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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Kristaloptiek" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Kristaloptiek" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. 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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Optische_klasse_van_een_mineraal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optische_klasse_van_een_mineraal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Optische klasse van een mineraal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Optische_klasse_van_een_mineraal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Optische klasse van een mineraal-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Optische_klasse_van_een_mineraal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isotrope_kristallen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotrope_kristallen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Isotrope kristallen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotrope_kristallen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anisotrope_kristallen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anisotrope_kristallen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Anisotrope kristallen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anisotrope_kristallen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toepassing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toepassing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Toepassing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toepassing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_link"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Externe link</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_link-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kristaloptiek</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 14 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علم البصريات البلورية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم البصريات البلورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Крышталяоптыка – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крышталяоптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalloptik" title="Kristalloptik – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kristalloptik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_optics" title="Crystal optics – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Crystal optics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optique_cristalline" title="Optique cristalline – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Optique cristalline" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%85%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Բյուրեղաօպտիկա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուրեղաօպտիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="結晶光学 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="結晶光学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кристаллооптика – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кристаллооптика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalloptik" title="Kristalloptik – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kristalloptik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystalloptikk" title="Krystalloptikk – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krystalloptikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystalloptikk" title="Krystalloptikk – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krystalloptikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C4%83%C8%9Bi_optice_ale_cristalelor" title="Proprietăți optice ale cristalelor – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proprietăți optice ale cristalelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кристаллооптика – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кристаллооптика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кристалооптика – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кристалооптика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kristaloptiek</b>, ook wel <b>kristaloptica</b> of <b>optische kristallografie</b> is de tak der <a href="/wiki/Wetenschap" title="Wetenschap">wetenschap</a> die zich bezighoudt met de bestudering van de <a href="/wiki/Optische_eigenschappen" title="Optische eigenschappen">optische eigenschappen</a> van <a href="/wiki/Kristal_(natuurwetenschappen)" title="Kristal (natuurwetenschappen)">kristallen</a> (meestal van <a href="/wiki/Mineraal_(geologie)" title="Mineraal (geologie)">mineralen</a>). Kristallen zijn per definitie <i><a href="/wiki/Anisotropie" title="Anisotropie">anisotrope</a></i> media, waarin <a href="/wiki/Licht" title="Licht">licht</a> zich anders gedraagt naarmate de hoek waaronder dat licht invalt, verschilt. Het meest gebruikte instrument hierbij is de <a href="/wiki/Polarisatiemicroscoop" title="Polarisatiemicroscoop">polarisatiemicroscoop</a>, waarmee men optische eigenschappen als: <a href="/wiki/Interferentie_(natuurkunde)" title="Interferentie (natuurkunde)">interferentie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubbele_breking" title="Dubbele breking">dubbele breking</a> en in het bijzonder het vermogen van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anisotrope_media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anisotrope media (de pagina bestaat niet)">anisotrope media</a> om het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarisatievlak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polarisatievlak (de pagina bestaat niet)">polarisatievlak</a>, kan bepalen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optische_klasse_van_een_mineraal">Optische klasse van een mineraal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristaloptiek&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Optische klasse van een mineraal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristaloptiek&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Optische klasse van een mineraal"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotrope_kristallen">Isotrope kristallen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristaloptiek&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Isotrope kristallen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristaloptiek&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Isotrope kristallen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een <a href="/wiki/Isotroop" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotroop">isotroop</a> mineraal is een mineraal dat in alle richtingen gelijke optische eigenschappen heeft. De <a href="/wiki/Brekingsindex" title="Brekingsindex">brekingsindex</a> van zo'n mineraal is in alle richtingen gelijk, en het mineraal is optisch <a href="/wiki/Isotroop" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotroop">isotroop</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vulkanisme" title="Vulkanisme">Vulkanische</a> en andere natuurlijke soorten <a href="/wiki/Glas" title="Glas">glas</a> zijn <i><a href="/wiki/Isotropie" title="Isotropie">isotroop</a></i>, net als <a