-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lukas_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lukas-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions have proved that the earliest Indian colonists who settled in <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>, came from the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a>, as they brought with them their <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a>. The earliest inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> exactly match the Pallava script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer1948402_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer1948402-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first stage of adoption of <a href="/wiki/Indian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian script">Indian scripts</a>, inscriptions were made locally in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a>. In the second stage, the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. In the third stage, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-Spread_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spread-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Taylor_(canon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Taylor (canon)">Isaac Taylor</a> sought to show that <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> was introduced into the Philippines from the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Coast of Bengal</a> sometime before the 8th century. In attempting to show such a relationship, Taylor presented graphic representations of <a href="/wiki/Kistna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kistna">Kistna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> letters like g, k, ng, t, m, h, and u, which resemble the same letters in <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span>. Fletcher Gardner argued that the Philippine scripts have "very great similarity" with the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was supported by <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Pardo_de_Tavera" title="Trinidad Pardo de Tavera">T. H. Pardo de Tavera</a>. According to Christopher Miller, evidence seems strong for <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> to be ultimately of <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a> origin; however, Philippine and Gujarati languages have final consonants, so it is unlikely that their indication would have been dropped had <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> been based directly on a Gujarati model.<sup id="cite_ref-millergujarati_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millergujarati-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kawi">Kawi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kawi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif/220px-Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif/330px-Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif/440px-Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>The Laguna Copperplate Inscription.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi script</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a>, descending from the Pallava script,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer1948423_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer1948423-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was used across much of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a> is the earliest known written document found in the Philippines. It is a legal document with the inscribed date of Saka era 822, corresponding to 21 April 900 AD. It was written in the Kawi script in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> containing numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and a few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin is ambiguous between <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a>. A second example of Kawi script can be seen on the <a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a>, found in the 1970s and dated between the 9th and 12th century. It is an ancient seal made of ivory that was found in an archaeological site in <a href="/wiki/Butuan" title="Butuan">Butuan</a>. The seal has been declared as a national cultural treasure. The seal is inscribed with the word <i>Butwan</i> in stylized Kawi. The ivory seal is now housed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NMPHseal_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMPHseal-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hypothesis therefore reasons that, since Kawi is the earliest attestation of writing in the Philippines, then <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> may have descended from Kawi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Sulawesi_scripts">South Sulawesi scripts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Sulawesi scripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Diringer" title="David Diringer">David Diringer</a>, accepting the view that the scripts of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> originate in India, writes that the <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a> scripts derive from the <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi script</a>, probably through the medium of the <a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak script</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. The Philippine scripts, according to Diringer, were possibly brought to the Philippines through the <a href="/wiki/Buginese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese script">Buginese characters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer1948421–443_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer1948421–443-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Scott, <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span>'s immediate ancestor was very likely a South Sulawesi script, probably <a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Old Makassar</a> or a close ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because of the lack of final consonants or <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">vowel canceler markers</a> in <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span>. South Sulawesi languages have a restricted inventory of syllable-final consonants and do not represent them in the <a href="/wiki/Bugi_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugi (script)">Bugis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makassar</a> scripts. The most likely explanation for the absence of final consonant markers in <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> is therefore that its direct ancestor was a South Sulawesi script. Sulawesi lies directly to the south of the Philippines and there is evidence of trade routes between the two. <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Baybayin</i></span> must therefore have been developed in the Philippines in the fifteenth century CE as the Bugis-Makassar script was developed in South Sulawesi no earlier than 1400 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cham_script">Cham script</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cham script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamscript.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chamscript.png/220px-Chamscript.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chamscript.png/330px-Chamscript.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Chamscript.png/440px-Chamscript.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>The Eastern Cham script</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Baybayin</i></span> could have been introduced to the Philippines by maritime connections with the <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa Kingdom</a>. Geoff Wade has argued that the <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> characters "ga", "nga", "pa", "ma", "ya" and "sa" display characteristics that can be best explained by linking them to the <a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham script</a>, rather than other Indic abugidas. According to Wade, <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Baybayin</i></span> seems to be more related to other southeast Asian scripts than to Kawi script. Wade argues that the Laguna Copperplate Inscription is not definitive proof for a Kawi origin of <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span>, as the inscription displays final consonants, which <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> does not.<sup id="cite_ref-geoffwadecham_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geoffwadecham-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the material that is available, it is clear that <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> was used in Luzon, Palawan, Mindoro, Pangasinan, Ilocos, Panay, Leyte and Iloilo, but there is no proof supporting that <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> reached Mindanao. It appears that the Luzon and Palawan varieties started to develop in different ways in the 1500s, before the Spaniards conquered what we know today as the Philippines. This puts Luzon and Palawan as the oldest regions where <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> was and is used. It is also notable that the script used in Pampanga had already developed special shapes for four letters by the early 1600s, different from the ones used elsewhere. There were three somewhat distinct varieties of <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> in the late 1500s and 1600s, though they could not be described as three different scripts any more than the different styles of Latin script across medieval or modern Europe with their slightly different sets of letters and spelling systems.<sup id="cite_ref-pmorrowchart_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmorrowchart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="title"><div>Some handwritten variations of <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulat_tagalog.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tagalog baybayin"><img alt="Tagalog baybayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sulat_tagalog.jpg/180px-Sulat_tagalog.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sulat_tagalog.jpg/270px-Sulat_tagalog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sulat_tagalog.jpg/360px-Sulat_tagalog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2145" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tagalog baybayin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scriptsambal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sambal variety, used for the Sambal language of Zambales"><img alt="Sambal variety, used for the Sambal language of Zambales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Scriptsambal.jpg/180px-Scriptsambal.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Scriptsambal.jpg/270px-Scriptsambal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Scriptsambal.jpg/360px-Scriptsambal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sambal variety, used for the <a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdita.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuritan variety, from Ilocos"><img alt="Kuritan variety, from Ilocos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kurdita.jpg/163px-Kurdita.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kurdita.jpg/245px-Kurdita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kurdita.jpg/327px-Kurdita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kuritan</i> variety, from <a href="/wiki/Ilocos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilocos">Ilocos</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Characters_of_Tagalog_and_Camarines_People.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Characters of Tagalog and Camarines People, also called Basahan in Bicol region"><img alt="Ancient Characters of Tagalog and Camarines People, also called Basahan in Bicol region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ancient_Characters_of_Tagalog_and_Camarines_People.jpg/108px-Ancient_Characters_of_Tagalog_and_Camarines_People.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ancient_Characters_of_Tagalog_and_Camarines_People.jpg/163px-Ancient_Characters_of_Tagalog_and_Camarines_People.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ancient_Characters_of_Tagalog_and_Camarines_People.jpg/217px-Ancient_Characters_of_Tagalog_and_Camarines_People.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Characters of Tagalog and Camarines People, also called <i>Basahan</i> in <a href="/wiki/Bicol_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicol region">Bicol region</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pangasinensescript.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pangasinan language variety"><img alt="Pangasinan language variety" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pangasinensescript.jpg/180px-Pangasinensescript.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pangasinensescript.jpg/270px-Pangasinensescript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pangasinensescript.jpg/360px-Pangasinensescript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2229" data-file-height="321" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan language</a> variety</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayasib2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Badlit variety from Visayas"><img alt="Badlit variety from Visayas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ayasib2.jpg/180px-Ayasib2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ayasib2.jpg/270px-Ayasib2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ayasib2.jpg/360px-Ayasib2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Badlit</i> variety from <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_kulitan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kapampangan variety from Pampanga"><img alt="Kapampangan variety from Pampanga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Old_kulitan.jpg/180px-Old_kulitan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Old_kulitan.jpg/270px-Old_kulitan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Old_kulitan.jpg/360px-Old_kulitan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="1022" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kapampangan</i> variety from <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An earthenware burial jar, called the "Calatagan Pot," found in <a href="/wiki/Calatagan,_Batangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Calatagan, Batangas">Batangas</a> is inscribed with characters strikingly similar to <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span>, and is claimed to have been inscribed ca. 1300 AD. However, its authenticity has not yet been proven.