CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="preload" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/astra-local-fonts/merriweather-sans/2-c99IRs1JiJN1FRAMjTN5zd9vgsFHX1QjU.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin><meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <title>Privacy Policy | Author Services from Springer Nature EN</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/privacy-policy/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Privacy Policy | Author Services from Springer Nature EN" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Last Updated: August 6, 2024 This is the privacy policy (“Policy”) for http://authorservices.springernature.com and http://authorservices.springernature.cn (“the Websites”), which are operated […]" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://authorservices.springernature.com/privacy-policy/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Author Services from Springer Nature EN" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-12-18T10:05:27+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/SNAS-site-placeholder-image.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="16 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/privacy-policy/","url":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/privacy-policy/","name":"Privacy Policy | Author Services from Springer Nature EN","isPartOf":{"@id":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/#website"},"datePublished":"2024-02-21T23:03:23+00:00","dateModified":"2024-12-18T10:05:27+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/privacy-policy/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://authorservices.springernature.com/privacy-policy/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/privacy-policy/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://authorservices.springernature.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Privacy Policy"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/#website","url":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/","name":"Author Services from Springer Nature","description":"Improve your academic writing with Nature Research Editing Service ✯ English Editing ✯ Scientific Editing ✯ Expert editors in your subject area","publisher":{"@id":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/#organization","name":"Author Services from Springer Nature","url":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png?fit=475%2C93&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png?fit=475%2C93&ssl=1","width":475,"height":93,"caption":"Author Services from Springer Nature"},"image":{"@id":"http://authorservices.springernature.com/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//widgets.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//jetpack.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//public-api.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//0.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//1.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//2.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='//c0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Author Services from Springer Nature EN » Feed" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Author Services from Springer Nature EN » Comments Feed" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/comments/feed/" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/authorservices.springernature.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-1f7db607ba9126f28584efec2c3561e7' href='https://authorservices.springernature.com/_static/??-eJx1kF1uwyAQhC9UAnZrXD9UOcsa1pR4DRY/inz7bhNFddv4BTEDH+zMdRUmhoKhyPKJC2YJuSTgNWPJ0uQsFx/85NHKBXw4sTqx+3L9AW+EoGiAxMRe/u/8RVaqzocsXWU5YnJyrJ6sHJmZBfkxQdpkLhvhEUqwxVqES97+vuiDoWo5yYVnR+sBiYMxuRcr45gEoQOz7UMd0ny218+KqCtFsFlWcOI+5qNHrZS62UyIrm/ej1JdsKxgZrlEW4mnID/z+rSIx2/3ssHaGPZ7ofted0o30A7j1Av11nbt0OjvZ87LR9O/Dk2vWj18AaORveA=' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='astra-theme-css-inline-css'> :root{--ast-post-nav-space:0;--ast-container-default-xlg-padding:2.5em;--ast-container-default-lg-padding:2.5em;--ast-container-default-slg-padding:2em;--ast-container-default-md-padding:2.5em;--ast-container-default-sm-padding:2.5em;--ast-container-default-xs-padding:2.4em;--ast-container-default-xxs-padding:1.8em;--ast-code-block-background:#ECEFF3;--ast-comment-inputs-background:#F9FAFB;--ast-normal-container-width:1200px;--ast-narrow-container-width:750px;--ast-blog-title-font-weight:600;--ast-blog-meta-weight:600;}html{font-size:100%;}a{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}a:hover,a:focus{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}body,button,input,select,textarea,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button{font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;line-height:var(--ast-body-line-height,2em);}blockquote{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}p,.entry-content p{margin-bottom:1em;}h1,.entry-content h1,h2,.entry-content h2,h3,.entry-content h3,h4,.entry-content h4,h5,.entry-content h5,h6,.entry-content h6,.site-title,.site-title a{font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;font-weight:700;}.site-title{font-size:35px;font-size:2.1875rem;display:none;}.site-header .site-description{font-size:15px;font-size:0.9375rem;display:none;}.entry-title{font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;}.ast-blog-single-element.ast-taxonomy-container a{font-size:14px;font-size:0.875rem;}.ast-blog-meta-container{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;}.archive .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner,.blog .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner,.archive .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner:hover,.blog .ast-article-post .ast-article-inner:hover{border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;}h1,.entry-content h1{font-size:36px;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:700;font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;line-height:1.4em;}h2,.entry-content h2{font-size:28px;font-size:1.75rem;font-weight:700;font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;line-height:1.3em;}h3,.entry-content h3{font-size:24px;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;line-height:1.3em;}h4,.entry-content h4{font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:700;font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;}h5,.entry-content h5{font-size:18px;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:700;font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;}h6,.entry-content h6{font-size:15px;font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.25em;font-weight:700;font-family:'Merriweather Sans',sans-serif;}::selection{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);color:#ffffff;}body,h1,.entry-title a,.entry-content h1,h2,.entry-content h2,h3,.entry-content h3,h4,.entry-content h4,h5,.entry-content h5,h6,.entry-content h6{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.tagcloud a:hover,.tagcloud a:focus,.tagcloud a.current-item{color:#ffffff;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}input:focus,input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,textarea:focus{border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}input[type="radio"]:checked,input[type=reset],input[type="checkbox"]:checked,input[type="checkbox"]:hover:checked,input[type="checkbox"]:focus:checked,input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-thumb{border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);box-shadow:none;}.site-footer a:hover + .post-count,.site-footer a:focus + .post-count{background:var(--ast-global-color-2);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.single .nav-links .nav-previous,.single .nav-links .nav-next{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.entry-meta,.entry-meta *{line-height:1.45;color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):hover,.