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id="toc-Initial_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Initial success </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-user" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-user"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Multi-user </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-user-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CP/M_Plus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CP/M_Plus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 CP/M Plus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CP/M_Plus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16-bit_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16-bit_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 16-bit versions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16-bit_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Displacement_by_MS-DOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Displacement_by_MS-DOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Displacement by MS-DOS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Displacement_by_MS-DOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ZCPR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ZCPR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 ZCPR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ZCPR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Hardware model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Components </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Components subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Console_Command_Processor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Console_Command_Processor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Console Command Processor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Console_Command_Processor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_Disk_Operating_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_Disk_Operating_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Basic Disk Operating System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_Disk_Operating_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_Input_Output_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_Input_Output_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Basic Input Output System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_Input_Output_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transient_Program_Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transient_Program_Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Transient Program Area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transient_Program_Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debugging_application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debugging_application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Debugging application </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debugging_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resident_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resident_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Resident programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resident_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_installation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_installation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Software installation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_installation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disk_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disk_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Disk formats </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disk_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Disk formats subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Disk_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-File_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 File system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Graphics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Derivatives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Derivatives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Official </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Compatible </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enhancements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhancements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Enhancements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enhancements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_bloc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_bloc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Eastern bloc </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_bloc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">CP/M</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A_/_%D9%85" title="سي بي / م – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سي بي / م" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C/%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سی‌پی/ام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سی‌پی/ام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Program/Monitor" title="Control Program/Monitor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Control Program/Monitor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1" title="ซีพี/เอ็ม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซีพี/เอ็ม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="CP/M" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_Disk_Operating_System&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Disk Operating System">Basic Disk Operating System</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Discontinued family of computer operating systems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Digital Research operating system. For the similarly named IBM and Microsoft operating system, see <a href="/wiki/CP/DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/DOS">CP/DOS</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"BDOS" redirects here. For the DOS kernel, see <a href="/wiki/BDOS_(DOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="BDOS (DOS)">BDOS (DOS)</a>. For the MSX-DOS kernel, see <a href="/wiki/BDOS_(MSX)" class="mw-redirect" title="BDOS (MSX)">BDOS (MSX)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"SCP (operating system)" redirects here. For the developer of the unrelated SCP 86-DOS, see <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products" title="Seattle Computer Products">Seattle Computer Products</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">CP/M</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:CPM-86.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/CPM-86.png/300px-CPM-86.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/CPM-86.png/450px-CPM-86.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/CPM-86.png/600px-CPM-86.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A screenshot of CP/M-86</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research, Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/PL/M" title="PL/M">PL/M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Historical</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data">Originally <a href="/wiki/Closed_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source">closed source</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a><a href="#cite_note-Gasperson_2001_Collection-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">1974; 50 years ago (1974)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.1 / 1983; 41 years ago (1983)<a href="#cite_note-Mann83-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Available in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Update method</th><td class="infobox-data">Re-installation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">Intel 8085</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z8000" title="Zilog Z8000">Zilog Z8000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic kernel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Influenced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/RT-11" title="RT-11">RT-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/OS/8" title="OS/8">OS/8</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">Command-line interface</a> (CCP.COM)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Originally <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a>, now <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a>-like</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MP/M" title="MP/M">MP/M</a>, <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515232659/http://www.digitalresearch.biz/CPM.HTM">Digital Research CP/M page</a></td></tr></tbody></table> CP/M,<a href="#cite_note-CPM.NYT83-3">[3]</a> originally standing for Control Program/Monitor<a href="#cite_note-Kildall.NYT-4">[4]</a> and later Control Program for Microcomputers,<a href="#cite_note-Shustek_2016-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1993-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newton_2000-7">[7]</a> is a mass-market <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> created in 1974 for <a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">85</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research, Inc.</a> CP/M is a <a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">disk operating system</a><a href="#cite_note-byte1983_07-8">[8]</a> and its purpose is to organize files on a magnetic storage medium, and to load and run programs stored on a disk. Initially confined to single-tasking on <a href="/wiki/8-bit_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bit processor">8-bit processors</a> and no more than 64 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kilobytes</a> of memory, later versions of CP/M added multi-user variations and were migrated to <a href="/wiki/16-bit_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit processor">16-bit processors</a>. The combination of CP/M and <a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a> computers became an early standard in the microcomputer industry. This <a href="/wiki/Computer_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer platform">computer platform</a> was widely used in business through the late 1970s and into the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Compupro816-9">[9]</a> CP/M increased the market size for both hardware and software by greatly reducing the amount of programming required to port an application to a new manufacturer's computer.<a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_May_1981-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_July_1982-11">[11]</a> An important driver of software innovation was the advent of (comparatively) low-cost microcomputers running CP/M, as independent programmers and <a href="/wiki/Hacker_culture" title="Hacker culture">hackers</a> bought them and shared their creations in <a href="/wiki/User_group" class="mw-redirect" title="User group">user groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Commodore_128-12">[12]</a> CP/M was eventually displaced by <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> following the 1981 introduction of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CP%E2%81%84M_Ad,_InfoWorld,_November_29,_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/CP%E2%81%84M_Ad%2C_InfoWorld%2C_November_29%2C_1982.jpg/220px-CP%E2%81%84M_Ad%2C_InfoWorld%2C_November_29%2C_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/CP%E2%81%84M_Ad%2C_InfoWorld%2C_November_29%2C_1982.jpg/330px-CP%E2%81%84M_Ad%2C_InfoWorld%2C_November_29%2C_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/CP%E2%81%84M_Ad%2C_InfoWorld%2C_November_29%2C_1982.jpg/440px-CP%E2%81%84M_Ad%2C_InfoWorld%2C_November_29%2C_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>CP/M advertisement in the 29 November 1982 issue of <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a> magazine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a> originally developed CP/M during 1974,<a href="#cite_note-Shustek_2016-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1993-6">[6]</a> as an operating system to run on an Intel <a href="/wiki/Intellec" title="Intellec">Intellec-8</a> development system, equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Shugart_Associates" title="Shugart Associates">Shugart Associates</a> 8-inch <a href="/wiki/Floppy-disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Floppy-disk drive">floppy-disk drive</a> interfaced via a custom <a href="/wiki/Floppy-disk_controller" title="Floppy-disk controller">floppy-disk controller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1980_CPM-13">[13]</a> It was written in Kildall's own <a href="/wiki/PL/M" title="PL/M">PL/M</a> (<a href="/wiki/Programming_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming Language">Programming Language</a> for Microcomputers).<a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1975_BDOS-14">[14]</a> Various aspects of CP/M were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/TOPS-10" title="TOPS-10">TOPS-10</a> operating system of the <a href="/wiki/DECsystem-10" class="mw-redirect" title="DECsystem-10">DECsystem-10</a> <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computer</a>, which Kildall had used as a development environment.<a href="#cite_note-johnson-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Dobb's_Journal_Apr_1976-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Digital_Research_(Firm)-17">[17]</a> An early outside licensee of CP/M was <a href="/wiki/Gnat_Computers" title="Gnat Computers">Gnat Computers</a>, an early microcomputer developer out of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego, California</a>. In 1977, the company was granted the license to use CP/M 1.0 for any micro they desired for $90. Within the year, demand for CP/M was so high that Digital Research was able to increase the license to tens of thousands of dollars.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Under Kildall's direction, the development of CP/M 2.0 was mostly carried out by John Pierce in 1978. <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Strutynski" title="Kathryn Strutynski">Kathryn Strutynski</a>, a friend of Kildall from <a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> (NPS), became the fourth employee of Digital Research Inc. in early 1979. She started by debugging CP/M 2.0, and later became influential as key developer for CP/M 2.2 and CP/M Plus. Other early developers of the CP/M base included Robert "Bob" Silberstein and David "Dave" K. Brown.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strutynski_2010-20">[20]</a> CP/M originally stood for "Control Program/Monitor",<a href="#cite_note-CPM.NYT83-3">[3]</a> a name which implies a <a href="/wiki/Resident_monitor" title="Resident monitor">resident monitor</a>—a primitive precursor to the operating system. However, during the conversion of CP/M to a commercial product, trademark registration documents filed in November 1977 gave the product's name as "Control Program for Microcomputers".<a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1993-6">[6]</a> The CP/M name follows a prevailing naming scheme of the time, as in Kildall's PL/M language, and Prime Computer's <a href="/wiki/PL/P" title="PL/P">PL/P</a> (Programming Language for Prime), both suggesting IBM's <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a>; and IBM's <a href="/wiki/CP/CMS" title="CP/CMS">CP/CMS</a> operating system, which Kildall had used when working at the NPS. This renaming of CP/M was part of a larger effort by Kildall and his wife with business partner, Dorothy McEwen<a href="#cite_note-Kildall.NYT-4">[4]</a> to convert Kildall's personal project of CP/M and the Intel-contracted PL/M <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> into a commercial enterprise. The Kildalls intended to establish the Digital Research brand and its product lines as synonymous with "microcomputer" in the consumer's mind, similar to what IBM and Microsoft together later successfully accomplished in making "<a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>" synonymous with their product offerings. Intergalactic Digital Research, Inc. was later renamed via a corporation change-of-name filing to Digital Research, Inc.<a href="#cite_note-Kildall.NYT-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_success">Initial success</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial success">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M_Karte.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/M_Karte.JPG/220px-M_Karte.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/M_Karte.JPG/330px-M_Karte.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/M_Karte.JPG/440px-M_Karte.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>Apple CP/M Card with manual</figcaption></figure> By September 1981, Digital Research had sold more than 250,000 CP/M licenses; <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a> stated that the actual market was likely larger because of sublicenses. Many different companies produced CP/M-based computers for many different markets; the magazine stated that "CP/M is well on its way to establishing itself as the small-computer operating system".<a href="#cite_note-hogan19810914state-21">[21]</a> The companies chose to support CP/M because of its large library of software. The <a href="/wiki/Xerox_820" title="Xerox 820">Xerox 820</a> ran the operating system because "where there are literally thousands of programs written for it, it would be unwise not to take advantage of it", Xerox said.<a href="#cite_note-wise19820510-22">[22]</a> (Xerox included a <a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Sams" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard W. Sams">Howard W. Sams</a> CP/M manual as compensation for Digital Research's documentation, which InfoWorld described as atrocious,<a href="#cite_note-meyer19820614-23">[23]</a> incomplete, incomprehensible, and poorly indexed.<a href="#cite_note-Infoworld_1981-24">[24]</a>) By 1984, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> used the same <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> to build <a href="/wiki/Kermit_(protocol)" title="Kermit (protocol)">Kermit</a> binaries for more than a dozen different CP/M systems, plus two generic versions.<a href="#cite_note-dacruz19840427-25">[25]</a> The operating system was described as a "<a href="/wiki/Software_bus" title="Software bus">software bus</a>",<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> allowing multiple programs to interact with different hardware in a standardized way.<a href="#cite_note-Swaine_1997_Entrepreneurship-28">[28]</a> Programs written for CP/M were typically portable among different machines, usually requiring only the specification of the <a href="/wiki/Escape_sequence" title="Escape sequence">escape sequences</a> for control of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">screen</a> and printer. This portability made CP/M popular, and much more software was written for CP/M than for operating systems that ran on only one brand of hardware. One restriction on portability was that certain programs used the extended <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a> of the Z80 processor and would not operate on an 8080 or 8085 processor. Another was graphics routines, especially in games and graphics programs, which were generally machine-specific as they used direct hardware access for speed, bypassing the OS and BIOS (this was also a common problem in early DOS machines).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Z-80_SoftCard" title="Z-80 SoftCard">Z-80 SoftCard</a> was the single most-popular CP/M hardware platform.