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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hro%C3%B0berht_I,_Heretoga_of_Normandi%C4%A1e" title="Hroðberht I, Heretoga of Normandiġe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hroðberht I, Heretoga of Normandiġe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="روبرت الأول دوق نورماندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت الأول دوق نورماندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بیرینجی رابرت ، دوک نورماندی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی رابرت ، دوک نورماندی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%94%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Роберт Д’ябал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Д’ябал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roperzh_Ia%C3%B1_(dug_Normandi)" title="Roperzh Iañ (dug Normandi) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roperzh Iañ (dug Normandi)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I_de_Normandia" title="Robert I de Normandia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert I de Normandia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I._Normandsk%C3%BD" title="Robert I. Normandský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert I. Normandský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_1._af_Normandiet" title="Robert 1. af Normandiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert 1. af Normandiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I._(Normandie)" title="Robert I. (Normandie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert I. (Normandie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ροβέρτος Α΄ της Νορμανδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ροβέρτος Α΄ της Νορμανδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_I_de_Normand%C3%ADa" title="Roberto I de Normandía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roberto I de Normandía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_la_1-a_(Normandio)" title="Roberto la 1-a (Normandio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roberto la 1-a (Normandio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_I.a_Normandiakoa" title="Roberto I.a Normandiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Roberto I.a Normandiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="روبر یکم، دوک نورماندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روبر یکم، دوک نورماندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ier_de_Normandie" title="Robert Ier de Normandie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Ier de Normandie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roibeard_I,_Di%C3%BAc_na_Normainne" title="Roibeard I, Diúc na Normainne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Roibeard I, Diúc na Normainne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_I_de_Normand%C3%ADa" title="Roberto I de Normandía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roberto I de Normandía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4_1%EC%84%B8_%EB%93%9C_%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%9D%EB%94%94_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%91" title="로베르 1세 드 노르망디 공작 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로베르 1세 드 노르망디 공작" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B7" title="Ռոբերտ Հրեշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Հրեշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I.,_normanski_vojvoda" title="Robert I., normanski vojvoda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert I., normanski vojvoda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_1._af_Normand%C3%AD" title="Róbert 1. af Normandí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Róbert 1. af Normandí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_I_di_Normandia" title="Roberto I di Normandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roberto I di Normandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="רובר הראשון, דוכס נורמנדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רובר הראשון, דוכס נורמנדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_I_Lielais" title="Roberts I Lielais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roberts I Lielais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._R%C3%B3bert_normandiai_herceg" title="I. Róbert normandiai herceg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Róbert normandiai herceg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Duivel" title="Robert de Duivel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert de Duivel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB1%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E5%85%AC)" title="ロベール1世 (ノルマンディー公) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロベール1世 (ノルマンディー公)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I_av_Normandie" title="Robert I av Normandie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert I av Normandie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ier_le_Magnifique" title="Robert Ier le Magnifique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Robert Ier le Magnifique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I_Wspania%C5%82y" title="Robert I Wspaniały – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert I Wspaniały" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_I_da_Normandia" title="Roberto I da Normandia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roberto I da Normandia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I,_Duce_de_Normandia" title="Robert I, Duce de Normandia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robert I, Duce de Normandia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Роберт Дьявол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Роберт Дьявол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Robert I, Duke of Normandy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert I, Duke of Normandy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I_od_Normandije" title="Robert I od Normandije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert I od Normandije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I_av_Normandie" title="Robert I av Normandie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert I av Normandie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_I_ng_Normandiya" title="Roberto I ng Normandiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Roberto I ng Normandiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="รอแบร์ที่ 1 ดยุกแห่งนอร์ม็องดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอแบร์ที่ 1 ดยุกแห่งนอร์ม็องดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Robert_(Normandiya_d%C3%BCk%C3%BC)" title="I. Robert (Normandiya dükü) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Robert (Normandiya dükü)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_I_%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Роберт I Чудовий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт I Чудовий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I_x%E1%BB%A9_Normandie" title="Robert I xứ Normandie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert I xứ Normandie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I_van_Normandi%C3%AB" title="Robert I van Normandië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Robert I van Normandië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E7%BE%85%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="諾曼第公爵羅貝爾一世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="諾曼第公爵羅貝爾一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41380#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Duke of Normandy from 1027 to 1035</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Robert I's ancestor who took the baptismal name "Robert", see <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Robert I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_the_Magnificent_of_Normandy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Robert_the_Magnificent_of_Normandy.png/220px-Robert_the_Magnificent_of_Normandy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Robert_the_Magnificent_of_Normandy.png/330px-Robert_the_Magnificent_of_Normandy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Robert_the_Magnificent_of_Normandy.png/440px-Robert_the_Magnificent_of_Normandy.png 