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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>After the revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Opposition leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Xli%C3%A0pnikov" title="Aleksandr Xliàpnikov – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aleksandr Xliàpnikov" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_%C5%A0ljapnikov" title="Alexandr Šljapnikov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandr Šljapnikov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gawrilowitsch_Schljapnikow" title="Alexander Gawrilowitsch Schljapnikow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Gawrilowitsch Schljapnikow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleks%C3%A1ndr_Shli%C3%A1pnikov" title="Aleksándr Shliápnikov – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aleksándr Shliápnikov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Xliapnikov" title="Aleksandr Xliapnikov – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aleksandr Xliapnikov" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81" title="الکساندر شلیاپنیکوف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر شلیاپنیکوف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Chliapnikov" title="Alexandre Chliapnikov – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre Chliapnikov" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Shliapnikov" title="Alexander Shliapnikov – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexander Shliapnikov" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Gavrilovi%C4%8D_%C5%A0ljapnikov" title="Aleksandr Gavrilovič Šljapnikov – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleksandr Gavrilovič Šljapnikov" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Szlapnikow" title="Aleksandr Szlapnikow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksandr Szlapnikow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Shliapnikov" title="Alexander Shliapnikov – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexander Shliapnikov" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Шляпников, Александр Гаврилович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шляпников, Александр Гаврилович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_%C5%A0ljapnikov" title="Aleksandr Šljapnikov – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksandr Šljapnikov" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Sjljapnikov" title="Aleksander Sjljapnikov – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aleksander Sjljapnikov" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_%C5%9Elyapnikov" title="Aleksandr Şlyapnikov – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aleksandr Şlyapnikov" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Шляпников Олександр Гаврилович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шляпников Олександр Гаврилович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E4%BB%80%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="亚历山大·什利亚普尼科夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚历山大·什利亚普尼科夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q924379#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shliapnikov" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shliapnikov-alexander.jpg/330px-Shliapnikov-alexander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shliapnikov-alexander.jpg/440px-Shliapnikov-alexander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Shliapnikov</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Alexander Gavrilovich Shliapnikov</b> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Алекса́ндр Гаври́лович Шля́пников</span>) (August 30, 1885 – September 2, 1937) was a Russian <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> revolutionary, metalworker, and trade union leader. He is best remembered as a memoirist of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917 and as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a>, one of the primary opposition movements inside the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolshevik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)">Russian Communist Party</a> during the 1920s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander Shliapnikov was born August 30, 1885, in <a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Murom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> to a poor family of <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> ethnicity and of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Believer" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Believer">Old Believer</a> religion. His father died when he was a small child. In 1898, at the age of 13, Shliapnikov began factory work at the Kondratov factory in <a href="/wiki/Vacha,_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Vacha, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Vacha</a>, and one year later began working in <a href="/wiki/Sormovsky_City_District" title="Sormovsky City District">Sormovo</a> factories in <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, where he had his first encounter with Marxist literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201522–23_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201522–23-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the invitation of his older brother Peter, Shliapnikov moved to <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> in late 1900, beginning work alongside his brother at the Semyannikov (also known as Nevsky) factory, and rapidly became involved in labor unrest there. By age fifteen, Shliapnikov had been blacklisted and could no longer find work at the major factories in St. Petersburg, and was forced to return to Sormovo, where he once again found himself unemployable due to his suspected radicalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201523–24_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201523–24-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Sormovo, he was entrusted with illegal literature to distribute back in Murom, which he later designated as his initiation into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biografija_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biografija-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Revolution_Activities">Pre-Revolution Activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Revolution Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg/220px-Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg/330px-Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg/440px-Shljapnikov_Aleksandr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="3460" /></a><figcaption>Shliapnikov <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1925</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1905_and_Emigration_from_Russia">1905 and Emigration from Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1905 and Emigration from Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Shliapnikov himself, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in 1903, the year of their split with the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biografija_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biografija-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to work as a factory worker in <a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Murom</a> even as he deepened his involvement in political activism, and in 1904 he was arrested for distribution of illegal literature. Shliapnikov managed to convince the prosecutor that he had been entrapped by police provocateurs, and thus won his freedom, but also attracted the attention of the local Black Hundreds, who brutally assaulted him on his way home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201530–32_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201530–32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undeterred, Shliapnikov continued his revolutionary activities, and during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">1905 revolution</a>, he led an armed demonstration of workers in Murom, helping to take the local police chief hostage and force the police to retreat, resulting in another arrest. Even after being freed by the general amnesty issued in October, his continued militancy and intransigence saw him jailed for a third time, in a prison stint which would last until January 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201532–33_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201532–33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost immediately after his release, Shliapnikov was drafted into the army, and after refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the Tsar, the police once again arrested him. Freed on bail, he vanished into the underground, finding work in the Electrical Station of 1886 in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, where he met fellow metalworker <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Medvedev_(revolutionary)" title="Sergei Medvedev (revolutionary)">Sergei Medvedev</a>, establishing what would become a decades long friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201525–26_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201525–26-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1907, the now 22-year-old Shliapnikov became a member of the Petersburg Committee of the RSDRP(b), and due to his growing prominence, at the end of 1907 his friends advised him to emigrate from Russia. Entrusted with letters for Bolshevik leader <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, he left Russia in January 1908, and after arriving in Switzerland by February 6, where he had a brief meeting with Lenin, continued onwards to Paris, and within two months Shliapnikov found work in an automobile factory in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Asni%C3%A8res-sur-Seine" title="Asnières-sur-Seine">Asnières</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201534–35_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201534–35-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Exile">In Exile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shliapnikov acclimated well to life in Paris, improving his French language skills, giving speeches, writing articles, and participating in both Russian émigré politics and French trade unionism, all while continuing to work as a metalworker. He joined a regional committee of the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">SFIO</a> and became a leader in the Parisian Mechanics’ Trade Union, putting him into contact with a diverse collection of French, German, Swedish, and Norwegian metalworkers and trade unionists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201537–39_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201537–39-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shliapnikov also became romantically involved with <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a> in 1911, who at that time was still a <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Menshevik</a>, and with her travelled to Germany in January 1912, but he did not adjust well to life there, and within a few months returned to France, although he continued to visit Kollontai in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201541–42_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201541–42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time period, Shliapnikov began to write more frequently, and became involved in French trade union debates, arguing against both "non-political" unionists, whose efforts he perceived as only weakening unions, and anarcho-syndicalists, who he accused of condescension towards the masses and an unwillingness to draw them into revolutionary work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201545–47_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201545–47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the spring of 1914, Shliapnikov found himself unable to obtain industrial work, and as such resolved to return to Russia, which he did in April 1914, and due to his distrust of police informant <a href="/wiki/Roman_Malinovsky" title="Roman Malinovsky">Roman Malinovsky</a> and habit of avoiding group meetings, managed to evade the wave of arrests which befell so many Bolsheviks in the summer of 1914. Refusing a position in the central Bolshevik party organization, he found employment as a metalworker, pretending to be a French worker to evade the authorities, while continuing to participate in the Bolshevik underground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201550–52_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201550–52-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> forced Shliapnikov to leave Russia, as the French government recalled its citizens and thereby destroyed his cover, and in September 1914, the Petersburg Committee sent him to Scandinavia. Due to the outbreak of war, Sweden, which had remained neutral, became one of the only routes by which Bolshevik emigres could communicate with Russian Bolsheviks, but despite successfully organizing a route into Russia using Swedish transport workers, Shliapnikov found himself unable to obtain either industrial work in Sweden or funding from Russian party organizations. Forced to take out loans from Swedish socialists, he sent