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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_Congressional_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Joint Congressional Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_Congressional_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_Inaugural_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_Inaugural_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Presidential Inaugural Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_Inaugural_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fundraising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundraising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Fundraising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundraising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invitations_and_tickets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invitations_and_tickets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Invitations and tickets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invitations_and_tickets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-inaugural_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-inaugural_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pre-inaugural events </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pre-inaugural_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pre-inaugural events subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pre-inaugural_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Train_ride:_Commemorating_Lincoln" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train_ride:_Commemorating_Lincoln"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Train ride: Commemorating Lincoln </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train_ride:_Commemorating_Lincoln-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-We_Are_One_concert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#We_Are_One_concert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 We Are One concert </div> </a> <ul id="toc-We_Are_One_concert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_Day_of_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Day_of_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 King Day of Service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Day_of_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kids'_Inaugural:_"We_Are_the_Future"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kids'_Inaugural:_"We_Are_the_Future""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Kids' Inaugural: "We Are the Future" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kids'_Inaugural:_"We_Are_the_Future"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inaugural_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inaugural_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Inaugural events </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inaugural_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Inaugural events subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Inaugural_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceremony:_"A_New_Birth_of_Freedom"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremony:_"A_New_Birth_of_Freedom""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ceremony: "A New Birth of Freedom" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremony:_"A_New_Birth_of_Freedom"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oath_of_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oath_of_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Oath of office </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oath_of_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_oath_ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_oath_ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Second oath ceremony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_oath_ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inaugural_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inaugural_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Inaugural address </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inaugural_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Prayers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-ceremony_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-ceremony_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Post-ceremony traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-ceremony_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Congressional_luncheon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_luncheon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Congressional luncheon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_luncheon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inaugural_parade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inaugural_parade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Inaugural parade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inaugural_parade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inaugural_balls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inaugural_balls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Inaugural balls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inaugural_balls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barack_Obama_Neighborhood_Inaugural_Ball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barack_Obama_Neighborhood_Inaugural_Ball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3.1 Barack Obama Neighborhood Inaugural Ball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barack_Obama_Neighborhood_Inaugural_Ball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Official_Inaugural_Balls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Official_Inaugural_Balls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3.2 Other Official Inaugural Balls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Official_Inaugural_Balls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After-Midnight_Gathering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After-Midnight_Gathering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3.3 After-Midnight Gathering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After-Midnight_Gathering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_prayer_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_prayer_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 National prayer service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_prayer_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unofficial_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unofficial_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Unofficial events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unofficial_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attendance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attendance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Attendance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attendance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attendance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attendance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dignitaries,_family_and_celebrity_guests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dignitaries,_family_and_celebrity_guests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Dignitaries, family and celebrity guests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dignitaries,_family_and_celebrity_guests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crowds_and_general_ticket_holders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crowds_and_general_ticket_holders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Crowds and general ticket holders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crowds_and_general_ticket_holders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viewership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viewership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Viewership </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viewership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Viewership subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Viewership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television_audience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_audience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Television audience </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_audience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Internet traffic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 International reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">First inauguration of Barack Obama</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="التنصيب الأول لباراك أوباما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التنصيب الأول لباراك أوباما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_investidura_presidencial_de_Barack_Obama" title="Primer investidura presidencial de Barack Obama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Primer investidura presidencial de Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erste_Amtseinf%C3%BChrung_von_Barack_Obama" title="Erste Amtseinführung von Barack Obama – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erste Amtseinführung von Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investidura_presidencial_de_Barack_Obama_en_2009" title="Investidura presidencial de Barack Obama en 2009 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Investidura presidencial de Barack Obama en 2009" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="نخستین مراسم تحلیف باراک اوباما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نخستین مراسم تحلیف باراک اوباما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_investiture_de_Barack_Obama" title="Première investiture de Barack Obama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première investiture de Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84_%D5%95%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բարաք Օբամայի առաջին երդմնակալության արարողություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բարաք Օբամայի առաջին երդմնակալության արարողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelantikan_pertama_Barack_Obama" title="Pelantikan pertama Barack Obama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelantikan pertama Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insediamento_presidenziale_di_Barack_Obama" title="Insediamento presidenziale di Barack Obama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Insediamento presidenziale di Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="השבעתו הראשונה של ברק אובמה לנשיאות ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השבעתו הראשונה של ברק אובמה לנשיאות ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelantikan_Presidh%C3%A8n_Am%C3%A9rika_Sar%C3%A9kat_Barack_Obama" title="Pelantikan Presidhèn Amérika Sarékat Barack Obama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pelantikan Presidhèn Amérika Sarékat Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%9E%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%B1%E4%BB%BB%E5%BC%8F" title="2009年バラク・オバマ大統領就任式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2009年バラク・オバマ大統領就任式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsettelsen_av_Barack_Obama_som_president_2009" title="Innsettelsen av Barack Obama som president 2009 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Innsettelsen av Barack Obama som president 2009" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posse_de_Barack_Obama_em_2009" title="Posse de Barack Obama em 2009 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Posse de Barack Obama em 2009" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B_(2009)" title="Инаугурация Барака Обамы (2009) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инаугурация Барака Обамы (2009)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaugurimi_i_par%C3%AB_i_Barack_Obam%C3%ABs" title="Inaugurimi i parë i Barack Obamës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inaugurimi i parë i Barack Obamës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama – 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">56th United States presidential inauguration</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">First presidential inauguration of Barack Obama</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><a href="/wiki/File:US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="With his family by his side, Barack Obama is sworn in as the 44th president of the United States by Chief Justice of the United States John G. Roberts Jr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/240px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/360px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/480px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> takes the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">oath of office</a> as the 44th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">January 20, 2009; 15 years ago (2009-01-20)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organized by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Inaugural_Ceremonies#2009_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies">Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> 44th president of the United States — Assuming office <hr /><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> — Administering oath <hr /><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> 47th vice president of the United States — Assuming office <hr /><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> — Administering oath</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid;"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2005</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2013</a> →</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The first <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">inauguration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> as the 44th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> took place on Tuesday, January 20, 2009, at the West Front of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> The 56th inauguration, which set a record attendance for any event held in the city, marked the commencement of the first term of Barack Obama as president and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> as vice president. Based on combined attendance numbers, television viewership, and Internet traffic, it was one of the most-observed events ever by the global audience at the time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">not verified in body</a>] "A New Birth of Freedom", a phrase from the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>, served as the inaugural theme to commemorate the 200-year anniversary of the birth year of President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. In his speeches to the crowds, Obama referred to ideals expressed by Lincoln about renewal, continuity, and national unity. Obama mentioned these ideals in his speech to stress the need for shared sacrifice and a new sense of responsibility to answer America's challenges at home and abroad. Obama and others paid homage to Lincoln in the form of tributes and references during several events, starting with a commemorative train tour from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, to Washington, D.C., on January 17, 2009. The inaugural events held in Washington from January 18 to 21, 2009, included concerts, a national day of community service on <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a>, the swearing-in ceremony, luncheon and parade, inaugural balls, and the interfaith <a href="/wiki/Prayers_at_United_States_presidential_inaugurations" title="Prayers at United States presidential inaugurations">inaugural prayer service</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">presidential oath</a> as administered by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Supreme Court Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> to Obama during his swearing-in ceremony on January 20 strayed slightly from the oath of office prescribed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, which led to its re‑administration the next day. In addition to a larger than usual celebrity attendance, the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Inaugural_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Inaugural Committee">Presidential Inaugural Committee</a> increased its outreach to ordinary citizens to encourage greater participation in inaugural events compared with participation in recent past inaugurations. For the first time, the committee opened the entire length of the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> as the public viewing area for the swearing-in ceremony, breaking with the tradition of past inaugurations. Selected American citizens participated in the train tour and other inaugural events. A philanthropist organized a People's Inaugural Ball for disadvantaged people who otherwise could not afford to attend the inaugural festivities. Among the celebrations for the inauguration, the committee hosted a first-ever Neighborhood Inaugural Ball with free or affordable tickets for ordinary citizens. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context">edit</a>]</div> By definition, the inauguration marked the formal culmination of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">presidential transition of Barack Obama</a> that began when he won the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential election</a> on <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">November 4, 2008</a>, and became the <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">president-elect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-Nagourney-2008-11-04-1">[1]</a> In accordance with <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_6:_Compensation,_privileges,_and_restrictions_on_holding_civil_office" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 6</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, Obama resigned from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> effective November 16, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> He was formally elected by the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> on December 15, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Politico-EC-4">[4]</a> The results were certified by a joint session of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> on January 8, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Obama, who originally campaigned using the slogan "Change We Can Believe In" and later "Change We Need",<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> was widely celebrated as the first <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> president of the United States and a symbol of change from his <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> predecessor, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. Obama also represented a generational change as the first man elected president who was born in the 1960s. He inherited the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Peter_Orszag" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Orszag">Peter Orszag</a> termed an "economic mess".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Obama was 47 years, 169 days old on the day of taking the office, which makes him the fifth youngest person to be inaugurated to date.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning">Planning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Planning">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ObamaInaugurationCapitolPreparation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="U.S. Capitol at dusk, mostly darkened but with dome floodlit from within" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ObamaInaugurationCapitolPreparation.jpg/220px-ObamaInaugurationCapitolPreparation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ObamaInaugurationCapitolPreparation.jpg/330px-ObamaInaugurationCapitolPreparation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ObamaInaugurationCapitolPreparation.jpg/440px-ObamaInaugurationCapitolPreparation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1497" /></a><figcaption>Preparations at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a></figcaption></figure> The inauguration was planned primarily by two committees: the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Inaugural_Ceremonies" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies">Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies</a> and the 2009 Presidential Inaugural Committee. Although the election was scheduled for November 4, 2008, the congressional committee began constructing the inaugural platform on September 24, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_Congressional_Committee">Joint Congressional Committee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Joint Congressional Committee">edit</a>]</div> The swearing-in ceremony and the inaugural luncheon for <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">President-elect</a> Obama and Vice President-elect Biden were planned by the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, a committee composed of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senators</a> <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a>, committee chair, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Bennett_(politician)" title="Bob Bennett (politician)">Bob Bennett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Representative">United States Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Steny Hoyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The committee is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">U.S. Senate Committee on Rules and Administration</a>. The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies chose the inaugural theme, "A New Birth of Freedom",<a href="#cite_note-JCCIC-Inaugural_Theme-2008-11-05-10">[10]</a> a phrase from Abraham Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-JCCIC-Inaugural_Theme-2008-11-05-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The theme, which was selected by the committee to mark the inaugural occasion and honor the 200th anniversary year of Lincoln's birth, expressed "Lincoln's hope that the sacrifice of those who died to preserve the United States would lead to 'a new birth of freedom' for the nation."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In his reliance on the inaugural theme, Obama wanted "to give Americans reassurance that today, as in Lincoln's time, the country would find its way through any crisis".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The congressional committee released the full schedule of the January 20 inaugural events on December 17, 2008. The inauguration schedule referred to the president‑elect as "Barack H. Obama", although Obama specified previously that he intended to use his full name for his swearing-in ceremony, including his middle name <a href="/wiki/Hussein" title="Hussein">Hussein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ItRNBfUD-14">[14]</a> Obama decided to use his full name "Barack Hussein Obama" to "follow the tradition, not trying to make a statement one way or the other" for the inaugural ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-IBHODSS-15">[15]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">election</a> campaign, Obama's detractors tried to use his middle name to <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">imply falsely that he was a Muslim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IBHODSS-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Council of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia City Council</a> passed legislation to enable bars and restaurants to stay open around‑the‑clock to provide hospitality services to the inaugural festivities attendees.