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1027–1035</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_III,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard III, Duke of Normandy">Richard III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">22 June 1000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1000-06-22</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1, 2, or 3 July 1035 (aged 35)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herleva" title="Herleva">Herleva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Normandy" title="Adelaide of Normandy">Adelaide of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II, Duke of Normandy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Brittany" title="Judith of Brittany">Judith of Brittany</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert I of Normandy</b> (22 June 1000<span class="nowrap"> </span>– July 1035), also known as <b>Robert the Magnificent</b> and <a href="#Names">by other names</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Norman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman people">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/French_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="French aristocracy">noble</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">House of Normandy</a> who ruled as <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">duke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> from 1027 until his death in 1035. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Duke Richard II</a>; the brother of <a href="/wiki/Richard_III,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard III, Duke of Normandy">Duke Richard III</a>, against whom he unsuccessfully revolted; and the father of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">Duke William</a> who became the first Norman <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">king</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> after winning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> in 1066. During his reign, Robert quarrelled with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in France">church</a>—including his uncle <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_(Archbishop_of_Rouen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert II (Archbishop of Rouen)">Robert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Rouen">archbishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_archdiocese_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic archdiocese of Rouen">Rouen</a>—and meddled in the disorder in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>. He finally reconciled with his uncle and the church, restoring some property and undertaking a <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, during which he died. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Epithets"></span><span class="anchor" id="Names"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert is generally enumerated as <span class="nowrap">Robert I</span> of Normandy (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Robert <abbr title="Premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> de Normandie</i>), although he is sometimes considered <span class="nowrap">Robert II</span> with his ancestor <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a> listed as <span class="nowrap">Robert I</span>. He is also known as <span class="nowrap"><b>Robert the Generous</b></span> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Robert le Libéral</i></span>), <span class="nowrap"><b>Robert the Magnificent</b></span> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Robert le Magnifique</i></span>), and <span class="nowrap"><b>Robert the Devil</b></span> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Robert le Diable</i></span>). The last is sometimes reckoned a misnomer, as he is not called Robert the Devil in surviving contemporary accounts and the name seems to have been a conflation of the historical figure with a separate fictional one during the late Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Biography"></span><span class="anchor" id="History"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg/220px-Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg/330px-Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg/440px-Chronological_tree_of_William_I.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Family tree</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert was the son of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II of Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Brittany" title="Judith of Brittany">Judith</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Conan_I_of_Rennes" title="Conan I of Rennes">Conan I, Duke of Brittany</a>. He was also grandson of <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_Normandy" title="Richard I of Normandy">Richard I of Normandy</a>, great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Normandy">William I of Normandy</a> and great-great grandson of <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a>, the Viking who founded Normandy. Before he died, Richard II had decided his elder son <a href="/wiki/Richard_III,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard III, Duke of Normandy">Richard III</a> would succeed him while his second son Robert would become Count of <a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9mois" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiémois">Hiémois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1026, their father Richard II died and Richard III became duke, but soon afterwards Robert rebelled against him, and was subsequently defeated and forced to swear fealty to Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign">Reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Richard III died a year later, there were suspicions that Robert had something to do with his death. Although nothing could be proven, Robert had the most to gain.<sup id="cite_ref-WC32_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WC32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civil war Robert I had brought against his brother Richard III was still causing instability in the duchy. Private wars raged between neighbouring barons, which resulted in a new aristocracy arising in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> during Robert's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-WC32_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WC32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also during this time that many of the lesser nobility left Normandy to seek their fortunes in southern Italy and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-WC32_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WC32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after assuming the duchy, possibly in revenge for supporting his brother against him, Robert I assembled an army against his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_(Archbishop_of_Rouen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert II (Archbishop of Rouen)">Robert</a>, Archbishop of Rouen and Count of Évreux. A temporary truce allowed his uncle to leave Normandy, and live in exile at the Capetian court.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert also attacked another powerful churchman, his cousin Hugo III d'Ivry, Bishop of Bayeux, banishing him from Normandy for an extended period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert also seized a number of church properties belonging to the Abbey of Fecamp.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his domestic troubles, Robert decided to intervene in the civil war in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> between <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_V,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Baldwin V, Count of Flanders">Baldwin V, Count of Flanders</a> and his father <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders">Baldwin IV</a>, whom the younger Baldwin had driven out of Flanders.