<sup id="cite_ref-PG1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PG1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although one of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>'s shipmates, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a>, wrote that the people of <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">the Visayas</a> were not literate in 1521, the <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> had already arrived there by 1567 when <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> reported from <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a> that, "They [the Visayans] have their letters and characters like those of the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>, from whom they learned them; they write them on bamboo bark and palm leaves with a pointed tool, but never is any ancient writing found among them nor word of their origin and arrival in these islands, their customs and rites being preserved by traditions handed down from father to son without any other record."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A century later, in 1668, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ignacio_Alcina" title="Francisco Ignacio Alcina">Francisco Alcina</a> wrote: "The characters of these natives [Visayans], or, better said, those that have been in use for a few years in these parts, an art which was communicated to them from the Tagalogs, and the latter learned it from the Borneans who came from the great island of Borneo to <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, with whom they have considerable traffic... From these Borneans the Tagalogs learned their characters, and from them the Visayans, so they call them Moro characters or letters because the Moros taught them... [the Visayans] learned [the Moros'] letters, which many use today, and the women much more than the men, which they write and read more readily than the latter."<sup id="cite_ref-paulmorrow_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulmorrow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francisco de Santa Inés explained in 1676 why writing <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> was more common among women, as "they do not have any other way to while away the time, for it is not customary for little girls to go to school as boys do, they make better use of their characters than men, and they use them in things of devotion, and in other things that are not of devotion."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg/220px-DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg/330px-DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg/440px-DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1661" /></a><figcaption>Pages of the <i>Doctrina Christiana</i>, an early Christian book in Spanish and Tagalog, both in the Latin script and in <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> (1593)</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest printed book in a Philippine language, featuring both Tagalog in <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> and transliterated into the Latin script, is the 1593 <a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana"><i>Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Española y Tagala</i></a>. The Tagalog text was based mainly on a manuscript written by <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Plasencia" title="Juan de Plasencia">Fr. Juan de Placencia</a>. Friars Domingo de Nieva and Juan de San Pedro Martyr supervised the preparation and printing of the book, which was carried out by an unnamed Chinese artisan. This is the earliest example of <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> that exists today and it is the only example from the 1500s. There is also a series of legal documents containing <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span>, preserved in Spanish and Philippine archives that span more than a century: the three oldest, all in the <a href="/wiki/Archivo_General_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Archivo General de Indias">Archivo General de Indias</a> in Seville, are from 1591 and 1599.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmorrowchart_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmorrowchart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Baybayin</i></span> was noted by the Spanish priest <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Chirino" title="Pedro Chirino">Pedro Chirino</a> in 1604 and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Morga" title="Antonio de Morga">Antonio de Morga</a> in 1609 to be known by most Filipinos, and was generally used for personal writings and poetry, among others. However, according to <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">William Henry Scott</a>, there were some <a href="/wiki/Datus" class="mw-redirect" title="Datus">datus</a> from the 1590s who could not sign affidavits or oaths, and witnesses who could not sign land deeds in the 1620s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1984210_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1984210-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif/220px-Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif/330px-Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif/440px-Ilokano_baybayin_prayer.gif 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption> <b>Amami</b>, a fragment of the Ilocano Lord's Prayer, written in Ilocano <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> (Kur-itan, Kurdita), the first to use krus-kudlít.<sup id="cite_ref-Baybayin_Styles_&_Their_Sources_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baybayin_Styles_&_Their_Sources-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1620, <i>Libro a naisurátan amin ti bagás ti Doctrina Cristiana</i> was written by Fr. Francisco Lopez, an <i>Ilocano Doctrina</i> the first <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano baybayin</a>, based on the catechism written by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Cardinal Bellarmine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baybayin_Styles_&_Their_Sources_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baybayin_Styles_&_Their_Sources-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an important moment in the history of <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span>, because the krus-kudlít was introduced for the first time, which allowed writing final consonants. He commented the following on his decision:<sup id="cite_ref-paulmorrow_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulmorrow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The reason for putting the text of the Doctrina in Tagalog type... has been to begin the correction of the said Tagalog script, which, as it is, is so defective and confused (because of not having any method until now for expressing final consonants - I mean, those without vowels) that the most learned reader has to stop and ponder over many words to decide on the pronunciation which the writer intended." This krus-kudlít, or virama kudlít, did not catch on among <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> users, however. Native <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> experts were consulted about the new invention and were asked to adopt it and use it in all their writings. After praising the invention and showing gratitude for it, they decided that it could not be accepted into their writing because "It went against the intrinsic properties and nature that God had given their writing and that to use it was tantamount to destroy with one blow all the Syntax, Prosody and Orthography of their Tagalog language."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1703, <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> was reported to still be in use in the <i>Comintan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>) and other areas of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the earliest literature on the orthography of <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan languages</a> were those of Jesuit priest Ezguerra with his <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Arte de la lengua bisaya</i></span> in 1747<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of Mentrida with his <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Arte de la lengua bisaya: <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Iliguaina</a> de la isla de Panay</i></span> in 1818 which primarily discussed <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical structure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the differing sources spanning centuries, the documented <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabaries</a> also differed in form. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monreal_stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Monreal_stone.jpg/220px-Monreal_stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Monreal_stone.jpg/330px-Monreal_stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Monreal_stone.jpg/440px-Monreal_stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The Monreal stone, which is the centerpiece at the <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> section of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Anthropology_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Anthropology (Manila)">National Museum of Anthropology</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ticao stone inscription, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Monreal_Stones" title="Monreal Stones">Monreal stone</a> or Rizal stone, is a limestone tablet that contains <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> characters. Found by pupils of <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Elementary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizal Elementary School">Rizal Elementary School</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ticao_Island" title="Ticao Island">Ticao Island</a> in Monreal town, <a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a>, which had scraped the mud off their shoes and <a href="/wiki/Flip-flops" title="Flip-flops">slippers</a> on two irregular shaped <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> tablets before entering their classroom, they are now housed at a section of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a>, which weighs 30 kilos, is 11 centimeters thick, 54 cm long and 44 cm wide while the other is 6 cm thick, 20 cm long and 18 cm wide.<sup id="cite_ref-INQPHmuddied_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INQPHmuddied-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ELIZAGAticao_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELIZAGAticao-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doctrina-Christiana-National-Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Doctrina-Christiana-National-Museum.jpg/220px-Doctrina-Christiana-National-Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Doctrina-Christiana-National-Museum.jpg/330px-Doctrina-Christiana-National-Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Doctrina-Christiana-National-Museum.jpg/440px-Doctrina-Christiana-National-Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a> at the National Museum Of Anthropology</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, baybayin was used in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>- and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>-speaking areas. It spread to the <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocanos</a> when the Spanish distributed bibles written in baybayin. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Chirino" title="Pedro Chirino">Pedro Chirino</a>, a Spanish priest and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Morga" title="Antonio de Morga">Antonio de Morga</a> noted in 1604 and 1609 that most Filipino men and women could read baybayin.<sup id="cite_ref-geoffwadecham_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geoffwadecham-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also noted that they did not write books or keep records, but did use baybayin for signing documents, for personal notes and messages, and for poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1984210_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1984210-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the colonial period, Filipinos began keeping paper records of their property and financial transactions, and would write down lessons they were taught in church.<sup id="cite_ref-paulmorrow_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulmorrow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Documents written in the native language and began to play a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-Donoso_2019_pp._89–103_quote_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donoso_2019_pp._89–103_quote-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, baybayin was written upon <a href="/wiki/Palm_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm leaves">palm leaves</a> with a sharp stylus or on <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> with a small knife.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The curved shape of the letter forms of <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> is influenced by this practice; curved lines straight lines would have torn the leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the letters were carved into the bamboo, it was wiped with ash to make the characters stand out.<sup id="cite_ref-paulmorrow_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulmorrow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the era of Spanish colonization, baybayin came to be written with ink on paper using a sharpened quill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChirino189059_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChirino189059-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printed</a> books were produced to facilitate the spread of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of the country, such as <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a> the traditional writing technique has been retained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1984_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1984-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baybayin fell out of use in much of the Philippines under <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish rule</a>. Learning the Latin alphabet also helped Filipinos to make socioeconomic progress, as they could rise to relatively prestigious positions such as clerks, scribes and secretaries.