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):hover *,.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):focus,.entry-meta a:not(.ast-button):focus *,.page-links > .page-link,.page-links .page-link:hover,.post-navigation a:hover{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}#cat option,.secondary .calendar_wrap thead a,.secondary .calendar_wrap thead a:visited{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.secondary .calendar_wrap #today,.ast-progress-val span{background:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.secondary a:hover + .post-count,.secondary a:focus + .post-count{background:var(--ast-global-color-2);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.calendar_wrap #today > a{color:#ffffff;}.page-links .page-link,.single .post-navigation a{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.ast-search-menu-icon .search-form button.search-submit{padding:0 4px;}.ast-search-menu-icon form.search-form{padding-right:0;}.ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search input.search-field{width:0;}.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-dropdown-active .search-form,.ast-header-search .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-dropdown-active .search-field:focus{transition:all 0.2s;}.search-form input.search-field:focus{outline:none;}.ast-search-menu-icon .search-form button.search-submit:focus,.ast-theme-transparent-header .ast-header-search .ast-dropdown-active .ast-icon,.ast-theme-transparent-header .ast-inline-search .search-field:focus .ast-icon{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-header-search .slide-search .search-form{border:2px solid var(--ast-global-color-0);}.ast-header-search .slide-search .search-field{background-color:#fff;}.ast-archive-title{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.widget-title,.widget .wp-block-heading{font-size:22px;font-size:1.375rem;color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.single .ast-author-details .author-title{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.ast-single-post .entry-content a,.ast-comment-content a:not(.ast-comment-edit-reply-wrap a){text-decoration:underline;}.ast-single-post .wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link,.ast-single-post .elementor-button-wrapper .elementor-button,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-tab a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-ifb-cta a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .wp-block-uagb-buttons a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uabb-module-content a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-post-grid a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-timeline a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-toc__wrap a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .uagb-taxomony-box a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .woocommerce a,.entry-content .wp-block-latest-posts > li > a,.ast-single-post .entry-content .wp-block-file__button,li.ast-post-filter-single,.ast-single-post .wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link,.ast-single-post .ast-comment-content .comment-reply-link,.ast-single-post .ast-comment-content .comment-edit-link{text-decoration:none;}.ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search a:focus-visible:focus-visible,.astra-search-icon:focus-visible,#close:focus-visible,a:focus-visible,.ast-menu-toggle:focus-visible,.site .skip-link:focus-visible,.wp-block-loginout input:focus-visible,.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper,.ast-header-navigation-arrow:focus-visible,.woocommerce .wc-proceed-to-checkout > .checkout-button:focus-visible,.woocommerce .woocommerce-MyAccount-navigation ul li a:focus-visible,.ast-orders-table__row .ast-orders-table__cell:focus-visible,.woocommerce .woocommerce-order-details .order-again > .button:focus-visible,.woocommerce .woocommerce-message a.button.wc-forward:focus-visible,.woocommerce #minus_qty:focus-visible,.woocommerce #plus_qty:focus-visible,a#ast-apply-coupon:focus-visible,.woocommerce .woocommerce-info a:focus-visible,.woocommerce .astra-shop-summary-wrap a:focus-visible,.woocommerce a.wc-forward:focus-visible,#ast-apply-coupon:focus-visible,.woocommerce-js .woocommerce-mini-cart-item a.remove:focus-visible,#close:focus-visible,.button.search-submit:focus-visible,#search_submit:focus,.normal-search:focus-visible,.ast-header-account-wrap:focus-visible{outline-style:dotted;outline-color:inherit;outline-width:thin;}input:focus,input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,textarea:focus,.wp-block-search__input:focus,[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .ast-mobile-menu-trigger-minimal:focus,.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .menu-toggle-close:focus,.woocommerce-ordering select.orderby:focus,#ast-scroll-top:focus,#coupon_code:focus,.woocommerce-page #comment:focus,.woocommerce #reviews #respond input#submit:focus,.woocommerce a.add_to_cart_button:focus,.woocommerce .button.single_add_to_cart_button:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-cart-form button:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-cart-form__cart-item .quantity .qty:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-billing-fields .woocommerce-billing-fields__field-wrapper .woocommerce-input-wrapper > .input-text:focus,.woocommerce #order_comments:focus,.woocommerce #place_order:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-address-fields .woocommerce-address-fields__field-wrapper .woocommerce-input-wrapper > .input-text:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-MyAccount-content form button:focus,.woocommerce .woocommerce-MyAccount-content .woocommerce-EditAccountForm .woocommerce-form-row .woocommerce-Input.input-text:focus,.woocommerce .ast-woocommerce-container .woocommerce-pagination ul.page-numbers li a:focus,body #content .woocommerce form .form-row .