<sup id="cite_ref-DC4950_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC4950-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin V, supported by king <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II of France</a>, his father-in-law, was persuaded to make peace with his father in 1030 when Duke Robert promised the elder Baldwin his considerable military support.<sup id="cite_ref-DC4950_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC4950-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert gave shelter to <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I of France</a> against his mother, <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Arles" title="Constance of Arles">Queen Constance</a>, who favoured her younger son <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Robert I, Duke of Burgundy">Robert</a> to succeed to the French throne after his father Robert II.<sup id="cite_ref-NIE185_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIE185-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his help Henry I rewarded Robert with the French <a href="/wiki/Vexin" title="Vexin">Vexin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIE185_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIE185-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1030s, <a href="/wiki/Alan_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Alan III, Duke of Brittany">Alan III, Duke of Brittany</a> began expanding his influence from the area of <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> and appeared to have designs on the area surrounding <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DC50_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC50-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After sacking Dol and repelling Alan's attempts to raid Avranches, Robert mounted a major campaign against his cousin Alan III.<sup id="cite_ref-DC50_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC50-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Alan appealed to their uncle, Archbishop Robert of Rouen, who then brokered a peace between Duke Robert and his vassal Alan III.<sup id="cite_ref-DC50_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC50-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His cousins, the Athelings <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aetheling" title="Alfred Aetheling">Alfred</a>, sons of his aunt <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Athelred, King of England</a>, had been living at the Norman Court and at one point Robert, on their behalf, attempted to mount an invasion of England but was prevented in doing so, it was said, by unfavourable winds,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that scattered and sank much of the fleet. Robert made a safe landing in Guernsey. <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Normannorum_Ducum" title="Gesta Normannorum Ducum">Gesta Normannorum Ducum</a></i> stated that <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">King Cnut</a> sent envoys to Duke Robert offering to settle half the Kingdom of England on Edward and Alfred. After postponing the naval invasion, he chose to also postpone the decision until after he returned from Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilgrimage_&_death"><span id="Pilgrimage_.26_death"></span>Pilgrimage & death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pilgrimage & death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert's attitude towards the Church had changed noticeably certainly since reinstating his uncle's position as Archbishop of Rouen.<sup id="cite_ref-FN102_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FN102-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his attempt to reconcile his differences with the Church, he restored property that he or his vassals had confiscated, and by 1034 had returned all the properties he had earlier taken from the abbey of Fecamp.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After making his son William his heir, he set out on pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GND80-5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GND80-5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Gesta Normannorum Ducum</i> he travelled by way of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, reached Jerusalem, fell seriously ill and died<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the return journey at <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a> on 2 July 1035.<sup id="cite_ref-GND80-5_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GND80-5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son William, aged about eight, succeeded him.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the historian <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>, decades later his son William sent a mission to Constantinople and Nicaea, charging it with bringing his father's body back to Normandy for burial.<sup id="cite_ref-WMAn38_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMAn38-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Permission was granted but, having travelled as far as <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> (Italy) on the return journey, the envoys learned that William himself had meanwhile died.<sup id="cite_ref-WMAn38_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMAn38-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then decided to re-inter Robert's body in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-WMAn38_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMAn38-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By his mistress or concubine, <a href="/wiki/Herleva" title="Herleva">Herleva</a> of Falaise,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was father of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> (c. 1028–1087).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>By Herleva or possibly another concubine,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was the father of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Normandy" title="Adelaide of Normandy">Adelaide of Normandy</a>, who married firstly, <a href="/wiki/Enguerrand_II,_Count_of_Ponthieu" title="Enguerrand II, Count of Ponthieu">Enguerrand II, Count of Ponthieu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She married secondly, <a href="/wiki/Lambert_II,_Count_of_Lens" title="Lambert II, Count of Lens">Lambert II, Count of Lens</a>, and thirdly, <a href="/wiki/Odo_II_of_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Odo II of Champagne">Odo II of Champagne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was reported by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> (<i>Gesta regum Anglorum</i>, Vol. i, pp. 211–12) and <a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a> (pt. iii, II, 3212–14) that Robert died of poisoning. William of Malmsebury pointed to a Ralph Mowin as the instigator. See: <i>The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni</i>, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), pp. 84–5, n. 2. However, it was common in Normandy during the eleventh century to attribute any sudden and unexplained death to poisoning. See: David C. Douglas, <i>William the Conqueror</i> (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), p. 411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The question of who her mother was seems to remain unsettled. Elisabeth Van Houts ['Les femmes dans l'histoire du duché de Normandie', <i>Tabularia « Études »</i>, n° 2, 2002, (10 July 2002), p. 23, n. 22] makes the argument that <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Torigny" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert of Torigny">Robert of Torigny</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Normannorum_Ducum" title="Gesta Normannorum Ducum">GND II, p. 272</a></i> (one of three mentions in this volume of her being William's sister) calls her in this instance William's 'uterine' sister' (<i>soror uterina</i>) and is of the opinion this is a mistake similar to one he made regarding <a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II, Duke of Normandy</a> and his paternal half-brother <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Eu" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume d'Eu">William, Count of Eu</a> (calling them 'uterine' brothers). Based on this she concludes Adelaide was a daughter of Duke Robert by a different concubine. Kathleen Thompson ["Being the Ducal Sister: The Role of Adelaide of Aumale", <i>Normandy and Its Neighbors</i>, Brepols, (2011) p. 63] cites the same passage in <i>GND</i> as did Elisabeth Van Houts, specifically <i>GND</i> II, 270–2, but gives a different opinion. She noted that Robert de Torigni stated here she was the uterine sister of Duke William "so we might perhaps conclude that she shared both mother and father with the Conqueror." But as Torigni wrote a century after Adelaide's birth <i>and</i> in that same sentence in the GND made a genealogical error, she concludes that the identity of Adelaide's mother remains an open question.