<sup id="cite_ref-paulmorrow_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulmorrow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1745, Sebastián de Totanés wrote in his <i>Arte de la lengua tagala</i> that "The Indian [Filipino] who knows how to read baybayin is now rare, and rarer still is one who knows how to write [it]. They now all read and write in our Castilian [ie Latin] letters."<sup id="cite_ref-artedelalengatagalog_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artedelalengatagalog-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1751 and 1754, Juan José Delgado wrote that "the [native] men devoted themselves to the use of our [Latin] writing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado1892331–333_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado1892331–333-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ambiguity of vowels i/e and o/u, the lack of syllable-final consonants and of letters for some <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish sounds</a> may also have contributed to the decline of baybayin. </p><p>The rarity of pre-Hispanic baybayin texts has led to a common misconception that fanatical Spanish priests must have destroyed the majority native documents. Anthropologist and historian <a href="/wiki/H._Otley_Beyer" title="H. Otley Beyer">H. Otley Beyer</a> wrote in <i>The Philippines before Magellan</i> (1921) that, "one Spanish priest in Southern Luzon boasted of having destroyed more than three hundred scrolls written in the native character". In fact, historians have been unable to verify Beyer's claim,<sup id="cite_ref-paulmorrow_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulmorrow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is no <a href="/wiki/Direct_evidence" title="Direct evidence">direct evidence</a> of substantial destruction of documents by Spanish missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hector Santos has suggested although that Spanish friars may have occasionally burned short documents such as incantations, curses and spells (deemed evil by the church) but rejected the idea that there was any systematic destruction of pre-Hispanic manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morrow also notes that there are no recorded instances of pre-Hispanic Filipinos writing on scrolls, and that the most likely reason why no pre-Hispanic documents survived is because they wrote on perishable materials such as leaves and bamboo. There are also no reports of Tagalog written scriptures, as the Filipinos kept their theological knowledge in oral form while using the Baybayin for secular purposes and talismans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotet2017pp._58–59:_"the_Tagalogs_kept_their_theological_knowledge_unwritten,_and_only_used_their_syllabic_alphabet_(''Baybayin'')_for_secular_pursuits_and,_perhaps,_talismans."_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotet2017pp._58–59:_"the_Tagalogs_kept_their_theological_knowledge_unwritten,_and_only_used_their_syllabic_alphabet_(''Baybayin'')_for_secular_pursuits_and,_perhaps,_talismans."-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scholar Isaac Donoso claims that the documents written in the native language and in native scripts played a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony and noted that many colonial-era documents written in baybayin still exist in some repositories, including the library of the University of Santo Tomas.<sup id="cite_ref-Donoso_2019_pp._89–103_quote_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donoso_2019_pp._89–103_quote-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also noted that the early Spanish missionaries did not suppress the usage of the baybayin script but instead may have even promoted it as a measure to stop <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a>, since the Tagalog language was moving from baybayin to <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a>, the Arabized script of Islamized Southeast Asian societies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonoso2019p._92:_"Secondly,_if_Baybayin_was_not_deleted_but_promoted_and_we_know_that_Manila_was_becoming_an_important_Islamic_entrepôt,_it_is_feasible_to_think_that_Baybayin_was_in_a_mutable_phase_in_Manila_area_at_the_Spanish_advent._This_is_to_say,_like_in_other_areas_of_the_Malay_world,_Jawi_script_and_Islam_were_replacing_Baybayin_and_Hindu-Buddhist_culture._Namely_Spaniards_might_have_promoted_Baybayin_as_a_way_to_stop_Islamization_since_the_Tagalog_language_was_moving_from_Baybayin_to_Jawi_script."_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonoso2019p._92:_"Secondly,_if_Baybayin_was_not_deleted_but_promoted_and_we_know_that_Manila_was_becoming_an_important_Islamic_entrepôt,_it_is_feasible_to_think_that_Baybayin_was_in_a_mutable_phase_in_Manila_area_at_the_Spanish_advent._This_is_to_say,_like_in_other_areas_of_the_Malay_world,_Jawi_script_and_Islam_were_replacing_Baybayin_and_Hindu-Buddhist_culture._Namely_Spaniards_might_have_promoted_Baybayin_as_a_way_to_stop_Islamization_since_the_Tagalog_language_was_moving_from_Baybayin_to_Jawi_script."-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Morrow also suggests that Spanish friars helped to preserve baybayin by continuing its use even after it had been abandoned by most Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-paulmorrow_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulmorrow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipino_sword_filipino_dha_baybayin_script.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Filipino_sword_filipino_dha_baybayin_script.JPG/220px-Filipino_sword_filipino_dha_baybayin_script.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Filipino_sword_filipino_dha_baybayin_script.JPG/330px-Filipino_sword_filipino_dha_baybayin_script.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Filipino_sword_filipino_dha_baybayin_script.JPG/440px-Filipino_sword_filipino_dha_baybayin_script.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Filipino <a href="/wiki/Dha_(sword)" title="Dha (sword)">dha</a> sword inscribed with <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> characters</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Baybayin</i></span> is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> (alphasyllabary), which means that it makes use of consonant-vowel combinations. Each character or <i>titik</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotet201895_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotet201895-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written in its basic form, is a consonant ending with the vowel /a/. To produce consonants ending with other vowel sounds, a mark called a <i>kudlít</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotet201895_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotet201895-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is placed either above the character to change the /a/ to an /e/ or /i/, or below for an /o/ or /u/. To write words beginning with a vowel, one of the three independent vowels (a, i/e, o/u). A third kudlít, <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">◌᜔</span>⟩</span>, called a <i>sabat</i> or <i>krus</i>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></i> removes a consonant's inherent <i>a</i> vowel, making it an independent consonant. The krus-kudlít virama was added to the original script by the Spanish priest Francisco Lopez in 1620. Later, the pamudpod virama <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">◌᜕</span>⟩</span>, which has the same function, was added. Beside these phonetic considerations, the script is monocameral and does not use letter case for distinguishing proper names or words starting sentences. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels and viramas </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜀ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">a</i></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257226131">.mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{vertical-align:top;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;padding:0.3em;min-width:3em}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-text{font-size:85%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-nowrap{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char span:nth-of-type(even){margin-left:0.4em;padding-left:0.4em;border-left:1px dotted #666}.mw-parser-output .letters-left .template-letter-char{padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-right .template-letter-char{padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-wide .template-letter-char{padding-right:0.8em;padding-left:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .letters-hi .template-letter-char{padding-top:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-lo .template-letter-char{padding-bottom:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-nadir .template-letter-char{padding-bottom:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .letters-tall .template-letter-char{padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:1em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257210792">.mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#8B0000}.mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:#edF3F3}.mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#F2FBFB}.mw-parser-output .letters-teal .template-letter-char{color:#007a7c}.mw-parser-output .letters-black .template-letter-char{color:#111}.mw-parser-output .letters-blue .template-letter-char{color:#0000A0}.mw-parser-output .letters-green .template-letter-char{color:#006000}.mw-parser-output .letters-violet .template-letter-char{color:#800080}.mw-parser-output .letters-pink .template-letter-char{color:#DB0A5B}.mw-parser-output .letters-orange .template-letter-char{color:#D43900}.mw-parser-output .letters-gold .template-letter-char{color:#AA5D00}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257186708">html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122);color:#F36060}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#F55592}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-black .template-letter-char{color:#ccc}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-teal .template-letter-char{color:#10ACB0}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-blue .template-letter-char{color:#008DEE}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-green .template-letter-char{color:#23AE23}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night.letters-violet .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#A375E8}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-pink .template-letter-char{color:#F55592}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-orange .template-letter-char{color:#EE7347}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-gold .template-letter-char{color:#DE8317}</style> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜁ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">i or e</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜂ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">o or u</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌̇</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">i or e</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌̣</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">o or u</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">krus-kudlít</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌᜕</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text">pamudpod</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The base characters with all consonant-vowel and virama combinations </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜊ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ba, va</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><sup id="cite_ref-allo_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allo-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜃ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ka</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜇ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">da, ra</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><sup id="cite_ref-allo_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allo-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜄ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ga</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜑ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ha</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜎ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">la</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜋ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ma</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜈ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">na</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜅ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">nga</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜉ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">pa, fa</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><sup id="cite_ref-allo_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allo-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜐ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">sa, za</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><sup id="cite_ref-allo_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allo-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜆ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ta</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜏ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">wa</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜌ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ya</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜊ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜊᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">bi, vi<br />be, ve</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜃ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜃᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ki, ke</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜇ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜇᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">di, ri<br />de, re</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜄ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜄᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">gi, ge</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜑ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜑᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">hi, he</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜎ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜎᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">li, le</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜋ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜋᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">mi, me</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜈ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜈᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ni, ne</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜅ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜅᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ngi, nge</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜉ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜉᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">pi, fi<br />pe, fe</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜐ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜐᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">si, se<br />zi, ze</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜆ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜆᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ti, te</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜏ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜏᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">wi, we</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜌ + ◌̇</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜌᜒ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">yi, ye</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜊ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜊᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">bo, vo<br />bu, vu</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜃ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜃᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ko, ku</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜇ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜇᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">do, ro<br />du, ru</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜄ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜄᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">go, gu</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜑ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜑᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ho, hu</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜎ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜎᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">lo, lu</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜋ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜋᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">mo, mu</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜈ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜈᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">no, nu</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜅ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜅᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">ngo, ngu</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜉ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜉᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">po, fo<br />pu, fu</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜐ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜐᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">so, zo<br />su, zu</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜆ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜆᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">to, tu</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜏ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜏᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">wo, wu</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜌ + ◌̣</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜌᜓ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">yo, yu</i></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜊ᜕<br />ᜊ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/v/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜃ᜕<br />ᜃ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜇ᜕<br />ᜇ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/r/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜄ᜕<br />ᜄ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜑ᜕<br />ᜑ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜎ᜕<br />ᜎ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜋ᜕<br />ᜋ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜈ᜕<br />ᜈ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜅ᜕<br />ᜅ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜉ᜕<br />ᜉ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/f/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜐ᜕<br />ᜐ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/z/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜆ᜕<br />ᜆ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜏ᜕<br />ᜏ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box letters-violet"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin"><span style="font-size:150%;">ᜌ᜕<br />ᜌ᜔</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-allo-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allo_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allo_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allo_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allo_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">There is only one symbol or character for <i>da</i> or <i>ra</i> as they were allophones in many <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages of the Philippines</a>, where <i>ra</i> occurs in intervocalic positions and <i>da</i> elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-paulmorrow_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulmorrow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Baybayin</i></span> variants such as sambal, basahan, and ibalnan<i>do</i> have separate symbols for <i>da</i> and <i>ra</i>. Shared symbols are also used to represent both <i>pa</i> and <i>fa</i>, <i>ba</i> and <i>va</i>, and <i>sa</i> and <i>za</i> which were also allophonic.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation_and_spacing">Punctuation and spacing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Punctuation and spacing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Baybayin</i></span> originally used only one punctuation mark (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">᜶</span>), which was called <i>Bantasán</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotet201895_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotet201895-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> uses two punctuation marks, the Philippine single (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">᜵</span>) punctuation, acting as a comma or verse splitter in poetry, and the double punctuation (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">᜶</span>), acting as a period or end of paragraph. These punctuation marks are similar to single and double <a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda">danda</a> signs in other Indic Abugidas and may be presented vertically like Indic dandas, or slanted like forward slashes. The signs are unified across Philippines scripts and were encoded by Unicode in the <a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunoo alphabet">Hanunóo script</a> block.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Space separation of words was historically not used as words were written in a continuous flow, but is common today.<sup id="cite_ref-paulmorrow_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulmorrow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabetical_order">Alphabetical order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alphabetical order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></i>, the letters were ordered without any connection with other similar scripts, except sorting vowels before consonants as: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜀ ᜂ ᜁ ᜑ ᜉ ᜃ ᜐ ᜎ ᜆ ᜈ ᜊ ᜋ ᜄ ᜇ ᜌ ᜅ ᜏ</span><br />a, u/o, i/e; ha, pa, ka, sa, la, ta, na, ba, ma, ga, da/ra, ya, nga, wa.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In Unicode the letters are ordered in a similar way to other Indic scripts, by phonetic class. </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜀ ᜁ ᜂ ᜃ ᜄ ᜅ ᜆ ᜇ ᜈ ᜉ ᜊ ᜋ ᜌ ᜍ ᜎ ᜏ ᜐ ᜑ</span><br />a, i/e, o/u; ka, ga, nga; ta, da/ra, na; pa, ba, ma; ya, ra, la, wa, sa, ha.<sup id="cite_ref-UnicodeTagalog_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnicodeTagalog-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_usage_and_revival">Contemporary usage and revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contemporary usage and revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of legislative bills have been proposed periodically aiming to promote the writing system, among them is the "National Writing System Act" (House Bill 1022<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>/Senate Bill 433).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are attempts of modernizing Baybayin such as adding letters like R, C, V, Z, F, Q, and X that are not originally on the script in order to make writing modern Filipino words easier such as the word <b>Zambales</b> and other provinces and towns in the Philippines that have Spanish origins.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baybayin was used in the most current <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Philippine_peso#New_Generation_Currency_series_(current)" title="Banknotes of the Philippine peso">New Generation Currency series of the Philippine peso</a> issued in the last quarter of 2010. The word used on the bills was "Pilipino" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜉᜒᜎᜒᜉᜒᜈᜓ</span>). </p><p>It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_passport" title="Philippine passport">Philippine passports</a>, specifically the latest <a href="/wiki/Biometric_passport" title="Biometric passport">e-passport</a> edition issued 11 August 2009 onwards. The odd pages of pages 3–43 have "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆᜓᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜈᜄ᜔ᜉᜉᜇᜃᜒᜎ ᜐ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜊᜌᜈ᜔</span>" ("<span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Ang katuwiran ay nagpapadakila sa isang bayan</i></span>"/"Righteousness exalts a nation") in reference to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a> 14:34. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_passport_(2016_edition)_Baybayin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philippine passport showing the Baybayin script"><img alt="Philippine passport showing the Baybayin script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Philippine_passport_%282016_edition%29_Baybayin.jpg/120px-Philippine_passport_%282016_edition%29_Baybayin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Philippine_passport_%282016_edition%29_Baybayin.jpg/180px-Philippine_passport_%282016_edition%29_Baybayin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Philippine_passport_%282016_edition%29_Baybayin.jpg/240px-Philippine_passport_%282016_edition%29_Baybayin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Philippine passport showing the Baybayin script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_revolution_flag_magdiwang.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Katipunan Magdiwang faction, with the Baybayin letter ka"><img alt="Flag of the Katipunan Magdiwang faction, with the Baybayin letter ka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Philippine_revolution_flag_magdiwang.svg/120px-Philippine_revolution_flag_magdiwang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Philippine_revolution_flag_magdiwang.svg/180px-Philippine_revolution_flag_magdiwang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Philippine_revolution_flag_magdiwang.svg/240px-Philippine_revolution_flag_magdiwang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> <a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang faction</a>, with the <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Baybayin</i></span> letter <i>ka</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines_(NHCP).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, with the two Baybayin ka and pa letters in the center"><img alt="Seal of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, with the two Baybayin ka and pa letters in the center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines_%28NHCP%29.svg/120px-National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines_%28NHCP%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines_%28NHCP%29.svg/180px-National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines_%28NHCP%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines_%28NHCP%29.svg/240px-National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines_%28NHCP%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seal of the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines" title="National Historical Commission of the Philippines">National Historical Commission of the Philippines</a>, with the two Baybayin <i>ka</i> and <i>pa</i> letters in the center</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library_of_the_Philippines_(NLP).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the National Library of the Philippines. The Baybayin text reads ᜃᜇᜓᜈᜓᜅᜈ᜔, karunungan, 'wisdom'"><img alt="Logo of the National Library of the Philippines. The Baybayin text reads ᜃᜇᜓᜈᜓᜅᜈ᜔, karunungan, 'wisdom'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/National_Library_of_the_Philippines_%28NLP%29.svg/120px-National_Library_of_the_Philippines_%28NLP%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/National_Library_of_the_Philippines_%28NLP%29.svg/180px-National_Library_of_the_Philippines_%28NLP%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/National_Library_of_the_Philippines_%28NLP%29.svg/240px-National_Library_of_the_Philippines_%28NLP%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines" title="National Library of the Philippines">National Library of the Philippines</a>. The Baybayin text reads <span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜃᜇᜓᜈᜓᜅᜈ᜔</span></span></span>, <span title="Tagalog-language romanization"><i lang="tl-Latn">karunungan</i></span>, 'wisdom'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the National Museum of the Philippines, with a Baybayin pa letter in the center, in a traditional rounded style"><img alt="Logo of the National Museum of the Philippines, with a Baybayin pa letter in the center, in a traditional rounded style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.svg/180px-National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.svg/240px-National_Museum_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="461" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a>, with a Baybayin <i>pa</i> letter in the center, in a traditional rounded style</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CulturalCenterPH.