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single:focus,#ast-coupon-code:focus,.woocommerce.woocommerce-js .quantity input[type=number]:focus,.woocommerce-js .woocommerce-mini-cart-item .quantity input[type=number]:focus,.woocommerce p#ast-coupon-trigger:focus{border-style:dotted;border-color:inherit;border-width:thin;}input{outline:none;}.site-logo-img img{ transition:all 0.2s linear;}body .ast-oembed-container *{position:absolute;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;left:0;}body .wp-block-embed-pocket-casts .ast-oembed-container *{position:unset;}.ast-single-post-featured-section + article {margin-top: 2em;}.site-content .ast-single-post-featured-section img {width: 100%;overflow: hidden;object-fit: cover;}.ast-separate-container .site-content .ast-single-post-featured-section + article {margin-top: -80px;z-index: 9;position: relative;border-radius: 4px;}@media (min-width: 922px) {.ast-no-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--wide {margin-left: -120px;margin-right: -120px;max-width: unset;width: unset;}.ast-left-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--wide,.ast-right-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--wide {margin-left: -10px;margin-right: -10px;}.site-content .ast-article-image-container--full {margin-left: calc( -50vw + 50%);margin-right: calc( -50vw + 50%);max-width: 100vw;width: 100vw;}.ast-left-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--full,.ast-right-sidebar .site-content .ast-article-image-container--full {margin-left: -10px;margin-right: -10px;max-width: inherit;width: auto;}}.site > .ast-single-related-posts-container {margin-top: 0;}@media (min-width: 922px) {.ast-desktop .ast-container--narrow {max-width: var(--ast-narrow-container-width);margin: 0 auto;}}input[type="text"],input[type="number"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="password"],input[type="search"],input[type=reset],input[type=tel],input[type=date],select,textarea{font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:24px;width:100%;padding:12px 16px;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0px 1px 2px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);color:var(--ast-form-input-text,#475569);}input[type="text"],input[type="number"],input[type="email"],input[type="url"],input[type="password"],input[type="search"],input[type=reset],input[type=tel],input[type=date],select{height:40px;}input[type="date"]{border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-color:var(--ast-border-color);}input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="number"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,input[type=reset]:focus,input[type="tel"]:focus,input[type="date"]:focus,select:focus,textarea:focus{border-color:#046BD2;box-shadow:none;outline:none;color:var(--ast-form-input-focus-text,#475569);}label,legend{color:#111827;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;}select{padding:6px 10px;}fieldset{padding:30px;border-radius:4px;}button,.ast-button,.button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0px 1px 2px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);}:root{--ast-comment-inputs-background:#FFF;}::placeholder{color:var(--ast-form-field-color,#9CA3AF);}::-ms-input-placeholder{color:var(--ast-form-field-color,#9CA3AF);}@media (max-width:921.9px){#ast-desktop-header{display:none;}}@media (min-width:922px){#ast-mobile-header{display:none;}}.wp-block-buttons.aligncenter{justify-content:center;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-theme-transparent-header #primary,.ast-theme-transparent-header #secondary{padding:0;}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar #primary{padding:0;}}.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar #primary{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link{border-color:#006699;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}div.wp-block-button.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color),div.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color){color:#006699;}.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color):hover{color:#006699;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;}.post-page-numbers.current .page-link,.ast-pagination .page-numbers.current{color:#ffffff;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link{border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button,.ast-outline-button,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button{border-color:#006699;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;font-family:inherit;font-weight:600;font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1em;padding-top:10px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:20px;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color),.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color),.ast-outline-button{color:#ffffff;}.wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link:focus,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):hover,.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color):hover,.ast-outline-button:hover,.ast-outline-button:focus,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button:hover,.wp-block-uagb-buttons-child .uagb-buttons-repeater.ast-outline-button:focus{color:#006699;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button.is-style-outline:not(.has-background),.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link.wp-element-button:not(.has-background),.ast-outline-button{background-color:#006699;}.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-background),.wp-block-buttons .wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background),.ast-outline-button{background-color:#006699;color:#ffffff;}.entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > figure{margin-bottom:1em;}h1.widget-title{font-weight:700;}h2.widget-title{font-weight:700;}h3.widget-title{font-weight:700;}#page{display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-height:100vh;}.ast-404-layout-1 h1.page-title{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.single .post-navigation a{line-height:1em;height:inherit;}.error-404 .page-sub-title{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:inherit;}.search .site-content .content-area .search-form{margin-bottom:0;}#page .site-content{flex-grow:1;}.widget{margin-bottom:1.25em;}#secondary li{line-height:1.5em;}#secondary .wp-block-group h2{margin-bottom:0.7em;}#secondary h2{font-size:1.7rem;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .comment-respond{padding:3em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single .ast-article-single{padding:0;}.ast-article-single .wp-block-post-template-is-layout-grid{padding-left:0;}.ast-separate-container .comments-title,.ast-narrow-container .comments-title{padding:1.5em 2em;}.ast-page-builder-template .comment-form-textarea,.ast-comment-formwrap .ast-grid-common-col{padding:0;}.ast-comment-formwrap{padding:0;display:inline-flex;column-gap:20px;width:100%;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;}.comments-area textarea#comment:focus,.comments-area textarea#comment:active,.comments-area .ast-comment-formwrap input[type="text"]:focus,.comments-area .ast-comment-formwrap input[type="text"]:active {box-shadow:none;outline:none;}.archive.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header{margin-top:2em;}.ast-page-builder-template .ast-comment-formwrap{width:100%;}.entry-title{margin-bottom:0.6em;}.ast-archive-description p{font-size:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:inherit;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.hentry{margin-bottom:1.5em;}.site-content section.ast-archive-description{margin-bottom:2em;}@media (min-width:921px){.ast-left-sidebar.ast-page-builder-template #secondary,.archive.ast-right-sidebar.ast-page-builder-template .site-main{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-comment-formwrap.ast-row{column-gap:10px;display:inline-block;}#ast-commentform .ast-grid-common-col{position:relative;width:100%;}}@media (min-width:1201px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .ast-author-box,.ast-separate-container .ast-404-layout-1,.ast-separate-container .no-results{padding:3em;}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container #primary,.ast-separate-container #secondary{padding:1.5em 0;}#primary,#secondary{padding:1.5em 0;margin:0;}.ast-left-sidebar #content > .ast-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse;width:100%;}}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar #primary{border:0;}.search-no-results.ast-separate-container #primary{margin-bottom:4em;}}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link{color:#ffffff;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:hover,.