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> After reaching an agreement with the congressional committee, District of Columbia Mayor <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Fenty" title="Adrian Fenty">Adrian Fenty</a> signed legislation to temporarily allow bars and restaurants to operate 24 hours during the weekend leading up to the inauguration, but with 4:00 am EST as the cut‑off for alcoholic beverage service.<a href="#cite_note-SCEBHfIaBI-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-JCCIC-alcohol-18">[18]</a> The Hotel Association of Metropolitan Washington agreed to pay for extended train service provided by the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Area_Transit_Authority" title="Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority">Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority</a> on January 19 to accommodate visitors attending inaugural events and workers providing support for those events.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_Inaugural_Committee">Presidential Inaugural Committee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Presidential Inaugural Committee">edit</a>]</div> The 2009 Presidential Inaugural Committee organized several other inauguration‑related events at the direction of the president‑elect and vice president‑elect of the United States, such as the train ride, concerts, parade, balls and prayer service. The co-chairs of the committee were <a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William Daley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Penny Pritzker</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Rogers_Jr." title="John W. Rogers Jr.">John W. Rogers Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Ryan_(executive)" title="Pat Ryan (executive)">Patrick Ryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julianna_Smoot" title="Julianna Smoot">Julianna Smoot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> For the first time in history, the Presidential Inaugural Committee opened the full length of <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a>, which extends from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a>, as the public viewing area for the swearing-in ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-foxmall-21">[21]</a> The presidential committee set aside a section of the mall close to the U.S. Capitol for people holding reserved tickets for the inaugural event.<a href="#cite_note-foxmall-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-AVGttPIoBO-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The committee directed the opening of the entire National Mall to make the event "'the most open and accessible in history,' allowing those who [could not] get the [reserved] tickets to the swearing-in ceremony on the Capitol grounds to fill the mall".<a href="#cite_note-foxmall-21">[21]</a> To enable people in attendance to see and hear the swearing-in ceremony, the committee arranged for placement of <a href="/wiki/JumboTron" class="mw-redirect" title="JumboTron">JumboTrons</a> at points along the entire mall.<a href="#cite_note-mall-24">[24]</a> Despite criticism that such a large event could not be <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon-friendly</a>, the presidential committee incorporated <a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">environment-friendly</a> measures in its planning of the inaugural events. The environmental measures included the use of recyclable carpet for the platform, retrieval of recyclable items from outdoor areas after an event,<a href="#cite_note-green-25">[25]</a> and the use of recycled paper for invitations and inaugural ball tickets.<a href="#cite_note-green2-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fundraising">Fundraising</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fundraising">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Inaugural_invitation_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cream colored with black cursive print invitation to the inauguration of Barack Obama with a gold inauguration logo at the top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Inaugural_invitation_2009.jpg/250px-Inaugural_invitation_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Inaugural_invitation_2009.jpg/375px-Inaugural_invitation_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Inaugural_invitation_2009.jpg/500px-Inaugural_invitation_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5024" data-file-height="6547" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">One of the one million public <a href="/wiki/Invitations_to_the_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Invitations to the inauguration of Barack Obama">invitations</a> to the inaugural ceremony of Barack Obama<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:44_CongInvitation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Silver-bordered ticket with silver cursive lettering to the inauguration of Barack Obama for the National Mall standing area with a silver presidential seal on the bottom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/44_CongInvitation.jpg/250px-44_CongInvitation.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/44_CongInvitation.jpg/375px-44_CongInvitation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/44_CongInvitation.jpg/500px-44_CongInvitation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1642" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">One of the color-coded tickets issued by members of the 111th U.S. Congress</div></div></div></div></div> The 2009 Presidential Inaugural Committee attempted to raise more individual contributions in smaller dollar amounts compared with the <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">second inauguration of George W. Bush</a> in 2005. The 2009 contribution limit was set at $50,000 for donations by individuals, whereas individuals and companies were able to give a maximum of $250,000 apiece for the 2005 event.<a href="#cite_note-OistbtmeiUh-28">[28]</a> As of January 30, 2009, the presidential committee raised more than $53 million, with at least 458 people giving the committee-imposed maximum of $50,000,<a href="#cite_note-fundstotal-29">[29]</a> including celebrity donors such as <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halle_Berry" title="Halle Berry">Halle Berry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Foxx" title="Jamie Foxx">Jamie Foxx</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Or$mfi-30">[30]</a> Emphasizing a change from business as usual, the committee set stringent guidelines for campaign contributions, barring donations from corporations, <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committees</a>, registered federal <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbyists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labor and trade unions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agents_Registration_Act" title="Foreign Agents Registration Act">registered foreign agents</a> and non-<a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">U.S. citizens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fundstotal-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The committee did accept donations from people with active lobbying interests before the federal government, but not registered as federal lobbyists, such as <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> executive <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> executive <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ballmer" title="Steve Ballmer">Steve Ballmer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Or$mfi-30">[30]</a> Based on its fundraising efforts and crowd estimates for the Obama inauguration, the presidential committee set its budget at $160–$170 million for the inauguration, including about $45 million for the gala events.<a href="#cite_note-fundstotal-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> contributed about $49 million, including $1.2 million to cover the actual swearing-in ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-OistbtmeiUh-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-fundstotal-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc-32">[32]</a> The District of Columbia and the neighboring states of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> projected costs to provide support for inaugural events at more than $75 million alone for police, fire and medical services.<a href="#cite_note-OistbtmeiUh-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc-32">[32]</a> To help fund the efforts, President George W. Bush declared a federal <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> as a precaution so that funds could be sought from <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invitations_and_tickets">Invitations and tickets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Invitations and tickets">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invitations_to_the_first_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Invitations to the first inauguration of Barack Obama">Invitations to the first inauguration of Barack Obama</a></div> The Presidential Inaugural Committee and members of the <a href="/wiki/111th_U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="111th U.S. Congress">111th U.S. Congress</a> distributed invitations and color-coded tickets to both <a href="/wiki/Very_Important_Person" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Important Person">dignitaries</a> and ordinary citizens for the reserved sections on or near the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> grounds to view the swearing-in ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Invitations_to_the_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Invitations to the inauguration of Barack Obama">Invitations</a> and tickets were sent to ambassadors and chiefs of diplomatic missions to the United States and their spouses, but not to other representatives of foreign countries, and invitations were distributed to U.S. politicians and an array of dignitaries across the spectrum of business and industry. <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> congressional members distributed free tickets for the inaugural ceremony to the public by lottery or on a first‑come, first served basis because of overwhelming requests to attend the event.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Because of high demand and limited availability of the reserved tickets, some people planned to offer their tickets for sale through ticket brokers, Internet auctions and classified listing services.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Sales offers for tickets reached as high as $1,750 each for the reserved standing room section behind the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">Capitol Reflecting Pool</a>, $5,500 each for the reserved standing room section in front of the Reflecting Pool and $20,000 each for the VIP section on the Capitol grounds.<a href="#cite_note-tixscalping-40">[40]</a> In one case, a former legislative aide to Representative <a href="/wiki/Ted_Poe" title="Ted Poe">Ted Poe</a> was exposed by a prospective buyer after the former aide used <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> and e‑mail to offer five tickets to the buyer for $4,500.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-41">[41]</a> Federal and state officials became concerned about <a href="/wiki/Ticket_resale" title="Ticket resale">ticket scalping</a> and fraud related to sales of the tickets for the swearing-in ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-latimes-42">[42]</a> Senator Dianne Feinstein, chair of the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, introduced legislation in mid-November 2008 to ban sales of tickets to the swearing-in ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> At the same time, the joint congressional committee contacted online auction operators, ticket resellers and classified listing services to block sales of the tickets. To address the committee's concerns, <a href="/wiki/StubHub" title="StubHub">StubHub</a> and <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> agreed to ban ticket sales for the swearing-in ceremony on all of its sites.<a href="#cite_note-tixscalping-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-latimes-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Senator Feinstein re-introduced legislation in December 2008 to ban ticket sales for the swearing-in ceremony after amending the bill to exempt tickets issued by official presidential inaugural committees for inaugural event fundraising.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The U.S. Senate failed to pass the final bill, which caused the bill to die in the closing days of the <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)#United_States" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame duck</a> legislative session.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-inaugural_events">Pre-inaugural events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pre-inaugural events">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train_ride:_Commemorating_Lincoln">Train ride: Commemorating Lincoln</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Train ride: Commemorating Lincoln">edit</a>]</div> On January 17, 2009, Obama hosted a <a href="/wiki/Whistle_stop_train_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistle stop train tour">whistle stop train tour</a> in honor of the 200th anniversary of the birth year of Abraham Lincoln. Obama reenacted the final part of Lincoln's 1861 train tour from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-Jackson-2008-12-19-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-OAiWATT-48">[48]</a> to capture the mood of the 1861 <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a> to Washington train tour traveled by Lincoln to his own <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_1861_presidential_inauguration" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln 1861 presidential inauguration">inauguration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OtrtDiattL-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-OtcIlyb-50">[50]</a> For his train ride to the nation's capital, Obama rode in the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_300" title="Georgia 300">Georgia 300</a>, a vintage railroad car used by past presidents and the same one he used for touring Pennsylvania during his <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential primary campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-prestour-51">[51]</a> On the tour, Obama was accompanied by his wife Michelle, their daughters Malia and Sasha, and a host of friends and guests.<a href="#cite_note-prestour-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_train_ride.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Obama is standing aboard the back platform of a train and looking to the side of the train. There is a red, white, and blue banner hanging over the rear railing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Obama_train_ride.jpg/240px-Obama_train_ride.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Obama_train_ride.jpg/360px-Obama_train_ride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Obama_train_ride.jpg/480px-Obama_train_ride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Obama aboard the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_300" title="Georgia 300">Georgia 300</a> on January 17, 2009</figcaption></figure> For the train ride to Washington, Obama invited 41 "everyday Americans" that he met during his presidential campaign to accompany him on the tour and attend other inaugural events, including the swearing-in ceremony, the parade and an inaugural ball.<a href="#cite_note-OtrtDiattL-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-OTTRTH-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-citizens-53">[53]</a> The group of citizens who joined the tour had shared stories with then-candidate Obama about themselves and their families during the presidential campaign, and included Matt Kuntz and <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-citizens-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Kuntz, who lost his step‑brother to <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> after returning home from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, dedicated his efforts to improve mental health screening for <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> veterans.<a href="#cite_note-citizens-53">[53]</a> Ledbetter, who learned years later that her employer had discriminated against her in pay based on gender, lost her case before the Supreme Court because she did not file her claim within 180 days of the discriminatory act.<a href="#cite_note-citizens-53">[53]</a> Nine days after his inauguration, Obama as president signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act</a>, allowing claims filed against employers not only within 180 days of the pay discrimination, but also restarting the 180-day period for claims upon receiving any paycheck based on a discriminatory pay action.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Obama commenced the tour in Philadelphia by holding a town hall meeting at <a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station" title="30th Street Station">30th Street Station</a> with a few hundred supporters.<a href="#cite_note-OAiWATT-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-OtcIlyb-50">[50]</a> At the first stop in <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</a> Vice President‑elect Biden and his family joined the tour. Biden, dubbed "Amtrak Joe" for his daily commutes on <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> between Wilmington and Washington, built a reputation as a supporter of increased funding for U.S. commuter <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transportation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The train continued to <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, its second stop, where Obama spoke to a crowd of about 40,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-OAiWATT-48">[48]</a> During his speeches to the crowds, he emphasized the theme "A New Birth of Freedom" using phrases associated with Lincoln such as "better angels" and "a new declaration of independence".<a href="#cite_note-OAiWATT-48">[48]</a> Obama referred to <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriotic</a> forebearers in his speech when he reminded the crowds that "we should never forget that we are the heirs of that first band of patriots, ordinary men and women who refused to give up when it all seemed so improbable; and who somehow believed that they had the power to make the world anew."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Thousands of well‑wishers gathered at various points along the train route taking pictures, cheering and waving <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">American flags</a> and homemade signs,<a href="#cite_note-OAiWATT-48">[48]</a> with Obama reciting his trademark rejoinder "I love you back" to the enthusiastic crowds.<a href="#cite_note-OtcIlyb-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The one-day train tour concluded at <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Station (Washington, D.C.)">Union Station</a> in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-OtrtDiattL-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="We_Are_One_concert">We Are One concert</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: We Are One concert">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/We_Are_One:_The_Obama_Inaugural_Celebration_at_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial">We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20090118_We_Are_One.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Obamas wave as they walk past military flagbearers in the background while a couple stands in the foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/20090118_We_Are_One.jpg/225px-20090118_We_Are_One.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/20090118_We_Are_One.jpg/338px-20090118_We_Are_One.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/20090118_We_Are_One.jpg/450px-20090118_We_Are_One.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="3654" /></a><figcaption>The Obamas wave at the crowd at the <a href="/wiki/We_Are_One:_The_Obama_Inaugural_Celebration_at_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial">We Are One</a> concert held at the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> on January 18, 2009.</figcaption></figure> On January 18, 2009, the day after Obama arrived in Washington, D.C., an inaugural concert, "We Are One", took place at the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a>. The concert featured performances and readings of historical passages by more than three dozen celebrities.<a href="#cite_note-WAOTOIC-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-JBAFasaOip-64">[64]</a> Attendance at the concert was free to the public, and <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> broadcast the concert live on an open feed, enabling anyone with cable television to watch the event.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> An estimated 400,000 people attended the concert at the Lincoln Memorial.<a href="#cite_note-MSSRR-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Washington Metro</a> recorded 616,324 passenger trips during the day, breaking the old Sunday ridership record of 540,945 passenger trips set on July 4, 1999.<a href="#cite_note-MSSRR-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_Day_of_Service">King Day of Service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: King Day of Service">edit</a>]</div> The eve of the Inauguration Day, January 19, 2009, fell on Martin Luther King Jr. Day, a U.S. federal holiday in recognition of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Dr. King</a>'s birthday. Obama called upon communities everywhere to observe the King Day of Service, a day of citizen volunteer service honoring the human rights leader.<a href="#cite_note-OCfNDoS-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCMDwS-68">[68]</a> More than 13,000 community service events took place across the nation on the day, the largest participation in the 14 years since Congress passed the King Holiday and Service Act and more than double the previous year's events.<a href="#cite_note-KingDay-69">[69]</a> Obama spent an hour at <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center" title="Walter Reed Army Medical Center">Walter Reed Army Medical Center</a> meeting privately with the families of troops who were recovering from wounds sustained in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OCMDwS-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-WvttadosOnhm-70">[70]</a> After visiting the medical center, he, along with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King, III">Martin Luther King, III</a>, headed to the Sasha Bruce House <a href="/wiki/Homeless_shelter" title="Homeless shelter">homeless shelter</a> for teens to participate with others in service activities.<a href="#cite_note-OCMDwS-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-WvttadosOnhm-70">[70]</a> Joe Biden hung <a href="/wiki/Drywall" title="Drywall">drywall</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Habitat_for_Humanity" title="Habitat for Humanity">Habitat for Humanity</a> home in <a href="/wiki/N.E._Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="N.E. Washington, D.C.">N.E. Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-OCMDwS-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Biden's wife, <a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill</a>, their daughter, Ashley Biden, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> and the Obamas' daughters, Malia and Sasha, spent the morning at <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Kennedy Stadium">Robert F. Kennedy Stadium</a> where they helped thousands of volunteers prepare more than 85,000 <a href="/wiki/Care_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Care package">care packages</a> destined for U.S. troops overseas.