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the Cultural Center of the Philippines, with three rotated occurrences of the Baybayin ka letter"><img alt="Logo of the Cultural Center of the Philippines, with three rotated occurrences of the Baybayin ka letter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CulturalCenterPH.svg/120px-CulturalCenterPH.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CulturalCenterPH.svg/180px-CulturalCenterPH.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CulturalCenterPH.svg/240px-CulturalCenterPH.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines" title="Cultural Center of the Philippines">Cultural Center of the Philippines</a>, with three rotated occurrences of the Baybayin <i>ka</i> letter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NCCA_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of National Commission for Culture and the Arts, with the Baybayin letter ka stylized as an eternal flame"><img alt="Logo of National Commission for Culture and the Arts, with the Baybayin letter ka stylized as an eternal flame" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NCCA_Logo.svg/74px-NCCA_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NCCA_Logo.svg/111px-NCCA_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NCCA_Logo.svg/147px-NCCA_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts" title="National Commission for Culture and the Arts">National Commission for Culture and the Arts</a>, with the <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Baybayin</i></span> letter <i>ka</i> stylized as an <a href="/wiki/Eternal_flame" title="Eternal flame">eternal flame</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gawad_Lakandula.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The insignia of the Order of Lakandula with the name Lakandula, in the middle, read counterclockwise from the top"><img alt="The insignia of the Order of Lakandula with the name Lakandula, in the middle, read counterclockwise from the top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gawad_Lakandula.png/78px-Gawad_Lakandula.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gawad_Lakandula.png/116px-Gawad_Lakandula.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gawad_Lakandula.png/155px-Gawad_Lakandula.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lakandula" title="Order of Lakandula">Order of Lakandula</a> with the name <i><a href="/wiki/Lakandula" title="Lakandula">Lakandula</a></i>, in the middle, read counterclockwise from the top</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Living_Treasures_Award_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the National Living Treasures Award with the words Manlilikha ng Bayan"><img alt="Logo of the National Living Treasures Award with the words Manlilikha ng Bayan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/National_Living_Treasures_Award_logo.svg/120px-National_Living_Treasures_Award_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/National_Living_Treasures_Award_logo.svg/180px-National_Living_Treasures_Award_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/National_Living_Treasures_Award_logo.svg/240px-National_Living_Treasures_Award_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="311" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of the <a href="/wiki/National_Living_Treasures_Award_(Philippines)" title="National Living Treasures Award (Philippines)">National Living Treasures Award</a> with the words <i>Manlilikha ng Bayan</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panitik_Silangan,_September_1963.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The front page of the publication "Panitik Silangan", mostly printed in Baybayin, September 1963"><img alt="The front page of the publication "Panitik Silangan", mostly printed in Baybayin, September 1963" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Panitik_Silangan%2C_September_1963.png/91px-Panitik_Silangan%2C_September_1963.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Panitik_Silangan%2C_September_1963.png/137px-Panitik_Silangan%2C_September_1963.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Panitik_Silangan%2C_September_1963.png/183px-Panitik_Silangan%2C_September_1963.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The front page of the publication "Panitik Silangan", mostly printed in Baybayin, September 1963</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivative_scripts">Derivative scripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Derivative scripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanunuo_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunuo script">Hanunuo script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa script</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></div> <p>Bayabin's modern descendant scripts surviving modern script are the <a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa script</a>, also known as known as <i>ibalnan</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Palawan_people" title="Palawan people">Palawan people</a>, who have adopted it, the <a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid script</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hanunuo_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunuo script">Hanunóo script</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan script</a> is a unique script that employs consonant stacking and is derived from Old Kapampangan, the precolonial Indic script used to write the <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spelling_reform" title="Spelling reform">reformed</a> in recent decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sample texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_one_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights">Article one of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Article one of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Tagalog in Baybayin script;</dt></dl> <p><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜎᜑᜆ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜆᜂ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜁᜐᜒᜈᜒᜎᜅ᜔ ᜈ ᜋᜎᜌ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ ᜐ ᜃᜇᜅᜎᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜅ ᜃᜇᜉᜆᜈ᜔᜶. ᜐᜒᜎ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜉᜒᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜎᜓᜂᜊᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆᜓᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜊᜓᜇ᜔ᜑᜒ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜇᜉᜆ᜔ ᜋᜄ᜔ᜉᜎᜄᜌᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜁᜐᜆ᜔ ᜁᜐ ᜐ ᜇᜒᜏ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜆᜒᜇᜈ᜔᜶</span></span></span> </p> <dl><dt>Romanized</dt></dl> <p><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Ang lahát ng tao'y isinilang na malayà at pantáy-pantáy sa karangalan at mga karapatán. Sila'y pinagkalooban ng katuwiran at budhî at dapat magpalagayan ang isá't isá sa diwà ng pagkákapatíran.</i></span> </p> <dl><dt>English</dt></dl> <p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motto_of_the_Philippines">Motto of the Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Motto of the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Tagalog in Baybayin script</dt></dl> <p><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜋᜃᜇᜒᜌᜓᜐ᜔᜵ ᜋᜃᜆᜂ᜵ ᜋᜃᜃᜎᜒᜃᜐᜈ᜔᜵ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜃᜊᜈ᜔ᜐ᜶ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜊᜈ᜔ᜐ᜵ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜇᜒᜏ᜶</span></span></span> </p> <dl><dt>Romanized</dt></dl> <p><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Maka-Diyós, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansâ.Isáng Bansâ, Isáng Diwà</i></span> </p> <dl><dt>English</dt></dl> <p>For God, for people, for nature, and for country. One country, one spirit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_anthem">National anthem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: National anthem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first two verses of the Philippine <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Lupang Hinirang</a></i>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215345927">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{width:auto!important}}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{clear:none;float:left}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float-clear{clear:both}</style><div class="multicol-float" style="margin-right:1em"> <dl><dt>Tagalog in Baybayin script</dt></dl> <p><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜊᜌᜅ᜔ ᜋᜄᜒᜎᜒᜏ᜔᜵<br /> ᜉᜒᜇ᜔ᜎᜐ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜐᜒᜎᜅᜈᜈ᜔᜵<br /> ᜀᜎᜊ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜓᜐᜓ᜵<br /> ᜐ ᜇᜒᜊ᜔ᜇᜒᜊ᜔ ᜋᜓᜌ᜔ ᜊᜓᜑᜌ᜔᜶<br /><br /> ᜎᜓᜉᜅ᜔ ᜑᜒᜈᜒᜇᜅ᜔᜵<br /> ᜇᜓᜌᜈ᜔ ᜃ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜋᜄᜒᜆᜒᜅ᜔᜵<br /> ᜐ ᜋᜈ᜔ᜎᜓᜎᜓᜉᜒᜄ᜔᜵<br /> ᜇᜒ ᜃ ᜉᜐᜒᜐᜒᜁᜎ᜔᜶</span></span></span> </p> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style="padding-left:1em;border-left:1px solid #ccc; margin-right:1em"> <dl><dt>Romanized</dt></dl> <p><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Bayang magiliw,<br /> Perlas ng silanganan,<br /> Alab ng puso<br /> Sa dibdib mo'y buhay.<br /><br /> Lupang hinirang,<br /> Duyan ka ng magiting,<br /> Sa manlulupig<br /> Di ka pasisiil.<br /></i></span> </p> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style="padding: 0 1em;border-left:1px solid #ccc; margin: 0 1em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/International_phonetic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International phonetic alphabet">International phonetic alphabet</a></dt></dl> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈba.jɐŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>mɐ.ˈɡi.lɪʊ̯]<br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[ˈpeɾ.lɐs<span class="wrap"> </span>nɐŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>sɪ.lɐ.ˈŋa.nɐn]<br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[ˈa.lɐb<span class="wrap"> </span>nɐŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpu.so(ʔ)]<br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[sa<span class="wrap"> </span>dɪb.ˈdib<span class="wrap"> </span>moɪ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbu.haɪ̯]<br /><br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[ˈlu.pɐŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>hɪ.ˈni.ɾɐŋ]<br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[ˈdu.jɐn<span class="wrap"> </span>k(x)ɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>nɐŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>mɐ.ˈɡi.tɪŋ]<br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[sa<span class="wrap"> </span>mɐn.lʊ.ˈlu.pɪg]<br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[ˈdi(ʔ)<span class="wrap"> </span>k(x)ɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>pɐ.sɪ.sɪ.ˈʔil]<br /></span> </p> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style="padding: 0 1em;border-left:1px solid #ccc; margin: 0 1em"> <dl><dt>English</dt></dl> <p>Land of the morning,<br /> Child of the sun returning,<br /> With fervor burning<br /> Thee do our souls adore.<br /> <br /> Land dear and holy,<br /> Cradle of noble heroes,<br /> Ne'er shall invaders<br /> Trample thy sacred shores.<br /> </p> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Baybayin</i></span> was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in March, 2002 with the release of version 3.2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block">Block</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Block"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_(Unicode_block)" title="Tagalog (Unicode block)">Tagalog (Unicode block)</a></div> <p><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Baybayin</i></span> is included in Unicode under the name 'Tagalog'. </p><p><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Baybayin</i></span>–Tagalog Unicode range: U+1700–U+171F </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_(Unicode_block)" title="Tagalog (Unicode block)">Tagalog</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1700_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U1700_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U1700_grey"><a href="#endnote_U1700_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1700.