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:focus{color:#006699;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link,.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__button,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button{border-style:solid;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-color:#006699;background-color:#006699;color:#ffffff;font-family:inherit;font-weight:600;line-height:1em;font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;padding-top:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px;}.menu-toggle,button,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button,.button,input#submit,input[type="button"],input[type="submit"],input[type="reset"],#comments .submit,.search .search-submit,form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button,.search .search-submit,.woocommerce-js a.button,.woocommerce button.button,.woocommerce .woocommerce-message a.button,.woocommerce #respond input#submit.alt,.woocommerce input.button.alt,.woocommerce input.button,.woocommerce input.button:disabled,.woocommerce input.button:disabled[disabled],.woocommerce input.button:disabled:hover,.woocommerce input.button:disabled[disabled]:hover,.woocommerce #respond input#submit,.woocommerce button.button.alt.disabled,.wc-block-grid__products .wc-block-grid__product .wp-block-button__link,.wc-block-grid__product-onsale,[CLASS*="wc-block"] button,.woocommerce-js .astra-cart-drawer .astra-cart-drawer-content .woocommerce-mini-cart__buttons .button:not(.checkout):not(.ast-continue-shopping),.woocommerce-js .astra-cart-drawer .astra-cart-drawer-content .woocommerce-mini-cart__buttons a.checkout,.woocommerce button.button.alt.disabled.wc-variation-selection-needed,[CLASS*="wc-block"] .wc-block-components-button{border-style:solid;border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;color:#ffffff;border-color:#006699;background-color:#006699;padding-top:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px;font-family:inherit;font-weight:600;font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1em;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}button:focus,.menu-toggle:hover,button:hover,.ast-button:hover,.ast-custom-button:hover .button:hover,.ast-custom-button:hover ,input[type=reset]:hover,input[type=reset]:focus,input#submit:hover,input#submit:focus,input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:focus,form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button:hover,form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button:focus,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button:hover,body .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button:focus,.woocommerce-js a.button:hover,.woocommerce button.button:hover,.woocommerce .woocommerce-message a.button:hover,.woocommerce #respond input#submit:hover,.woocommerce #respond input#submit.alt:hover,.woocommerce input.button.alt:hover,.woocommerce input.button:hover,.woocommerce button.button.alt.disabled:hover,.wc-block-grid__products .wc-block-grid__product .wp-block-button__link:hover,[CLASS*="wc-block"] button:hover,.woocommerce-js .astra-cart-drawer .astra-cart-drawer-content .woocommerce-mini-cart__buttons .button:not(.checkout):not(.ast-continue-shopping):hover,.woocommerce-js .astra-cart-drawer .astra-cart-drawer-content .woocommerce-mini-cart__buttons a.checkout:hover,.woocommerce button.button.alt.disabled.wc-variation-selection-needed:hover,[CLASS*="wc-block"] .wc-block-components-button:hover,[CLASS*="wc-block"] .wc-block-components-button:focus{color:#006699;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;}form[CLASS*="wp-block-search__"].wp-block-search .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__button.has-icon{padding-top:calc(20px - 3px);padding-right:calc(20px - 3px);padding-bottom:calc(20px - 3px);padding-left:calc(20px - 3px);}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-mobile-header-stack .main-header-bar .ast-search-menu-icon{display:inline-block;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-outside .ast-mobile-header-stack .main-header-bar .ast-search-icon{margin:0;}.ast-comment-avatar-wrap img{max-width:2.5em;}.ast-comment-meta{padding:0 1.8888em 1.3333em;}}@media (min-width:544px){.ast-container{max-width:100%;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .comments-title,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{padding:1.5em 1em;}.ast-separate-container #content .ast-container{padding-left:0.54em;padding-right:0.54em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor{padding:.5em;}.ast-search-menu-icon.ast-dropdown-active .search-field{width:170px;}}.ast-separate-container{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);;background-image:none;;}@media (max-width:921px){.widget-title{font-size:24px;font-size:1.4117647058824rem;}body,button,input,select,textarea,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button{font-size:17px;font-size:1.0625rem;}#secondary,#secondary button,#secondary input,#secondary select,#secondary textarea{font-size:17px;font-size:1.0625rem;}.site-title{display:none;}.site-header .site-description{display:none;}h1,.entry-content h1{font-size:36px;}h2,.entry-content h2{font-size:30px;}h3,.entry-content h3{font-size:25px;}h4,.entry-content h4{font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;}h5,.entry-content h5{font-size:17px;font-size:1.0625rem;}h6,.entry-content h6{font-size:15px;font-size:0.9375rem;}}@media (max-width:544px){.widget-title{font-size:24px;font-size:1.4117647058824rem;}body,button,input,select,textarea,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button{font-size:17px;font-size:1.0625rem;}#secondary,#secondary button,#secondary input,#secondary select,#secondary textarea{font-size:17px;font-size:1.0625rem;}.site-title{display:none;}.site-header .site-description{display:none;}h1,.entry-content h1{font-size:32px;}h2,.entry-content h2{font-size:26px;}h3,.entry-content h3{font-size:22px;}h4,.entry-content h4{font-size:18px;font-size:1.125rem;}h5,.entry-content h5{font-size:15px;font-size:0.9375rem;}h6,.entry-content h6{font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;}}@media (max-width:544px){html{font-size:100%;}}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-container{max-width:1240px;}}@media (min-width:922px){.site-content .ast-container{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:921px){.site-content .ast-container{flex-direction:column;}}@media (min-width:922px){.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.ast-left-align-sub-menu:hover > .sub-menu,.