<a href="#cite_note-KingDay-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-WvttadosOnhm-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-HDKLaSA-72">[72]</a> Later that evening, Obama hosted three separate bipartisan dinners to honor the service of <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> and Joe Biden.<a href="#cite_note-OCMDwS-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-WvttadosOnhm-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kids'_Inaugural:_"We_Are_the_Future"">Kids' Inaugural: "We Are the Future"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kids' Inaugural: "We Are the Future"">edit</a>]</div> Michelle Obama and Jill Biden hosted the "Kids' Inaugural: We Are the Future" on the evening of January 19, 2009, event at the <a href="/wiki/Capital_One_Arena" title="Capital One Arena">Verizon Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miley_Cyrus" title="Miley Cyrus">Miley Cyrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demi_Lovato" title="Demi Lovato">Demi Lovato</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Brothers" title="Jonas Brothers">Jonas Brothers</a> honored military families in concert.<a href="#cite_note-MOMC-73">[73]</a> The show was broadcast live on the <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Radio_Disney" title="Radio Disney">Radio Disney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JBAFasaOip-64">[64]</a> Other celebrity participants included <a href="/wiki/Bow_Wow_(rapper)" title="Bow Wow (rapper)">Bow Wow</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Lopez" title="George Lopez">George Lopez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corbin_Bleu" title="Corbin Bleu">Corbin Bleu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Latifah" title="Queen Latifah">Queen Latifah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus" title="Billy Ray Cyrus">Billy Ray Cyrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal" title="Shaquille O'Neal">Shaquille O'Neal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Foxx" title="Jamie Foxx">Jamie Foxx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MOMC-73">[73]</a> In keeping with the service theme of the day, Michelle Obama issued a call for children to become engaged in public service by volunteering in homeless shelters, visiting elderly people or writing letters to U.S. troops.<a href="#cite_note-MOMC-73">[73]</a> The Washington Metro recorded 866,681 passenger trips on January 19, breaking the single day ridership record of 854,638 passenger trips set on July 11, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Metro-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inaugural_events">Inaugural events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inaugural events">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">United States presidential inauguration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremony:_"A_New_Birth_of_Freedom"">Ceremony: "A New Birth of Freedom"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ceremony: "A New Birth of Freedom"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Biden_sworn_in_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-204a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Joe_Biden_sworn_in_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-204a.jpg/220px-Joe_Biden_sworn_in_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-204a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Joe_Biden_sworn_in_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-204a.jpg/330px-Joe_Biden_sworn_in_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-204a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Joe_Biden_sworn_in_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-204a.jpg/440px-Joe_Biden_sworn_in_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-204a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>Biden was sworn into office by <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> on January 20, 2009.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Obama_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of a large portion of a large ceremony with visible red, white and blue ornamentation and a crowd of attendees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_Obama_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg/220px-President_Obama_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_Obama_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg/330px-President_Obama_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_Obama_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg/440px-President_Obama_Swearing-In_Ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Obama takes the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">oath of office</a> on January 20, 2009, at the U.S. Capitol.</figcaption></figure> The inaugural ceremony took place at the West Front of the United States Capitol on January 20, 2009. The ceremony opened with the playing of pre‑recorded music and a live performance by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Band" title="United States Marine Band">"The President's Own" United States Marine Band</a>, followed by live performances by the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Boys_Chorus" title="San Francisco Boys Chorus">San Francisco Boys Chorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Girls_Chorus" title="San Francisco Girls Chorus">San Francisco Girls Chorus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-IM-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Courtney Williams, Senior Chief Musician and concert moderator for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Band#Concert_Band" title="United States Navy Band">U.S. Navy Concert Band</a>, served as the platform announcer.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Senator Dianne Feinstein, chair of the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies and the first woman to preside over a U.S. presidential inauguration, acted as the day's <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Ceremonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Ceremonies">Master of Ceremonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-webcast-80">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguration_performance_of_Air_and_Simple_Gifts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four male musicians playing a variety of instruments outdoors in front of a chain-link fence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Inauguration_performance_of_Air_and_Simple_Gifts.jpg/220px-Inauguration_performance_of_Air_and_Simple_Gifts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Inauguration_performance_of_Air_and_Simple_Gifts.jpg/330px-Inauguration_performance_of_Air_and_Simple_Gifts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Inauguration_performance_of_Air_and_Simple_Gifts.jpg/440px-Inauguration_performance_of_Air_and_Simple_Gifts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Montero" title="Gabriela Montero">Gabriela Montero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_McGill_(musician)" title="Anthony McGill (musician)">Anthony McGill</a> performing <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Air_and_Simple_Gifts" title="Air and Simple Gifts">Air and Simple Gifts</a>" at the inauguration. Obama officially became the 44th president at noon during this performance.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> pastor <a href="/wiki/Rick_Warren" title="Rick Warren">Rick Warren</a> delivered the <a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">invocation</a> for the inaugural ceremony,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> followed by a performance by vocalist <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a>, who sang "<a href="/wiki/My_Country,_%27Tis_of_Thee" title="My Country, 'Tis of Thee">My Country, 'Tis of Thee</a>". The program featured a performance of <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a>' composition "<a href="/wiki/Air_and_Simple_Gifts" title="Air and Simple Gifts">Air and Simple Gifts</a>",<a href="#cite_note-IBHODSS-15">[15]</a> which was both pre-recorded and performed live synched with the recording by cellist <a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma" title="Yo-Yo Ma">Yo-Yo Ma</a>, violinist <a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a>, pianist <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Montero" title="Gabriela Montero">Gabriela Montero</a> and clarinetist <a href="/wiki/Anthony_McGill_(musician)" title="Anthony McGill (musician)">Anthony McGill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFtsaOi-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> described the performance by the quartet as "a transporting moment that moved many with its beauty and calm", while <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> called it the "classical-music equivalent of lip-syncing".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Aretha Franklin made a fashion statement by wearing a hat with a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Swarovski" title="Swarovski">Swarovski</a> crystal-studded bow.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Vice President‑elect Biden took his oath from <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AFtsaOi-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-honors-88">[88]</a> After he completed his oath of office, Biden received in his honor as the new vice president the first playing of four <a href="/wiki/Ruffles_and_flourishes" title="Ruffles and flourishes">ruffles and flourishes</a> and the march "<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Columbia" title="Hail, Columbia">Hail, Columbia</a>" by members of the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-IM-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-vphonors-89">[89]</a> After the performance of "Air and Simple Gifts", <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Roberts">John Roberts</a> administered the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">oath of office</a> to President‑elect Obama shortly after noon.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The inaugural ceremony ran longer than scheduled, which delayed the administering of the oath so that it finished around 12:05 pm EST (17:05 UTC).<a href="#cite_note-LIb-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-LB-92">[92]</a> However, Obama officially assumed the presidency at the expiration of President Bush's term at noon under the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>. After he completed the presidential oath, Obama received in his honor as the new president the <a href="/wiki/21-gun_salute" title="21-gun salute">21-gun salute</a>, and the first playing of four ruffles and flourishes and the march "<a href="/wiki/Hail_to_the_Chief" title="Hail to the Chief">Hail to the Chief</a>" by members of the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-honors-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Obama delivered his inaugural address to the crowds as the president of the United States following his swearing-in ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-President_Obama-94">[94]</a> Poet <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Alexander_(poet)" title="Elizabeth Alexander (poet)">Elizabeth Alexander</a> then delivered the inaugural poem, "<a href="/wiki/Praise_Song_for_the_Day" title="Praise Song for the Day">Praise Song for the Day</a>",<a href="#cite_note-AFtsaOi-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-CQpoem-95">[95]</a> and civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a>, minister of the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>, delivered the <a href="/wiki/Benediction" title="Benediction">benediction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Band" title="United States Navy Band">United States Navy Band</a> "Sea Chanters" chorus concluded the ceremony with a performance of the United States national anthem, "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>".<a href="#cite_note-AFtsaOi-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oath_of_office">Oath of office</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Oath of office">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_Inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Barack_Obama_Inauguration.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_Inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Barack_Obama_Inauguration.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_Inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Barack_Obama_Inauguration.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_Inauguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4879" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Obama being sworn in on the steps of the National Mall.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Presidential Oath of Office</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_Oath_of_Office.ogg" title="File:Barack Obama Oath of Office.ogg">Taking the Oath at the U.S. Capitol</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="Barack_Obama_Oath_of_Office.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Barack_Obama_Oath_of_Office.ogg/Barack_Obama_Oath_of_Office.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Barack_Obama_Oath_of_Office.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Barack Obama takes the presidential oath administered by Chief Justice John Roberts on January 20, 2009.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Obama_Re-Takes_Oath.ogg" title="File:President Obama Re-Takes Oath.ogg">Re-taking Oath at the White House</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="54" data-mwtitle="President_Obama_Re-Takes_Oath.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/President_Obama_Re-Takes_Oath.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/President_Obama_Re-Takes_Oath.ogg/President_Obama_Re-Takes_Oath.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Chief Justice Roberts re-administers the presidential oath to President Obama on January 21, 2009.</div></div></div></div> </div>Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> administered the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">oath of office</a> to Obama. Michelle Obama held the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bible" title="Lincoln Bible">Bible</a>, which was used by Abraham Lincoln at his 1861 inauguration, as Barack Obama placed his hand on the Bible and recited the presidential oath.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Nearly four years earlier, then-Senator Obama had been one of 22 senators to vote against Roberts during <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nomination">Roberts' Supreme Court nomination</a>; the inauguration marked the first time a chief justice administered the oath to a president-elect who had previously voted against the chief justice's confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-OCJRSiRoPO-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Roberts and Obama made several mistakes as they recited the oath. The proper wording for the oath of office is prescribed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-oathflub-101">[101]</a></blockquote> Roberts had practiced for the ceremony carefully. However, a memo noting his planned pauses in the recitation of the oath failed to reach Obama's staff before the swearing-in.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> As a result, Obama inadvertently interrupted Roberts during the first phrase, stating "I, Barack" while Roberts was finishing "do solemnly swear". Obama then correctly repeated the entire phrase "I, Barack Hussein Obama, do solemnly swear." Roberts, who was not using notes, rendered the next phrase as "that I will execute the office of president to the United States faithfully," misplacing the word faithfully and saying president to instead of president of. Obama repeated, "that I will execute", then paused. Roberts attempted to correct the wording, but stumbled: "the off– faithfully the pres– the office of President of the United States." Obama then repeated Roberts' initial incorrect wording.<a href="#cite_note-OCJRSiRoPO-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-oathflub-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Roberts ended the presidential oath by appending the phrase "so help you God" to the end of the constitutionally prescribed oath, and Obama responded "<a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States#"So_help_me_God"" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">so help me God</a>" when he was prompted. Obama had asked previously to include "so help me God" after the oath.<a href="#cite_note-Mears-105">[105]</a> Roberts then congratulated Obama as the new president.<a href="#cite_note-oathflub-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_oath_ceremony">Second oath ceremony</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Second oath ceremony">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_oath_of_office_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Obama (right) faces a man in judge's robe as they raise their right hands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Second_oath_of_office_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/240px-Second_oath_of_office_of_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Second_oath_of_office_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/360px-Second_oath_of_office_of_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Second_oath_of_office_of_Barack_Obama.jpg/480px-Second_oath_of_office_of_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>President Obama (right) retakes the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">oath of office</a> from Chief Justice Roberts at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> on January 21, 2009. President Obama and Chief Justice Roberts stand near a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Henry_Latrobe" title="Benjamin Henry Latrobe">Benjamin Henry Latrobe</a>, designer and an early <a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">Architect of the Capitol</a>.</figcaption></figure> Much public discussion arose about the errors in administering and reciting the oath. Several constitutional scholars said that Obama should retake the oath. <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> constitutional scholar Jack Beermann suggested that while the courts would likely never even consider a challenge, he would still advise Obama to retake the oath if he were his lawyer since "the Constitution says what he's supposed to say."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gibbs" title="Robert Gibbs">Robert Gibbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_House_press_secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="White House press secretary">White House press secretary</a>, indicated at first that President Obama did not plan to retake the oath,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Chief Justice Roberts agreed to re-administer the oath at the request of <a href="/wiki/White_House_counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="White House counsel">White House counsel</a> <a href="/wiki/Greg_Craig" class="mw-redirect" title="Greg Craig">Greg Craig</a>. The second oath ceremony took place on the evening of January 21, 2009, in the <a href="/wiki/Map_Room_(White_House)" title="Map Room (White House)">Map Room</a> of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> before a small audience of presidential aides, reporters and a White House photographer.<a href="#cite_note-NYTretake-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Craig said that the White House ultimately decided to re-administer the oath out of an abundance of caution. Craig added that "the oath of office was administered effectively and ... the President was sworn in appropriately ... But the oath appears in the Constitution itself."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-110">[110]</a> No Bible was present during the retake of the inauguration.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inaugural_address">Inaugural address</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Inaugural address">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_after_inaugural_address_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-327a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Barack_Obama_after_inaugural_address_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-327a.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_after_inaugural_address_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-327a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Barack_Obama_after_inaugural_address_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-327a.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_after_inaugural_address_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-327a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Barack_Obama_after_inaugural_address_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-327a.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_after_inaugural_address_1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-327a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>President Obama after giving his first presidential speech</figcaption></figure> The central theme of President Obama's inaugural address was a call to restore responsibility—both in terms of accountability in Washington and the responsibility of ordinary people to get involved.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Obama's address did not have memorable sound bite phrases. Instead, he used traditional references to connect his new administration with the nation's history in a speech that was understated deliberately, according to rhetoric expert James Mackin.<a href="#cite_note-mackin-113">[113]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Inaugural Address</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv" title="File:Barack Obama inaugural address.ogv">Inaugural address of Barack Obama</a> (21:21)</div> <div><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/232px--Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="131" data-durationhint="1282" data-mwtitle="Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv/Barack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABarack_Obama_inaugural_address.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></div> <div class="description">Barack Obama delivers his <a href="/wiki/Inaugural_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Inaugural address">inaugural address</a> on January 20, 2009. (Duration: 21 minutes, 21 seconds)</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_inauguration_speech_2009.ogg" title="File:Barack Obama inauguration speech 2009.ogg">Inaugural address of Barack Obama (audio-only version)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1138" data-mwtitle="Barack_Obama_inauguration_speech_2009.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Barack_Obama_inauguration_speech_2009.ogg/Barack_Obama_inauguration_speech_2009.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Barack_Obama_inauguration_speech_2009.