<a href="#cite_note-bunnell19820203-29">[29]</a> Many different brands of machines ran the operating system, some notable examples being the <a href="/wiki/Altair_8800" title="Altair 8800">Altair 8800</a>, the <a href="/wiki/IMSAI_8080" title="IMSAI 8080">IMSAI 8080</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Osborne_1" title="Osborne 1">Osborne 1</a> and Kaypro <a href="/wiki/Luggable" class="mw-redirect" title="Luggable">luggables</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a> computers. The best-selling CP/M-capable system of all time was probably the <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_PCW" title="Amstrad PCW">Amstrad PCW</a>. In the UK, CP/M was also available on <a href="/wiki/Research_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Machines">Research Machines</a> educational computers (with the CP/M source code published as an educational resource), and for the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a> when equipped with a Z80 co-processor. Furthermore, it was available for the <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC" title="Amstrad CPC">Amstrad CPC</a> series, the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a>, <a href="/wiki/TRS-80" title="TRS-80">TRS-80</a>, and later models of the <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a>. CP/M 3 was also used on the NIAT, a custom handheld computer designed for <a href="/wiki/A._C._Nielsen" class="mw-redirect" title="A. C. Nielsen">A. C. Nielsen</a>'s internal use with 1 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> of <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> memory. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-user">Multi-user</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Multi-user">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MP/M" title="MP/M">MP/M</a></div> In 1979, a multi-user compatible derivative of CP/M was released. <a href="/wiki/MP/M" title="MP/M">MP/M</a> allowed multiple users to connect to a single computer, using multiple terminals to provide each user with a screen and keyboard. Later versions ran on 16-bit processors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CP/M_Plus">CP/M Plus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: CP/M Plus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CP-M_Plus_System_Guide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/CP-M_Plus_System_Guide.jpg/220px-CP-M_Plus_System_Guide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/CP-M_Plus_System_Guide.jpg/330px-CP-M_Plus_System_Guide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/CP-M_Plus_System_Guide.jpg/440px-CP-M_Plus_System_Guide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="3501" /></a><figcaption>CP/M Plus (CP/M 3) System Guide</figcaption></figure> The last 8-bit version of CP/M was version 3, often called CP/M Plus, released in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983-19">[19]</a> Its BDOS was designed by David K. Brown.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983-19">[19]</a> It incorporated the bank switching memory management of MP/M in a single-user single-task operating system compatible with CP/M 2.2 applications. CP/M 3 could therefore use more than 64 KB of memory on an 8080 or Z80 processor. The system could be configured to support date stamping of files.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983-19">[19]</a> The operating system distribution software also included a relocating assembler and linker.<a href="#cite_note-Mann83-2">[2]</a> CP/M 3 was available for the last generation of 8-bit computers, notably the Amstrad PCW, the <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC" title="Amstrad CPC">Amstrad CPC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ZX Spectrum +3">ZX Spectrum +3</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a> machines and the Radio Shack <a href="/wiki/TRS-80_Model_4" title="TRS-80 Model 4">TRS-80 Model 4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Radio_Shack_1985-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16-bit_versions">16-bit versions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 16-bit versions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PRO_CPM-80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/PRO_CPM-80.jpg/220px-PRO_CPM-80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/PRO_CPM-80.jpg/330px-PRO_CPM-80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/PRO_CPM-80.jpg/440px-PRO_CPM-80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>DEC PRO-CP/M-80 floppy-disk distribution for the Z80-A co-processor in a DEC Professional 3xx series</figcaption></figure> There were versions of CP/M for some <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> CPUs as well. The first version in the 16-bit family was <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a> in November 1981.<a href="#cite_note-Digital_Research_1981_News-31">[31]</a> Kathryn Strutynski was the project manager for the evolving CP/M-86 line of operating systems.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strutynski_2010-20">[20]</a> At this point, the original <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> CP/M became known by the <a href="/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retronym</a> CP/M-80 to avoid confusion.<a href="#cite_note-Digital_Research_1981_News-31">[31]</a> CP/M-86 was expected to be the standard operating system of the new <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PCs</a>, but DRI and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> were unable to negotiate development and licensing terms. IBM turned to Microsoft instead, and Microsoft delivered <a href="/wiki/PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a> based on <a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a>. Although CP/M-86 became an option for the IBM PC after DRI threatened legal action, it never overtook Microsoft's system. Most customers were repelled by the significantly greater price IBM charged for CP/M-86 over PC DOS (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>240 and US$40, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-Maher_2017-32">[32]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC) put out the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_100" title="Rainbow 100">Rainbow 100</a> to compete with IBM, it came with CP/M-80 using a Z80 chip, CP/M-86 or MS-DOS using an 8088 microprocessor, or <a href="/wiki/CP/M-86/80" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/M-86/80">CP/M-86/80</a> using both. The Z80 and 8088 CPUs ran concurrently.<a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1982_8-bit-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-snyder198306-34">[34]</a> A benefit of the Rainbow was that it could continue to run 8-bit CP/M software, preserving a user's possibly sizable investment as they moved into the 16-bit world of MS-DOS.<a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1982_8-bit-33">[33]</a> A similar <a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">dual-processor</a> adaption for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=CompuPro_System_816&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CompuPro System 816 (page does not exist)">CompuPro System 816</a> [<a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compupro_System_816" class="extiw" title="sr:Compupro System 816">sr</a>] was named <a href="/wiki/CP/M_8-16" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/M 8-16">CP/M 8-16</a>. The CP/M-86 adaptation for the 8085/8088-based <a href="/wiki/Zenith_Z-100" title="Zenith Z-100">Zenith Z-100</a> also supported running programs for both of its CPUs. Soon following CP/M-86, another 16-bit version of CP/M was CP/M-68K for the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a>. The original version of CP/M-68K in 1982 was written in <a href="/wiki/Pascal/MT%2B68k" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal/MT+68k">Pascal/MT+68k</a>, but it was ported to C later on. CP/M-68K, already running on the Motorola <a href="/wiki/EXORmacs" class="mw-redirect" title="EXORmacs">EXORmacs</a> systems, was initially to be used in the <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> computer, but Atari decided to go with a newer disk operating system called <a href="/wiki/GEMDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="GEMDOS">GEMDOS</a>. CP/M-68K was also used on the SORD M68 and M68MX computers.<a href="#cite_note-M68-35">[35]</a> In 1982, there was also a port from CP/M-68K to the 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z8000" title="Zilog Z8000">Zilog Z8000</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Olivetti_M20" title="Olivetti M20">Olivetti M20</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/C_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="C (language)">C</a>, named CP/M-8000.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_1981_CPM-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olmstead-37">[37]</a> These 16-bit versions of CP/M required application programs to be re-compiled for the new CPUs. Some programs written in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> could be <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language_translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly language translator">automatically translated</a> for a new processor. One tool for this was Digital Research's <a href="/wiki/XLT86" class="mw-redirect" title="XLT86">XLT86</a>, which translated .ASM source code for the Intel 8080 processor into .A86 source code for the Intel 8086. The translator would also optimize the output for code size and take care of calling conventions, so that <a href="/wiki/CP/M-80" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/M-80">CP/M-80</a> and <a href="/wiki/MP/M-80" class="mw-redirect" title="MP/M-80">MP/M-80</a> programs could be ported to the CP/M-86 and <a href="/wiki/MP/M-86" class="mw-redirect" title="MP/M-86">MP/M-86</a> platforms automatically. XLT86 itself was written in <a href="/wiki/PL/I-80" class="mw-redirect" title="PL/I-80">PL/I-80</a> and was available for CP/M-80 platforms as well as for <a href="/wiki/VAX/VMS" class="mw-redirect" title="VAX/VMS">VAX/VMS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DR_1981_XLT-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Displacement_by_MS-DOS">Displacement by MS-DOS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Displacement by MS-DOS">edit</a>]</div> Many expected that CP/M would be the standard operating system for 16-bit computers.<a href="#cite_note-pournelle198403-39">[39]</a> In 1980 IBM approached Digital Research, at <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>' suggestion,<a href="#cite_note-Isaacson_2014-40">[40]</a> to license a forthcoming version of CP/M for its new product, the IBM Personal Computer. Upon the failure to obtain a signed <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreement</a>, the talks failed, and IBM instead contracted with Microsoft to provide an operating system.<a href="#cite_note-Bellis_2010-41">[41]</a> The resulting product, <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, soon began outselling CP/M. Many of the basic concepts and mechanisms of early versions of MS-DOS resembled those of CP/M. Internals like file-handling data structures were identical, and both referred to disk drives with a letter (<code>A:</code>, <code>B:</code>, etc.). MS-DOS's main innovation was its <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> file system. This similarity made it easier to port popular CP/M software like <a href="/wiki/WordStar" title="WordStar">WordStar</a> and <a href="/wiki/DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a>. However, CP/M's concept of separate user areas for files on the same disk was never ported to MS-DOS. Since MS-DOS had access to more memory (as few IBM PCs were sold with less than 64 KB of memory, while CP/M could run in 16 KB if necessary), more commands were built into the <a href="/wiki/Command.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Command.com">command-line shell</a>, making MS-DOS somewhat faster and easier to use on floppy-based computers. Although one of the first peripherals for the IBM PC was a SoftCard-like expansion card that let it run 8-bit CP/M software,<a href="#cite_note-magid1982febmar-42">[42]</a> InfoWorld stated in 1984 that efforts to introduce CP/M to the home market had been largely unsuccessful and most CP/M software was too expensive for home users.<a href="#cite_note-Mace_1984-43">[43]</a> In 1986 the magazine stated that Kaypro had stopped production of 8-bit CP/M-based models to concentrate on sales of MS-DOS compatible systems, long after most other vendors had ceased production of new equipment and software for CP/M.<a href="#cite_note-Groth_1986-44">[44]</a> CP/M rapidly lost market share as the microcomputing market moved to the IBM-compatible platform, and it never regained its former popularity. <a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a> magazine, at the time one of the leading industry magazines for microcomputers, essentially ceased covering CP/M products within a few years of the introduction of the IBM PC. For example, in 1983 there were still a few advertisements for S-100 boards and articles on CP/M software, but by 1987 these were no longer found in the magazine. Later versions of CP/M-86 made significant strides in performance and usability and were made compatible with MS-DOS. To reflect this compatibility the name was changed, and CP/M-86 became <a href="/wiki/DOS_Plus" title="DOS Plus">DOS Plus</a>, which in turn became <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ZCPR">ZCPR</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: ZCPR">edit</a>]</div> ZCPR<a href="#cite_note-ZCPR-45">[45]</a> (the Z80 Command Processor Replacement) was introduced on 2 February 1982 as a drop-in replacement for the standard Digital Research console command processor (CCP) and was initially written by a group of computer hobbyists who called themselves "The CCP Group". They were Frank Wancho, Keith Petersen (the archivist behind <a href="/wiki/Simtel" title="Simtel">Simtel</a> at the time), Ron Fowler, Charlie Strom, Bob Mathias, and Richard Conn. Richard was, in fact, the driving force in this group (all of whom maintained contact through email). ZCPR1 was released on a disk put out by SIG/M (Special Interest Group/Microcomputers), a part of the Amateur Computer Club of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. ZCPR2 was released on 14 February 1983. It was released as a set of ten disks from SIG/M. ZCPR2 was upgraded to 2.3, and also was released in 8080 code, permitting the use of ZCPR2 on 8080 and 8085 systems. ZCPR3<a href="#cite_note-ZCPR3-46">[46]</a> was released on 14 July 1984, as a set of nine disks from SIG/M. The code for ZCPR3 could also be compiled (with reduced features) for the 8080 and would run on systems that did not have the requisite <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Z80</a> microprocessor. Features of ZCPR as of version 3 included shells, aliases, I/O redirection, flow control, named directories, search paths, custom menus, passwords, and online help. In January 1987, Richard Conn stopped developing ZCPR, and Echelon asked Jay Sage (who already had a privately enhanced ZCPR 3.1) to continue work on it. Thus, ZCPR 3.3 was developed and released. ZCPR 3.3 no longer supported the 8080 series of microprocessors, and added the most features of any upgrade in the ZCPR line. ZCPR 3.3 also included a full complement of utilities with considerably extended capabilities. While enthusiastically supported by the CP/M user base of the time, ZCPR alone was insufficient to slow the demise of CP/M. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_model">Hardware model</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hardware model">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanco_8001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sanco_8001.jpg/220px-Sanco_8001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sanco_8001.jpg/330px-Sanco_8001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sanco_8001.jpg/440px-Sanco_8001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Sanco 8001 computer, running under CP/M 2.2 (1982)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_CP-M_cartridge_for_the_C64_(main).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Commodore_CP-M_cartridge_for_the_C64_%28main%29.jpg/220px-Commodore_CP-M_cartridge_for_the_C64_%28main%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Commodore_CP-M_cartridge_for_the_C64_%28main%29.jpg/330px-Commodore_CP-M_cartridge_for_the_C64_%28main%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Commodore_CP-M_cartridge_for_the_C64_%28main%29.jpg/440px-Commodore_CP-M_cartridge_for_the_C64_%28main%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="1833" /></a><figcaption>CP/M cartridge for the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> </figcaption></figure> A minimal 8-bit CP/M system would contain the following components: <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">computer terminal</a> using the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character set</li> <li>An Intel 8080 (and later the 8085) or Zilog Z80 microprocessor <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/NEC_V20" title="NEC V20">NEC V20</a> and <a href="/wiki/NEC_V30" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC V30">V30</a> processors support an 8080-emulation mode that can run 8-bit CP/M on a PC-DOS/MS-DOS computer so equipped, though any <a href="/wiki/PC_clone" class="mw-redirect" title="PC clone">PC clone</a> could run CP/M-86.<a href="#cite_note-CP/M-Emu-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis_1985_NEC-48">[48]</a></li></ul></li> <li>At least 16 kilobytes of <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>, beginning at address 0</li> <li>A means to <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootstrapping (computing)">bootstrap</a> the first <a href="/wiki/Disk_sector" title="Disk sector">sector</a> of the diskette</li> <li>At least one <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy-disk</a> drive</li></ul> The only hardware system that CP/M, as sold by Digital Research, would support was the Intel 8080 Development System. Manufacturers of CP/M-compatible systems customized portions of the operating system for their own combination of installed memory, disk drives, and console devices. CP/M would also run on systems based on the Zilog Z80 processor since the Z80 was compatible with 8080 code. While the Digital Research distributed core of CP/M (BDOS, CCP, core transient commands) did not use any of the Z80-specific instructions, many Z80-based systems used Z80 code in the system-specific BIOS, and many applications were dedicated to Z80-based CP/M machines. Digital Research subsequently partnered with Zilog and <a href="/wiki/American_Microsystems" class="mw-redirect" title="American Microsystems">American Microsystems</a> to produce Personal CP/M, a ROM-based version of the operating system aimed at lower-cost systems that could potentially be equipped without disk drives.<a href="#cite_note-pcn19840114_cpm-49">[49]</a> First featured in the Sharp MZ-800, a cassette-based system with optional disk drives,<a href="#cite_note-pcw198502_sharpmz800-50">[50]</a> Personal CP/M was described as having been "rewritten to take advantage of the enhanced Z-80 instruction set" as opposed to preserving portability with the 8080. American Microsystems announced a Z80-compatible microprocessor, the S83, featuring 8 KB of in-package ROM for the operating system and BIOS, together with comprehensive logic for interfacing with 64-kilobit dynamic RAM devices.<a href="#cite_note-practicalcomputing198406_cpm-51">[51]</a> Unit pricing of the S83 was quoted as $32 in 1,000 unit quantities.