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.ast-left-align-sub-menu.focus > .sub-menu{margin-left:-0px;}}.entry-content li > p{margin-bottom:0;}.site .comments-area{padding-bottom:2em;margin-top:2em;}.wp-block-file {display: flex;align-items: center;flex-wrap: wrap;justify-content: space-between;}.wp-block-pullquote {border: none;}.wp-block-pullquote blockquote::before {content: "\201D";font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;display: flex;transform: rotate( 180deg );font-size: 6rem;font-style: normal;line-height: 1;font-weight: bold;align-items: center;justify-content: center;}.has-text-align-right > blockquote::before {justify-content: flex-start;}.has-text-align-left > blockquote::before {justify-content: flex-end;}figure.wp-block-pullquote.is-style-solid-color blockquote {max-width: 100%;text-align: inherit;}html body {--wp--custom--ast-default-block-top-padding: 100px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding: 80px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-bottom-padding: 100px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding: 80px;--wp--custom--ast-container-width: 1200px;--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size: 1200px;--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size: calc(1200px + var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding) + var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding));}.ast-narrow-container {--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size: 750px;--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size: 750px;}@media(max-width: 921px) {html body {--wp--custom--ast-default-block-top-padding: 50px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding: 50px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-bottom-padding: 50px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding: 50px;}}@media(max-width: 544px) {html body {--wp--custom--ast-default-block-top-padding: 50px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding: 30px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-bottom-padding: 50px;--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding: 30px;}}.entry-content > .wp-block-group,.entry-content > .wp-block-cover,.entry-content > .wp-block-columns {padding-top: var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-top-padding);padding-right: var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding);padding-bottom: var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-bottom-padding);padding-left: var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding);}.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content > .alignfull,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-no-sidebar .entry-content > .alignfull {margin-left: calc( -50vw + 50%);margin-right: calc( -50vw + 50%);max-width: 100vw;width: 100vw;}.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignfull,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignfull,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignwide,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignfull .alignwide,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignfull,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignfull,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignwide,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .alignwide .alignwide,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignfull,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignfull,.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignwide,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-no-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-column .alignwide {margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;width: 100%;}[ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-dots) {height: 0;}[ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-separator {margin: 20px auto;}[ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots) {max-width: 100px;}[ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-separator.has-background {padding: 0;}.entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > * {max-width: var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size);margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}.entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide {max-width: var(--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size);}.entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] .alignfull {max-width: none;}.entry-content .wp-block-columns {margin-bottom: 0;}blockquote {margin: 1.5em;border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.05);}.wp-block-quote:not(.has-text-align-right):not(.has-text-align-center) {border-left: 5px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.05);}.has-text-align-right > blockquote,blockquote.has-text-align-right {border-right: 5px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.05);}.has-text-align-left > blockquote,blockquote.has-text-align-left {border-left: 5px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.05);}.wp-block-site-tagline,.wp-block-latest-posts .read-more {margin-top: 15px;}.wp-block-loginout p label {display: block;}.wp-block-loginout p:not(.login-remember):not(.login-submit) input {width: 100%;}.wp-block-loginout input:focus {border-color: transparent;}.wp-block-loginout input:focus {outline: thin dotted;}.entry-content .wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__content {padding: 0 0 0 8%;}.entry-content .wp-block-media-text.has-media-on-the-right .wp-block-media-text__content {padding: 0 8% 0 0;}.entry-content .wp-block-media-text.has-background .wp-block-media-text__content {padding: 8%;}.entry-content .wp-block-cover:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover__inner-container,.entry-content .wp-block-cover:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover-image-text,.entry-content .wp-block-cover:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover-text,.entry-content .wp-block-cover-image:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover__inner-container,.entry-content .wp-block-cover-image:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover-image-text,.entry-content .wp-block-cover-image:not([class*="background-color"]) .wp-block-cover-text {color: var(--ast-global-color-5);}.wp-block-loginout .login-remember input {width: 1.1rem;height: 1.1rem;margin: 0 5px 4px 0;vertical-align: middle;}.wp-block-latest-posts > li > *:first-child,.wp-block-latest-posts:not(.is-grid) > li:first-child {margin-top: 0;}.wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__input {padding: 0 10px;color: var(--ast-global-color-3);background: var(--ast-global-color-5);border-color: var(--ast-border-color);}.wp-block-latest-posts .read-more {margin-bottom: 1.5em;}.wp-block-search__no-button .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper .wp-block-search__input {padding-top: 5px;padding-bottom: 5px;}.wp-block-latest-posts .wp-block-latest-posts__post-date,.wp-block-latest-posts .wp-block-latest-posts__post-author {font-size: 1rem;}.wp-block-latest-posts > li > *,.wp-block-latest-posts:not(.is-grid) > li {margin-top: 12px;margin-bottom: 12px;}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > *,.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignfull > * {max-width: none;}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide > * {max-width: var(--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size);}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .inherit-container-width > *,.ast-page-builder-template .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > * > *,.entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .wp-block-cover .wp-block-cover__inner-container {max-width: var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size);margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}.entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] .wp-block-cover:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright) {width: auto;}@media(max-width: 1200px) {.ast-separate-container .entry-content > .alignfull,.ast-separate-container .