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Audio version of January 20 address</div></div></div></div> </div> Obama concluded the second paragraph of his address by saying, "we the people have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebears and true to our founding documents." The speech reinforced words such as "legacy" and "heritage", as well as values such as "honesty", "courage", and "patriotism", which "are old" values. Near the end of the speech, Obama referred to words written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_American_Crisis" title="The American Crisis">The American Crisis</a>, which were ordered by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> to be read to his troops: "Let it be told to the future world ... that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive ... that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it]." Because Barack Obama's <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a> message focused on the need for change, Mackin noted that Obama sought to reassure Americans that he would operate as president within the margins of the nation's traditions.<a href="#cite_note-mackin-113">[113]</a> Obama's goal for his Inaugural speech was to stir the following response among Americans: "This is why I want to go into public service and be a better politician. This is why I want to go home and be a better parent, better worker, better citizen."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> As part of Obama's call for responsibility, he said, "what is required of us now is a new era of responsibility—a recognition, on the part of every American" and "those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account." Obama quoted the lyrics of the <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kern" title="Jerome Kern">Jerome Kern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Fields" title="Dorothy Fields">Dorothy Fields</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Pick_Yourself_Up" title="Pick Yourself Up">Pick Yourself Up</a>" from the <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a> <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy</a> <a href="/wiki/Swing_Time_(1936_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing Time (1936 film)">Swing Time</a>, saying that "starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America."<a href="#cite_note-boston_globe-115">[115]</a> In an article for The New York Times, columnist and former drama critic <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rich" title="Frank Rich">Frank Rich</a> noted the link to the lyric in Field's song from the movie, writing that Obama offered in his address "one subtle whiff of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Obama's speech contained several <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> references and was compared to the oratory of the "<a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">black church</a> tradition". Obama also highlighted the United States' religious diversity, referring to the country's "patchwork heritage" as a strength and saying, "We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus and non-believers." This was the first time a United States president acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">American non-believers</a> in an inaugural address.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Obama's inaugural address received mixed reviews, with some describing the tone of the speech a praiseworthy one of restraint and plain speaking,<a href="#cite_note-WpBOia-118">[118]</a> while others described the speech as low-brow and clichéd.<a href="#cite_note-OIADSC-119">[119]</a> Despite his optimism, Obama was critical of former presidents George W. Bush and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WpBOia-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_E._Sanger" title="David E. Sanger">David E. Sanger</a>, chief Washington correspondent for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, described the speech as the harshest rebuke of an outgoing president during an inaugural address since <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>'s call for restoration of American values.<a href="#cite_note-RBERV-120">[120]</a> The Bush administration was upset about the tone of the speech, saying that the speech veered from that of a ritualistic but respectful thanks to that of a public diatribe.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Members of the Republican party viewed the speech as a missed chance to seek unity, while <a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a>, Obama's <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a>, described the speech as a reflection of the mandate of the people.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In an analysis of the inaugural address, one reporter described the speech as one that emphasized the burdens of the moment and the cloudy future whose challenges may be met with the resolve that is part of our American heritage.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prayers">Prayers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Prayers">edit</a>]</div> Obama's selections of Warren and Lowery to deliver prayers for the inaugural ceremony were controversial. Warren had a history of vocal opposition to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and Lowery had a background as a <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> activist.<a href="#cite_note-WLtdib-125">[125]</a> Neither Obama nor Warren made references during the inaugural program to issues of direct concern to the gay community. In the invocation, Warren asked for "forgiveness for Americans 'when we fight each other' and 'civility in our attitudes even when we differ.'"<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Warren mentioned Dr. Martin Luther King and Jesus in the invocation, and he concluded the invocation with the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LB-92">[92]</a> Lowery used humor as he delivered the benediction. One of his messages was the statement that "as we leave this mountaintop, help us to hold on to the spirit of fellowship and the oneness of our family." Lowery concluded the benediction with a humorous message of anticipation for the day "when <a href="/wiki/Brown_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown people">brown</a> can stick around, when <a href="/wiki/Mongoloid_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongoloid race">yellow</a> will be mellow, when the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">red man</a> can get ahead man and when <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">white</a> would embrace what is right".<a href="#cite_note-LB-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-ceremony_traditions">Post-ceremony traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Post-ceremony traditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_in_Marine_One.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="George W. Bush wearing a suit, tie, scarf, and overcoat while looking out the window from a skyward vehicle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/George_W._Bush_in_Marine_One.jpg/220px-George_W._Bush_in_Marine_One.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/George_W._Bush_in_Marine_One.jpg/330px-George_W._Bush_in_Marine_One.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/George_W._Bush_in_Marine_One.jpg/440px-George_W._Bush_in_Marine_One.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Former President George W. Bush looks at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> as he is departing on a <a href="/wiki/US_Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="US Marine Corps">US Marine Corps</a> helicopter after the inauguration.</figcaption></figure> After the inaugural ceremony on the west front of the U.S. Capitol, President Obama, <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a>, Vice President Joe Biden and Dr. Jill Biden escorted former President George W. Bush and former First Lady <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> to the honorary departure ceremony on the east side of the U.S. Capitol. Before the luncheon and in keeping with tradition, President Obama signed his first <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">presidential orders</a> in the President's Room at the Capitol,<a href="#cite_note-Osfpp-127">[127]</a> and then signed the guest book for the luncheon.<a href="#cite_note-LB-92">[92]</a> The first order signed by Obama was a proclamation declaring his Inauguration Day a "National Day of Renewal and Reconciliation",<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osfpp-127">[127]</a> in which he called "upon all of our citizens to serve one another and the common purpose of remaking this Nation for our new century".<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Next, Obama signed orders to officially present the nominations for his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">Cabinet</a> and several sub‑Cabinet officials to the U.S. Congress for its approval.<a href="#cite_note-Osfpp-127">[127]</a> The Obamas and Bidens then attended an inaugural luncheon at the U.S. Capitol before traveling from there to the presidential reviewing stand at the White House to watch the parade. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Congressional_luncheon">Congressional luncheon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Congressional luncheon">edit</a>]</div> As former President George W. Bush and former First Lady Laura Bush began their journey to their <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> home, the Obamas and Bidens joined several congressional guests for the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Luncheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Luncheon">luncheon</a> in <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a> at the U.S. Capitol. Guests included top Washington lawmakers as well as former presidents and vice presidents. Commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Bicentennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial">Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial</a>, the red and white china used during the luncheon were <a href="/wiki/Replica" title="Replica">replicas</a> of those used in the Lincoln White House.<a href="#cite_note-thehill-130">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009_Obama_inauguration_luncheon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Barack Obama addresses attendees at an indoor ceremony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/2009_Obama_inauguration_luncheon.jpg/225px-2009_Obama_inauguration_luncheon.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/2009_Obama_inauguration_luncheon.jpg/338px-2009_Obama_inauguration_luncheon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/2009_Obama_inauguration_luncheon.jpg/450px-2009_Obama_inauguration_luncheon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>President Obama addresses the luncheon attendees in <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a>.</figcaption></figure> A luncheon at the U.S. Capitol has been part of the inaugural program since 1953 (before that time, the luncheon was usually held at the White House and hosted by the outgoing president and first lady). The menu for the 2009 inaugural luncheon, which often features dishes representative of the home states of the new president and vice president, included seafood stew, duck and <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasant</a> entrees with <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> wine, and a dessert of apple cinnamon <a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">sponge cake</a> with sweet cream <a href="/wiki/Candied_fruit" title="Candied fruit">glacé</a>. Since 1985, a painting has served as a backdrop for the head table. For the 2009 inaugural luncheon, the featured painting was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(painter)" title="Thomas Hill (painter)">Thomas Hill's</a> 1865 View of the Yosemite Valley, a painting that commemorated Abraham Lincoln's 1864 signing of the <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park#Yosemite_Grant" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite Grant</a>, which was the first time the federal government protected park lands for public use.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> During the luncheon, Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> collapsed after suffering a <a href="/wiki/Non-epileptic_seizure" title="Non-epileptic seizure">seizure</a>, and he was transported to a hospital for medical treatment.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-SKCALFO-135">[135]</a> Early reports about the medical emergency suggested erroneously that Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a>, the oldest member of the Senate, also fell ill during the luncheon. These reports were later denied,<a href="#cite_note-SKCALFO-135">[135]</a> and Byrd, a longtime friend of Kennedy, eventually explained that the Kennedy incident disturbed him and caused him to leave.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inaugural_parade">Inaugural parade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Inaugural parade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009_Inaugural_Parade_Route.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2009_Inaugural_Parade_Route.png/220px-2009_Inaugural_Parade_Route.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2009_Inaugural_Parade_Route.png/330px-2009_Inaugural_Parade_Route.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2009_Inaugural_Parade_Route.png/440px-2009_Inaugural_Parade_Route.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>2009 Inaugural parade route</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obamas_walk_down_PA_Ave._1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-546a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Barack and Michelle Obama acknowledge the crowd while the Secret Service and onlookers watch." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Obamas_walk_down_PA_Ave._1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-546a.jpg/220px-Obamas_walk_down_PA_Ave._1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-546a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Obamas_walk_down_PA_Ave._1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-546a.jpg/330px-Obamas_walk_down_PA_Ave._1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-546a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Obamas_walk_down_PA_Ave._1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-546a.jpg/440px-Obamas_walk_down_PA_Ave._1-20-09_hires_090120-N-0696M-546a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>President Obama and <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> walking the inaugural parade route</figcaption></figure> The inaugural parade route ran along <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Pennsylvania Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest, Washington, D.C.">N.W.</a> from the U.S. Capitol, ending at the north face of the White House. During most of the parade, President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama traveled in the new armored <a href="/wiki/Presidential_State_Car_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential State Car (United States)">limousine</a> because of potential security threats.<a href="#cite_note-parade-137">[137]</a> The President and First Lady twice exited their limousine, walking on Pennsylvania Avenue for portions of the parade.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Vice President Biden and his wife Jill walked the parade route at several points with their children <a href="/wiki/Beau_Biden" title="Beau Biden">Beau</a>, Hunter and Ashley.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The parade lasted more than two hours during the afternoon and early evening following the inaugural ceremony. Parade participants included 15,000 people, 240 horses, a <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">mariachi</a> band, dozens of marching bands, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a> corps of cadets, and two drum and bugle corps: <a href="/wiki/The_Cadets_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps" title="The Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps">The Cadets</a> and the Colts.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-OsflOip-141">[141]</a> Obama invited the marching band from <a href="/wiki/Punahou_School" title="Punahou School">Punahou School</a>, his high school in Hawaii, to perform in the parade along with the marching unit of its <a href="/wiki/Junior_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IaNTOStPT-142">[142]</a> Vice President Joe Biden invited several groups from Delaware to march in the parade. The Delaware section was led by the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Volunteer_Firemen%27s_Association" title="Delaware Volunteer Firemen's Association">Delaware Volunteer Firemen's Association</a> of which Biden is an honorary member, the Fightin' Blue Hen Marching Band, The Pride of Delaware, from Biden's alma mater, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a>,<a href="#cite_note-parades-143">[143]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_State_University" title="Delaware State University">Delaware State University</a> Hornets Approaching Storm marching band.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Rex_J._Walheim" title="Rex J. Walheim">Rex J. Walheim</a> marched in the parade carrying an American flag and wearing a prototype of NASA's next generation <a href="/wiki/Spacesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacesuit">spacesuit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Gernhardt" title="Michael L. Gernhardt">Michael L. Gernhardt</a> drove a prototype <a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">lunar rover</a> in the parade. In addition to Astronauts Walheim and Gernhardt, the crew of the <a href="/wiki/STS-126" title="STS-126">STS-126</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Space Shuttle Endeavour</a> mission also marched in the inaugural parade.<a href="#cite_note-rover-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inaugural_balls">Inaugural balls</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Inaugural balls">edit</a>]</div> President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama attended 10 official inaugural balls during the evening of January 20, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-latimes1-149">[149]</a> Barack Obama wore a new <a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">tuxedo</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Hart_Schaffner_Marx" title="Hart Schaffner Marx">Hart Schaffner Marx</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago</a>-based menswear company.<a href="#cite_note-IaNTOStPT-142">[142]</a> He also wore a white bow tie, instead of the conventional black. Traditionalists considered this a fashion faux pas, as a white tie is conventionally only worn with a white waistcoat and tails.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Michelle Obama wore a white, one-shouldered, sleeveless gown designed by 26-year-old <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York</a>-based designer <a href="/wiki/Jason_Wu" title="Jason Wu">Jason Wu</a>, breaking with the recent practice set by former first ladies Laura Bush and <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, who showcased designers from their hometowns.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Barack_Obama_Neighborhood_Inaugural_Ball">Barack Obama Neighborhood Inaugural Ball</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Barack Obama Neighborhood Inaugural Ball">edit</a>]</div> The Neighborhood Inaugural Ball, one of six balls held at the <a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Washington_Convention_Center" title="Walter E. Washington Convention Center">Walter E. Washington Convention Center</a>, was the first stop of the evening for the President and First Lady. The Obamas danced their first song as <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyoncé Knowles">Beyoncé Knowles</a> serenaded them with her rendition of the <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a> classic "<a href="/wiki/At_Last" title="At Last">At Last</a>".<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> According to the Presidential Inaugural Committee, the Neighborhood Inaugural Ball was the first ball with free or affordable tickets, a contrast to recent history in which "inaugural balls generally have been closed to everyday Americans, populated instead by an exclusive circle of dignitaries and donors."<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> A portion of the tickets for the ball was reserved for Washington D.C. residents.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_Official_Inaugural_Balls">Other Official Inaugural Balls</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other Official Inaugural Balls">edit</a>]</div> The nine other official inaugural balls attended by the Obamas that evening included:<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-149">[149]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_the_Home_States_Ball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Barack and Michelle Obama are dancing arm-in-arm and smiling. She is wearing a white dress, a large ring, long earrings, and a bracelet. He is wearing a black tuxedo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_the_Home_States_Ball.jpg/152px-Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_the_Home_States_Ball.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_the_Home_States_Ball.jpg/228px-Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_the_Home_States_Ball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_the_Home_States_Ball.jpg/304px-Barack_and_Michelle_Obama_at_the_Home_States_Ball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="1542" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:20090120_Jill_and_Joe_Biden_at_Homestates_Ball.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Caucasian man in a tuxedo dances with a blonde woman in a red dress." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/20090120_Jill_and_Joe_Biden_at_Homestates_Ball.JPG/120px-20090120_Jill_and_Joe_Biden_at_Homestates_Ball.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/20090120_Jill_and_Joe_Biden_at_Homestates_Ball.JPG/180px-20090120_Jill_and_Joe_Biden_at_Homestates_Ball.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/20090120_Jill_and_Joe_Biden_at_Homestates_Ball.JPG/240px-20090120_Jill_and_Joe_Biden_at_Homestates_Ball.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Obamas (left) and Bidens (right) dance during the President Obama Home States Ball at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Convention_Center" title="Washington Convention Center">Washington Convention Center</a>.</div></div></div></div> <ul><li>The Commander-in-Chief's Ball, <a href="/wiki/National_Building_Museum" title="National Building Museum">National Building Museum</a>, held only for the second time, included active and reserve duty members of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._military" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. military">United States military</a>, the families of American service members currently deployed overseas, the families of military personnel killed in action and recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-nydailynews-157">[157]</a></li> <li>The Eastern Ball, <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Station (Washington, D.C.)">Union Station</a>, held for guests from the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> and the Atlantic territories of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Taylor" title="James Taylor">James Taylor</a> performed for guests attending the ball.