<a href="#cite_note-microsystems198406_s83-52">[52]</a> On most machines the bootstrap was a minimal <a href="/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloader</a> in <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a> combined with some means of minimal <a href="/wiki/Bank_switching" title="Bank switching">bank switching</a> or a means of injecting code on the bus (since the 8080 needs to see boot code at Address 0 for start-up, while CP/M needs RAM there); for others, this bootstrap had to be entered into memory using <a href="/wiki/Front_panel" title="Front panel">front-panel</a> controls each time the system was started. CP/M used the 7-bit ASCII set. The other 128 characters made possible by the 8-bit byte were not standardized. For example, one <a href="/wiki/Kaypro" title="Kaypro">Kaypro</a> used them for Greek characters, and <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Computer_Corporation" title="Osborne Computer Corporation">Osborne</a> machines used the 8th bit set to indicate an underlined character. <a href="/wiki/WordStar" title="WordStar">WordStar</a> used the 8th bit as an end-of-word marker. International CP/M systems most commonly used the <a href="/wiki/ISO_646" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 646">ISO 646</a> norm for localized character sets, replacing certain ASCII characters with localized characters rather than adding them beyond the 7-bit boundary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Components">edit</a>]</div> In the 8-bit versions, while running, the CP/M operating system loaded into memory has three components:<a href="#cite_note-CPM.NYT83-3">[3]</a> <ul><li>Basic Input/Output System (BIOS),</li> <li>Basic Disk Operating System (BDOS),</li> <li>Console Command Processor (CCP).</li></ul> The BIOS and BDOS are memory-resident, while the CCP is memory-resident unless overwritten by an application, in which case it is automatically reloaded after the application finished running. A number of transient commands for standard utilities are also provided. The transient commands reside in <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">extension</a> .COM on disk. The BIOS directly controls hardware components other than the CPU and main memory. It contains functions such as character input and output and the reading and writing of disk sectors. The BDOS implements the CP/M <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> and some input/output abstractions (such as redirection) on top of the BIOS. The CCP takes user commands and either executes them directly (internal commands such as DIR to show a directory or ERA to delete a file) or loads and starts an executable file of the given name (transient commands such as PIP.COM to copy files or STAT.COM to show various file and system information). Third-party applications for CP/M are also essentially transient commands. The BDOS, CCP and standard transient commands are the same in all installations of a particular revision of CP/M, but the BIOS portion is always adapted to the particular hardware. Adding memory to a computer, for example, means that the CP/M system must be reinstalled to allow transient programs to use the additional memory space. A utility program (MOVCPM) is provided with system distribution that allows relocating the object code to different memory areas. The utility program adjusts the addresses in absolute jump and subroutine call instructions to new addresses required by the new location of the operating system in processor memory. This newly patched version can then be saved on a new disk, allowing application programs to access the additional memory made available by moving the system components. Once installed, the operating system (BIOS, BDOS and CCP) is stored in reserved areas at the beginning of any disk which can be used to boot the system. On start-up, the bootloader (usually contained in a ROM firmware chip) loads the operating system from the disk in drive <code>A:</code>. By modern standards CP/M is primitive, owing to the extreme constraints on program size. With version 1.0 there is no provision for detecting a changed disk. If a user changes disks without manually rereading the disk directory the system writes on the new disk using the old disk's directory information, ruining the data stored on the disk. From version 1.1 or 1.2 onwards, changing a disk then trying to write to it before its directory is read will cause a fatal error to be signalled. This avoids overwriting the disk but requires a reboot and loss of the data to be stored on disk. The majority of the complexity in CP/M is isolated in the BDOS, and to a lesser extent, the CCP and transient commands. This meant that by porting the limited number of simple routines in the BIOS to a particular hardware platform, the entire OS would work. This significantly reduced the development time needed to support new machines, and was one of the main reasons for CP/M's widespread use. Today this sort of abstraction is common to most OSs (a <a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware abstraction layer">hardware abstraction layer</a>), but at the time of CP/M's birth, OSs were typically intended to run on only one machine platform, and multilayer designs were considered unnecessary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Console_Command_Processor">Console Command Processor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Console Command Processor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_C128_CPM_Screenshot_2_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Commodore_C128_CPM_Screenshot_2_full.jpg/220px-Commodore_C128_CPM_Screenshot_2_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Commodore_C128_CPM_Screenshot_2_full.jpg/330px-Commodore_C128_CPM_Screenshot_2_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Commodore_C128_CPM_Screenshot_2_full.jpg/440px-Commodore_C128_CPM_Screenshot_2_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot showing a CP/M 3.0 directory listing using the <code><a href="/wiki/Dir_(command)" title="Dir (command)">DIR</a></code> command on a Commodore 128 home computer</figcaption></figure> The Console Command Processor, or CCP, accepts input from the keyboard and conveys results to the terminal. CP/M itself works with either a printing terminal or a video terminal. All CP/M commands have to be typed in on the <a href="/wiki/Command_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line">command line</a>. The console most often displays the <code>A></code> prompt, to indicate the current default disk drive. When used with a video terminal, this is usually followed by a blinking <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(user_interface)" title="Cursor (user interface)">cursor</a> supplied by the terminal. The CCP awaits input from the user. A CCP internal command, of the form drive letter followed by a colon, can be used to select the default drive. For example, typing <code>B:</code> and pressing enter at the command prompt changes the default drive to B, and the command prompt then becomes <code>B></code> to indicate this change. CP/M's command-line interface was patterned after the operating systems from <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/RT-11" title="RT-11">RT-11</a> for the <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS/8" title="OS/8">OS/8</a> for the <a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Commands take the form of a keyword followed by a list of parameters separated by spaces or special characters. Similar to a Unix <a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">shell builtin</a>, if an internal command is recognized, it is carried out by the CCP itself. Otherwise it attempts to find an executable file on the currently logged disk drive and (in later versions) user area, loads it, and passes it any additional parameters from the command line. These are referred to as "transient" programs. On completion, BDOS will reload the CCP if it has been overwritten by application programs — this allows transient programs a larger memory space. The commands themselves can sometimes be obscure. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a> to duplicate files is named <code><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Interchange_Program" title="Peripheral Interchange Program">PIP</a></code> (Peripheral-Interchange-Program), the name of the old DEC utility used for that purpose. The format of parameters given to a program was not standardized, so that there is no single option character that differentiated options from file names. Different programs can and do use different characters. The CP/M Console Command Processor includes <a href="/wiki/Dir_(command)" title="Dir (command)">DIR</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERA_(CP/M_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERA (CP/M command)">ERA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren_(command)" title="Ren (command)">REN</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAVE_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAVE (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">SAVE</a>, <a href="/wiki/TYPE_(CP/M_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="TYPE (CP/M command)">TYPE</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=USER_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USER (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">USER</a> as <a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">built-in</a> commands.<a href="#cite_note-CPM22-53">[53]</a> Transient commands in CP/M include <a href="/wiki/Assembler_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembler (computing)">ASM</a>, <a href="/wiki/DDT_(CP/M_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="DDT (CP/M command)">DDT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DUMP_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DUMP (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">DUMP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ED_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ED (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">ED</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LOAD_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LOAD (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">LOAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/MOVCPM" class="mw-redirect" title="MOVCPM">MOVCPM</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOVCPM_(CP/M)" class="extiw" title="pl:MOVCPM (CP/M)">pl</a>], <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Interchange_Program" title="Peripheral Interchange Program">PIP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=STAT_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STAT (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">STAT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SUBMIT_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SUBMIT (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">SUBMIT</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=SYSGEN_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SYSGEN (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">SYSGEN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CPM22-53">[53]</a> CP/M Plus (CP/M Version 3) includes DIR (display list of files from a directory except those marked with the SYS attribute), <a href="/wiki/DIRSYS_(CP/M_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="DIRSYS (CP/M command)">DIRSYS</a> / <a href="/wiki/DIRS_(CP/M_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="DIRS (CP/M command)">DIRS</a> (list files marked with the SYS attribute in the directory), <a href="/wiki/ERASE_(CP/M_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERASE (CP/M command)">ERASE</a> / ERA (delete a file), <a href="/wiki/RENAME_(CP/M_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="RENAME (CP/M command)">RENAME</a> / REN (rename a file), TYPE / <a href="/w/index.php?title=TYP_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TYP (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">TYP</a> (display contents of an ASCII character file), and USER / <a href="/w/index.php?title=USE_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USE (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">USE</a> (change user number) as built-in commands:<a href="#cite_note-CPM3_1983_PG-54">[54]</a> CP/M 3 allows the user to abbreviate the built-in commands.<a href="#cite_note-DRI_1983_CPM3-55">[55]</a> Transient commands in CP/M 3 include <a href="/w/index.php?title=SYSGEN_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SYSGEN (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">COPYSYS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DATE_(CP/M_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="DATE (CP/M command)">DATE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DEVICE_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DEVICE (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">DEVICE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DUMP_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DUMP (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">DUMP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ED_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ED (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">ED</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=GET_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GET (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">GET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help_(command)" title="Help (command)">HELP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HEXCOM_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HEXCOM (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">HEXCOM</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=INITDIR_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INITDIR (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">INITDIR</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LINK_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LINK (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">LINK</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAC (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">MAC</a>, PIP, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PUT_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PUT (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">PUT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RMAC_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RMAC (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">RMAC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SET_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SET (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">SET</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SETDEF_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SETDEF (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">SETDEF</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SHOW_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHOW (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">SHOW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SID_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SID (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">SID</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SUBMIT_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SUBMIT (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">SUBMIT</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=XREF_(CP/M_command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XREF (CP/M command) (page does not exist)">XREF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DRI_1983_CPM3-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_Disk_Operating_System">Basic Disk Operating System</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Basic Disk Operating System">edit</a>]</div> The Basic Disk Operating System,<a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1975_BDOS-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1980_CPM-13">[13]</a> or BDOS,<a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1975_BDOS-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1980_CPM-13">[13]</a> provides access to such operations as opening a file, output to the console, or printing. Application programs load processor registers with a function code for the operation, and addresses for parameters or <a href="/wiki/Memory_buffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory buffer">memory buffers</a>, and call a fixed address in memory. Since the address is the same independent of the amount of memory in the system, application programs run the same way for any type or configuration of hardware. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_Input_Output_System">Basic Input Output System</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Basic Input Output System">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CP%E2%81%84M_Ad,_Dec_11,_1978.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CP%E2%81%84M_Ad%2C_Dec_11%2C_1978.png/220px-CP%E2%81%84M_Ad%2C_Dec_11%2C_1978.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CP%E2%81%84M_Ad%2C_Dec_11%2C_1978.png/330px-CP%E2%81%84M_Ad%2C_Dec_11%2C_1978.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/CP%E2%81%84M_Ad%2C_Dec_11%2C_1978.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>CP/M advertisement in the 11 December 1978 issue of <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a> magazine</figcaption></figure> The Basic Input Output System or BIOS,<a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1975_BDOS-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kildall_1980_CPM-13">[13]</a> provides the lowest level functions required by the operating system. These include reading or writing single characters to the system console and reading or writing a sector of data from the disk. The BDOS handles some of the buffering of data from the diskette, but before CP/M 3.0 it assumes a disk sector size fixed at 128 bytes, as used on <a href="/wiki/Single-density" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-density">single-density</a> 8-inch floppy disks. Since most 5.25-inch disk formats use larger sectors, the blocking and deblocking and the management of a disk buffer area is handled by model-specific code in the BIOS. Customization is required because hardware choices are not constrained by compatibility with any one popular standard. For example, some manufacturers designed built-in integrated video display systems, while others relied on separate computer terminals. Serial ports for printers and modems can use different types of <a href="/wiki/UART" class="mw-redirect" title="UART">UART</a> chips, and port addresses are not fixed. Some machines use memory-mapped I/O instead of the 8080 I/O address space. All of these variations in the hardware are concealed from other modules of the system by use of the BIOS, which uses standard entry points for the services required to run CP/M such as character I/O or accessing a disk block. Since support for serial communication to a modem is very rudimentary in the BIOS or may be absent altogether, it is common practice for CP/M programs that use modems to have a user-installed overlay containing all the code required to access a particular machine's serial port. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wordstar_4_CPM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wordstar_4_CPM.jpg/220px-Wordstar_4_CPM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wordstar_4_CPM.jpg/330px-Wordstar_4_CPM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wordstar_4_CPM.jpg/440px-Wordstar_4_CPM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Distribution <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5+1⁄4-inch diskettes and packaging for the last version (version 4) of WordStar word processing program released for 8-bit CP/M</figcaption></figure> WordStar, one of the first widely used <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a>, an early and popular database program for microcomputers, were originally written for CP/M. Two early <a href="/wiki/Outliner" title="Outliner">outliners</a>, <a href="/wiki/KAMAS_(program)" title="KAMAS (program)">KAMAS</a> (Knowledge and Mind Amplification System) and its cut-down successor Out-Think (without programming facilities and retooled for 8080/V20 compatibility) were also written for CP/M, though later rewritten for MS-DOS. <a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a>, the ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Borland_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Borland Delphi">Borland Delphi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multiplan" title="Multiplan">Multiplan</a>, the ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a>, also debuted on CP/M before MS-DOS versions became available. <a href="/wiki/VisiCalc" title="VisiCalc">VisiCalc</a>, the first-ever spreadsheet program, was made available for CP/M. Another company, <a href="/wiki/Sorcim" title="Sorcim">Sorcim</a>, created its <a href="/wiki/SuperCalc" title="SuperCalc">SuperCalc</a> spreadsheet for CP/M, which would go on to become the market leader and de facto standard on CP/M. Supercalc would go on to be a competitor in the spreadsheet market in the MS-DOS world. <a href="/wiki/AutoCAD" title="AutoCAD">AutoCAD</a>, a CAD application from Autodesk debuted on CP/M. A host of compilers and interpreters for popular <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> of the time (such as <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a> and even <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a><a href="#cite_note-PL1-56">[56]</a>) were available, among them several of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> products. CP/M software often came with <a href="/wiki/Installer" class="mw-redirect" title="Installer">installers</a> that adapted it to a wide variety of computers.