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+170x </td> <td title="U+1700: TAGALOG LETTER A"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜀ</span> </td> <td title="U+1701: TAGALOG LETTER I"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜁ</span> </td> <td title="U+1702: TAGALOG LETTER U"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜂ</span> </td> <td title="U+1703: TAGALOG LETTER KA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜃ</span> </td> <td title="U+1704: TAGALOG LETTER GA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜄ</span> </td> <td title="U+1705: TAGALOG LETTER NGA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜅ</span> </td> <td title="U+1706: TAGALOG LETTER TA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜆ</span> </td> <td title="U+1707: TAGALOG LETTER DA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜇ</span> </td> <td title="U+1708: TAGALOG LETTER NA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜈ</span> </td> <td title="U+1709: TAGALOG LETTER PA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜉ</span> </td> <td title="U+170A: TAGALOG LETTER BA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜊ</span> </td> <td title="U+170B: TAGALOG LETTER MA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜋ</span> </td> <td title="U+170C: TAGALOG LETTER YA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜌ</span> </td> <td title="U+170D: TAGALOG LETTER RA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜍ</span> </td> <td title="U+170E: TAGALOG LETTER LA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜎ</span> </td> <td title="U+170F: TAGALOG LETTER WA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜏ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+171x </td> <td title="U+1710: TAGALOG LETTER SA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜐ</span> </td> <td title="U+1711: TAGALOG LETTER HA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜑ</span> </td> <td title="U+1712: TAGALOG VOWEL SIGN I"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜒ</span> </td> <td title="U+1713: TAGALOG VOWEL SIGN U"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜓ</span> </td> <td title="U+1714: TAGALOG SIGN VIRAMA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">᜔</span> </td> <td title="U+1715: TAGALOG SIGN PAMUDPOD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">᜕</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+171F: TAGALOG LETTER ARCHAIC RA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜟ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1700_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U1700_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U1700_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U1700_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keyboard">Keyboard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Keyboard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gboard">Gboard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gboard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baybayin_Keyboad_by_Gboard_Screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Baybayin_Keyboad_by_Gboard_Screenshot.png/220px-Baybayin_Keyboad_by_Gboard_Screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Baybayin_Keyboad_by_Gboard_Screenshot.png/330px-Baybayin_Keyboad_by_Gboard_Screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Baybayin_Keyboad_by_Gboard_Screenshot.png/440px-Baybayin_Keyboad_by_Gboard_Screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>A screenshot image of the <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> keyboard on Gboard.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Virtual_keyboard" title="Virtual keyboard">virtual keyboard</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">app</a> <a href="/wiki/Gboard" title="Gboard">Gboard</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> for <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> and <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> devices was updated on 1 August 2019<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its list of supported languages. This includes all Unicode <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl"><a href="/wiki/Suyat" title="Suyat">suyat</a></i></span> blocks. Included are "Buhid", "Hanunuo", <i>baybayin</i> as "Filipino (Baybayin)", and the Tagbanwa script as "Aborlan".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>baybayin</i> layout, "Filipino (Baybayin)", is designed such that when the user presses the character, vowel markers (<i>kudlít</i>) for e/i and o/u, as well as the <i>virama</i> (vowel sound cancellation) are selectable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines_Unicode_Keyboard_Layout_with_baybayin">Philippines Unicode Keyboard Layout with <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Philippines Unicode Keyboard Layout with baybayin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible to type <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> directly from one's keyboard without the need to use <a href="/wiki/Web_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="Web applications">web applications</a> which implement an <a href="/wiki/Input_method" title="Input method">input method</a>. The Philippines Unicode Keyboard Layout<sup id="cite_ref-techmagus_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techmagus-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes different sets of <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> layout for different keyboard users: QWERTY, Capewell-Dvorak, Capewell-QWERF 2006, Colemak, and Dvorak, all of which work in both Microsoft Windows and Linux. </p><p>This keyboard layout with <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">baybayin</i></span> can be downloaded <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitbucket.org/paninap/ph-ukl/">here</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">Filipino orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suyat" title="Suyat">Suyat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanuno'o script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basahan" title="Basahan">Basahan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Silver_Paleograph" title="Butuan Silver Paleograph">Butuan Silver Paleograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Sans+Tagalog">Noto Sans Tagalog</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spelling with the cross-shaped <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a> (<span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">krus-kudlit</i></span>). The spelling without any virama is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜊᜊᜌᜒ</span> and with the <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">pamudpod</i></span> is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1046610773"><span class="script-baybayin">ᜊᜌ᜕ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜕</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PG1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PG1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PG1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBorrinaga2010" class="citation web cs1">Borrinaga, Rolando O. (September 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128074303/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/the-mystery-of-the-ancient-inscription-an-article-on-the-calatagan-pot/">"In Focus: The Mystery of the Ancient Inscription (An Article on the Calatagan Pot)"</a>. <i>National Commission for Culture and the Arts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/the-mystery-of-the-ancient-inscription-an-article-on-the-calatagan-pot">the original</a> on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=In+Focus%3A+The+Mystery+of+the+Ancient+Inscription+%28An+Article+on+the+Calatagan+Pot%29&rft.date=2010-09-22&rft.aulast=Borrinaga&rft.aufirst=Rolando+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Fin-focus%2Fthe-mystery-of-the-ancient-inscription-an-article-on-the-calatagan-pot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918005329/https://aboutphilippines.org/doc-pdf-ppt-etc/Linguistic_insights_into_the_history_of_Philippine_script.pdf">Archived</a> 18 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thezoomerhistorian.medium.com/the-decline-of-the-baybayin-script-during-the-early-spanish-period-and-the-spanish-efforts-for-its-de561e05eb67">"The Decline of the Baybayin Script During the Early Spanish Period and the Spanish Effort for its Preservation (1593-1703)"</a>. <i>www.medium.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medium.com&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+the+Baybayin+Script+During+the+Early+Spanish+Period+and+the+Spanish+Effort+for+its+Preservation+%281593-1703%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthezoomerhistorian.medium.com%2Fthe-decline-of-the-baybayin-script-during-the-early-spanish-period-and-the-spanish-efforts-for-its-de561e05eb67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-artedelalengatagalog-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-artedelalengatagalog_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artedelalengatagalog_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Totanés1745" class="citation book cs1">de Totanés, Sebastián (1745). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apu1031.0001.001.umich.edu/page/n15/mode/2up"><i>Arte de la lenga tagalog</i></a>. p. 3. <q>No se trata de los caracteres tagalos, porque es ya raro el indio [sic] que los sabe leer, y rarísimo el que los sabe escribir. En los nuestros castellanos leen ya, y escriben todos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arte+de+la+lenga+tagalog&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1745&rft.aulast=de+Totan%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapu1031.0001.001.umich.edu%2Fpage%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmorrowchart-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmorrowchart_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmorrowchart_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmorrowchart_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2011" class="citation web cs1">Morrow, Paul (April 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paulmorrow.ca/baychart.htm">"Baybayin Styles & Their Sources"</a>. <i>paulmorrow.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Losana: Imprenta de Jaunin Hermanos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contribuci%C3%B3n+para+el+estudio+de+los+antiguos+alfabetos+filipinos&rft.place=Losana&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+Jaunin+Hermanos&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Pardo+de+Tavera&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fname.umdl.umich.edu%2Faps8604.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INQPHmuddied-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INQPHmuddied_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscandor2014" class="citation news cs1">Escandor, Juan Jr (July 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/616407/muddied-stones-reveal-ancient-scripts">"Muddied Stones Reveal Ancient Scripts"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=Muddied+Stones+Reveal+Ancient+Scripts&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft.aulast=Escandor&rft.aufirst=Juan+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F616407%2Fmuddied-stones-reveal-ancient-scripts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELIZAGAticao-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ELIZAGAticao_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrinagan.d." class="citation conference cs1">Borrinaga, Rolando O. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heritage.elizaga.net/explorations/borrinaga/ticao-stones.pdf"><i>Romancing the Ticao Stones: Preliminary Transcription, Decipherment, Translation, and Some Notes</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Paper for presentation at The 1st Philippine Conference on the "Baybayin" Stones of Ticao, Masbate, 5–6 August 2011, Monreal, Masbate Province – via heritage.elizaga.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Romancing+the+Ticao+Stones%3A+Preliminary+Transcription%2C+Decipherment%2C+Translation%2C+and+Some+Notes&rft.aulast=Borrinaga&rft.aufirst=Rolando+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheritage.elizaga.net%2Fexplorations%2Fborrinaga%2Fticao-stones.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donoso_2019_pp._89–103_quote-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donoso_2019_pp._89–103_quote_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donoso_2019_pp._89–103_quote_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonoso2019">Donoso 2019</a>, pp. 89–103: "What is important to us is the relevant activity during these centuries to study, write and even print in Baybayin. And this task is not strange in other regions of the Spanish Empire. In fact indigenous documents placed a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colonies. Documents in other language than Spanish were legally considered, and Pedro de Castro says that "I have seen in the archives of Lipa and Batangas many documents with these characters". Nowadays we can find Baybayin documents in some repositories, including the oldest library in the country, the University of Santo Tomás."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFQOAQAAMAAJ&q=baybayin+palm+leaves">"Filipinas Magazine"</a>. <i>Filipinas</i>. No. 36–44. 1995. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filipinas&rft.atitle=Filipinas+Magazine&rft.issue=36%E2%80%9344&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKFQOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbaybayin%2Bpalm%2Bleaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinn2001" class="citation web cs1">Pinn, Fred (April 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113205231/http://princelystates.com/ArchivedFeatures/fa-03-05.shtml">"Cochin Palm Leaf Fiscals"</a>. <i>Princely States Report</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://princelystates.com/ArchivedFeatures/fa-03-05.shtml">the original</a> on January 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princely+States+Report&rft.atitle=Cochin+Palm+Leaf+Fiscals&rft.date=2001-04-01&rft.aulast=Pinn&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprincelystates.com%2FArchivedFeatures%2Ffa-03-05.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChirino189059-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChirino189059_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChirino1890">Chirino 1890</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1992" class="citation journal cs1">Woods, Damon L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7kz776js">"Tomás Pinpin and the Literate Indio: Tagalog Writing in the Early Spanish Philippines"</a>. <i>UCLA Historical Journal</i>. <b>12</b>: 177–220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Tom%C3%A1s+Pinpin+and+the+Literate+Indio%3A+Tagalog+Writing+in+the+Early+Spanish+Philippines&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=177-220&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Damon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F7kz776js&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1984-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1984_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1984">Scott 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelgado1892331–333-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelgado1892331–333_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelgado1892">Delgado 1892</a>, pp. 331–333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos1996" class="citation web cs1">Santos, Hector (October 26, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915163425/http://www.bibingka.baybayin.com/dahon/extinct/extinct.htm">"Extinction of a Philippine Script"</a>. <i>A Philippine Leaf</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibingka.baybayin.com/dahon/extinct/extinct.htm">the original</a> on September 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2019</span>. <q>However, when I started looking for documents that could confirm it, I couldn't find any. I pored over historians' accounts of burnings (especially Beyer) looking for footnotes that may provide leads as to where their information came from. Sadly, their sources, if they had any, were not documented.