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide,.ast-plain-container .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide,.ast-plain-container .entry-content .alignfull {margin-left: calc(-1 * min(var(--ast-container-default-xlg-padding),20px)) ;margin-right: calc(-1 * min(var(--ast-container-default-xlg-padding),20px));}}@media(min-width: 1201px) {.ast-separate-container .entry-content > .alignfull {margin-left: calc(-1 * var(--ast-container-default-xlg-padding) );margin-right: calc(-1 * var(--ast-container-default-xlg-padding) );}.ast-separate-container .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide,.ast-plain-container .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] > .alignwide {margin-left: calc(-1 * var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-left-padding) );margin-right: calc(-1 * var(--wp--custom--ast-default-block-right-padding) );}}@media(min-width: 921px) {.ast-separate-container .entry-content .wp-block-group.alignwide:not(.inherit-container-width) > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright)),.ast-plain-container .entry-content .wp-block-group.alignwide:not(.inherit-container-width) > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright)) {max-width: calc( var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size) + 80px );}.ast-plain-container.ast-right-sidebar .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] .alignfull,.ast-plain-container.ast-left-sidebar .entry-content[ast-blocks-layout] .alignfull {margin-left: -60px;margin-right: -60px;}}@media(min-width: 544px) {.entry-content > .alignleft {margin-right: 20px;}.entry-content > .alignright {margin-left: 20px;}}@media (max-width:544px){.wp-block-columns .wp-block-column:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:20px;}.wp-block-latest-posts{margin:0;}}@media( max-width: 600px ) {.entry-content .wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__content,.entry-content .wp-block-media-text.has-media-on-the-right .wp-block-media-text__content {padding: 8% 0 0;}.entry-content .wp-block-media-text.has-background .wp-block-media-text__content {padding: 8%;}}.ast-narrow-container .site-content .wp-block-uagb-image--align-full .wp-block-uagb-image__figure {max-width: 100%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}.entry-content ul,.entry-content ol {padding: revert;margin: revert;padding-left: 20px;}:root .has-ast-global-color-0-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}:root .has-ast-global-color-0-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-0-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-0-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}:root .has-ast-global-color-1-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}:root .has-ast-global-color-1-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-1-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-1-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}:root .has-ast-global-color-2-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}:root .has-ast-global-color-2-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-2-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-2-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}:root .has-ast-global-color-3-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}:root .has-ast-global-color-3-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-3-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-3-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}:root .has-ast-global-color-4-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}:root .has-ast-global-color-4-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-4-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-4-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}:root .has-ast-global-color-5-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-5-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .has-ast-global-color-6-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-6-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .has-ast-global-color-7-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-7-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .has-ast-global-color-8-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root .has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-8-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root{--ast-global-color-0:#fefefe;--ast-global-color-1:#65696F;--ast-global-color-2:#025e8d;--ast-global-color-3:#393C40;--ast-global-color-4:#025e8d;--ast-global-color-5:#e8e1e1;--ast-global-color-6:#212529;--ast-global-color-7:#232529;--ast-global-color-8:#222222;}:root {--ast-border-color : var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-single-entry-banner {-js-display: flex;display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;text-align: center;position: relative;background: #eeeeee;}.ast-single-entry-banner[data-banner-layout="layout-1"] {max-width: 1200px;background: inherit;padding: 20px 0;}.ast-single-entry-banner[data-banner-width-type="custom"] {margin: 0 auto;width: 100%;}.ast-single-entry-banner + .site-content .entry-header {margin-bottom: 0;}.site .ast-author-avatar {--ast-author-avatar-size: ;}a.ast-underline-text {text-decoration: underline;}.ast-container > .ast-terms-link {position: relative;display: block;}a.ast-button.ast-badge-tax {padding: 4px 8px;border-radius: 3px;font-size: inherit;}header.entry-header .entry-title{font-weight:600;font-size:32px;font-size:2rem;}header.entry-header > *:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:10px;}header.entry-header .post-thumb-img-content{text-align:center;}header.entry-header .post-thumb img,.ast-single-post-featured-section.post-thumb img{aspect-ratio:16/9;width:100%;height:100%;}.ast-archive-entry-banner {-js-display: flex;display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;text-align: center;position: relative;background: #eeeeee;}.ast-archive-entry-banner[data-banner-width-type="custom"] {margin: 0 auto;width: 100%;}.ast-archive-entry-banner[data-banner-layout="layout-1"] {background: inherit;padding: 20px 0;text-align: left;}body.archive .ast-archive-description{max-width:1200px;width:100%;text-align:left;padding-top:3em;padding-right:3em;padding-bottom:3em;padding-left:3em;}body.archive .ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title,body.archive .ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title *{font-weight:600;font-size:32px;font-size:2rem;}body.archive .ast-archive-description > *:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:10px;}@media (max-width:921px){body.archive .ast-archive-description{text-align:left;}}@media (max-width:544px){body.archive .ast-archive-description{text-align:left;}}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse,.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items,.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items li{display:inline-block;margin:0;padding:0;border:none;background:inherit;text-indent:0;text-decoration:none;}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse{font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;color:inherit;}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items{list-style:none;}.trail-items li::after{padding:0 0.3em;content:"\00bb";}.trail-items li:last-of-type::after{display:none;}h1,.entry-content h1,h2,.entry-content h2,h3,.entry-content h3,h4,.entry-content h4,h5,.entry-content h5,h6,.entry-content h6{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.entry-title a{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-3-firstrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:first-child,.