<a href="#cite_note-mace19840109_16-57">[57]</a> The source code for BASIC programs was easily accessible, and most forms of <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">copy protection</a> were ineffective on the operating system.<a href="#cite_note-pournelle198306-58">[58]</a> A Kaypro II owner, for example, would obtain software on Xerox 820 format, then copy it to and run it from Kaypro-format disks.<a href="#cite_note-derfler19821018-59">[59]</a> The lack of standardized graphics support limited <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, but various character and text-based games were <a href="/wiki/Ported" class="mw-redirect" title="Ported">ported</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Telengard" title="Telengard">Telengard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-loguidice20120728-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gorillas_(video_game)" title="Gorillas (video game)">Gorillas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-githubgorilla001-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamurabi_(video_game)" title="Hamurabi (video game)">Hamurabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)" title="Lunar Lander (video game genre)">Lunar Lander</a>, along with early <a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">interactive fiction</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Zork" title="Zork">Zork</a> series and <a href="/wiki/Colossal_Cave_Adventure" title="Colossal Cave Adventure">Colossal Cave Adventure</a>. <a href="/wiki/Text_adventure" class="mw-redirect" title="Text adventure">Text adventure</a> specialist <a href="/wiki/Infocom" title="Infocom">Infocom</a> was one of the few publishers to consistently release their games in CP/M format. <a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_Associates" title="Lifeboat Associates">Lifeboat Associates</a> started collecting and distributing user-written "free" software. One of the first was <a href="/wiki/XMODEM" title="XMODEM">XMODEM</a>, which allowed reliable file transfers via <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> and phone line. Another program native to CP/M was the <a href="/wiki/Outline_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline processor">outline processor</a> KAMAS.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transient_Program_Area">Transient Program Area</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transient Program Area">edit</a>]</div> The read/write memory between address 0100 hexadecimal and the lowest address of the BDOS was the Transient Program Area (TPA) available for CP/M application programs. Although all Z80 and 8080 processors could address 64 kilobytes of memory, the amount available for application programs could vary, depending on the design of the particular computer. Some computers used large parts of the address space for such things as BIOS ROMs, or video display memory. As a result, some systems had more TPA memory available than others. Bank switching was a common technique that allowed systems to have a large TPA while switching out ROM or video memory space as needed. CP/M 3.0 allowed parts of the BDOS to be in bank-switched memory as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debugging_application">Debugging application</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Debugging application">edit</a>]</div> CP/M came with a Dynamic Debugging Tool, nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_debugging_technique" title="Dynamic debugging technique">DDT</a> (after the insecticide, i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bug</a>-killer), which allowed memory and program modules to be examined and manipulated, and allowed a program to be executed one step at a time.<a href="#cite_note-DDT1-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-DDT2-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-DDT3-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resident_programs">Resident programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Resident programs">edit</a>]</div> CP/M originally did not support the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Terminate_and_stay_resident" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminate and stay resident">terminate and stay resident</a> (TSR) programs as under DOS. Programmers could write software that could intercept certain operating system calls and extend or alter their functionality. Using this capability, programmers developed and sold auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Desk_accessory" title="Desk accessory">desk accessory</a> programs, such as <a href="/wiki/SmartKey" title="SmartKey">SmartKey</a>, a keyboard utility to assign any string of bytes to any key.<a href="#cite_note-Software_Catalog_1984-65">[65]</a> CP/M 3, however, added support for <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_loading" title="Dynamic loading">dynamically loadable</a> Resident System Extensions (RSX).<a href="#cite_note-CPM3_1983_PG-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983-19">[19]</a> A so-called null command file could be used to allow CCP to load an RSX without a transient program.<a href="#cite_note-CPM3_1983_PG-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983-19">[19]</a> Similar solutions like RSMs (for Resident System Modules) were also retrofitted to CP/M 2.2 systems by third-parties.<a href="#cite_note-ct_1-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-ct_2-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huck_2016-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_installation">Software installation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Software installation">edit</a>]</div> Although CP/M provided some <a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">hardware abstraction</a> to standardize the interface to disk I/O or console I/O, application programs still typically required installation to make use of all the features of such equipment as printers and terminals. Often these were controlled by <a href="/wiki/Escape_sequence" title="Escape sequence">escape sequences</a> which had to be altered for different devices. For example, the escape sequence to select bold face on a printer would have differed among manufacturers, and sometimes among models within a manufacturer's range. This procedure was not defined by the operating system; a user would typically run an installation program that would either allow selection from a range of devices, or else allow feature-by-feature editing of the escape sequences required to access a function. This had to be repeated for each application program, since there was no central operating system service provided for these devices. The initialization codes for each model of printer had to be written into the application. To use a program such as Wordstar with more than one printer (say, a fast dot-matrix printer or a slower but presentation-quality <a href="/wiki/Daisy_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy wheel">daisy wheel</a> printer), a separate version of Wordstar had to be prepared, and one had to load the Wordstar version that corresponded to the printer selected (and exiting and reloading to change printers). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disk_formats">Disk formats</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Disk formats">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/34" title="IBM System/34">IBM System/34</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_3740" title="IBM 3740">IBM 3740</a>'s single-density, single-sided format is CP/M's standard 8-inch <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk#8-inch_floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy-disk format</a>. No standard 5.25-inch CP/M disk format exists, with Kaypro, <a href="/wiki/George_Morrow_(computers)" title="George Morrow (computers)">Morrow Designs</a>, Osborne, and others each using their own.<a href="#cite_note-pournelle198204-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-meyer19820614-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-128book-70">[70]</a> Certain formats were more popular than others. Most software was available in the Xerox 820 format, and other computers such as the Kaypro II were compatible with it,<a href="#cite_note-derfler19821018-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-byte198309-71">[71]</a> but InfoWorld estimated in September 1981 that "about two dozen formats were popular enough that software creators had to consider them to reach the broadest possible market".<a href="#cite_note-hogan19810914state-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/JRT_Pascal" title="JRT Pascal">JRT Pascal</a>, for example, provided versions on 5.25-inch disk for <a href="/wiki/North_Star_Computers" title="North Star Computers">North Star</a>, Osborne, Apple, <a href="/wiki/Zenith_Data_Systems" title="Zenith Data Systems">Heath</a> <a href="/wiki/Hard_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard sector">hard sector</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft sector">soft sector</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intertec_Superbrain" title="Intertec Superbrain">Superbrain</a>, and one 8-inch version.<a href="#cite_note-byte198212-72">[72]</a> Ellis Computing also offered its software for both Heath formats, and 16 other 5.25-inch formats including two different TRS-80 CP/M modifications.<a href="#cite_note-byte198312-73">[73]</a> Various formats were used depending on the characteristics of particular systems and to some degree the choices of the designers. CP/M supported options to control the size of reserved and directory areas on the disk, and the mapping between logical disk sectors (as seen by CP/M programs) and physical sectors as allocated on the disk. There were many ways to customize these parameters for every system<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-Laird_1983-74">[74]</a> but once they had been set, no standardized way existed for a system to load parameters from a disk formatted on another system. The degree of portability between different CP/M machines depended on the type of disk drive and controller used since many different floppy types existed in the CP/M era in both 8-inch and 5.25-inch format. Disks could be hard or soft sectored, single or double density, single or double sided, 35 track, 40 track, 77 track, or 80 track, and the sector layout, size and interleave could vary widely as well. Although translation programs could allow the user to read disk types from different machines, the drive type and controller were also factors. By 1982, soft-sector, single-sided, 40-track 5.25-inch disks had become the most popular format to distribute CP/M software on as they were used by the most common consumer-level machines of that time, such as the Apple II, TRS-80, Osborne 1, Kaypro II, and IBM PC. A translation program allowed the user to read any disks on his machine that had a similar format—for example, the Kaypro II could read <a href="/wiki/TRS-80" title="TRS-80">TRS-80</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osborne_1" title="Osborne 1">Osborne</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epson_QX-10" title="Epson QX-10">Epson</a> disks. Other disk types such as 80 track or hard sectored were completely impossible to read. The first half of double-sided disks (like those of the Epson QX-10) could be read because CP/M accessed disk tracks sequentially with track 0 being the first (outermost) track of side 1 and track 79 (on a 40-track disk) being the last (innermost) track of side 2. Apple II users were unable to use anything but Apple's GCR format and so had to obtain CP/M software on Apple format disks or else transfer it via serial link. The fragmented CP/M market, requiring distributors either to stock multiple formats of disks or to invest in multiformat duplication equipment, compared with the more standardized <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> disk formats, was a contributing factor to the rapid obsolescence of CP/M after 1981. One of the last notable CP/M-capable machines to appear was the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_128" title="Commodore 128">Commodore 128</a> in 1985, which had a Z80 for CP/M support in addition to its native mode using a 6502-derivative CPU. Using CP/M required either a <a href="/wiki/Commodore_1571" title="Commodore 1571">1571</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commodore_1581" title="Commodore 1581">1581</a> disk drive which could read soft-sector 40-track <a href="/wiki/Modified_frequency_modulation" title="Modified frequency modulation">MFM</a>-format disks. The first computer to use a 3.5-inch floppy drive, the <a href="/wiki/Sony_SMC-70" title="Sony SMC-70">Sony SMC-70</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sony-SMC-70-75">[75]</a> ran CP/M 2.2. The Commodore 128, <a href="/wiki/Bondwell-2" title="Bondwell-2">Bondwell-2</a> laptop, Micromint/Ciarcia SB-180,<a href="#cite_note-Ciarcia_1985-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a> and <a href="/wiki/TRS-80_Model_4" title="TRS-80 Model 4">TRS-80 Model 4</a> (running Montezuma CP/M 2.2) also supported the use of CP/M with 3.5-inch floppy disks. CP/AM, <a href="/wiki/Applied_Engineering" title="Applied Engineering">Applied Engineering</a>'s version of CP/M for the Apple II, also supported 3.5-inch disks (as well as RAM disks on RAM cards compatible with the Apple II Memory Expansion Card).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_PCW" title="Amstrad PCW">Amstrad PCW</a> ran CP/M using 3-inch floppy drives at first, and later switched to the 3.5 inch drives. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_system">File system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: File system">edit</a>]</div> File names were specified as a string of up to eight characters, followed by a period, followed by a file name extension of up to three characters (<a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">"8.3" filename format</a>). The extension usually identified the type of the file. For example, <code>.COM</code> indicated an executable program file, and <code>.TXT</code> indicated a file containing <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> text. Characters in filenames entered at the command prompt were converted to upper case, but this was not enforced by the operating system. Programs (<a href="/wiki/MBASIC" title="MBASIC">MBASIC</a> is a notable example) were able to create filenames containing lower-case letters, which then could not easily be referenced at the command line. Each disk drive was identified by a <a href="/wiki/Drive_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Drive letter">drive letter</a>, for example, drive <code>A</code> and drive <code>B</code>. To refer to a file on a specific drive, the drive letter was prefixed to the file name, separated by a colon, e.g., <code>A:FILE.TXT</code>. With no drive letter prefixed, access was to files on the current default drive.<a href="#cite_note-px4-78">[78]</a> File size was specified as the number of 128-byte records (directly corresponding to disk sectors on 8-inch drives) occupied by a file on the disk. There was no generally supported way of specifying byte-exact file sizes. The current size of a file was maintained in the file's <a href="/wiki/File_Control_Block" title="File Control Block">File Control Block</a> (FCB) by the operating system. Since many application programs (such as <a href="/wiki/Text_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Text editors">text editors</a>) prefer to deal with files as sequences of characters rather than as sequences of records, by convention text files were terminated with a <a href="/wiki/Control-Z" class="mw-redirect" title="Control-Z">control-Z</a> character (ASCII <a href="/wiki/Substitute_character" title="Substitute character">SUB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> 1A). Determining the <a href="/wiki/End-of-file" title="End-of-file">end</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">text file</a> therefore involved examining the last record of the file to locate the terminating control-Z. This also meant that inserting a control-Z character into the middle of a file usually had the effect of truncating the text contents of the file. With the advent of larger removable and fixed disk drives, disk de-blocking formulas were employed which resulted in more disk blocks per logical file allocation block. While this allowed for larger file sizes, it also meant that the smallest file which could be allocated increased in size from 1 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> (on single-density drives) to 2 KB (on double-density drives) and so on, up to 32 KB for a file containing only a single byte. This made for inefficient use of disk space if the disk contained a large number of small files. File modification <a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">time stamps</a> were not supported in releases up to CP/M 2.2, but were an optional feature in MP/M and CP/M 3.0.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983-19">[19]</a> CP/M 2.2 had no <a href="/wiki/Subdirectories" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdirectories">subdirectories</a> in the file structure, but provided 16 numbered user areas to organize files on a disk. To change user one had to simply type "User X" at the command prompt, X being the user number. Security was non-existent and considered unnecessary on a personal computer. The user area concept was to make the single-user version of CP/M somewhat compatible with multi-user MP/M systems. A common patch for the CP/M and derivative operating systems was to make one user area accessible to the user independent of the currently set user area. A USER command allowed the user area to be changed to any area from 0 to 15. User 0 was the default. If one changed to another user, such as USER 1, the material saved on the disk for this user would only be available to USER 1; USER 2 would not be able to see it or access it. However, files stored in the USER 0 area were accessible to all other users; their location was specified with a prefatory <a href="/wiki/Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">path</a>, since the files of USER 0 were only visible to someone logged in as USER 0. The user area feature arguably had little utility on small floppy disks, but it was useful for organizing files on machines with <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drives</a>. The intent of the feature was to ease use of the same computer for different tasks. For example, a secretary could do <a href="/wiki/Data_entry_clerk" title="Data entry clerk">data entry</a>, then, after switching USER areas, another employee could use the machine to do <a href="/wiki/Invoice" title="Invoice">billing</a> without their files intermixing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graphics">Graphics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Graphics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MBasic_5.21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MBasic_5.21.jpg/220px-MBasic_5.21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MBasic_5.21.jpg/330px-MBasic_5.21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MBasic_5.21.jpg/440px-MBasic_5.21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MBASIC" title="MBASIC">MBASIC</a> text output displayed on a monochrome monitor typical for that time</figcaption></figure> Although graphics-capable S-100 systems existed from the commercialization of the <a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a>, CP/M did not provide any standardized graphics support until 1982 with <a href="/wiki/Graphics_System_Extension" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics System Extension">GSX</a> (Graphics System Extension). Owing to the small amount of available memory, graphics was never a common feature associated with 8-bit CP/M operating systems. Most systems could only display rudimentary <a href="/wiki/ASCII_art" title="ASCII art">ASCII art</a> charts and diagrams in <a href="/wiki/Text_mode" title="Text mode">text mode</a> or by using a custom <a href="/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character set</a>. Some computers in the <a href="/wiki/Kaypro#Kaypro_computers" title="Kaypro">Kaypro</a> line and the <a href="/wiki/TRS-80_Model_4" title="TRS-80 Model 4">TRS-80 Model 4</a> had video hardware supporting block graphics characters, and these were accessible to assembler programmers and BASIC programmers using the <code>CHR$</code> command. The Model 4 could display 640 by 240 pixel graphics with an optional high resolution board. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivatives">Derivatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robotron1715SCREEN.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Robotron1715SCREEN.gif/220px-Robotron1715SCREEN.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Robotron1715SCREEN.gif/330px-Robotron1715SCREEN.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Robotron1715SCREEN.gif/440px-Robotron1715SCREEN.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>CP/M derivative SCP running on an East German robotron <a href="/wiki/PC_1715" title="PC 1715">PC 1715</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J_Elwro_804_Junior.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/J_Elwro_804_Junior.JPG/220px-J_Elwro_804_Junior.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/J_Elwro_804_Junior.JPG/330px-J_Elwro_804_Junior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/J_Elwro_804_Junior.JPG/440px-J_Elwro_804_Junior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>CP/J version 2.21 running on an <a href="/wiki/Elwro_804_Junior" class="mw-redirect" title="Elwro 804 Junior">Elwro 804 Junior</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official">Official</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Official">edit</a>]</div> Some companies made official enhancements of CP/M based on Digital Research source code. An example is <a href="/wiki/IMDOS" title="IMDOS">IMDOS</a> for the <a href="/wiki/IMSAI_8080" title="IMSAI 8080">IMSAI 8080</a> computer made by <a href="/wiki/IMS_Associates,_Inc." title="IMS Associates, Inc.">IMS Associates, Inc.</a>, a clone of the famous <a href="/wiki/Altair_8800" title="Altair 8800">Altair 8800</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compatible">Compatible</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Compatible">edit</a>]</div> Other CP/M compatible OSes were developed independently and made no use of Digital Research code. Some contemporary examples were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cromemco_CDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromemco CDOS">Cromemco CDOS</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cromemco" title="Cromemco">Cromemco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX-DOS" title="MSX-DOS">MSX-DOS</a> for the MSX range of computers is CP/M-compatible and can run CP/M programs.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Epson_QX-10" title="Epson QX-10">Epson QX-10</a> shipped with a choice of CP/M or the compatible TPM-II or TPM-III.</li> <li>The British <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a> compatible <a href="/wiki/SAM_Coup%C3%A9" title="SAM Coupé">SAM Coupé</a> had an optional CP/M-2.2 compatible OS called Pro-DOS.</li> <li>The Amstrad/Schneider CPC series 6xx (disk-based) and PCW series computers were bundled with an CP/M disk pack.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Husky_(computer)" title="Husky (computer)">Husky (computer)</a> ran a ROM-based menu-driven program loader called DEMOS which could run many CP/M applications.</li> <li>ZSDOS is a replacement BDOS for CP/M-80 2.2 written by Harold F. Bower and Cameron W. Cotrill.</li> <li>CPMish is a new FOSS CP/M 2.2-compatible operating system which originally contained no DR code. It includes ZSDOS as its BDOS and ZCPR (see <a href="/wiki/ZCPR" class="mw-redirect" title="ZCPR">earlier</a>) as the command processor. Since Bryan Sparks, the president of DR owners Lineo, granted permission in 2022 to modify and redistribute CP/M code, developer David Given is updating CPMish with some parts of the original DR CP/M.</li> <li>LokiOS is a CP/M 2.2 compatible OS. Version 0.9 was publicly released in 2023 by David Kitson as a solo-written Operating System exercise, intended for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Spectrum_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open Spectrum Project (page does not exist)">Open Spectrum Project</a> and includes source code for the <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/BDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="BDOS">BDOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">Command-line interface</a> as well as other supporting applications and drivers. The distribution also includes original DR Source code and a utility to allow users to hot-swap OS components (e.g., BDOS, CCP) on the fly.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enhancements">Enhancements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Enhancements">edit</a>]</div> Some CP/M compatible operating systems extended the basic functionality so far that they far exceeded the original, for example the multi-processor capable <a href="/wiki/TurboDOS" title="TurboDOS">TurboDOS</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_bloc">Eastern bloc</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Eastern bloc">edit</a>]</div> A number of CP/M-80 derivatives existed in the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> under various names, including SCP (<a href="/wiki/Single_User_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Single User Control Program">Single User Control Program</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_User_Control_Program" class="extiw" title="de:Single User Control Program">de</a>]), SCP/M, CP/A,<a href="#cite_note-Pohlers_2019_CPA-79">[79]</a> CP/J, CP/KC, CP/KSOB, CP/L, CP/Z, MICRODOS, BCU880, ZOAZ, OS/M, TOS/M, ZSDOS, M/OS, COS-PSA, DOS-PSA, CSOC, CSOS, CZ-CPM, DAC, HC and others.<a href="#cite_note-Robotron_2019-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCP_2019-81">[81]</a> There were also CP/M-86 derivatives named <a href="/wiki/SCP1700" class="mw-redirect" title="SCP1700">SCP1700</a>, <a href="/wiki/CP/K" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/K">CP/K</a> and <a href="/wiki/K8918-OS" class="mw-redirect" title="K8918-OS">K8918-OS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SCP_2019-81">[81]</a> They were produced by the <a href="/wiki/East_German" class="mw-redirect" title="East German">East German</a> <a href="/wiki/VEB_Robotron" title="VEB Robotron">VEB Robotron</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-SCP_2019-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robotron_2019-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pohlers_2019_CPA-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> A number of behaviors exhibited by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> are a result of <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a> with MS-DOS, which in turn attempted some backward compatibility with CP/M. The <a href="/wiki/Drive_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Drive letter">drive letter</a> and <a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filename</a> conventions in MS-DOS (and early Windows versions) were originally adopted from CP/M.<a href="#cite_note-Chen_2010_Filenames-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wildcard_character" title="Wildcard character">wildcard</a> matching characters used by Windows (? and *) are based on those of CP/M,<a href="#cite_note-Chen_2010_Wildcards-83">[83]</a> as are the reserved filenames used to <a href="/wiki/Redirection_(computing)" title="Redirection (computing)">redirect</a> output to a <a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">printer</a> ("PRN:"), and the <a href="/wiki/System_console" class="mw-redirect" title="System console">console</a> ("CON:"). The drive names A and B were used to designate the two floppy disk drives that CP/M systems typically used; when hard drives appeared, they were designated C, which survived into MS-DOS as the <code>C:\></code> command prompt.<a href="#cite_note-Chen_2010_Reserved-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Substitute_character" title="Substitute character">control character <code>^Z</code></a> marking the <a href="/wiki/End-of-file" title="End-of-file">end of some text files</a> can also be attributed to CP/M.<a href="#cite_note-Chen_2004_CTRLZ-85">[85]</a> Various commands in DOS were modelled after CP/M commands; some of them even carried the same name, like DIR, REN/RENAME, or TYPE (and ERA/ERASE in DR-DOS). File extensions like <code><a href="/wiki/.TXT" class="mw-redirect" title=".TXT">.TXT</a></code> or <code><a href="/wiki/COM_file" title="COM file">.COM</a></code> are still used to identify file types on many operating systems. In 1997 and 1998, <a href="/wiki/Caldera_(company)" title="Caldera (company)">Caldera</a> released some CP/M 2.2 binaries and <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Open_source_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source license">open source license</a>, also allowing the redistribution and modification of further collected Digital Research files related to the CP/M and MP/M families through Tim Olmstead's "The Unofficial CP/M Web site" since 1997.<a href="#cite_note-Olmstead_1997_1-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olmstead_1997_2-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Caldera_1997_CP/M-88">[88]</a> After Olmstead's death on 12 September 2001,<a href="#cite_note-Olmstead_2001_Death-89">[89]</a> the distribution license was refreshed and expanded by <a href="/wiki/Lineo" title="Lineo">Lineo</a>, who had meanwhile become the owner of those Digital Research assets, on 19 October 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Sparks_2001_CP/M-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chaudry_2001_CP/M-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gasperson_2001_Collection-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swaine_2004_CP/M-92">[92]</a> In October 2014, to mark the 40th anniversary of the first presentation of CP/M, the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> released early <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> versions of CP/M.<a href="#cite_note-CHM_2014_CPM-93">[93]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are a number of active <a href="/wiki/Retrocomputing" title="Retrocomputing">vintage, hobby and retro-computer</a> people and groups, and some small commercial businesses, still developing and supporting computer platforms that use CP/M (mostly 2.2) as the host operating system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CP/M_Plus_character_set" title="Amstrad CP/M Plus character set">Amstrad CP/M Plus character set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPMulator" title="CPMulator">CPMulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/NET" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/NET">CP/NET</a> and <a href="/wiki/CP/NOS" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/NOS">CP/NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromemco_DOS" title="Cromemco DOS">Cromemco DOS</a>, an operating system independently derived from CP/M</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Computer" title="Eagle Computer">Eagle Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMDOS" title="IMDOS">IMDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_machines_running_CP/M" class="mw-redirect" title="List of machines running CP/M">List of machines running CP/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP/M" title="MP/M">MP/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP/NET" class="mw-redirect" title="MP/NET">MP/NET</a> and <a href="/wiki/MP/NOS" class="mw-redirect" title="MP/NOS">MP/NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal/MT%2B" title="Pascal/MT+">Pascal/MT+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpeedStart_CP/M" class="mw-redirect" title="SpeedStart CP/M">SpeedStart CP/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenbak-1" title="Kenbak-1">Kenbak-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gasperson_2001_Collection-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gasperson_2001_Collection_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gasperson_2001_Collection_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGasperson2001" class="citation web cs1">Gasperson, Tina (2001-11-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/11/26/cp_m_collection_is_back/">"CP/M collection is back online with an Open Source licence - Walk down memory lane"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901000720/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/11/26/cp_m_collection_is_back/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=CP%2FM+collection+is+back+online+with+an+Open+Source+licence+-+Walk+down+memory+lane&rft.date=2001-11-26&rft.aulast=Gasperson&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2001%2F11%2F26%2Fcp_m_collection_is_back%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann83-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mann83_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann83_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Mann, Stephen (1983-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ui8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA49">"CP/M Plus, a third, updated version of CP/M"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>. Vol. 5, no. 33. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=CP%2FM+Plus%2C+a+third%2C+updated+version+of+CP%2FM&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1983-08-15&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dui8EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CPM.NYT83-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CPM.NYT83_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPM.NYT83_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPM.NYT83_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandberg-Diment1983" class="citation news cs1">Sandberg-Diment, Erik (1983-05-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/03/science/personal-computers-the-operating-system-in-the-middle.html">"Personal Computers: The Operating System in the middle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223043143/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/03/science/personal-computers-the-operating-system-in-the-middle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2019-11-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Personal+Computers%3A+The+Operating+System+in+the+middle&rft.date=1983-05-03&rft.aulast=Sandberg-Diment&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F05%2F03%2Fscience%2Fpersonal-computers-the-operating-system-in-the-middle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kildall.NYT-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kildall.NYT_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kildall.NYT_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kildall.NYT_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff1994" class="citation news cs1">Markoff, John (1994-07-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/13/obituaries/gary-kildall-52-crucial-player-in-computer-development-dies.html">"Gary Kildall, 52, Crucial Player In Computer Development, Dies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003031116/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/13/obituaries/gary-kildall-52-crucial-player-in-computer-development-dies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-03. 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Palo Alto, California, US. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701172642/https://books.google.com/books?id=3j4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-01. Retrieved 2020-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Gary+Kildall+and+the+Digital+Research+Success+Story&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=52-53&rft.date=1981-05-25&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3j4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfoWorld_July_1982-11"><a href="#cite_ref-InfoWorld_July_1982_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreiberger1982" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Freiberger">Freiberger, Paul</a> (1982-07-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MjAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA41">"History of microcomputing, part 3: software genesis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>. Vol. 4, no. 26. Palo Alto, California, US. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701172643/https://books.google.com/books?id=MjAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-01. Retrieved 2020-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=History+of+microcomputing%2C+part+3%3A+software+genesis&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1982-07-05&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Freiberger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjAEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commodore_128-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Commodore_128_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaiteLaforeVolpe1982" class="citation book cs1">Waite, Mitchell; Lafore, Robert W.; Volpe, Jerry (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/The_Official_Book_for_the_Commodore_128/page/n121/mode/1up">The Official Book for the Commodore 128</a>. H.W. Sams. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67222456-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67222456-0"><bdi>978-0-67222456-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Book+for+the+Commodore+128&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=H.W.+Sams&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-67222456-0&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft.au=Lafore%2C+Robert+W.&rft.au=Volpe%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FThe_Official_Book_for_the_Commodore_128%2Fpage%2Fn121%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kildall_1980_CPM-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kildall_1980_CPM_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kildall_1980_CPM_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kildall_1980_CPM_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kildall_1980_CPM_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKildall1980" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Arlen_Kildall" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Arlen Kildall">Kildall, Gary Arlen</a> (January 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retrotechnology.com/dri/CPM_history_kildall.txt">"The History of CP/M, The Evolution Of An Industry: One Person's Viewpoint"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a>. 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McGraw-Hill. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0071358927" title="Special:BookSources/0071358927"><bdi>0071358927</bdi></a> – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+in+the+Valley%3A+The+Making+of+the+Personal+Computer&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0071358927&rft.aulast=Freiberger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Michael+Swaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffireinvalleymaki00frei_0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983_19-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownStrutynskiWharton1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Brown, David K.; <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Strutynski" title="Kathryn Strutynski">Strutynski, Kathryn</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison_Wharton" title="John Harrison Wharton">Wharton, John Harrison</a> (1983-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computerDe_206764578">"Tweaking more performance from an operating system - Hashing, caching, and memory blocking are just a few of the techniques used to punch up performance in the latest version of CP/M"</a>. System Design/Software. Computer Design - The Magazine of Computer Based Systems. Vol. 22, no. 6. Littleton, Massachusetts, US: <a href="/wiki/PennWell_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="PennWell Publications">PennWell Publications</a> / <a href="/wiki/PennWell_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="PennWell Publishing Company">PennWell Publishing Company</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computerDe_206764578/page/105/">193</a>–194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4566">0010-4566</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1564597">1564597</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/CODEN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CODEN (identifier)">CODEN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=codens&exactMatch=y&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=CMPDA">CMPDA</a>. ark:/13960/t3hz07m4t. Retrieved 2021-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Design+-+The+Magazine+of+Computer+Based+Systems&rft.atitle=Tweaking+more+performance+from+an+operating+system+-+Hashing%2C+caching%2C+and+memory+blocking+are+just+a+few+of+the+techniques+used+to+punch+up+performance+in+the+latest+version+of+CP%2FM.&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=193-194%2C+196%2C+198%2C+200%2C+202%2C+204&rft.date=1983-05-14&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1564597&rft.issn=0010-4566&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rft.au=Strutynski%2C+Kathryn&rft.au=Wharton%2C+John+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbitsavers_computerDe_206764578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> (7 pages) </li> <li id="cite_note-Strutynski_2010-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strutynski_2010_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strutynski_2010_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/montereyherald/name/kathryn-strutynski-obituary?pid=143631450">"Kathryn Betty Strutynski"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey Herald">Monterey Herald</a> (Obituary). 2010-06-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814141540/https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/montereyherald/name/kathryn-strutynski-obituary?pid=143631450">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-14. 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Vol. 4, no. 18. pp. 21–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318064450/https://books.google.com/books?id=bDAEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA22&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2015-01-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Mainframe+makers+court+third-party+vendors+for+micro+software&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=21-22&rft.date=1982-05-10&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDAEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meyer19820614-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meyer19820614_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meyer19820614_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Meyer, Edwin W. (1982-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA101">"The Xerox 820, a CP/M-operated system from Xerox"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>. Vol. 4, no. 23. pp. 101–104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701172646/https://books.google.com/books?id=YDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA101#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-01. 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Info-Kermit Digest (Mailing list). Kermit Project, Columbia University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210417094925/http://mdfs.net/Archive/info-cpm/1984/04/27/112445.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2016-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+release+of+KERMIT+for+CP%2FM-80&rft.pub=Kermit+Project%2C+Columbia+University&rft.date=1984-04-27&rft.aulast=da+Cruz&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdfs.net%2FArchive%2Finfo-cpm%2F1984%2F04%2F27%2F112445.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116011359/http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ftp/e/info-kermit.txt">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeEatonDavid1983" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, A.; Eaton, J. M.; David, D. Powys Lybbe (1983-10-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cpm-the-software-bus-a-programmers-companion-clarke-eaton-powys-lybbeacme-1/">CP/M - the Software Bus: A Programmer's Companion</a>. Sigma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0905104188" title="Special:BookSources/978-0905104188"><bdi>978-0905104188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CP%2FM+-+the+Software+Bus%3A+A+Programmer%27s+Companion&rft.pub=Sigma+Press&rft.date=1983-10-26&rft.isbn=978-0905104188&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Eaton%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=David%2C+D.+Powys+Lybbe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcpm-the-software-bus-a-programmers-companion-clarke-eaton-powys-lybbeacme-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2014" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Herbert R. 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Pacific Grove, California, US: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Research, Inc.">Digital Research, Inc.</a>: 2, 5, 7. November 1981. Fourth Quarter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417075843/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2017/03/102770749-05-01-acc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2020-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Research+News+-+for+Digital+Research+Users+Everywhere&rft.atitle=Digital+Research+Has+CP%2FM-86+for+IBM+Displaywriter&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2%2C+5%2C+7&rft.date=1981-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.computerhistory.org%2Fresources%2Faccess%2Ftext%2F2017%2F03%2F102770749-05-01-acc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maher_2017-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Maher_2017_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaher2017" class="citation web cs1">Maher, Jimmy (2017-07-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/07/ibm-pc-history-part-2/">"The complete history of the IBM PC, part two: The DOS empire strikes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708195301/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/07/ibm-pc-history-part-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-08. Retrieved 2019-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=The+complete+history+of+the+IBM+PC%2C+part+two%3A+The+DOS+empire+strikes&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2017%2F07%2Fibm-pc-history-part-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kildall_1982_8-bit-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kildall_1982_8-bit_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kildall_1982_8-bit_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKildall1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Arlen_Kildall" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Arlen Kildall">Kildall, Gary Arlen</a> (1982-09-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2016/12/102762506-05-01-acc.pdf">"Running 8-bit software on dual-processor computers"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Design">Electronic Design</a>: 157. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819183737/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2016/12/102762506-05-01-acc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 2017-08-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Design&rft.atitle=Running+8-bit+software+on+dual-processor+computers&rft.pages=157&rft.date=1982-09-16&rft.aulast=Kildall&rft.aufirst=Gary+Arlen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.computerhistory.org%2Fresources%2Faccess%2Ftext%2F2016%2F12%2F102762506-05-01-acc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-snyder198306-34"><a href="#cite_ref-snyder198306_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Snyder, John J. (June 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-06/1983_06_BYTE_08-06_16-Bit_Designs#page/n105/mode/2up">"A DEC on Every Desk?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">BYTE</a>. Vol. 8, no. 6. pp. 104–106. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102123537/https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-06/1983_06_BYTE_08-06_16-Bit_Designs#page/n105/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2015-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=A+DEC+on+Every+Desk%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=104-106&rft.date=1983-06&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1983-06%2F1983_06_BYTE_08-06_16-Bit_Designs%23page%2Fn105%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M68-35"><a href="#cite_ref-M68_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306194951/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=218&st=1">"M 68 / M 68 MX"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=218">the original</a> on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2012-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+68+%2F+M+68+MX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.old-computers.com%2Fmuseum%2Fcomputer.asp%3Fst%3D1%26c%3D218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_1981_CPM-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_1981_CPM_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasYates1981" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Rebecca A.; Yates, Jean L. (1981-05-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43">"Books, Boards and Software for The New 16-Bit Processors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a> - The Newspaper for the Microcomputing Community. Vol. 3, no. 9. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Computing,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Computing, Inc.">Popular Computing, Inc.</a> pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>. Retrieved 2020-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld+-+The+Newspaper+for+the+Microcomputing+Community&rft.atitle=Books%2C+Boards+and+Software+for+The+New+16-Bit+Processors&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=42-43&rft.date=1981-05-11&rft.issn=0199-6649&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+A.&rft.au=Yates%2C+Jean+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCz4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olmstead-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Olmstead_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmsteadChaudry" class="citation web cs1">Olmstead, Tim; Chaudry, Gabriele "Gaby". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpm.z80.de/source.html">"Digital Research Source Code"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205000740/http://www.cpm.z80.de/source.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Research+Source+Code&rft.aulast=Olmstead&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Chaudry%2C+Gabriele+%22Gaby%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpm.z80.de%2Fsource.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DR_1981_XLT-38"><a href="#cite_ref-DR_1981_XLT_38-0">^</a> Digital Research (1981): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.s100computers.com/Software%20Folder/Assembler%20Collection/Digital%20Research%20XLT86%20Manual.pdf">XLT86 - 8080 to 8086 Assembly Language Translator - User's Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118230700/http://www.s100computers.com/Software%20Folder/Assembler%20Collection/Digital%20Research%20XLT86%20Manual.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Digital Research Inc, Pacific Grove </li> <li id="cite_note-pournelle198403-39"><a href="#cite_ref-pournelle198403_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPournelle1984" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle" title="Jerry Pournelle">Pournelle, Jerry</a> (March 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-03/1984_03_BYTE_09-03_Simulation#page/n47/mode/2up">"New Machines, Networks, and Sundry Software"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">BYTE</a>. Vol. 9, no. 3. p. 46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150202232111/https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-03/1984_03_BYTE_09-03_Simulation#page/n47/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-02. Retrieved 2013-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=New+Machines%2C+Networks%2C+and+Sundry+Software&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1984-03&rft.aulast=Pournelle&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1984-03%2F1984_03_BYTE_09-03_Simulation%23page%2Fn47%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaacson_2014-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Isaacson_2014_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Isaacson, Walter</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/innovatorshowgro0000isaa_p2p3/">The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47670869-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47670869-0"><bdi>978-1-47670869-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innovators%3A+How+a+Group+of+Inventors%2C+Hackers%2C+Geniuses%2C+and+Geeks+Created+the+Digital+Revolution&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-47670869-0&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finnovatorshowgro0000isaa_p2p3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellis_2010-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Bellis_2010_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellis" class="citation web cs1">Bellis, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120427184009/http://inventors.about.com/od/computersoftware/a/Putting-Microsoft-On-The-Map.htm">"Inventors of the Modern Computer Series - The History of the MS-DOS Operating Systems, Microsoft, Tim Paterson, and Gary Kildall"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa033099.htm">the original</a> on 2012-04-27. Retrieved 2010-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventors+of+the+Modern+Computer+Series+-+The+History+of+the+MS-DOS+Operating+Systems%2C+Microsoft%2C+Tim+Paterson%2C+and+Gary+Kildall&rft.aulast=Bellis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventors.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa033099.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-magid1982febmar-42"><a href="#cite_ref-magid1982febmar_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagid1982" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Magid" title="Larry Magid">Magid, Lawrence J.</a> (February 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_OhaFDePS4C&pg=RA2-PA49">"Baby Blue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a>. Vol. 1, no. 1. p. 49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318054554/https://books.google.com/books?id=w_OhaFDePS4C&lpg=RA2-PA50&ots=cWqvhfFKjb&pg=RA2-PA49">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2015-01-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Baby+Blue&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1982-02&rft.aulast=Magid&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw_OhaFDePS4C%26pg%3DRA2-PA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mace_1984-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Mace_1984_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMace1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Mace, Scott (1984-06-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46">"CP/M Eludes Home Market"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>. Vol. 6, no. 24. p. 46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920220236/https://books.google.com/books?id=wy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2021-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=CP%2FM+Eludes+Home+Market&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1984-06-11&rft.aulast=Mace&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwy4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groth_1986-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Groth_1986_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroth1986" class="citation magazine cs1">Groth, Nancy (1986-02-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oi8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6">"Kaypro is retreating on CP/M"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>. Vol. 8, no. 6. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320015940/https://books.google.com/books?id=oi8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-20. Retrieved 2021-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Kaypro+is+retreating+on+CP%2FM&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1986-02-10&rft.aulast=Groth&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doi8EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZCPR-45"><a href="#cite_ref-ZCPR_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldcomputers-ddns.org/public/pub/manuals/zcpr">"ZCPR - oldcomputers.ddns.org"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZCPR+-+oldcomputers.ddns.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foldcomputers-ddns.org%2Fpublic%2Fpub%2Fmanuals%2Fzcpr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZCPR3-46"><a href="#cite_ref-ZCPR3_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223043145/http://susowa.homeftp.net/index.php/magazines-mainmenu/morrow-owners-review-mainmenu-143/113-the-wonderful-world-of-zcpr3.html">"The Wonderful World of ZCPR3"</a>. 1987-11-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://susowa.homeftp.net/index.php/magazines-mainmenu/morrow-owners-review-mainmenu-143/113-the-wonderful-world-of-zcpr3.html">the original</a> on 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2019-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wonderful+World+of+ZCPR3&rft.date=1987-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsusowa.homeftp.net%2Findex.php%2Fmagazines-mainmenu%2Fmorrow-owners-review-mainmenu-143%2F113-the-wonderful-world-of-zcpr3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CP/M-Emu-47"><a href="#cite_ref-CP/M-Emu_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/cdrom/ENTERPRS/CPM/TEXT/MAR93.TXT">"CP/M emulators for DOS"</a>. www.retroarchive.org/cpm. Luis Basto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709085840/http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/cdrom/ENTERPRS/CPM/TEXT/MAR93.TXT">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2016-07-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.retroarchive.org%2Fcpm&rft.atitle=CP%2FM+emulators+for+DOS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.retroarchive.org%2Fcpm%2Fcdrom%2FENTERPRS%2FCPM%2FTEXT%2FMAR93.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_1985_NEC-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_1985_NEC_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1985–1986" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-location-test">Davis, Randy (December 1985 – January 1986). Written at Greenville, Texas, US. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/microCornucopia/Micro_Cornucopia_%2327_Dec85.pdf">"The New NEC Microprocessors - 8080, 8086, Or 8088?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Micro_Cornucopia" title="Micro Cornucopia">Micro Cornucopia</a>. No. 27. Bend, Oregon, US: <a href="/wiki/Micro_Cornucopia_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Micro Cornucopia Inc.">Micro Cornucopia Inc.