several packages of material to Russia, proposing potential smuggling routes, but received no response, and his smuggling network lost too many links to continue operating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201556–58_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201556–58-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kollontai, who was also living in Sweden, assisted him in these ventures, but was arrested for her anti-war activities and deported to Copenhagen, and Swedish socialists encouraged Shliapnikov to leave voluntarily so he could re-enter the country at a later date. Traveling to London in April 1915, he almost immediately found work as a turner at the Fiat automobile plant in <a href="/wiki/Wembley" title="Wembley">Wembley</a>, and while there joined the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Society_of_Engineers" title="Amalgamated Society of Engineers">Amalgamated Society of Engineers</a> and participated in their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201558–59_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201558–59-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By August 1915, Shliapnikov had collected enough money to re-establish the Bolshevik smuggling network in Scandinavia, but he quickly became convinced that he needed to return to Russia to set up operations from that end, and left Scandinavian operations in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevgenia_Bosch" title="Yevgenia Bosch">Yevgenia Bosch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a>. According to instructions from Lenin and <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a>, he was to set up a small bureau of the Central Committee in Russia, and recruit members only from workers, such as <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Schmidt" title="Vasily Schmidt">Vasily Schmidt</a>, and to produce a resolution on the war. To ensure he had sufficient authority to conduct his tasks, Lenin and Zinoviev co-opted Shliapnikov onto the Central Committee, and he successfully arrived in Petrograd in October 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201561_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201561-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately for Shliapnikov, the police agent Miron Chernomazov, a leading member of the Petersburg Committee of the Bolsheviks, fiercely fought against his efforts to set up a Russian Bureau, and he rapidly found himself intensely surveilled by police agents. Nevertheless, despite police efforts and a lack of funds, Shliapnikov succeeded in setting up a functional Bolshevik center linked to the Central Committee with the assistance of fellow worker-Bolsheviks like <a href="/wiki/Yury_Lutovinov" title="Yury Lutovinov">Yury Lutovinov</a> and Lenin's sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201562–65_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201562–65-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a month long tour of the provinces, he returned to Petrograd in January 1916 and found the Petersburg Committee facing a revolt from Bolshevik insurance organizers. Shliapnikov's support for the insurance organizers led Chernomazov and the Committee to condemn him, only for Shliapnikov to propose Chernomazov's expulsion from the Committee. After a new session of the Committee withdrew its condemnation, Chernomazov managed to remain among party leaders, albeit with a weakened position. Despite all of Shliapnikov's efforts, the <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a> rapidly arrested the majority of the Russian Bureau after he left Russia in February 1916, and when he returned to Scandinavia, he had to re-establish the smuggling network due to arrests by Swedish police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201565–66_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201565–66-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in Scandinavia, Shliapnikov became embroiled in a spat between Lenin, Bukharin, Bosch, and Pyatakov over the proper attitude towards nationalism, which halted production of the journal <i>Kommunist</i> and disrupted the flow of literature and communication to Russia. Frustrated and angered by the disruption of practical work for the sake of factionalism, he accused Lenin of <i>nepartiinost</i>, castigated Bukharin, Bosch, and Pyatakov for being incompetent organizers, and during the Summer of 1916, set off for America with the goal of raising funds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201566–70_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201566–70-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Kollontai decided to end her relationship with Shliapnikov, and chose to leave a letter indicating as such for him to read upon his return, and he would not see her again until March 1917 in Petrograd, when he harshly rebuked her for having broken up with him in such a "rude" and "hurtful" fashion. Shliapnikov had little success fundraising in America, but upon returning to Scandinavia in September 1916, he recommended that Bukharin travel to America to provide an articulate Bolshevik voice in the pages of the socialist magazine <a href="/wiki/Novy_Mir_(1916_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novy Mir (1916 magazine)">Novy Mir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201570–75_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201570–75-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1917">1917</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shliapnikov eagerly returned to Russia in October 1916. To help him rebuild the Russian Bureau, he recruited <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Zalutsky" title="Pyotr Zalutsky">Petr Zalutskii</a>, and they were the senior Bolsheviks in <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> during the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in 1917. Under Shliapnikov, the Russian Bureau took a stance of opposition towards the provisional government, and called for the Petrograd Soviet to form a revolutionary government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201576–80_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201576–80-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival of more prominent Bolsheviks like <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> from Siberian exile brought on a struggle over leadership and the correct stance towards the war. The "moderates" under Kamenev successfully outmaneuvered the Russian Bureau, seizing control of the party newspaper <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a>, and refusing to publish <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s "Letters from Afar" urging opposition to the provisional government. On March 15, Kamenev published an editorial supporting the war effort, and by March 18 had persuaded the Petersburg committee to provide "conditional support" to the provisional government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201580–81_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201580–81-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> in Petrograd during April seriously challenged the dominant "moderate" line and brought about a shift in the party's positions, but Shliapnikov, hospitalized for weeks due to an automobile accident, did not play a major role in this affair. Instead, Shliapnikov and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Eremeev" title="Konstantin Eremeev">Konstantin Eremeev</a> played a leading role in organizing a <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">"Workers' Guard"</a> among radical workers in the <a href="/wiki/Vyborgsky_District" title="Vyborgsky District">Vyborg district</a> of Petrograd, and in August 1917, Shliapnikov joined the newly formed general staff of the Red Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201580–84_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201580–84-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 7, Shliapnikov was elected to the central board of the Petrograd Metalworkers' Union alongside the unaligned socialist <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Gastev" title="Aleksei Gastev">Aleksei Gastev</a> and the Menshevik I.G. Volkov, and once he recovered from his automobile accident, he chaired the first Central Committee of the Petrograd Metalworkers' Union on May 27. By June 11, the Union had established a system of supporting unemployed workers, set up the journal "Metallist", begun to mediate conflicts between workers and industrialists. Over the next month, delegates from across Russia formed the first All-Russian Metalworkers' Union, and Shliapnikov found himself elected to its central committee alongside three other Bolsheviks, Volkov and three other Mensheviks, and Gastev. Due to Gastev's support, he was elected as chairman of the Central Committee during its first meeting on June 29.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201584–85_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201584–85-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He led negotiations of a wage agreement between Petrograd metalworkers and factory owners in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-biografija_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biografija-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_revolution">After the revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After the revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and the Bolshevik seizure of power, Shliapnikov was appointed <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Labour" title="People's Commissariat for Labour">Commissar of Labor</a>. Shliapnikov supported a coalition government composed of left socialist parties, and signed Zinoviev's and Kamenev's statement supporting a socialist coalition government, but unlike other "moderates" refused to resign from his post. The coalition agreement reached with the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left-SRs</a> mollified most of the "moderate" Bolsheviks, and Shliapnikov would later claim that he only supported an alliance with the Left-SRs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015103–104_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015103–104-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to his "moderate" position in regards to coalitions with other socialist parties, Shliapnikov held a decisively "radical" stance towards the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a>. The Bolshevik CC assigned him to take control of Bolshevik preparations for the Constituent Assembly, countering Zinoviev's and Kamenev's efforts to install a "moderate" provisional bureau which would support their stances, and Shliapnikov wholeheartedly supported the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly over the course of January 18 and 19.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015106–107_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015106–107-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shliapnikov played an important role in evacuating industry from Petrograd, as the Germans approached in 1918. As Commissar of Labor, he helped draft important directives on workers' control of industry and nationalization of industry and he staffed government bureaucracies with staff from trade unions. In the summer of 1918, he went to the south of Russia on a mission to gather food for the population of the Bolshevik-controlled cities of Northern Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015123_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015123-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1918 Shliapnikov was replaced as Commissar of Labor by <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Schmidt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Schmidt">Vasili Schmidt</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015120_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015120-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then initially served as a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Southern Front, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Tsaritsyn</a>, and shortly after as Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Caspian-Caucasian Front, based in <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, which he had proposed to create.