<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li>The Mid-Atlantic Ball, Washington Convention Center, held for guests from the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic States">Mid-Atlantic States</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. This ball featured the first 2009 appearance by <a href="/wiki/The_Dead_(band)" title="The Dead (band)">The Dead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-149">[149]</a></li> <li>The Midwestern Ball, Washington Convention Center, held for guests from the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-149">[149]</a></li> <li>The President Obama Home States Ball, Washington Convention Center, for guests from Barack Obama's home states of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. Music performed by Jack Johnson, Common, and The Don Cagen Orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-149">[149]</a></li> <li>The Southern Ball, <a href="/wiki/D.C._Armory" title="D.C. Armory">D.C. Armory</a>, held for guests from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-149">[149]</a></li> <li>The Vice President Biden Home States Ball, Washington Convention Center, for guests from Joe Biden's home states of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-149">[149]</a></li> <li>The Western Ball, Washington Convention Center, for guests from the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, and the Pacific territories of <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-149">[149]</a></li> <li>The Youth Ball, <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Washington">Washington Hilton and Towers</a>, an event held specifically for guests between the ages of 18 and 35 years old.<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-149">[149]</a></li></ul> President Obama and the First Lady also attended one inaugural ball during the evening of January 21, 2009. <ul><li>The Obama for America Staff Ball, <a href="/wiki/D.C._Armory" title="D.C. Armory">D.C. Armory</a>, held for staff members of President Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. The ball featured speeches by <a href="/wiki/David_Plouffe" title="David Plouffe">David Plouffe</a>, Joe Biden and Barack Obama, as well as a performance by <a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arcade_Fire" title="Arcade Fire">Arcade Fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="After-Midnight_Gathering">After-Midnight Gathering</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: After-Midnight Gathering">edit</a>]</div> After they made their formal visits to the circuit of January 20 inaugural balls, the Obamas hosted an after-midnight gathering at the White House for 70 of their earliest supporters, close friends and family. Guests who attended the after hours celebration at the White House included <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Jarrett" title="Valerie Jarrett">Valerie Jarrett</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Axelrod (political consultant)">David Axelrod</a>, Chicago Mayor <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Daley" title="Richard M. Daley">Richard Daley</a>, Representatives <a href="/wiki/Artur_Davis" title="Artur Davis">Artur Davis</a> of the state of Alabama and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Abercrombie" title="Neil Abercrombie">Neil Abercrombie</a> of the state of Hawaii, and Michelle Obama's brother <a href="/wiki/Craig_Robinson_(basketball_coach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Robinson (basketball coach)">Craig Robinson</a>. Members of the Illinois congressional delegation also attended the after hours event, including Senator <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> and Representatives <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Bean" title="Melissa Bean">Melissa Bean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Gutierrez" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Gutierrez">Luis Gutierrez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Costello" title="Jerry Costello">Jerry Costello</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_prayer_service">National prayer service</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: National prayer service">edit</a>]</div> On January 21, 2009, President Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama, Vice President Biden and his wife, Dr. Jill Biden, gathered at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a> for a national day of prayer.<a href="#cite_note-prayservice-162">[162]</a> At the prayer service, the Obamas and Bidens were joined in the front pew by former President Bill Clinton and his wife, Hillary Clinton, who was sworn in as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> later that day.<a href="#cite_note-prayservice-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-OHFFDOTSC-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The prayer service was attended by about 3,200 other invited guests, including members of the U.S. Congress, diplomats and other dignitaries.<a href="#cite_note-prayersvc-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Prayer_Service_Obama_Inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="From left to right: the Obamas and two other couples stand with their heads bowed in a pew" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/National_Prayer_Service_Obama_Inauguration.jpg/200px-National_Prayer_Service_Obama_Inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/National_Prayer_Service_Obama_Inauguration.jpg/300px-National_Prayer_Service_Obama_Inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/National_Prayer_Service_Obama_Inauguration.jpg/400px-National_Prayer_Service_Obama_Inauguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: the Obamas, Bidens, and Clintons in the front pew at the Washington National Cathedral on January 21, 2009</figcaption></figure> The theme of the interfaith worship service reflected inclusiveness and religious diversity, with a mix of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> pastors, female <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> religious leaders, rabbis, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a> bishops who delivered scripture readings and prayers throughout the service. Prayers for the service drew from passages from the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">1789 inauguration</a> prayer service of George Washington and the 1865 inaugural address of Abraham Lincoln, including phrases such as "with malice toward none, with charity for all".<a href="#cite_note-prayersvc-165">[165]</a> The featured sermon for the inaugural prayer service was delivered by Reverend Sharon E. Watkins, general minister and president of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a> and the first woman to deliver the sermon for the inaugural prayer service.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In her sermon, Watkins integrated passages from a variety of sources, such as passages summoned from sources rooted in the Hindu, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a>, Muslim and <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> faiths.<a href="#cite_note-prayersvc-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unofficial_events">Unofficial events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Unofficial events">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_unofficial_events_for_the_first_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="List of unofficial events for the first inauguration of Barack Obama">List of unofficial events for the first inauguration of Barack Obama</a></div> In addition to the official events, groups and supporters held an array of gatherings and celebrations throughout Washington, D.C., and the surrounding region in the days before and the evening following the inauguration.<a href="#cite_note-schedule-167">[167]</a> One such event, a newly created "People's Inaugural Ball" was held for economically and physically disadvantaged people from across the United States who otherwise would be unable to afford to attend the inaugural festivities.<a href="#cite_note-wp2-168">[168]</a> Earl W. Stafford, a businessman from <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax County</a>, Virginia, spent an estimated $1.6 million through his family's foundation to bring approximately 300 guests to Washington, D.C., hosting the ball on January 19, 2009, for a total of about 450 people.<a href="#cite_note-wp2-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Clothing, shoes, tuxedos and hotel rooms for attendees were provided as part of the invitation.<a href="#cite_note-afpgoogle-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attendance">Attendance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Attendance">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dignitaries,_family_and_celebrity_guests">Dignitaries, family and celebrity guests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Dignitaries, family and celebrity guests">edit</a>]</div> Outgoing President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, outgoing Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, former presidents <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and former vice presidents <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, along with their respective wives, attended the inauguration, including <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (Obama's choice to succeed <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> as secretary of state), who had been Obama's main opponent in the Democratic primaries (Clinton was attending as a former <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a>, not as the losing candidate).<a href="#cite_note-Cafiiw-171">[171]</a> Cheney was in a <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchair</a> because of an injury that he suffered while moving boxes.<a href="#cite_note-Cafiiw-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a>, the only living speaker from the historic 1963 rally at the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a>, was present on the stage during the inauguration.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_Yorker-173">[173]</a> More than 180 of the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a> attended as invited guests for the inauguration.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The five-person crew of <a href="/wiki/US_Airways_Flight_1549" title="US Airways Flight 1549">US Airways Flight 1549</a> attended the swearing-in ceremony, including <a href="/wiki/Chesley_Sullenberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesley Sullenberger">Chesley Sullenberger</a>, the pilot who <a href="/wiki/Water_landing#Commercial_aircraft" title="Water landing">landed</a> the aircraft in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> after losing both engines due to a <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">bird strike</a> just after departing <a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Airport</a> five days earlier.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Eighty-seven-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Onyango_Obama" title="Sarah Onyango Obama">Sarah Obama</a> led a group of Obama's <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenyan</a> relatives from his father's home village of <a href="/wiki/Kogelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogelo">Kogelo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-washingtontimes-177">[177]</a> Other relatives who traveled from Kenya as guests included Obama's aunt, Maggie Obama, his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Sayid_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayid Obama">Sayid Obama</a>, as well as his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Malik_Obama" title="Malik Obama">Malik Obama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-washingtontimes-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-iol-178">[178]</a> Also, Kenya youth activist and Chair of the Martin Luther King, Jr Africa Foundation, Mwangi Mukami, attended the Inaugural events.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Mukami had served as Chair of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-politics-kenya-idUSL0651198320080606">Obama Worldwide Supporters Campaign</a> though it was unrelated to the official campaign. Joe Biden's son, <a href="/wiki/Beau_Biden" title="Beau Biden">Beau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware Attorney General">Attorney General for the state of Delaware</a> and an officer and <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Army_National_Guard" title="Delaware Army National Guard">Delaware Army National Guard</a>, received a special furlough from serving in <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a> to participate in the ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Celebrity guests included the actors <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a>, talk show host <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a>, singer <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyoncé Knowles">Beyoncé Knowles</a>, director <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>, Colombian singer <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a>, boxer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a>, and golfer <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crowds_and_general_ticket_holders">Crowds and general ticket holders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Crowds and general ticket holders">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_at_National_Mall_for_Obama_inauguration_1-20-09_hires_090120-F-6184M-007a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of the entire length of the National Mall and the Washington Monument with a large audience of attendees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Crowd_at_National_Mall_for_Obama_inauguration_1-20-09_hires_090120-F-6184M-007a.jpg/275px-Crowd_at_National_Mall_for_Obama_inauguration_1-20-09_hires_090120-F-6184M-007a.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Crowd_at_National_Mall_for_Obama_inauguration_1-20-09_hires_090120-F-6184M-007a.jpg/413px-Crowd_at_National_Mall_for_Obama_inauguration_1-20-09_hires_090120-F-6184M-007a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Crowd_at_National_Mall_for_Obama_inauguration_1-20-09_hires_090120-F-6184M-007a.jpg/550px-Crowd_at_National_Mall_for_Obama_inauguration_1-20-09_hires_090120-F-6184M-007a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2564" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption>Crowds watch the inauguration at the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> behind it, are in the background.</figcaption></figure> No official count was taken of the number of people attending the inaugural ceremony, although multiple sources concluded that the ceremony had the largest audience of any event ever held in Washington, D.C. Government agencies and federal officials, who coordinated security and traffic management, determined the attendance count to be 1.8 million people based on information collected by several cameras and individuals on the ground. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported the <a href="/wiki/Crowd_size_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowd size estimation">estimated crowd size</a> for the inaugural ceremony, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> said it did not contest the estimate.<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-bostonglobe-attendance-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Doig" title="Stephen Doig">Stephen Doig</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>, estimated that 1.1 million people attended the inauguration ceremony using the same satellite image. Although the image was taken a little less than 45 minutes before Obama's swearing-in ceremony, Doig adjusted his estimate to include people who were still arriving in the area before the event.<a href="#cite_note-ASU-184">[184]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Despite his crowd estimate, Doig stated that "if I had to bet, I would say the [Barack] Obama crowd is in fact bigger than those that showed up for [Johnson] or any of the other things ... I'm wholly prepared to think it was the largest crowd."<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post-182">[182]</a> Approximately 1.2 million people had attended the <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Amid the massive crowds that arrived at the U.S. Capitol for the inauguration, about 4,000 ticket holders were unable to gain entry to reserved areas on the Capitol grounds after security personnel closed the gates at the start of the formal ceremony. Many ticket holders were stuck in tunnels where pedestrian traffic was directed to and from the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a>. People dubbed one such tunnel "the <a href="/wiki/Purple_Tunnel_of_Doom" title="Purple Tunnel of Doom">Purple Tunnel of Doom</a>", after the purple tickets that would-be viewers held.<a href="#cite_note-Doom-186">[186]</a> Others remained stuck in long lines as they waited to gain entry to the reserved areas.<a href="#cite_note-Doom-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Senator Dianne Feinstein, in her capacity as chair of the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, launched an investigation to address complaints by the affected ticket holders.<a href="#cite_note-WP-Nakamura-2009-02-21-188">[188]</a> The committee later announced that ticket holders who were unable to enter the Capitol grounds to view the ceremony would receive a copy of the swearing-in invitation and program, photos of President Obama and Vice President Biden and a color print of the inaugural ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-Blocked-ticketholders-189">[189]</a> Inauguration Day broke several records for the Washington Metropolitan Transit system. The 1,120,000 estimated Metrorail riders broke the record of 866,681 trips set the day before (which had broken the record set on July 11, 2008), and marked the first million-trip day in the system's history. Metro also provided 423,000 bus trips and 1,721 MetroAccess trips for a total of 1,544,721 trips, the highest ridership day ever in the transit authority's history.<a href="#cite_note-Metro-74">[74]</a> As of October 2018, the inauguration day crowd is still the largest in Metrorail history, but the <a href="/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March" title="2017 Women's March">2017 Women's March</a> has the highest counted, not estimated, single-day ridership of 1,001,613. In addition, the Sunday events helped Metro set a Sunday single-day record of 616,324 that is still the largest Sunday crowd.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a>]</div> As with the 54th and 55th presidential inaugurations, in 2001 and 2005, respectively, the 56th presidential inauguration in 2009 was designated as a <a href="/wiki/National_Special_Security_Event" title="National Special Security Event">National Special Security Event</a> (NSSE), resulting in the United States Secret Service being the lead Federal agency for the development and implementation of the overall security plan;<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) being the lead Federal agency for counter-terrorism, intelligence, and criminal investigation; and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) being the lead Federal agency for crisis management in the aftermath of any terrorist attack, natural disaster or other catastrophic incidents. The United States Capitol Police had primary responsibility for security and emergency response within the Capitol Complex to include the Inaugural Platform and the Inaugural Luncheon. The NSSE designation was made by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a>, Secretary of Homeland Security, on December 10, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> The inauguration took place in an era of enhanced security in the decade following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. Because of the size of the crowds expected in Washington, D.C. for the inaugural activities, planners raised concerns about public safety and security. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">Army</a> <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> Richard Rowe, head of the joint military task force for the Washington, D.C. area, explained that security forces had to stretch their imagination to anticipate previously unthinkable security threats, especially in light of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">Mumbai attacks</a> in India that occurred in November 2008.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Attention was heightened by terrorist threats.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Guard_at_2009_Inauguration.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Military personnel and vehicle in the street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/National_Guard_at_2009_Inauguration.JPG/235px-National_Guard_at_2009_Inauguration.JPG" decoding="async" width="235" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/National_Guard_at_2009_Inauguration.JPG/353px-National_Guard_at_2009_Inauguration.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/National_Guard_at_2009_Inauguration.JPG/470px-National_Guard_at_2009_Inauguration.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3025" data-file-height="2035" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">U.S. National Guard</a> vehicle on <a href="/wiki/K_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="K Street (Washington, D.C.)">K Street, N.W.</a> in Washington, D.C. during the inauguration</figcaption></figure> The police presence in the District of Columbia temporarily doubled, augmented by the addition of 8,000 police officers from around the United States. The police force was assisted by 1,000 <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> agents to provide security for the event,<a href="#cite_note-SCEBHfIaBI-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-OsflOip-141">[141]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a> <a href="/wiki/Countersniper" class="mw-redirect" title="Countersniper">Countersniper</a> team was assigned to hidden locations throughout the area.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-195">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> had over 300 officers from its National Deployment Force on hand to assist the Secret Service with security inspections of attendees entering the National Mall.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Ten thousand <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a> troops were on site, with 5,000 troops providing security duty in a ceremonial capacity and 1,300 unarmed troops aiding <a href="/wiki/United_States_Park_Police" title="United States Park Police">Park Police</a> in crowd control at the National Mall. C Company of the 1–175 <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> provided security between the first and second public viewing areas of the National Mall at the 7th Street, N.W. intersection, while the remaining members performed other security functions.<a href="#cite_note-OtcIlyb-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> implemented additional airspace restrictions over Washington, D.C. between 10:00 am and 6:00 pm on January 20, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> was chosen as the <a href="/wiki/Designated_survivor" title="Designated survivor">designated survivor</a> to ensure <a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">continuity of government</a> in case of catastrophe, and he spent Inauguration Day at a U.S. military installation outside of the Washington, D.C. area.