</a> pp. 4–7. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0747-587X">0747-587X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211154002/https://usermanual.wiki/Document/MicroCornucopia2327Dec85.771194843.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-02-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micro+Cornucopia&rft.atitle=The+New+NEC+Microprocessors+-+8080%2C+8086%2C+Or+8088%3F&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=4-7&rft.date=1985-12%2F1986-01&rft.issn=0747-587X&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2FmicroCornucopia%2FMicro_Cornucopia_%252327_Dec85.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcn19840114_cpm-49"><a href="#cite_ref-pcn19840114_cpm_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerNews/PersonalComputerNews044-14Jan1984/page/n8/mode/1up">"Plug-in CP/M coming"</a>. Personal Computer News. 1984-01-14. p. 7. Retrieved 2022-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personal+Computer+News&rft.atitle=Plug-in+CP%2FM+coming&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1984-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPersonalComputerNews%2FPersonalComputerNews044-14Jan1984%2Fpage%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcw198502_sharpmz800-50"><a href="#cite_ref-pcw198502_sharpmz800_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHetherington1985" class="citation magazine cs1">Hetherington, Tony (February 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerWorld1985-02/page/144/mode/2up">"Sharp MZ-800"</a>. Personal Computer World. pp. 144–146, 149–150. 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Retrieved 2022-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Practical+Computing&rft.atitle=Cheaper%2C+simpler+CP%2FM&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1984-06&rft.aulast=Coles&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FUK%2FPractical-Computing%2F80s%2FPractical-Computing-1984-06-S-OCR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-microsystems198406_s83-52"><a href="#cite_ref-microsystems198406_s83_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microsystems_84_06/page/n15/mode/1up">"AMI releases specs on CP/M microchip"</a>. Microsystems. June 1984. p. 12. Retrieved 2023-03-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microsystems&rft.atitle=AMI+releases+specs+on+CP%2FM+microchip&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1984-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicrosystems_84_06%2Fpage%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CPM22-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CPM22_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPM22_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tramm.li/i8080/cpm22-m.pdf">"CP/M Operating System Manual"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214033547/https://www.tramm.li/i8080/cpm22-m.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-14. 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April 1983 [January 1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125024058/http://www.cpm.z80.de/manuals/cpm3-pgr.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-25. 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Digital Research. 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191126195711/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/cpm_plus/CPM_Plus_Users_Guide_Mar83.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-11-26. Retrieved 2020-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CP%2FM+Plus+%28CP%2FM+Version+3%29+Operating+System+User%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Digital+Research&rft.date=1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2FdigitalResearch%2Fcpm_plus%2FCPM_Plus_Users_Guide_Mar83.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PL1-56"><a href="#cite_ref-PL1_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/digitalResearch/pl1/PL1_Language_Programmers_Guide_Dec82.pdf">"PL/I Language Programmer's Guide"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925115216/http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/digitalResearch/pl1/PL1_Language_Programmers_Guide_Dec82.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-09-25. 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Vol. 6, no. 2&3. pp. 79–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316182214/https://books.google.com/books?id=ey4EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA14&ots=qxysACmBMb&pg=PA79">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-16. 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Vol. 8, no. 6. p. 411. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140609081942/https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-06/1983_06_BYTE_08-06_16-Bit_Designs#page/n411/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-06-09. 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Retrieved 2015-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Gorillas+for+CP%2FM&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft.aulast=Sblendorio&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fsblendorio%2Fgorilla-cpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDT1-62"><a href="#cite_ref-DDT1_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaby.de/cpm/manuals/archive/cpm22htm/ch4.htm">"Section 4 - CP/M Dynamic Debugging Tool"</a>. CP/M 2.2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617174713/http://www.gaby.de/cpm/manuals/archive/cpm22htm/ch4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-17. 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Vol. 8, no. 9. p. 212. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302195830/https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-09/1983_09_BYTE_08-09_Portable_Computers_in_Depth#page/n221/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2013-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=The+Kaypro+II&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=212&rft.date=1983-09&rft.aulast=Fager&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Bohr%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1983-09%2F1983_09_BYTE_08-09_Portable_Computers_in_Depth%23page%2Fn221%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-byte198212-72"><a href="#cite_ref-byte198212_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-12/1982_12_BYTE_07-12_Game_Plan_1982">"Now: A Complete CP/M Pascal for Only $29.95!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">BYTE</a> (advertisement). Vol. 7, no. 12. December 1982. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160721132531/https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-12/1982_12_BYTE_07-12_Game_Plan_1982">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-21. 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Retrieved 2019-06-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BYTE+Magazine&rft.atitle=Build+the+SB-180&rft.pages=100&rft.date=1985-09&rft.aulast=Ciarcia&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classiccmp.org%2Fdunfield%2Fmmint%2Fbytsep85.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AE_Z-80_Plus_CPAM_5.1_Manual_v1.21/">CP/AM 5.1 User Manual</a>. Applied Engineering. p. 1. Retrieved 2020-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CP%2FAM+5.1+User+Manual&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Applied+Engineering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAE_Z-80_Plus_CPAM_5.1_Manual_v1.21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-px4-78"><a href="#cite_ref-px4_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discordia.org.uk/px4/cpm.html">"CP/M Builtin Commands"</a>. discordia.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412044820/http://discordia.org.uk/px4/cpm.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-12. Retrieved 2009-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discordia.org.uk&rft.atitle=CP%2FM+Builtin+Commands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscordia.org.uk%2Fpx4%2Fcpm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pohlers_2019_CPA-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pohlers_2019_CPA_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pohlers_2019_CPA_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohlers2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pohlers, Volker (2019-04-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hc-ddr.hucki.net/wiki/doku.php/cpm/cpa">"CP/A"</a>. Homecomputer DDR (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221020056/http://hc-ddr.hucki.net/wiki/doku.php/cpm/cpa">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-21. Retrieved 2020-02-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Homecomputer+DDR&rft.atitle=CP%2FA&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft.aulast=Pohlers&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhc-ddr.hucki.net%2Fwiki%2Fdoku.php%2Fcpm%2Fcpa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robotron_2019-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robotron_2019_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robotron_2019_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurthGroßHunger2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kurth, Rüdiger; Groß, Martin; Hunger, Henry (2019-01-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robotrontechnik.de/html/software/os.htm">"Betriebssysteme"</a>. www.robotrontechnik.de (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190427211056/http://www.robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/software/os.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-27. Retrieved 2019-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.robotrontechnik.de&rft.atitle=Betriebssysteme&rft.date=2019-01-03&rft.aulast=Kurth&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft.au=Gro%C3%9F%2C+Martin&rft.au=Hunger%2C+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robotrontechnik.de%2Fhtml%2Fsoftware%2Fos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCP_2019-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCP_2019_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCP_2019_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCP_2019_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurthGroßHunger2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kurth, Rüdiger; Groß, Martin; Hunger, Henry (2019-01-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/software/scp.htm">"Betriebssystem SCP"</a>. www.robotrontechnik.de (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190427210627/http://www.robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/software/scp.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-27. Retrieved 2019-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.robotrontechnik.de&rft.atitle=Betriebssystem+SCP&rft.date=2019-01-03&rft.aulast=Kurth&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft.au=Gro%C3%9F%2C+Martin&rft.au=Hunger%2C+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robotrontechnik.de%2Findex.htm%3F%2Fhtml%2Fsoftware%2Fscp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen_2010_Filenames-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Chen_2010_Filenames_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chen_(Microsoft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Chen (Microsoft)">Chen, Raymond</a> (2009-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20090610-00/?p=17953">"Why does MS-DOS use 8.3 filenames instead of, say, 11.2 or 16.16?"</a>. The Old New Thing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110922053341/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2009/06/10/9718865.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-09-22. Retrieved 2010-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Old+New+Thing&rft.atitle=Why+does+MS-DOS+use+8.3+filenames+instead+of%2C+say%2C+11.2+or+16.16%3F&rft.date=2009-06-10&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Foldnewthing%2F20090610-00%2F%3Fp%3D17953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen_2010_Wildcards-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Chen_2010_Wildcards_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chen_(Microsoft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Chen (Microsoft)">Chen, Raymond</a> (2007-12-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20071217-00/?p=24143">"How did wildcards work in MS-DOS?"</a>. The Old New Thing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110508010315/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2007/12/17/6785519.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-08. Retrieved 2010-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Old+New+Thing&rft.atitle=How+did+wildcards+work+in+MS-DOS%3F&rft.date=2007-12-17&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Foldnewthing%2F20071217-00%2F%3Fp%3D24143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen_2010_Reserved-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Chen_2010_Reserved_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chen_(Microsoft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Chen (Microsoft)">Chen, Raymond</a> (2003-10-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20031022-00/?p=42073">"What's the deal with those reserved filenames like NUL and CON?"</a>. The Old New Thing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100802040600/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2003/10/22/55388.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-08-02. Retrieved 2010-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Old+New+Thing&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+deal+with+those+reserved+filenames+like+NUL+and+CON%3F&rft.date=2003-10-22&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Foldnewthing%2F20031022-00%2F%3Fp%3D42073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen_2004_CTRLZ-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Chen_2004_CTRLZ_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chen_(Microsoft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Chen (Microsoft)">Chen, Raymond</a> (2004-03-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20040316-00/?p=40233">"Why do text files end in Ctrl+Z?"</a>. The Old New Thing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206100213/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2004/03/16/90448.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-02-06. Retrieved 2010-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Old+New+Thing&rft.atitle=Why+do+text+files+end+in+Ctrl%2BZ%3F&rft.date=2004-03-16&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Foldnewthing%2F20040316-00%2F%3Fp%3D40233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olmstead_1997_1-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Olmstead_1997_1_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmstead1997" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Olmstead, Tim (1997-08-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901022510/http://z80cpu.eu/files/archive/news/comp.os.cpm/threads/e088021c97ffcb09.html">"CP/M Web site needs a host"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.cpm">comp.os.cpm</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://z80cpu.eu/files/archive/news/comp.os.cpm/threads/e088021c97ffcb09.html">the original</a> on 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2018-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CP%2FM+Web+site+needs+a+host&rft.pub=comp.os.cpm&rft.date=1997-08-10&rft.aulast=Olmstead&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fz80cpu.eu%2Ffiles%2Farchive%2Fnews%2Fcomp.os.cpm%2Fthreads%2Fe088021c97ffcb09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olmstead_1997_2-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Olmstead_1997_2_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmstead1997" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Olmstead, Tim (1997-08-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901150920/http://z80cpu.eu/roche-pages/78-data-articles/projects/75-comp-os-cpm">"ANNOUNCE: Caldera CP/M site is now up"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.cpm">comp.os.cpm</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://z80cpu.eu/roche-pages/78-data-articles/projects/75-comp-os-cpm">the original</a> on 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2018-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANNOUNCE%3A+Caldera+CP%2FM+site+is+now+up&rft.pub=comp.os.cpm&rft.date=1997-08-29&rft.aulast=Olmstead&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fz80cpu.eu%2Froche-pages%2F78-data-articles%2Fprojects%2F75-comp-os-cpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011006110826/http://cdl.uta.edu/cpm">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldera_1997_CP/M-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Caldera_1997_CP/M_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/archive/unofficial/lisence.html">"License Agreement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Caldera,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Caldera, Inc.">Caldera, Inc.</a> 1997-08-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180908191417/http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/archive/unofficial/lisence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2015-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=License+Agreement&rft.pub=Caldera%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.retroarchive.org%2Fcpm%2Farchive%2Funofficial%2Flisence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="ftp://ftp.uni-bayreuth.de/pub/pc/caldera/cpm2.2/README.license.txt">[3]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="ftp://ftp.uni-bayreuth.de/pub/pc/caldera/cpm2.2/">[4]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Olmstead_2001_Death-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Olmstead_2001_Death_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035647/https://z80cpu.eu/files/archive/news/comp.os.cpm/threads/8c448283536de864.html">"Tim Olmstead"</a>. 2001-09-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://z80cpu.eu/files/archive/news/comp.os.cpm/threads/8c448283536de864.html">the original</a> on 2018-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tim+Olmstead&rft.date=2001-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fz80cpu.eu%2Ffiles%2Farchive%2Fnews%2Fcomp.os.cpm%2Fthreads%2F8c448283536de864.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparks_2001_CP/M-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Sparks_2001_CP/M_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Wayne_Sparks" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryan Wayne Sparks">Sparks, Bryan Wayne</a> (2001-10-19). Chaudry, Gabriele "Gaby" (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpm.z80.de/license.html">"License agreement for the CP/M material presented on this site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lineo,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Lineo, Inc.">Lineo, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180908185132/http://www.cpm.z80.de/license.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2015-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=License+agreement+for+the+CP%2FM+material+presented+on+this+site&rft.pub=Lineo%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001-10-19&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Bryan+Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpm.z80.de%2Flicense.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaudry_2001_CP/M-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Chaudry_2001_CP/M_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudry" class="citation web cs1">Chaudry, Gabriele "Gaby" (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpm.z80.de/">"The Unofficial CP/M Web Site"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203184144/http://www.cpm.z80.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unofficial+CP%2FM+Web+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpm.z80.