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Neveux, <i>A Brief History of the Normans</i>, trans. Howard Curtis (Constable & Robinson, Ltd. London, 2008), p. 97 & n. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumieges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni</i>, Vol. II, Books V-VIII, ed. Elisabeth M.C. Van Houts (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1995), pp. 40–1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Crouch, <i>The Normans, The History of a Dynasty</i> (Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WC32-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WC32_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WC32_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WC32_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David C. Douglas, <i>William the Conqueror</i> (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Crouch, <i>The Normans, The History of a Dynasty</i> (Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Neveux. <i>A Brief History of The Normans</i> (Constable & Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Crouch, <i>The Normans, The History of a Dynasty</i> (Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DC4950-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DC4950_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC4950_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Crouch, <i>The Normans, The History of a Dynasty</i> (Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), pp. 49–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIE185-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIE185_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIE185_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisabeth M C Van Houts, <i>The Normans in Europe</i> (Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York, 2000), p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DC50-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DC50_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC50_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC50_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Crouch, <i>The Normans</i>, The History of a Dynasty (Hambledon Continuum, London, New York, 2002), p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Harper-Bill; <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_van_Houts" title="Elisabeth van Houts">Elisabeth van Houts</a>, <i>A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World</i> (Boydell Press, Woodbridge, UK, 2003), p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni</i>, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), pp. 78–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FN102-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FN102_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Neveux. <i>A Brief History of The Normans</i> (Constable & Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Neveux. <i>A Brief History of The Normans</i> (Constable & Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GND80-5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GND80-5_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GND80-5_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni</i>, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), pp. 80–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Neveux, <i>A Brief History of the Normans</i>, trans. Howard Curtis (Constable & Robinson, Ltd. London, 2008), p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMAn38-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WMAn38_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WMAn38_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WMAn38_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William M. Aird, <i>Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy: C. 1050–1134</i> (Boydell Press, Woodbridge, UK, 2008), p. 159 n. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni</i>, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), p. lxxv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-I-king-of-England">"William I | Biography, Reign, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=William+I+%7C+Biography%2C+Reign%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FWilliam-I-king-of-England&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+I%2C+Duke+of+Normandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David C. Douglas, <i>William the Conqueror</i> (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), p. 15, passim</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David C. Douglas, <i>William the Conqueror</i> (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), pp. 380–1 noting she may or may not be Herleva's daughter but probably is</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Edward Cokayne, <i>The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant Extinct or Dormant</i>, Vol. I, ed. Vicary Gibbs (The St. Catherine Press, Ltd., London, 1910), p. 351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David C. Douglas, <i>William the Conqueror</i> (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), p. 380</span> </li> </ol></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_III,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard III, Duke of Normandy">Richard III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a> </b><br />1027–1035 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William II</a></div> </td></tr> 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">House of Normandy</a> <br />911–1135</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Longsword" title="William Longsword">William I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_Normandy" title="Richard I of Normandy">Richard I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard III, Duke of Normandy">Richard III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William II</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adelin" title="William Adelin">William (III)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Blois" title="House of Blois">House of Blois</a> <br />1135–1144</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a>**</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a> <br />1144–1259</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard IV</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> <br />(French appanage)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John</a> (1332–1350)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles</a> (1355–1364)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Valois,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry">Charles</a> (1465–1469)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* As <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Rouen">count of Rouen</a> • ** Also <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">king of England</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, 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