href="/wiki/Kubisch_(kristallografie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubisch (kristallografie)">kubische</a> kristallen. Bij een kubisch kristal zijn de <a href="/wiki/Chemische_binding" title="Chemische binding">bindingen</a> tussen <a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">atomen</a> in het <a href="/wiki/Kristalrooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristalrooster">kristalrooster</a> in alle richtingen even sterk. Bij een glas is de structuur willekeurig, zodat er gemiddeld in alle richtingen evenveel bindingen lopen. Daardoor gedraagt licht zich in deze media in alle richtingen op dezelfde manier, onder welke hoek het ook door het medium beweegt. </p><p>Wanneer men dit zou toepassen op een <a href="/wiki/Elektrisch_veld" title="Elektrisch veld">elektrisch veld</a>, met de zogenoemde <a href="/wiki/Wetten_van_Maxwell" title="Wetten van Maxwell">wetten van Maxwell</a>, wordt de relatie tussen het <a href="/wiki/Elektrische_verplaatsing" title="Elektrische verplaatsing">elektrisch verplaatsingsveld</a> <b>D</b> en het elektrisch veld <b>E</b> gegeven door: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} =\varepsilon _{0}\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {P} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} =\varepsilon _{0}\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {P} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3061b05e80b3eee6d58c6aec1fc14e068bf0115c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.71ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} =\varepsilon _{0}\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {P} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>met ε<sub>0</sub> de <a href="/wiki/Permittiviteit" title="Permittiviteit">permittiviteit</a> van vrije ruimte en <b>P</b> de elektrische <a href="/wiki/Polarisatie_(elektriciteit)" title="Polarisatie (elektriciteit)">polarisatie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anisotrope_kristallen">Anisotrope kristallen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristaloptiek&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Anisotrope kristallen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristaloptiek&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Anisotrope kristallen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anisotroop" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisotroop">Anisotrope</a> mineralen die een <a href="/wiki/Hexagonaal_kristalstelsel" title="Hexagonaal kristalstelsel">hexagonale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigonaal_kristalstelsel" title="Trigonaal kristalstelsel">trigonale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetragonaal_kristalstelsel" title="Tetragonaal kristalstelsel">tetragonale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthorombisch_kristalstelsel" title="Orthorombisch kristalstelsel">orthorombische</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monoklien_kristalstelsel" title="Monoklien kristalstelsel">monokliene</a> of <a href="/wiki/Triklien_kristalstelsel" title="Triklien kristalstelsel">trikliene</a> kristalstructuur hebben (structuren met een lagere <a href="/wiki/Symmetrie" title="Symmetrie">symmetrie</a>) hebben niet in alle richtingen even sterke bindingen in hun kristalrooster (daardoor kunnen de <a href="/wiki/Elektronenwolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronenwolk">elektronenwolken</a> rond de atomen niet in alle richtingen even goed vibreren). Daardoor is de brekingsindex (en daarmee de <a href="/wiki/Lichtsnelheid" title="Lichtsnelheid">lichtsnelheid</a>) niet in alle richtingen gelijk. </p><p>Een eigenschap van anisotrope mineralen is dat licht dat het mineraal binnenvalt <a href="/wiki/Dubbelbreking" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbelbreking">dubbelbreking</a> ondergaat: het wordt in twee stralen van <a href="/wiki/Lineair_gepolariseerd_licht" title="Lineair gepolariseerd licht">lineair gepolariseerd licht</a> gebroken die <a href="/wiki/Loodrecht_(meetkunde)" title="Loodrecht (meetkunde)">loodrecht</a> op elkaar oscilleren (trillen). Bij een richting van lichtinval waarbij geen dubbelbreking optreedt spreekt men van een <a href="/wiki/Optische_as_(kristallografie)" title="Optische as (kristallografie)">optische as</a>. Er zijn twee typen anisotrope kristallen: een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniaxiaal_kristal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uniaxiaal kristal (de pagina bestaat niet)">uniaxiaal kristal</a> heeft één optische as, een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biaxiaal_kristal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biaxiaal kristal (de pagina bestaat niet)">biaxiaal kristal</a> heeft er twee. Uniaxiale kristallen zijn kristallen die een tetragonale of hexagonale kristalstructuur hebben. Biaxiale kristallen zijn orthorombisch, monoklien of triklien. </p><p>In een anisotroop medium, zoals een kristal, ligt het polarisatie veld <b>P</b> niet per se in hetzelfde vlak als het elektrische veld van het licht, <b>E</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toepassing">Toepassing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristaloptiek&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Toepassing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristaloptiek&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Toepassing"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kristaloptiek wordt gebruikt bij <a href="/wiki/Onderzoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Onderzoek">onderzoek</a> met behulp van <a href="/wiki/Slijpplaatje" title="Slijpplaatje">slijpplaatjes</a>, waarbij verschillende mineralen ander gedrag vertonen. Hiermee kan een bepaald mineraal worden gedetermineerd of juist uitgesloten. Een extra hulpmiddel hierbij is het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gipsplaatje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gipsplaatje (de pagina bestaat niet)">gipsplaatje</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_link">Externe link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristaloptiek&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe link" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristaloptiek&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe link"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gerdbreitenbach.de/crystal/crystal.html">Een virtuele polarisatie microscoop</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristaloptiek&oldid=58872810">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristaloptiek&oldid=58872810</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Kristallografie" title="Categorie:Kristallografie">Kristallografie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Fysische_optica" title="Categorie:Fysische optica">Fysische optica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Geometrische_optica" title="Categorie:Geometrische optica">Geometrische optica</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 5 mei 2021 om 17:00.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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