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swaine_2004_CP/M-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Swaine_2004_CP/M_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwaine2004" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Swaine_(technical_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Swaine (technical author)">Swaine, Michael</a> (2004-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035748/http://www.drdobbs.com/cpm-and-drm/184405699">"CP/M and DRM"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a>. Vol. 29, no. 6. <a href="/wiki/CMP_Media_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="CMP Media LLC">CMP Media LLC</a>. pp. 71–73. #361. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdobbs.com/cpm-and-drm/184405699">the original</a> on 2018-09-09. Retrieved 2018-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobb%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=CP%2FM+and+DRM&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=71-73&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft.aulast=Swaine&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdobbs.com%2Fcpm-and-drm%2F184405699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://epdf.pub/dr-dobbs-journal-june.html">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701172645/https://epdf.pub/dr-dobbs-journal-june.html">Archived</a> 2024-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHM_2014_CPM-93"><a href="#cite_ref-CHM_2014_CPM_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaws2014" class="citation web cs1">Laws, David (2014-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/early-digital-research-cpm-source-code/">"Early Digital Research CP/M Source Code"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150727171811/http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/early-digital-research-cpm-source-code/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-27. Retrieved 2015-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Digital+Research+CP%2FM+Source+Code&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.aulast=Laws&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fatchm%2Fearly-digital-research-cpm-source-code%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaks1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodnay_Zaks" title="Rodnay Zaks">Zaks, Rodnay</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/The_CPM_Handbook_with_MPM">The CP/M Handbook With MP/M</a>. <a href="/wiki/SYBEX_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="SYBEX Inc.">SYBEX Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89588-048-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89588-048-2"><bdi>0-89588-048-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CP%2FM+Handbook+With+MP%2FM&rft.pub=SYBEX+Inc.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-89588-048-2&rft.aulast=Zaks&rft.aufirst=Rodnay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FThe_CPM_Handbook_with_MPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConn1985" class="citation book cs1">Conn, Richard (1985). ZCPR3 - The Manual. New York Zoetrope. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918432-59-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-918432-59-6"><bdi>0-918432-59-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ZCPR3+-+The+Manual&rft.pub=New+York+Zoetrope&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-918432-59-6&rft.aulast=Conn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101029154106/http://www.cpmwelt.de/pool/ad5401.htm">"Z-System Corner: Tenth Anniversary of ZCPR"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Journal" title="The Computer Journal">The Computer Journal</a> (54). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpmwelt.de/pool/ad5401.htm">the original</a> on 2010-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Computer+Journal&rft.atitle=Z-System+Corner%3A+Tenth+Anniversary+of+ZCPR&rft.issue=54&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpmwelt.de%2Fpool%2Fad5401.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611201653/http://www.khet.net/gmc/docs/museum/en_cpmName.html">"The origin of CP/M's name"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khet.net/gmc/docs/museum/en_cpmName.html">the original</a> on 2008-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+CP%2FM%27s+name&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khet.net%2Fgmc%2Fdocs%2Fmuseum%2Fen_cpmName.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatie2013" class="citation web cs1">Katie, Mustafa A. (2013-08-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007025338/http://www.intel-vintage.info/apps/videos/videos/show/18129431-intel-ipds-100-cp-m">"Intel iPDS-100 Using CP/M-Video"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel-vintage.info/apps/videos/videos/show/18129431-intel-ipds-100-cp-m">the original</a> on 2013-10-07. Retrieved 2013-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intel+iPDS-100+Using+CP%2FM-Video&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft.aulast=Katie&rft.aufirst=Mustafa+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel-vintage.info%2Fapps%2Fvideos%2Fvideos%2Fshow%2F18129431-intel-ipds-100-cp-m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lazowska.cs.washington.edu/CPM_Program.pdf">"IEEE Milestone in Electrical Engineering and Computing - CP/M - Microcomputer Operating System, 1974"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. 2014-04-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403013355/http://lazowska.cs.washington.edu/CPM_Program.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Milestone+in+Electrical+Engineering+and+Computing+-+CP%2FM+-+Microcomputer+Operating+System%2C+1974&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flazowska.cs.washington.edu%2FCPM_Program.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/nerds/">"Triumph of the Nerds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Triumph+of+the+Nerds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnerds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> (NB. This PBS series includes the details of IBM's choice of Microsoft DOS over Digital Research's CP/M for the IBM PC)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/faqs/CPM-faq/">"CP/M FAQ"</a>. comp.os.cpm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comp.os.cpm&rft.atitle=CP%2FM+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faqs.org%2Ffaqs%2FCPM-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACP%2FM" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.digitalresearch.biz/CPM-FAQ.HTM">[6]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CP/M&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:CP/M" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:CP/M">CP/M</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpm.z80.de">The Unofficial CP/M Web site (founded by Tim Olmstead)</a> - Includes source code</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaby.de/ehome.htm">Gaby Chaudry's Homepage for CP/M and Computer History</a> - includes ZCPR materials</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasip.info/Cpm/index.html">CP/M Main Page</a> - John C. Elliott's technical information site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515232659/http://www.digitalresearch.biz/CPM.HTM">MaxFrame's Digital Research CP/M page</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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McCracken">Edward R. McCracken</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Research_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Digital_Research_Logo.svg/110px-Digital_Research_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Digital_Research_Logo.svg/165px-Digital_Research_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Digital_Research_Logo.svg/220px-Digital_Research_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2869" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PL/M" title="PL/M">PL/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBASIC" title="CBASIC">CBASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Logo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Logo">Dr. Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Scheme">Dr. Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Pascal" title="Atari Pascal">Atari Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal/MT%2B" title="Pascal/MT+">Pascal/MT+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a>, technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BatteryMAX" title="BatteryMAX">BatteryMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMD_file_(CP/M)" title="CMD file (CP/M)">CMD file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COM_file" title="COM file">COM file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS_Protected_Mode_Services" title="DOS Protected Mode Services">DOS Protected Mode Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_debugging_technique" title="Dynamic debugging technique">Dynamic Debugging Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Control_Block" title="File Control Block">File Control Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Environment_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Environment Manager">GEM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEM_character_set" title="GEM character set">GEM character set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Interchange_Program" title="Peripheral Interchange Program">Peripheral Interchange Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_construction_set" title="Resource construction set">Resource construction set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ViewMAX" title="ViewMAX">ViewMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLT86" class="mw-redirect" title="XLT86">XLT86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_page_(CP/M)" title="Zero page (CP/M)">Zero page</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CP/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS_Plus" title="DOS Plus">DOS Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMDOS" title="IMDOS">IMDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP/M" title="MP/M">MP/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPMulator" title="CPMulator">CPMulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_project" title="Star Trek project">Star Trek project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computers_running_CP/M" title="List of computers running CP/M">List of computers running CP/M</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Digital_Research" title="Category:Digital Research">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disk_operating_systems_(DOS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disk_operating_systems" title="Template:Disk operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disk_operating_systems" title="Template talk:Disk operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disk_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disk operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disk_operating_systems_(DOS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating systems</a> (DOS)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS, compatible systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*API_*Timeline_*Comparison_*Commands_*Games"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOS_API" title="DOS API">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_DOS_operating_systems" title="Timeline of DOS operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_DOS_operating_systems" title="Comparison of DOS operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DOS_commands" title="List of DOS commands">Commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_DOS_games" title="Index of DOS games">Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_4.0_(multitasking)" title="MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking)">Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_7" title="MS-DOS 7">MS-DOS 7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">IBM PC DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS/V" title="DOS/V">DOS/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="H-DOS">H-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell DOS">Novell DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ROM-DOS">ROM-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SISNE_plus" title="SISNE plus">SISNE plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTS-DOS" title="PTS-DOS">PTS-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_4680_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 4680 OS">4680 OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4690_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="4690 OS">4690 OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADOS_(Russian_operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="ADOS (Russian operating system)">ADOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_CP/M-86" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent CP/M-86">Concurrent CP/M-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS">Concurrent DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/K" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/K">CP/K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datapac_System_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Datapac System Manager">Datapac System Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS_Plus" title="DOS Plus">DOS Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K8918-OS" class="mw-redirect" title="K8918-OS">K8918-OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP/M-86" class="mw-redirect" title="MP/M-86">MP/M-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_PalmDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="NetWare PalmDOS">NetWare PalmDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Novell DOS">Novell DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDOS">OpenDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-MOS/386" title="PC-MOS/386">PC-MOS/386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REAL/32" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL/32">REAL/32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-86" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-86">SB-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCP1700" class="mw-redirect" title="SCP1700">SCP1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towns_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Towns OS">Towns OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboDOS" title="TurboDOS">TurboDOS</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaDOS" title="AmigaDOS">AmigaDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMSDOS" title="AMSDOS">AMSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANDOS" title="ANDOS">ANDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProDOS" title="Apple ProDOS">Apple ProDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">Apple SOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_DOS" title="Atari DOS">Atari DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_TOS" title="Atari TOS">Atari TOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="BW-DOS">BW-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_DOS" title="Commodore DOS">Commodore DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS_68K" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS 68K">Concurrent DOS 68K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS_V60" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS V60">Concurrent DOS V60</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CP/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromemco_DOS" title="Cromemco DOS">Cromemco DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSI-DOS" title="CSI-DOS">CSI-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_BATCH-11/DOS-11" title="DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11">DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIP_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="DIP DOS">DIP DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS/360" class="mw-redirect" title="DOS/360">DOS/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS_XL" title="DOS XL">DOS XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edos" title="Edos">Edos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS_(8-bit_operating_system)" title="EOS (8-bit operating system)">EOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(operating_system)" title="FLEX (operating system)">FLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEMDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="GEMDOS">GEMDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEDOS" title="IDEDOS">IDEDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMDOS" title="IMDOS">IMDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-DOS" title="IS-DOS">iS-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS_(operating_system)" title="ISIS (operating system)">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myarc_Disk_Operating_System" title="Myarc Disk Operating System">MDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MicroDOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MicroDOS (page does not exist)">MicroDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP/M" title="MP/M">MP/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX-DOS" title="MSX-DOS">MSX-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="MyDOS">MyDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewDos/80" title="NewDos/80">NewDos/80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/M" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/M">OS/M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTDOS" title="PTDOS">PTDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="RealDOS">RealDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-80" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-80">SB-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_User_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Single User Control Program">SCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QDOS" title="Sinclair QDOS">Sinclair QDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_General_RDOS" title="Data General RDOS">RDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="SmartDOS">SmartDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpartaDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="SpartaDOS">SpartaDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpartaDOS_X" title="SpartaDOS X">SpartaDOS X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Support_SuperDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Support SuperDOS">Technical Support SuperDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-DOS">Top-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-DOS" title="TR-DOS">TR-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRSDOS" title="TRSDOS">TRSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboDOS" title="TurboDOS">TurboDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="UDOS">UDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-DOS" title="Z-DOS">Z-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z80-RIO" title="Z80-RIO">Z80-RIO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Disk_operating_systems" title="Category:Disk operating systems">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_disk_operating_systems_called_DOS" title="List of disk operating systems called DOS">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219528#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219528#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219528#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/181931038">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4010668-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92062232">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph520066&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007289707405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CP/M&oldid=1257372684#BDOS">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CP/M&oldid=1257372684#BDOS</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CP/M" title="Category:CP/M">CP/M</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CP/M_variants" title="Category:CP/M variants">CP/M variants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Microcomputer_software" 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