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015126_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015126-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a>, Shliapnikov began to criticize the increasing tendency of the Russian Communist Party and Soviet government to rely on authoritarian measures to enforce policies towards industry and industrial workers. To Shliapnikov, denial of workers' right to participate in economic decision-making was a step away from the goals of the 1917 revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015122_ff"Defending_Soviet_Power_and_Unions_in_the_Civil_War"_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015122_ff"Defending_Soviet_Power_and_Unions_in_the_Civil_War"-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_leader">Opposition leader</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opposition leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Shliapnikov,_Leonid_Krasin,_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alexander_Shliapnikov%2C_Leonid_Krasin%2C_1924.jpg/220px-Alexander_Shliapnikov%2C_Leonid_Krasin%2C_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alexander_Shliapnikov%2C_Leonid_Krasin%2C_1924.jpg/330px-Alexander_Shliapnikov%2C_Leonid_Krasin%2C_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alexander_Shliapnikov%2C_Leonid_Krasin%2C_1924.jpg/440px-Alexander_Shliapnikov%2C_Leonid_Krasin%2C_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1247" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Shliapnikov (on left) with <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Krasin" title="Leonid Krasin">Leonid Krasin</a> in 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>Shliapnikov became leader of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a> movement inside the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolshevik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)">Russian Communist Party</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a> was a mentor and advocate of the group, which was composed of leaders of trade unions and industry who were all former industrial workers, usually metalworkers. This movement advocated the role of workers, organized in trade unions, in managing the economy and the political party. The Russian Communist Party leaders succeeded in suppressing the Workers' Opposition and in 1921–22 finally subordinated trade union leadership to the Party. In 1921, Shliapnikov was forced out of his elected post as chairman of the Metalworkers' Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200725_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200725-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922, Shliapnikov and some other trade-unionists from within and outside the Workers' Opposition, supported by Alexandra Kollontai, presented an appeal, called the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_the_Twenty_Two" title="Letter of the Twenty Two">Letter of the Twenty Two</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> Executive, requesting that the Comintern help heal a "rift" within the Russian Communist Party between Party leaders and workers. Party leaders and Party-controlled media condemned the appeal. Two of the signatories of the appeal were expelled from the Party, but Shliapnikov, Kollontai, and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Medvedev_(revolutionary)" title="Sergei Medvedev (revolutionary)">Sergei Medvedev</a> narrowly escaped expulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2007''passim''_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2007''passim''-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shliapnikov turned to writing his memoirs and held jobs in metals import and economic planning institutions. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Party Central Control Commission</a> investigated him and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Medvedev_(revolutionary)" title="Sergei Medvedev (revolutionary)">Sergei Medvedev</a> in 1926 and in 1930 for alleged factionalism in connection with the formation of oppositionist groups among workers in Baku<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015267–281"The_Baku_'Letter'_and_Investigation"_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015267–281"The_Baku_'Letter'_and_Investigation"-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Omsk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015293–305"The_Case_of_the_Omsk_Group_of_the_Workers'_Opposition"_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015293–305"The_Case_of_the_Omsk_Group_of_the_Workers'_Opposition"-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Party Politburo</a> ordered Shliapnikov to publish a public confession of "political errors" in writing his memoirs of the revolution, under pain of being purged from the party. He "acknowledged mistakes in his memoirs of 1917, but in language that made his errors appear less grievous [...] Nevertheless, the 'confession' as it appeared in <i>Pravda</i> on 9 March changed his claim of having been misunderstood to a cruder and more thorough repentance. <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Kaganovich</a> may have dictated this 'confession'. Secondary and tertiary literature has gone so far as to interpret the March 1932 statement as a repudiation of all his former oppositional stances in party discussions. In fact, the original statement Shliapnikov wrote and signed was not even a complete repudiation of his memoirs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015311–312_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015311–312-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shliapnikov was expelled from the Communist Party in 1933 and imprisoned in 1935 for alleged political crimes. Charged under <a href="/wiki/Article_58" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 58">Article 58</a> of the RSFSR Criminal Code, he did not confess guilt or implicate others. Nevertheless, he was found guilty, based on others' testimony, and was executed on September 2, 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015363_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015363-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His wife was also arrested and sentenced to eight years in prison, while their three children were dispatched to separate orphanages, being only later permitted to reunite. In 1948–1951 all three children, who were not older than 20, and their mother were arrested during a new wave of terror and sentenced to prison camp in Siberia, the only female child, Irina, getting her sentence immediately changed to internal exile in Krasnoyarsk. They were all released in the mid-1950s. Shliapnikov was posthumously <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">rehabilitated</a> in 1963 and restored to membership in the Communist Party in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015366–367_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015366–367-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an address delivered in 1975 at an <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a> meeting in Washington, DC, Nobel laureate, Russian dissident, and famed author <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> asserted that "before the Revolution the head of the Communist Party of Russia was Shliapnikov – not Lenin" and that Shliapnikov's name was unknown because he represented the true interests of the workers, in contrast to the émigré intellectuals who dominated the upper ranks of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShliapnikov1989" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shliapnikov, AG (1989) [1927–29], "Avtobiografiia", in Gambarov, Iu S (ed.), <i>Деятели СССР и октябрьской революции: автобиографии и биографии (Deiateli SSSR i oktiabr'skoi revoliutsii: avtobiografii i biografii)</i> [<i>Figures of the USSR and the October Revolution: autobiography and biography</i>] (in Russian), vol. 3, et al. (eds.), Moscow, pp. 244–51</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avtobiografiia&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%3A+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8+%28Deiateli+SSSR+i+oktiabr%27skoi+revoliutsii%3A+avtobiografii+i+biografii%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=244-51&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Shliapnikov&rft.aufirst=AG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Shliapnikov" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShliapnikov1982" class="citation cs2">——— (1982), <i>On the Eve of 1917</i>, Richard Chappell, trans., New York</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Eve+of+1917&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Shliapnikov&rft.aufirst=AG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Shliapnikov" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201522–23-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201522–23_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201523–24-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201523–24_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biografija-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biografija_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biografija_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biografija_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografija.ru/biography/shlyapnikov-aleksandr-gavrilovich.htm">"Шляпников Александр Гаврилович – Биография"</a>. <i>biografija.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biografija.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%E2%80%93+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biografija.ru%2Fbiography%2Fshlyapnikov-aleksandr-gavrilovich.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Shliapnikov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201530–32-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201530–32_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 30–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201532–33-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201532–33_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201525–26-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201525–26_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201534–35-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201534–35_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201537–39-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201537–39_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 37–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201541–42-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201541–42_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201545–47-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201545–47_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 45–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201550–52-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201550–52_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 50–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201556–58-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201556–58_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 56–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201558–59-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201558–59_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201561-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201561_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201562–65-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201562–65_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 62–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201565–66-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201565–66_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201566–70-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201566–70_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 66–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201570–75-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201570–75_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 70–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201576–80-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201576–80_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 76–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201580–81-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201580–81_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201580–84-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201580–84_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 80–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201584–85-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201584–85_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015103–104-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015103–104_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015106–107-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015106–107_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015123-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015123_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015120-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015120_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015126-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015126_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015122_ff"Defending_Soviet_Power_and_Unions_in_the_Civil_War"-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015122_ff"Defending_Soviet_Power_and_Unions_in_the_Civil_War"_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 122 ff, "Defending Soviet Power and Unions in the Civil War".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200725-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200725_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2007">Allen 2007</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2007''passim''-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2007''passim''_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2007">Allen 2007</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015267–281"The_Baku_'Letter'_and_Investigation"-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015267–281"The_Baku_'Letter'_and_Investigation"_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 267–281, "The Baku 'Letter' and Investigation".