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-3-lastrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:last-child{grid-column:1 / -1;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-3-firstrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:first-child,.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-3-lastrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:last-child{grid-column:1 / -1;}}.ast-builder-layout-element[data-section="title_tagline"]{display:flex;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-layout-element[data-section="title_tagline"]{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-layout-element[data-section="title_tagline"]{display:flex;}}[data-section*="section-hb-button-"] .menu-link{display:none;}.ast-header-button-1 .ast-custom-button{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);background:var(--ast-global-color-0);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-width:1px;border-right-width:1px;}.ast-header-button-1 .ast-custom-button:hover{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);background:var(--ast-global-color-2);border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}.ast-header-button-1[data-section="section-hb-button-1"]{display:flex;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-button-1[data-section="section-hb-button-1"]{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-button-1[data-section="section-hb-button-1"]{display:flex;}}.ast-builder-menu-1{font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-builder-menu-1 .current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .sub-menu{border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);border-style:solid;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0px;}.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu:before,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper:before{height:calc( 0px + 5px );}.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link{border-style:none;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:-15px;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0;}}.ast-builder-menu-1{display:flex;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1{display:flex;}}.ast-builder-menu-2{font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-2 .inline-on-mobile .sub-menu{border-top-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);border-style:solid;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0px;}.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu:before,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper:before{height:calc( 0px + 5px );}.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-2 .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link{border-style:none;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-2 .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:-15px;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-2 .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu,.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu,.ast-builder-menu-2 .main-header-menu .sub-menu{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);;background-image:none;;}}.ast-builder-menu-2{display:flex;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-2{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-2{display:flex;}}.site-below-footer-wrap{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"]{background-color:#eeeeee;;background-image:none;;min-height:80px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-top-width:1px;border-top-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"] .ast-builder-grid-row{max-width:1200px;min-height:80px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"] .ast-builder-grid-row,.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"] .site-footer-section{align-items:flex-start;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.ast-builder-grid-row-2-equal .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:repeat( 2,1fr );}@media (max-width:921px){.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-tablet-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-tablet-stack .site-footer-section{display:block;margin-bottom:10px;}.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-2-equal .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:repeat( 2,1fr );}}@media (max-width:544px){.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-mobile-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-mobile-stack .site-footer-section{display:block;margin-bottom:10px;}.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-full .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}}.ast-footer-copyright{text-align:center;}.ast-footer-copyright {color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-footer-copyright{text-align:center;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-footer-copyright{text-align:center;}}.ast-footer-copyright.ast-builder-layout-element{display:flex;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-footer-copyright.ast-builder-layout-element{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-footer-copyright.ast-builder-layout-element{display:flex;}}.site-above-footer-wrap{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"]{background-color:#eeeeee;;background-image:none;;min-height:60px;}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"] .ast-builder-grid-row{max-width:1200px;min-height:60px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"] .ast-builder-grid-row,.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"] .site-footer-section{align-items:flex-start;}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.ast-builder-grid-row-3-equal .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:repeat( 3,1fr );}@media (max-width:921px){.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-tablet-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-tablet-stack .site-footer-section{display:block;margin-bottom:10px;}.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-3-equal .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:repeat( 3,1fr );}}@media (max-width:544px){.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-mobile-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-mobile-stack .site-footer-section{display:block;margin-bottom:10px;}.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-full .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}.site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .site-above-footer-wrap[data-section="section-above-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:left;}@media (max-width:921px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}@media (max-width:544px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:left;}@media (max-width:921px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}@media (max-width:544px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:left;}@media (max-width:921px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}@media (max-width:544px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:left;}@media (max-width:921px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}@media (max-width:544px){.