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> No one from the crowds at the swearing-in ceremony or parade was arrested on Inauguration Day. According to a senior federal agent associated with managing security, the fact that no arrests were made by any agency during the inaugural events was unheard of for a record crowd of nearly two million gathering in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> In the 2009 book <a href="/wiki/In_the_President%27s_Secret_Service" title="In the President's Secret Service">In the President's Secret Service</a>, author and journalist <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Kessler" title="Ronald Kessler">Ronald Kessler</a> said intelligence officials received information that individuals associated with <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(Somalia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shabaab (Somalia)">Al-Shabaab</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> insurgency group, might try to disrupt the inauguration. More than a dozen counter-sniper teams were stationed along the inauguration parade route in response. The criminal records of nearby employees and hotel guests were scrutinized, but no such attack took place. Kessler also reported some perceived inadequacies in the security during the inauguration, including an instance in which more than 100 major campaign donors and VIPs could board "secure" buses without being checked.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viewership">Viewership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Viewership">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Weir_and_Mickey_Hart,_Obama_Inaugural.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bob_Weir_and_Mickey_Hart%2C_Obama_Inaugural.jpg/240px-Bob_Weir_and_Mickey_Hart%2C_Obama_Inaugural.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bob_Weir_and_Mickey_Hart%2C_Obama_Inaugural.jpg/360px-Bob_Weir_and_Mickey_Hart%2C_Obama_Inaugural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bob_Weir_and_Mickey_Hart%2C_Obama_Inaugural.jpg/480px-Bob_Weir_and_Mickey_Hart%2C_Obama_Inaugural.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="1751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bob_Weir" title="Bob Weir">Bob Weir</a> (playing guitar) and <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Hart" title="Mickey Hart">Mickey Hart</a> (playing drums) of the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a> performing at the Mid-Atlantic Inaugural Ball, January 20, 2009</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_audience">Television audience</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Television audience">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen ratings">Nielsen television ratings</a> indicated that 29.2% of televisions in the 56 largest <a href="/wiki/United_States_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="United States metropolitan area">media markets</a> in the United States were tuned to the inauguration, the largest audience since <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1981_presidential_inauguration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Reagan 1981 presidential inauguration">inauguration in 1981</a> and nearly double the <a href="/wiki/Viewership" class="mw-redirect" title="Viewership">viewership</a> of the 2005 inauguration of George W. Bush.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-neilsen-total-203">[203]</a> The Raleigh-Durham market had the largest TV audience with more than 51% of households tuned into the day's events, a number attributed in part to a snowstorm that kept people inside and in part to the large African American population in that community.<a href="#cite_note-neilsen-snow-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Of the top 10 media markets in terms of viewership, four were in North Carolina, two were in Virginia and one was in Maryland, with the Washington D.C. market ranking second highest in television viewership.<a href="#cite_note-neilsen-total-203">[203]</a> In addition, schools and workplaces across the country allowed viewing of the inauguration because the event occurred on a weekday.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> As measured between 10:00 am and 5:00 pm EST, U.S. television viewership for the Obama inaugural events achieved an average of 37.8 million across 17 broadcast and cable channels, not including <a href="/wiki/Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">online</a> viewers who watched live streaming video of the events. Although the Obama inaugural events achieved an average U.S. television viewership of 37.8 million across both broadcast networks and cable channels, viewership for the events was lower than the U.S. television viewership for the 1981 Reagan inaugural festivities, which averaged 41.8 million across the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> broadcast networks alone.<a href="#cite_note-viewers-208">[208]</a> Measurements of television viewership in Europe showed that Germany drew the largest audience for the Obama inauguration at 11 million viewers, followed by France at seven million and the United Kingdom at 5.1 million.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> (BBC), 6.5 million viewers in the United Kingdom watched highlights of the inauguration during its early evening news program.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_traffic">Internet traffic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Internet traffic">edit</a>]</div> The Obama inauguration resulted in a surge of Internet traffic to news and social networking websites and a record number of <a href="/wiki/Video_streams" class="mw-redirect" title="Video streams">video streams</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> reported that it generated more than 21 million video streams by 3:30 pm EST that day—an all-time record, in addition to receiving 136 million <a href="/wiki/Page_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Page view">page views</a> that day.<a href="#cite_note-internet-traffic-211">[211]</a> At one point during the surge of <a href="/wiki/Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">traffic</a> to view the Obama inauguration, the BBC reported downtime during its own live video feed at its website. The heavy website traffic caused the BBC video feed to cut out for 30 minutes, with web visitors seeing the message "Please come back later" instead of the live video footage.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The technology company <a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai</a> reported that 5,401,250 web users logged on news sites in less than one minute, the fifth highest peak among news websites since the company started tracking data in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-internet-traffic-211">[211]</a> During at-peak usage, news websites served seven million simultaneous video streams, which was the highest number of simultaneous video streams in Akamai's history.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> The Obama inaugural ceremony not only achieved the highest Internet viewership for a U.S. presidential inauguration, the inaugural event was the first to feature a live audio description of a swearing-in ceremony and the first to include <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captioning</a> in the live <a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">webcast</a> of the event.<a href="#cite_note-webcast-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reaction">International reaction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: International reaction">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenyans_observing_Barack_Obama%27s_2009_Inaugural_Address.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Audience seated in rows, smiling and clapping" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kenyans_observing_Barack_Obama%27s_2009_Inaugural_Address.jpg/250px-Kenyans_observing_Barack_Obama%27s_2009_Inaugural_Address.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kenyans_observing_Barack_Obama%27s_2009_Inaugural_Address.jpg/375px-Kenyans_observing_Barack_Obama%27s_2009_Inaugural_Address.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kenyans_observing_Barack_Obama%27s_2009_Inaugural_Address.jpg/500px-Kenyans_observing_Barack_Obama%27s_2009_Inaugural_Address.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Kenyans observing the inauguration from the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of the United States">United States embassy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> paid unprecedented attention to the inauguration of Barack Obama. Millions of people, including citizens of numerous countries around the world and American <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> living in those countries, watched the Obama inauguration live on television and on the Internet. In some countries, the Obama inauguration garnered as much viewership as the <a href="/wiki/Opening_ceremony" title="Opening ceremony">opening ceremony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kdn-214">[214]</a> Celebrations surrounding the inauguration, praise of the event's significance and congratulations to Obama on his inauguration were internationally diverse. In <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, the home country of Obama's father, people celebrated the inauguration as a public holiday.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesians</a> and Americans in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> watched the inauguration at a free midnight ball featuring performances by students from <a href="/wiki/State_Elementary_School_Menteng_01" title="State Elementary School Menteng 01">State Elementary School Menteng 01</a>, the school that Obama attended as a child.<a href="#cite_note-usa2day-216">[216]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Obama,_Fukui" title="Obama, Fukui">Obama</a> in Japan celebrated the event with fireworks, bell-ringing and hula-dancing at the Hagaji Temple.<a href="#cite_note-WSJBlogJapan-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> of Canada extended congratulations on behalf of Canadians,<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> while <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">Mexican President</a> <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a> wished Obama "great success in the work as the new President of the United States".<a href="#cite_note-worldcongrats-220">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli President">Israeli President</a> <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> described Obama's inauguration as a "great day" for the United States,<a href="#cite_note-WLACoOI-221">[221]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> noted that "The whole world is watching the inauguration of President Obama, witnessing a new chapter in both American history and the world's history."<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Leaders of some countries reserved enthusiasm for the Obama inauguration, with coverage of the event even muted in some places. <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">Cuban President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a>, brother of former Cuban president <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, declared that "[Obama] looks like a good man, I hope he is lucky",<a href="#cite_note-cubacongrats-223">[223]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Alarcón">Ricardo Alarcón</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">Cuban legislature</a>, admitted in his comments about Obama that "the incoming [U.S.] president 'is a big question mark.'"<a href="#cite_note-cubacongrats-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Iran">Iranian Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Mottaki" title="Manouchehr Mottaki">Manouchehr Mottaki</a> expressed hope for openness for a new direction, noting that "if Obama chooses the right path, compensates the past, lifts hostility and U.S. hegemony, and revises the previous political mistakes, we will have no hostility."<a href="#cite_note-WLACoOI-221">[221]</a> State-owned <a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">Channel One Russia</a>, Russia's flagship early evening news show, covered Obama's presidential inauguration as a minor news story, devoting much of the day's airtime instead to the gas war with Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-WwOi-224">[224]</a> The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> covered the Obama inauguration live on its state‑controlled <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a>, providing simultaneous translation into <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin Chinese</a> with a brief delay to allow <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the People's Republic of China">censoring</a> of Obama's comments. When President Obama mentioned "earlier generations faced down <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>", Chinese state television officials cut away abruptly from the televised speech and switched to a discussion in the studio.<a href="#cite_note-bbcbristow-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-scranton-226">[226]</a> State-controlled print, radio and television media in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> provided no coverage or mention of the Obama inauguration in the hours after the event, opting instead to cover news about <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> welcoming the North Korean ambassador.<a href="#cite_note-bbcworld-227">[227]</a> Ordinary citizens in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> even viewed the new president with cautious optimism. One Iraqi citizen opined that "If [Obama] can do as well as he talks, then all our problems are over", adding a belief that "[Obama] is a good man, but many people in Iraq believe all American presidents are the same and that we are a playground for their interests."<a href="#cite_note-iraqview-228">[228]</a> Another citizen noted that "Obama won't get the same treatment,' ... 'But he won't have too long to prove himself to us.'"<a href="#cite_note-iraqview-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama%27s_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency">First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency of Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Presidential transition of Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Second inauguration of Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2009)">Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unofficial_events_for_the_first_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="List of unofficial events for the first inauguration of Barack Obama">List of unofficial events for the first inauguration of Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT-Nagourney-2008-11-04-1"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Nagourney-2008-11-04_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNagourney2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Nagourney" title="Adam 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Retrieved January 22, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dallas+Voice&rft.atitle=Obama+doesn%27t+mention+gays+in+Inaugural+address%2C+but+LGBT+community+more+visible+than+ever+in+D.C&rft.date=2011-12-26&rft.au=Keen%2C+Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasvoice.com%2Fobama-doesnt-mention-gays-in-inaugural-address-but-lgbt-community-more-visible-than-ever-in-d-c-1018670.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+inauguration+of+Barack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osfpp-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osfpp_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osfpp_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osfpp_127-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302065319/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/01/20/obama-signs-first-presidential-proclamation/">"Obama signs first presidential proclamation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cable_News_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable News Network">Cable News Network</a>. January 20, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/01/20/obama-signs-first-presidential-proclamation/">the original</a> on March 2, 2014. 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January 21, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911123346/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28755439/">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Kennedy+released+from+hospital+after+seizure%3A+Aide%3A+His+spirits+are+good%3B+doctors+want+him+to+get+some+rest&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna28755439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+inauguration+of+Barack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKCALFO-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKCALFO_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKCALFO_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99614326">"Sen. 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January 20, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331014719/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3963354,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Leaders%2C+Adversaries+Comment+on+Obama+Inauguration&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2009-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C3963354%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+inauguration+of+Barack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/obama_inauguration/7840565.stm">"In quotes:Leaders welcome Obama"</a>. BBC News. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090121092032/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/asia-pacific/7841580.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2009. 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Retrieved March 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=China+Censors+Parts+of+Obama%27s+Speech&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2009%2F01%2F21%2Fchina-censors-parts-of-ob_n_159603.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+inauguration+of+Barack+Obama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcworld-227"><a href="#cite_ref-bbcworld_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/obama_inauguration/7839486.stm">"World hopes on Obama"</a>. BBC News. 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Retrieved April 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jubilation+and+resignation+as+world+reacts+to+arrival+of+new+US+president&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft.aulast=Dehghan&rft.aufirst=Saeed+Kamali&rft.au=Rice%2C+Xan&rft.au=Harding%2C+Luke&rft.au=Chulov%2C+Martin&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Rory+and+McCarthy%2C+Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fjan%2F20%2Fobama-inauguration-global-reaction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+inauguration+of+Barack+Obama" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a 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class="extiw" title="c:Category:Barack Obama 2009 presidential inauguration">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/First inauguration of Barack Obama">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/First inauguration of Barack Obama">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/283479-1">President Obama 2009 Inaugural Ceremony.</a> <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>. Retrieved 2012-03-31.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inaugural.senate.gov/index.cfm">Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129192749/http://inaugural.senate.gov/index.cfm">Archived</a> January 29, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverpost.com/politics/ci_11498503">Complete list of inaugural parade participants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inaugural.senate.gov/documents/doc-2009-inauguralmediaguide.pdf">The 56th Presidential Inauguration: Inaugural Media Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090515235814/http://inaugural.senate.gov/documents/doc-2009-inauguralmediaguide.pdf">Archived</a> May 15, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Biyyaa, Q. (2009-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208174835/http://jimmatimes.com/article.cfm?articleID=31780">President Barack Obama's inaugural speech analysed from African perspective.</a> Jimma Times (Ethiopia). Retrieved 2009-05-15.</li></ul> <big>Speeches</big> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/17/us/politics/17text-obama.html">Transcript of prepared remarks of Barack Obama in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/01/17/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry4730806.shtml">Transcript of prepared remarks of Barack Obama in Baltimore, Maryland</a></li> <li>Canary, A. (2009-01-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130210030430/http://voices.yahoo.com/inauguration-barack-obama-dianne-feinsteins-inaugural-2560195.html">Inauguration of Barack Obama: Dianne Feinstein's Inaugural Welcoming Speech Worth a Second Listen, Too.</a> <a href="/wiki/Associated_Content" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Content">Yahoo! Voices</a>. Retrieved 2011-12-26.