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015293–305"The_Case_of_the_Omsk_Group_of_the_Workers'_Opposition"-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015293–305"The_Case_of_the_Omsk_Group_of_the_Workers'_Opposition"_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 293–305, "The Case of the Omsk Group of the Workers' Opposition".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015311–312-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015311–312_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 311–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015363-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015363_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2015366–367-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2015366–367_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2015">Allen 2015</a>, pp. 366–367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolzhenitsyn1975" class="citation speech cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich</a> (June 30, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SolzhenitsynTheVoiceOfFreedom/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Solzhenitsyn: The Voice of Freedom</i></a> (Speech). <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a> meeting (introduced by <a href="/wiki/George_Meany" title="George Meany">George Meany</a>). Washington, DC: AFL–CIO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solzhenitsyn%3A+The+Voice+of+Freedom&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=AFL%E2%80%93CIO&rft.date=1975-06-30&rft.aulast=Solzhenitsyn&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Isayevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSolzhenitsynTheVoiceOfFreedom%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Shliapnikov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2015" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Barbara C. (2015). <i>Alexander Shlyapnikov, 1885–1937: Life of an Old Bolshevik</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24853-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24853-3"><bdi>978-90-04-24853-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Shlyapnikov%2C+1885%E2%80%931937%3A+Life+of+an+Old+Bolshevik&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24853-3&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Barbara+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Shliapnikov" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Barbara C. (October–December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40930682">"Aleksandr Shliapnikov's Purge from the Soviet Communist Party in 1933"</a>. <i>Cahiers du Monde russe</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 559–580. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40930682">40930682</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+du+Monde+russe&rft.atitle=Aleksandr+Shliapnikov%27s+Purge+from+the+Soviet+Communist+Party+in+1933&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=559-580&rft.date=2008-10%2F2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40930682%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Barbara+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40930682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Shliapnikov" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Barbara C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/histfaculty/1/">"Early dissent within the party: Alexander Shliapnikov and the letter of the twenty-two"</a>. <i>The NEP Era: Soviet Russia 1921–1928</i>. <b>1</b>: 21–54<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+NEP+Era%3A+Soviet+Russia+1921%E2%80%931928&rft.atitle=Early+dissent+within+the+party%3A+Alexander+Shliapnikov+and+the+letter+of+the+twenty-two&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=21-54&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Barbara+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.lasalle.edu%2Fhistfaculty%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Shliapnikov" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barbara C. Allen, "Alexander G Sljapnikov in der Verbannung und in Havt 1934 bis 1937", in: <a href="/wiki/Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Forschungen_zur_Geschichte_der_Arbeiterbewegung" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung">Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung</a>, Heft III/2015.</li> <li>Robert V. Daniels, <i>The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960.</li> <li>Michael Futrell, <i>Northern Underground: Episodes of Russian Revolutionary Transport and Communications through Scandinavia and Finland, 1863–1917.</i> New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963.</li> <li>Larry E. Holmes, <i>For the Revolution Redeemed: The Workers Opposition in the Bolshevik Party, 1919–1921.</i> The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 802 (1990).</li> <li>Larry E. Holmes, "Soviet Rewriting of 1917: The Case of A. G. Shliapnikov." <i><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a></i> vol. 38, no. 2 (June 1979), pp. 224–242.</li> <li>Jay B. Sorenson,<i>The Life and Death of Soviet Trade Unionism: 1917–1928.</i> New York: Atherton Press, 1969.</li> <li><i>The Workers' Opposition in the Russian Communist Party: Documents, 1919–30</i>. Edited and translated by Barbara C. Allen. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2021.*</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shliapnikov&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexander_Shliapnikov" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alexander Shliapnikov">Alexander Shliapnikov</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/shliapnikov/"><i>Alexander Shlyapnikov Internet Archive</i></a>, Marxists Internet Archive</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Shlyapnikov+Internet+Archive&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fshliapnikov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Shliapnikov" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlyapnikov" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shlyapnikov, Alexander, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revarchiv.narod.ru/shliapnikov/oeuvre.html"><i>Works</i></a> (in Russian), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">RU</a>: Narod</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Works&rft.place=RU&rft.pub=Narod&rft.aulast=Shlyapnikov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevarchiv.narod.ru%2Fshliapnikov%2Foeuvre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Shliapnikov" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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