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Philippine+Leaf&rft.atitle=Extinction+of+a+Philippine+Script&rft.date=1996-10-26&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Hector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibingka.baybayin.com%2Fdahon%2Fextinct%2Fextinct.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos1996" class="citation web cs1">Santos, Hector (October 26, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915163425/http://www.bibingka.baybayin.com/dahon/extinct/extinct.htm">"Extinction of a Philippine Script"</a>. <i>A Philippine Leaf</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibingka.baybayin.com/dahon/extinct/extinct.htm">the original</a> on September 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2019</span>. <q>But if any burnings happened as a result of this order to Fr. Chirino, they would have resulted in destruction of Christian manuscripts that were not acceptable to the Church and not of ancient manuscripts that did not exist in the first place. Short documents burned? Yes. Ancient manuscripts? No.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Philippine+Leaf&rft.atitle=Extinction+of+a+Philippine+Script&rft.date=1996-10-26&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Hector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibingka.baybayin.com%2Fdahon%2Fextinct%2Fextinct.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotet2017pp._58–59:_"the_Tagalogs_kept_their_theological_knowledge_unwritten,_and_only_used_their_syllabic_alphabet_(''Baybayin'')_for_secular_pursuits_and,_perhaps,_talismans."-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotet2017pp._58–59:_"the_Tagalogs_kept_their_theological_knowledge_unwritten,_and_only_used_their_syllabic_alphabet_(''Baybayin'')_for_secular_pursuits_and,_perhaps,_talismans."_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotet2017">Potet 2017</a>, pp. 58–59: "the Tagalogs kept their theological knowledge unwritten, and only used their syllabic alphabet (<i>Baybayin</i>) for secular pursuits and, perhaps, talismans.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonoso2019p._92:_"Secondly,_if_Baybayin_was_not_deleted_but_promoted_and_we_know_that_Manila_was_becoming_an_important_Islamic_entrepôt,_it_is_feasible_to_think_that_Baybayin_was_in_a_mutable_phase_in_Manila_area_at_the_Spanish_advent._This_is_to_say,_like_in_other_areas_of_the_Malay_world,_Jawi_script_and_Islam_were_replacing_Baybayin_and_Hindu-Buddhist_culture._Namely_Spaniards_might_have_promoted_Baybayin_as_a_way_to_stop_Islamization_since_the_Tagalog_language_was_moving_from_Baybayin_to_Jawi_script."-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonoso2019p._92:_"Secondly,_if_Baybayin_was_not_deleted_but_promoted_and_we_know_that_Manila_was_becoming_an_important_Islamic_entrepôt,_it_is_feasible_to_think_that_Baybayin_was_in_a_mutable_phase_in_Manila_area_at_the_Spanish_advent._This_is_to_say,_like_in_other_areas_of_the_Malay_world,_Jawi_script_and_Islam_were_replacing_Baybayin_and_Hindu-Buddhist_culture._Namely_Spaniards_might_have_promoted_Baybayin_as_a_way_to_stop_Islamization_since_the_Tagalog_language_was_moving_from_Baybayin_to_Jawi_script."_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonoso2019">Donoso 2019</a>, p. 92: "Secondly, if Baybayin was not deleted but promoted and we know that Manila was becoming an important Islamic entrepôt, it is feasible to think that Baybayin was in a mutable phase in Manila area at the Spanish advent. This is to say, like in other areas of the Malay world, Jawi script and Islam were replacing Baybayin and Hindu-Buddhist culture. Namely Spaniards might have promoted Baybayin as a way to stop Islamization since the Tagalog language was moving from Baybayin to Jawi script.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotet201895-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotet201895_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotet201895_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotet201895_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotet2018">Potet 2018</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Noceda1754" class="citation book cs1">de Noceda, Juan (1754). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.aqj5903.0001.001&view=image&seq=61"><i>Vocabulario de la lengua tagala</i></a>. Impr. de Ramirez y Giraudier. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabulario+de+la+lengua+tagala&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Impr.+de+Ramirez+y+Giraudier&rft.date=1754&rft.aulast=de+Noceda&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmiun.aqj5903.0001.001%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch17.pdf#G26723">"Chapter 17: Indonesia and Oceania, Philippine Scripts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Unicode Consortium. March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+17%3A+Indonesia+and+Oceania%2C+Philippine+Scripts&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode13.0.0%2Fch17.pdf%23G26723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16119/16119-h/16119-h.htm#d0e129">"Doctrina Cristiana"</a>. <i>Project Gutenberg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg&rft.atitle=Doctrina+Cristiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F16119%2F16119-h%2F16119-h.htm%23d0e129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnicodeTagalog-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UnicodeTagalog_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1700.pdf">"Unicode Baybayin Tagalog variant"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Baybayin+Tagalog+variant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU1700.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_Bill_No._10222016" class="citation cs2">House Bill No. 1022 (July 4, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191126193202/http://www.congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/basic_17/HB01022.pdf"><i>Declaring "Baybayin" as the National Writing System of the Philippines, Providing for Its Promotion, Protection, Preservation and Conservation, and for Other Purposes</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_Philippines#House_of_Representatives" title="17th Congress of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://congress.gov.ph/legisdocs/basic_17/HB01022.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Declaring+%22Baybayin%22+as+the+National+Writing+System+of+the+Philippines%2C+Providing+for+Its+Promotion%2C+Protection%2C+Preservation+and+Conservation%2C+and+for+Other+Purposes&rft.pub=House+of+Representatives&rft.date=2016-07-04&rft.au=House+Bill+No.+1022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcongress.gov.ph%2Flegisdocs%2Fbasic_17%2FHB01022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=17&q=SBN-433"><i>Senate Bill No. 433</i></a>. July 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techmagus&rft.atitle=Philippines+Unicode+Keyboard+Layout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechmagus.icu%2Fpaninap-unicode-keyboard-layout%2Fthe-philippines-national-keyboard-layout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgado1892" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Delgado, Juan José (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/aqp5054.0001.001"><i>Historia General sacro-profana, política y natural de las Islas del Poniente llamadas Filipinas</i></a> (in Spanish). Manila: Imp. de el Eco de Filipinas – via University of Michigan Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+General+sacro-profana%2C+pol%C3%ADtica+y+natural+de+las+Islas+del+Poniente+llamadas+Filipinas&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Imp.+de+el+Eco+de+Filipinas&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Delgado&rft.aufirst=Juan+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fname.umdl.umich.edu%2Faqp5054.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiringer1948" class="citation book cs1">Diringer, David (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1287"><i>The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind</i></a> (Second and revised ed.). London: Hutchinson's Scientific and Technical Publications – via Archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alphabet%3A+A+Key+to+the+History+of+Mankind&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second+and+revised&rft.pub=Hutchinson%27s+Scientific+and+Technical+Publications&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Diringer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.1287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonoso2019" class="citation journal cs1">Donoso, Isaac (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JAT/article/view/16534">"Letra de Meca: Jawi Script in the Tagalog Region During the 16th Century"</a>. <i>Journal of Al-Tamaddun</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 89–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22452%2FJAT.vol14no1.8">10.22452/JAT.vol14no1.8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10045%2F93950">10045/93950</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Al-Tamaddun&rft.atitle=Letra+de+Meca%3A+Jawi+Script+in+the+Tagalog+Region+During+the+16th+Century&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-103&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10045%2F93950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22452%2FJAT.vol14no1.8&rft.aulast=Donoso&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournal.um.edu.my%2Findex.php%2FJAT%2Farticle%2Fview%2F16534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuka2008" class="citation book cs1">Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC"><i>Struggle for Freedom: A Textbook on Philippine History</i></a>. Manila: Rex Book Store. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-5045-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-5045-0"><bdi>978-971-23-5045-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+Freedom%3A+A+Textbook+on+Philippine+History&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Rex+Book+Store&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-971-23-5045-0&rft.aulast=Duka&rft.aufirst=Cecilio+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wk8yqCEmJUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirino1890" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chirino, Pedro (1890) [First published 1604]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AQN8202.0001.001"><i>Relación de las Islas Filipinas y de lo que en ellas han trabajado los padres de la Compañía de Jesús: del P. Pedro Chirino</i></a> (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Manila: Imprenta de D. Esteban Balbas – via University of Michigan Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relaci%C3%B3n+de+las+Islas+Filipinas+y+de+lo+que+en+ellas+han+trabajado+los+padres+de+la+Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa+de+Jes%C3%BAs%3A+del+P.+Pedro+Chirino&rft.place=Manila&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+D.+Esteban+Balbas&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Chirino&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fname.umdl.umich.edu%2FAQN8202.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalili2004" class="citation book cs1">Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC"><i>Philippine History</i></a>. Manila: Rex Book Store. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3934-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3934-9"><bdi>978-971-23-3934-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Rex+Book+Store&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-971-23-3934-9&rft.aulast=Halili&rft.aufirst=Maria+Christine+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUt5v8ET4QYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotet2017" class="citation book cs1">Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ca5XDwAAQBAJ"><i>Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs</i></a>. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-244-34873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-244-34873-1"><bdi>978-0-244-34873-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Beliefs+and+Customs+of+the+Tagalogs&rft.place=Morrisville%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Lulu+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-244-34873-1&rft.aulast=Potet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCa5XDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotet2018" class="citation book cs1">Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHGADwAAQBAJ"><i>Baybayin: The Syllabic Alphabet of the Tagalogs</i></a>. Raleigh, North Carolina: Lulu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-244-14241-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-244-14241-4"><bdi>978-0-244-14241-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baybayin%3A+The+Syllabic+Alphabet+of+the+Tagalogs&rft.place=Raleigh%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Lulu+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-244-14241-4&rft.aulast=Potet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrHGADwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagar2002" class="citation book cs1">Sagar, Krishna Chandra (2002). <i>An Era of Peace</i>. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Era+of+Peace&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sagar&rft.aufirst=Krishna+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William Henry</a> (1984). <i>Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History</i>. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehispanic+Source+Materials+for+the+Study+of+Philippine+History&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=New+Day+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC"><i>Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3"><bdi>978-0-19-535666-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Study+of+Inscriptions+in+Sanskrit%2C+Prakrit%2C+and+the+other+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535666-3&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYrG07qQDxkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaybayin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links_2">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baybayin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Baybayin">Baybayin</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201135616/http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/basic_16/HB00160.pdf">House Bill 160, aka the <i>National Script Act of 2011</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kawi_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kawi_family" title="Template:Kawi family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kawi_family" title="Template talk:Kawi family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kawi_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kawi family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kawi_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunó'o script">Hanunó'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin/mother scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippine_scripts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_scripts" title="Template:Philippine scripts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_scripts" title="Template talk:Philippine scripts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_scripts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine scripts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippine_scripts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suyat" title="Suyat">Philippine scripts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brahmic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Buhid alphabet">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunó'o alphabet">Hanunó'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abakada_alphabet" title="Abakada alphabet">Abakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_alphabet" title="Filipino alphabet">Filipino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India-related_topics_in_Philippines_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India-related_topics_in_Philippines" title="Template:India-related topics in Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India-related_topics_in_Philippines" title="Template talk:India-related topics in Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India-related_topics_in_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India-related topics in Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India-related_topics_in_Philippines_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India-related topics in Philippines articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Caves#Tabon_Caves_Garuda_Gold_Pendant" title="Tabon Caves">Tabon Caves Garuda Gold Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Tara" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Tara">Golden Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdom">Indianized kingdom</a> in Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Indian_cultural_influences_in_early_Philippine_polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities">Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedatuan_of_Madja-as" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedatuan of Madja-as">Kedatuan of Madja-as</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Butuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Butuan">Kingdom of Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maynila (historical entity)">Maynila (historical entity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Namayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Namayan">Kingdom of Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Cebu">Rajahnate of Cebu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rajah_Humabon" title="Rajah Humabon">Rajah Humabon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Singhapala" title="Singhapala">Singhapala</a> city)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Matanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Rajah Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(Historical_State)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondo (Historical State)">Tondo (Historical State)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Battle of Manila (1762)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian settlement in the Philippines">Indian settlement in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cainta" title="Cainta">Cainta historic settlement of Indians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Religion in pre-colonial Philippines</a> had Indianized Hindu and Buddhist influence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Buddhism in Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhism in the Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswang" title="Aswang">Aswang</a> (Asura)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Diwata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hinduism in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deities_of_Philippine_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities of Philippine mythology">Deities of Philippine mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_literature" title="Philippine folk literature">Philippine folk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Darbar_Indian_Sikh_Temple,_Iloilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple, Iloilo">Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple, Iloilo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="India–Philippines relations">India–Philippines relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Indian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Indian citizens">Visa requirements for Indian citizens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Philippine_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Philippine citizens">Visa requirements for Philippine citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_India" title="Filipinos in India">Filipinos in India</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indianized ancient Filipino script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines#Language" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Indian loanwords in various Filipino languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language#Vocabulary_and_borrowed_words" title="Tagalog language">Influence of Indian languages on Tagalog language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Sanskrit" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">Sanskrit language loanwords in Tagalog language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Tamil" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">Tamil language loanwords in Tagalog language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language#Vocabulary" title="Cebuano language">Sanskrit language loanwords in Cebuano language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Sampaguita Filipino national flower is named from Indian sanskrit Champaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrah_buffalo" title="Murrah buffalo">Murrah buffalo</a> from Haryana imported to Philippine <ul><li>from <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_for_Research_on_Buffaloes" title="Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes">Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India</a> to <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Carabao_Center" title="Philippine Carabao Center">Philippine Carabao Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_to_India" title="Business process outsourcing to India">Business process outsourcing to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Indian Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_India-related_topics_in_the_Philippines#Cultural_traditions" title="List of India-related topics in the Philippines">Pre-Spanish Indian traditions of Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Filipino pre-colonial styles and titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines" title="National Assembly of the Philippines">National Assembly of the Philippines Hall</a> has the statue of <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">ancient Hindu saint Manu</a> behind the president's seat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutiyapi" title="Kutiyapi">Kudyapi guitar influenced by the Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Filipino martial arts inspired by the Indian martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao#Alim_and_Hudhud_Oral_traditions_of_Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Alim and Hudhud of Ifugao based on Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras#The_Ifugao_epic_Hudhud" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Hudhud - the Ifugao epic based on the Indian epic Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biag_ni_Lam-ang" title="Biag ni Lam-ang">Biag ni Lam-ang Ilocano epic based on the Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalong_Epic" title="Ibalong Epic">Ibalong epic of Bicol based on Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil" title="Singkil">Darangen epic of Maranao people based on Indian epics Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangalay" title="Pangalay">Pangalay or Daling Daling</a> (fingernail dance of Sulu and Sabah)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">People <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Indian Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_settlement_in_the_Philippines#Filipino_people_of_Indian_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian settlement in the Philippines"> List of Filipino-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name#Indian.2FHindu_surnames" title="Filipino name">Indian surnames in Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_population_by_country_of_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine population by country of citizenship">Foreign citizens residing in Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leticia_Ramos-Shahani" title="Leticia Ramos-Shahani">Dr. Leticia Ramos-Shahani - sister of former President Fidel Ramos is married to an Indian</a></li> <li>Dang Cecilio (Binibining Pilipinas 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_San_Miguel" title="Janina San Miguel">Janina San Miguel (Binibining Pilipinas 2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Raj" title="Venus Raj">Venus Raj (Binibining Pilipinas 2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parul_Shah" title="Parul Shah">Parul Shah (Binibining Pilipinas Tourism 2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Bagatsing" title="Ramon Bagatsing">Ramon Bagatsing (Manila mayor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Bagatsing" title="Raymond Bagatsing">Raymond Bagatsing (actor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Ponti" title="Cassandra Ponti">Cassandra Ponti (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanda_Romero" title="Chanda Romero">Chanda Romero (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Zulueta" title="Dawn Zulueta">Dawn Zulueta (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardo_Versoza" title="Gardo Versoza">Gardo Versoza (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Marquez" title="Melanie Marquez">Melanie Marquez (director)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepe_Diokno_(director)" title="Pepe Diokno (director)">Pepe Diokno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharmaine_Arnaiz" title="Sharmaine Arnaiz">Sharmaine Arnaiz (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_Marquez" title="Zia Marquez">Zia Marquez (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_W._Diokno" title="Jose W. Diokno">José W. Diokno (politician)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_R._Francisco" title="Juan R. Francisco">Dr. Juan R. Francisco (Indologist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Acosta_Pasricha" title="Josephine Acosta Pasricha">Dr. Josephine Acosta Pasricha (Indologist)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x22px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x22px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">National symbols of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Lupang Hinirang</a>"</li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa</a></i>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Narra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Philippine eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Philippine pearl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Sampaguita</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_adobo" title="Philippine adobo">Adobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saribus_rotundifolius" title="Saribus rotundifolius">Anahaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">Bahay kubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakya" title="Bakya">Bakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">Barong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baro%27t_saya" title="Baro't saya">Baro't saya</a></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Bayan_Ko" title="Bayan Ko">Bayan Ko</a></i>"</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">Carabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1osa" title="Cariñosa">Cariñosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_dela_Cruz" title="Juan dela Cruz">Juan dela Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechon">Lechon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">National Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinigang" title="Sinigang">Sinigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipa" title="Sipa">Sipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinikling" title="Tinikling">Tinikling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waling-waling" title="Waling-waling">Waling-waling</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="National hero of the Philippines">National heroes</a> <br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declared from national legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">Martyrs and heroes during the martial law period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Heroes_Day_(Philippines)" title="National Heroes Day (Philippines)">National Heroes Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Valor" title="Day of Valor">Veterans of the Second World War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From proposed laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Silang" title="Gabriela Silang">Gabriela Silang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchora_Aquino" title="Melchora Aquino">Melchora Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kudarat" title="Muhammad Kudarat">Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&oldid=1258365639">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baybayin&oldid=1258365639</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philippine_scripts" title="Category:Philippine scripts">Philippine scripts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brahmic_scripts" title="Category:Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tagalog_language" 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