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/inaugural-address">Full transcript and video of the inaugural address of President Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/21st_century/obama.asp">Text of Obama's First Inaugural Address</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909061850/http://www.americanrhetoric.com/mp3clips/barackobama/barackobamainauguraladdress232.mp3">Audio of Obama's First Inaugural Address</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama" title="Template talk:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barack_Obama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">44th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">from Illinois</a> (2005–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senator</a> from the 13th district (1997–2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois Senate career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">U.S. Senate career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">Political positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Administration foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Barack Obama administration">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance" title="Barack Obama on mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Wing_Week" title="West Wing Week">West Wing Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Transition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2009 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2013 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Barack Obama presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2009)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2010)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2010)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2011)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2011)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2012)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2012)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2013)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016%E2%80%932017)#January_2017" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)">January 2017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)#Reassessment_and_renewed_commitment_from_2008" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Iraq withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">Benghazi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Return to Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">War in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Pivot to Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="European foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economic policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy</a>/Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Marine policy of the Barack Obama administration">Marine policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy,_Hunger-Free_Kids_Act_of_2010" title="Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010">Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Ahead_for_Progress_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act">MAP-21st Century Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixing_America%27s_Surface_Transportation_Act" title="Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act">FAST Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama">Presidential trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2009)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2009)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2010)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2010)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2011)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2011)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2012)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2012)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2013)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2013)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2014)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2015)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2016%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2016–2017)">2016–17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination">Garland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Barack_Obama" title="Cabinet of Barack Obama">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Presidential Library and Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of executive actions by Barack Obama">Executive actions</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Hussein_Obama/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Hussein Obama/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_memoranda_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential memoranda by Barack Obama">Memoranda</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Obama/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Obama/Presidential Proclamations">Proclamations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">Trump transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Estate" title="Plantation Estate">Plantation Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books by Barack Obama">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)" title="Of Thee I Sing (book)">Of Thee I Sing (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land (2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama" title="Speeches of Barack Obama">Speeches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address">The Audacity of Hope</a>" (2004)</li> <li>"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_of_Senator_Barack_Obama_on_New_Hampshire_Primary_Night" class="extiw" title="s:Remarks of Senator Barack Obama on New Hampshire Primary Night">Yes We Can</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(speech)" title="A More Perfect Union (speech)">A More Perfect Union</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_election_victory_speech" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential election victory speech">Change Has Come to America</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ceremony:_"A_New_Birth_of_Freedom"">A New Birth of Freedom</a>" (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2009)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_New_Beginning_(speech)" title="A New Beginning (speech)">A New Beginning</a>" (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2010 State of the Union Address">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2011 State of the Union Address">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2012 State of the Union Address">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2013 State of the Union Address">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2014 State of the Union Address">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2015 State of the Union Address">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2016 State of the Union Address">2016</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Tucson_memorial_speech" title="Barack Obama Tucson memorial speech">Tucson memorial speech</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jobs_Act" title="American Jobs Act">Joint session of Congress (jobs)</a> (2011)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_didn%27t_build_that" title="You didn't build that">You didn't build that</a>" (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Selma_50th_anniversary_speech" title="Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech">Selma 50th anniversary</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_farewell_address" title="Barack Obama's farewell address">Farewell address</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama" title="Electoral history of Barack Obama">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illinois</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">State Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#First_state_Senate_election,_1996" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Second_state_Senate_election,_1998" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Third_state_Senate_election,_2002" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">2002</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. House of Representatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election" title="2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election">2000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">2008 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">GOP/conservative support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_staff_members" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign staff members">staff members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign">primary campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">2012 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro" title="Lolo Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> (stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro-Ng</a> (maternal half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham">Stanley Armour Dunham</a> (maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham" title="Madelyn Dunham">Madelyn Dunham</a> (maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auma_Obama" title="Auma Obama">Auma Obama</a> (paternal half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Obama" title="Malik Obama">Malik Obama</a> (paternal half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Robinson" title="Marian Robinson">Marian Robinson</a> (mother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Robinson_(basketball)" title="Craig Robinson (basketball)">Craig Robinson</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(dog)" title="Bo (dog)">Bo</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_(dog)" title="Sunny (dog)">Sunny</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama" title="Template talk:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_image" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News and political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey%27s_endorsement_of_Barack_Obama" title="Oprah Winfrey's endorsement of Barack Obama">Oprah Winfrey's endorsement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">Citizenship conspiracy theories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation" title="Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation">litigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">Religion conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers_2008_presidential_election_controversy" title="Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy">Bill Ayers controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy" title="Jeremiah Wright controversy">Jeremiah Wright controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">Republican and conservative support (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Barack_Obama" title="Security incidents involving Barack Obama">Assassination threats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Denver" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Denver">2008 Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Tennessee" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Tennessee">2008 Tennessee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitations_to_the_first_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Invitations to the first inauguration of Barack Obama">First inauguration invitations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_One:_The_Obama_Inaugural_Celebration_at_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial">Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Briefing_Book" title="Citizen's Briefing Book">Citizen's Briefing Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_arrest_controversy#Presidential_involvement" title="Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy">Gates–Crowley Rose Garden meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_of_Shirley_Sherrod" title="Firing of Shirley Sherrod">Firing of Shirley Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Barack_Obama" title="Efforts to impeach Barack Obama">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_tan_suit_controversy" title="Barack Obama tan suit controversy">Tan suit controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books about Barack Obama">Books about</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama" title="Bibliography of Barack Obama">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power" title="Obama: From Promise to Power">Obama: From Promise to Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_Der_schwarze_Kennedy" title="Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy">Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_Song_(Stanage_book)" title="Redemption Song (Stanage book)">Redemption Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Barack_Obama" title="The Case Against Barack Obama">The Case Against Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Nation" title="The Obama Nation">The Obama Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Corruption" title="Culture of Corruption">Culture of Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(Morris_and_McGann_book)" title="Catastrophe (Morris and McGann book)">Catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_and_Michelle" title="Barack and Michelle">Barack and Michelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sharpley-Whiting_book)" title="The Speech (Sharpley-Whiting book)">The Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Story" title="The Obama Story">The Obama Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Between_Barack_and_a_Hard_Place" title="Between Barack and a Hard Place">Between Barack and a Hard Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Change" title="Game Change">Game Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Zombies" title="Obama Zombies">Obama Zombies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Victory" title="Conservative Victory">Conservative Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama" title="The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama">The Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Diaries" title="The Obama Diaries">The Obama Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Syndrome" title="The Obama Syndrome">The Obama Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Identity" title="The Obama Identity">The Obama Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O:_A_Presidential_Novel" title="O: A Presidential Novel">O: A Presidential Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where%27s_the_Birth_Certificate%3F" title="Where's the Birth Certificate?">Where's the Birth Certificate?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama%27s_Last_Stand" title="Obama's Last Stand">Obama's Last Stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story" title="Barack Obama: The Story">Barack Obama: The Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Down:_Game_Change_2012" title="Double Down: Game Change 2012"> Game Change 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_Remorse_(book)" title="Buyer's Remorse (book)">Buyer's Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(book)" title="Rising Star (book)">Rising Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade:_A_Tale_of_Two_Presidents" title="Shade: A Tale of Two Presidents">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_It_Is_(book)" title="The World as It Is (book)">The World as It Is</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Lee_Ettinger" title="Amber Lee Ettinger">Obama Girl</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Crush_on_Obama" title="Crush on Obama">I Got a Crush... on Obama</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro#Barack_Obama" title="Magical Negro">Barack the Magic Negro</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will.i.am" title="Will.i.am">will.i.am</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)" title="Yes We Can (will.i.am song)">Yes We Can</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_President_Sang_Amazing_Grace" title="The President Sang Amazing Grace">The President Sang Amazing Grace</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/There%27s_No_One_as_Irish_as_Barack_O%27Bama" title="There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama">There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD_Se_Puede_Cambiar" title="Sí Se Puede Cambiar">Sí Se Puede Cambiar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_President" title="My President">My President</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Deadheads_for_Obama" title="Deadheads for Obama">Deadheads for Obama</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Air_and_Simple_Gifts" title="Air and Simple Gifts">Air and Simple Gifts</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_Is_Now:_Renewing_America%27s_Promise" title="Change Is Now: Renewing America's Promise">Change Is Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope!_%E2%80%93_Das_Obama_Musical" title="Hope! – Das Obama Musical">Hope! – Das Obama Musical</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_vs._Mitt_Romney_(video)" title="Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney (video)">Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baracksdubs" title="Baracksdubs">Barack's Dubs</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Signed,_Sealed,_Delivered_I%27m_Yours#Political_significance" title="Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours">Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film, TV, and stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By_the_People:_The_Election_of_Barack_Obama" title="By the People: The Election of Barack Obama">By the People: The Election of Barack Obama</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_(film)" title="Change (film)">Change</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Anak_Menteng" title="Obama Anak Menteng">Obama Anak Menteng</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016:_Obama%27s_America" title="2016: Obama's America">2016: Obama's America</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_We%27ve_Traveled" title="The Road We've Traveled">The Road We've Traveled</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southside_with_You" title="Southside with You">Southside with You</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton">Hillary and Clinton</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_(2016_film)" title="Barry (2016 film)">Barry</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Great_Divide" title="America's Great Divide">America's Great Divide</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_the_People_(2021_TV_series)" title="We the People (2021 TV series)">We the People</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegades:_Born_in_the_USA" title="Renegades: Born in the USA">Renegades: Born in the USA</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama:_In_Pursuit_of_a_More_Perfect_Union" title="Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union">Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturing_the_Obamas" title="Picturing the Obamas">Picturing the Obamas</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Images of Barack Obama">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Barack_Obama" title="Social media use by Barack Obama">Social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_for_Obama" title="Artists for Obama">Artists for Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Hope%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Hope" poster">"Hope" poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Joker%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Joker" poster">"Joker" poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_Like_Mine" title="Hair Like Mine">Hair Like Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_Crosson" title="Iman Crosson">Iman Crosson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Man_(painting)" title="The Forgotten Man (painting)">The Forgotten Man</a> (2010 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Barack_Obama_(painting)" title="President Barack Obama (painting)">President Barack Obama</a> (2018 portrait)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_logo" title="Obama logo">Obama logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_in_comics" title="Barack Obama in comics">In comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_summer_playlist" title="Barack Obama's summer playlist">Barack Obama's summer playlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama Day">Obama Day (Kenya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Barack Obama">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">Namesakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Ground_Productions" title="Higher Ground Productions">Higher Ground Productions</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Last_Time_(Hamilton_song)#Remix" title="One Last Time (Hamilton song)">One Last Time (44 Remix)</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight_before_signing" title="Sunlight before signing">Sunlight before signing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">← George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Barack_Obama" title="Category:Barack Obama">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joe_Biden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joe_Biden" title="Template:Joe Biden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joe_Biden" title="Template talk:Joe Biden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joe_Biden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joe Biden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joe_Biden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">47th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware" title="List of United States senators from Delaware">from Delaware</a> (1973–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden" title="Early life and career of Joe Biden">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Senate_career_of_Joe_Biden" title="US Senate career of Joe Biden">U.S. Senate career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden#Vice_presidency_(2009–2017)" title="Joe Biden">Vice presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></li> <li>Task forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Violence_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun Violence Task Force">Gun Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault" title="White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault">Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">First Trump transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_Information_Procedures_Act" title="Classified Information Procedures Act">Classified Information Procedures Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Counterterrorism_Act_of_1995" title="Omnibus Counterterrorism Act of 1995">Counterterrorism Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act" title="Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act">Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Appointments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Joe_Biden" title="Cabinet of Joe Biden">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Agriculture_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Agriculture appointments by Joe Biden">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Commerce_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Commerce appointments by Joe Biden">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Defense_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Defense appointments by Joe Biden">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Education_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Education appointments by Joe Biden">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Energy_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Energy appointments by Joe Biden">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Executive_Office_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Executive Office appointments by Joe Biden">Executive Office appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Health and Human Services appointments by Joe Biden">HHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Homeland_Security_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Homeland Security appointments by Joe Biden">Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Housing and Urban Development appointments by Joe Biden">HUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_the_Interior_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of the Interior appointments by Joe Biden">Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Justice_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Justice appointments by Joe Biden">Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Joe Biden">U.S. attorneys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Labor_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Labor appointments by Joe Biden">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_State_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of State appointments by Joe Biden">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of ambassadors appointed by Joe Biden">ambassadors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Transportation_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Transportation appointments by Joe Biden">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_the_Treasury_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of the Treasury appointments by Joe Biden">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Veterans Affairs appointments by Joe Biden">Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of federal judges appointed by Joe Biden">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Joe Biden Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021" title="American Rescue Plan Act of 2021">American Rescue Plan Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Police_Emergency_Assistance_Act_of_2021" title="Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act of 2021">Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2022" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022">Consolidated Appropriations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2022" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022">National Defense Authorization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RENACER_Act" title="RENACER Act">RENACER Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Forced_Labor_Prevention_Act" title="Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act">Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Safer_Communities_Act" title="Bipartisan Safer Communities Act">Bipartisan Safer Communities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act" title="CHIPS and Science Act">CHIPS and Science Act</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2023" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023">Consolidated Appropriations Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Reform_and_Presidential_Transition_Improvement_Act_of_2022" title="Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022">Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merger_Filing_Fee_Modernization_Act_of_2021" title="Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2021">Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_TikTok_on_Government_Devices_Act" title="No TikTok on Government Devices Act">No TikTok on Government Devices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnant_Workers_Fairness_Act" title="Pregnant Workers Fairness Act">Pregnant Workers Fairness Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Antitrust_Enforcement_Venue_Act_of_2021" title="State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act of 2021">State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Antilynching_Act" title="Emmett Till Antilynching Act">Emmett Till Antilynching Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Marijuana_and_Cannabidiol_Research_Expansion_Act" title="Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act">Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honoring_our_PACT_Act_of_2022" title="Honoring our PACT Act of 2022">PACT Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2023" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023">National Defense Authorization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Service_Reform_Act_of_2022" title="Postal Service Reform Act of 2022">Postal Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect_for_Marriage_Act" title="Respect for Marriage Act">Respect for Marriage Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speak_Out_Act" title="Speak Out Act">Speak Out Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Democracy_Defense_Lend-Lease_Act_of_2022" title="Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022">Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Origin_Act_of_2023" title="COVID-19 Origin Act of 2023">COVID-19 Origin Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_Responsibility_Act_of_2023" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023">Fiscal Responsibility Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2024" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024">National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Defense_Cooperation_between_Finland_and_the_United_States_of_America" title="Agreement on Defense Cooperation between Finland and the United States of America">DCA agreement between Finland and the US</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADVANCE_Act" title="ADVANCE Act">ADVANCE Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2024" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024">Consolidated Appropriations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_118-50" title="Public Law 118-50">National Security Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Americans_from_Foreign_Adversary_Controlled_Applications_Act" title="Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act">Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">Policies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Joe Biden administration">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 policy of the Joe Biden administration">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board" title="COVID-19 Advisory Board">COVID-19 Advisory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team" title="White House COVID-19 Response Team">White House COVID-19 Response Team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Economic policy of the Joe Biden administration">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biden_v._Nebraska" title="Biden v. Nebraska">Biden v. Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_Back_Better_Plan" title="Build Back Better Plan">Build Back Better Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_and_ethics_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Electoral and ethics policy of the Joe Biden administration">Electoral and ethical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States">Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_for_Democracy" title="Summit for Democracy">Summit for Democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Environmental policy of the Joe Biden administration">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Leaders_Summit_on_Climate" title="2021 Leaders Summit on Climate">2021 Leaders Summit on Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Executive Order 13990</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration">Foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">2021 Russia–United States summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Chinese_balloon_incident" title="2023 Chinese balloon incident">2023 Chinese balloon incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Japanese%E2%80%93Korean_trilateral_pact" title="American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact">Camp David Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">War in Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_visit_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_to_the_United_States" title="2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the United States">2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_visit_by_Joe_Biden_to_Ukraine" title="2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine">2023 visit to Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Israel_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war">War in Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_complicity_in_Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">accusation of genocide complicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ankara_prisoner_exchange" title="2024 Ankara prisoner exchange">Russian prisoner exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Immigration policy of the Joe Biden administration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Social policy of the Joe Biden administration">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Joe Biden administration">Space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">Inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_preparations_for_the_inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Joe Biden presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2021_Q1)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2021_Q2)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2021_Q3)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2021_Q4)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2022_Q1)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2022_Q2)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2022_Q3)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2022_Q4)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2023_Q1)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2023_Q2)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2023_Q3)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2023_Q4)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2024_Q1)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2024_Q2)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2024_Q3)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2024_Q4%E2%80%93January_2025)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q4–January 2025)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidential transition of Donald Trump">Second Trump transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_classified_documents_incident" title="Joe Biden classified documents incident">Classified documents incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Joe_Biden" title="Efforts to impeach Joe Biden">Efforts to impeach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Committee_investigation_into_the_Biden_family" title="United States House Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden family">House Oversight Committee investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Joe_Biden" title="Impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden">inquiry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of executive actions by Joe Biden">Executive actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of proclamations by Joe Biden">proclamations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration">Opinion polling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_opinion_polling_on_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="2021 opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_opinion_polling_on_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="2022 opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_opinion_polling_on_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="2023 opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_opinion_polling_on_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="2024 opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden">Presidential trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_(2021)" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_(2022)" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2022)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_(2023)" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2023)">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_(2024%E2%80%9325)" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2024–25)">2024–2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of international presidential trips made by Joe Biden">international</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Joe_Biden" title="Electoral history of Joe Biden">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1972 United States Senate election in Delaware">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1978 United States Senate election in Delaware">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1984 United States Senate election in Delaware">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1990 United States Senate election in Delaware">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1996 United States Senate election in Delaware">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="2002 United States Senate election in Delaware">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="2008 United States Senate election in Delaware">2008</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">2008 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates#October_2:_Vice_presidential_debate_(Washington_University_in_St._Louis)" title="2008 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama#Biden_Senate_transition" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">2012 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates#October_11:_Vice_presidential_debate_(Centre_College)" title="2012 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign">1988 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign">2008 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">debates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign">2020 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basement_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Basement campaign">basement campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_celebrity_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign celebrity endorsements">celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements_from_organizations" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements from organizations">organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_congressional_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign congressional endorsements">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_state_and_territorial_legislative_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign state and territorial legislative endorsements">state and territorial officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_municipal_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign municipal endorsements">municipal officials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign primary endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden-Sanders_Unity_Task_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden-Sanders Unity Task Forces">Unity Task Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests" title="2020–21 United States election protests">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign">2024 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democrats_who_opposed_the_Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign" title="List of Democrats who opposed the Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign">Democratic opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign primary endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protest_vote_movements" title="Israel–Hamas war protest vote movements">protest vote movements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2024 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Joe_Biden" title="Family of Joe Biden">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Francis_Blewitt" title="Edward Francis Blewitt">Edward Francis Blewitt</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neilia_Hunter_Biden" title="Neilia Hunter Biden">Neilia Hunter Biden</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill Biden</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Biden" title="James Biden">James Biden</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Biden_Owens" title="Valerie Biden Owens">Valerie Biden Owens</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Biden" title="Beau Biden">Beau Biden</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Biden" title="Hunter Biden">Hunter Biden</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Biden" title="Ashley Biden">Ashley Biden</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Krein" title="Howard Krein">Howard Krein</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallie_Olivere_Biden" title="Hallie Olivere Biden">Hallie Olivere Biden</a> (daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Buhle" title="Kathleen Buhle">Kathleen Buhle</a> (former daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Cohen_Biden" title="Melissa Cohen Biden">Melissa Cohen Biden</a> (daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Biden" class="mw-redirect" title="Naomi Biden">Naomi Biden</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li>Dogs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(dog)" title="Champ (dog)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(Joe_Biden%27s_dog)" title="Major (Joe Biden's dog)">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander_(dog)" title="Commander (dog)">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willow_(cat)" title="Willow (cat)">Willow</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Joe_Biden" title="Bibliography of Joe Biden">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promises_to_Keep_(memoir)" title="Promises to Keep (memoir)">Promises to Keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promise_Me,_Dad" title="Promise Me, Dad">Promise Me, Dad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_Will_Be_Different" title="Tomorrow Will Be Different">Tomorrow Will Be Different (foreword)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden#Inaugural_address" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">Inaugural address</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Joe_Biden_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="2021 Joe Biden speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2022 State of the Union Address">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2023 State of the Union Address">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2024 State of the Union Address">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Joe_Biden_speech_in_Warsaw" title="2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw">Warsaw speech</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_Soul_of_the_Nation_speech" title="Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech">Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(film)" title="Confirmation (film)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Choice_2020" title="The Choice 2020">The Choice 2020</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Intro_to_Political_Science" title="Intro to Political Science">Intro to Political Science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Son_Hunter" title="My Son Hunter">My Son Hunter</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Last_Ride" title="One Last Ride">One Last Ride</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_(The_Onion)" title="Joe Biden (The Onion)">The Onion's "Diamond Joe"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Cartoon_President" title="Our Cartoon President">Our Cartoon President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Joe_Biden" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Joe Biden">Saturday Night Live parodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image_(2020_TV_series)" title="Spitting Image (2020 TV series)">Spitting Image</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_and_health_concerns_about_Joe_Biden" title="Age and health concerns about Joe Biden">Age and health concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of awards and honors received by Joe Biden">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Biden_Cancer_Moonshot" class="mw-redirect" title="Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot">Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden_Foundation" title="Biden Foundation">Biden Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_a_shotgun" title="Buy a shotgun">Buy a shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Joe_Biden" title="List of things named after Joe Biden">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Biden_laptop_controversy" title="Hunter Biden laptop controversy">Hunter Biden laptop controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Did_That!" title="I Did That!">I Did That!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joever" class="mw-redirect" title="Joever">Joever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Brandon" title="Let's Go Brandon">Let's Go Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Joe_Biden" title="Public image of Joe Biden">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_sexual_assault_allegation" title="Joe Biden sexual assault allegation">Sexual assault allegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Joe_(nickname)" title="Sleepy Joe (nickname)">Sleepy Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">← Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">← Dick Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Joe_Biden" title="Category:Joe Biden">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_presidential_inaugurations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_inaugurations" title="Template:United States presidential inaugurations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_inaugurations" title="Template talk:United States presidential inaugurations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_presidential_inaugurations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States presidential inaugurations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_presidential_inaugurations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">United States presidential inaugurations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">Washington (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="Second inauguration of George Washington">Washington (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Adams" title="Inauguration of John Adams">J. Adams (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson (1801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson (1805)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="First inauguration of James Madison">Madison (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="Second inauguration of James Madison">Madison (1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Monroe" title="First inauguration of James Monroe">Monroe (1817)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Monroe" title="Second inauguration of James Monroe">Monroe (1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Inauguration of John Quincy Adams">J. Q. Adams (1825)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="First inauguration of Andrew Jackson">Jackson (1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson">Jackson (1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Inauguration of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren (1837)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Henry_Harrison" title="Inauguration of William Henry Harrison">W. H. Harrison (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Tyler" title="Inauguration of John Tyler">Tyler (1841)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_K._Polk" title="Inauguration of James K. Polk">Polk (1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Zachary_Taylor" title="Inauguration of Zachary Taylor">Taylor (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Inauguration of Millard Fillmore">Fillmore (1850)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Inauguration of Franklin Pierce">Pierce (1853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_Buchanan" title="Inauguration of James Buchanan">Buchanan (1857)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Inauguration of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson (1865)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant (1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes (1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Inauguration of James A. Garfield">Garfield (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur (1881)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="First inauguration of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison">B. Harrison (1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland (1893)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_William_McKinley" title="First inauguration of William McKinley">McKinley (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_William_McKinley" title="Second inauguration of William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt (1901)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">Taft (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Inauguration of Warren G. Harding">Harding (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge (1923)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Inauguration of Herbert Hoover">Hoover (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="First inauguration of Harry S. Truman">Truman (1945)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman">Truman (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson (1963)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">Nixon (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">Nixon (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">Ford (1974)</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">Carter (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">Reagan (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan">Reagan (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">Clinton (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">Clinton (1997)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush (2005)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obama (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Obama (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">Trump (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">Biden (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second inauguration of Donald Trump">Trump (2025)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*Intra-term inaugurations</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first 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