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4"].footer-widget-area-inner{text-align:center;}}.footer-widget-area.widget-area.site-footer-focus-item{width:auto;}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1"]{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1"]{display:block;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1"]{display:block;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2"]{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2"]{display:block;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2"]{display:block;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3"]{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3"]{display:block;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3"]{display:block;}}.footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4"]{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4"]{display:block;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .footer-widget-area[data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4"]{display:block;}}.ast-header-button-1 .ast-custom-button{box-shadow:0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.ast-desktop .ast-mega-menu-enabled .ast-builder-menu-1 div:not( .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper) .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item .sub-menu{box-shadow:0px 4px 10px -2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.ast-desktop .ast-mega-menu-enabled .ast-builder-menu-2 div:not( .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper) .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-2 .inline-on-mobile .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-2 .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-2 .menu-item .sub-menu{box-shadow:0px 4px 10px -2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.ast-desktop .ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .ast-mobile-popup-inner{max-width:35%;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .ast-mobile-popup-inner{max-width:90%;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .ast-mobile-popup-inner{max-width:90%;}}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;}@media (min-width:922px){.main-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;}}.main-header-menu .menu-item,#astra-footer-menu .menu-item,.main-header-bar .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items{-js-display:flex;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-moz-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-moz-box-orient:vertical;-moz-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.main-header-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link,#astra-footer-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link{height:100%;-webkit-box-align:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-moz-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-js-display:flex;display:flex;}.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation ul .menu-item .menu-link .icon-arrow:first-of-type svg{top:.2em;margin-top:0px;margin-left:0px;width:.65em;transform:translate(0,-2px) rotateZ(270deg);}.ast-mobile-popup-content .ast-submenu-expanded > .ast-menu-toggle{transform:rotateX(180deg);overflow-y:auto;}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-builder-menu .main-navigation > ul > li:last-child a{margin-right:0;}}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:;;background-image:none;;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post),.woocommerce.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-separate-container .error-404,.ast-separate-container .no-results,.single.ast-separate-container .site-main .ast-author-meta,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description,.ast-separate-container .comments-area{background-color:;;background-image:none;;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post),.woocommerce.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-separate-container .error-404,.ast-separate-container .no-results,.single.ast-separate-container .site-main .ast-author-meta,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post),.woocommerce.ast-separate-container .ast-woocommerce-container,.ast-separate-container .error-404,.ast-separate-container .no-results,.single.ast-separate-container .site-main .ast-author-meta,.ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper,.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper,.ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:;;background-image:none;;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}.ast-plain-container,.ast-page-builder-template{background-color:;;background-image:none;;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-plain-container,.ast-page-builder-template{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-plain-container,.ast-page-builder-template{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);;background-image:none;;}}#ast-scroll-top {display: none;position: fixed;text-align: center;cursor: pointer;z-index: 99;width: 2.1em;height: 2.1em;line-height: 2.1;color: #ffffff;border-radius: 2px;content: "";outline: inherit;}@media (min-width: 769px) {#ast-scroll-top {content: "769";}}#ast-scroll-top .ast-icon.icon-arrow svg {margin-left: 0px;vertical-align: middle;transform: translate(0,-20%) rotate(180deg);width: 1.6em;}.ast-scroll-to-top-right {right: 30px;bottom: 30px;}.ast-scroll-to-top-left {left: 30px;bottom: 30px;}#ast-scroll-top{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2);font-size:15px;}@media (max-width:921px){#ast-scroll-top .ast-icon.icon-arrow svg{width:1em;}}.ast-mobile-header-content > *,.ast-desktop-header-content > * {padding: 10px 0;height: auto;}.ast-mobile-header-content > *:first-child,.ast-desktop-header-content > *:first-child {padding-top: 10px;}.ast-mobile-header-content > .ast-builder-menu,.ast-desktop-header-content > .ast-builder-menu {padding-top: 0;}.ast-mobile-header-content > *:last-child,.ast-desktop-header-content > *:last-child {padding-bottom: 0;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search label,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search label {width: 100%;}.ast-desktop-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation .ast-submenu-expanded > .ast-menu-toggle::before {transform: rotateX(180deg);}#ast-desktop-header .ast-desktop-header-content,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-icon,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-icon,.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content,.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-popup-nav-open .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content,.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-popup-nav-open .ast-desktop-header-content {display: none;}.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-header-break-point #ast-desktop-header .ast-desktop-header-content,.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content {display: block;}.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-up > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-up > .menu-item .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-down > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-down > .menu-item .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-fade > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-fade > .menu-item .menu-item > .sub-menu {opacity: 1;visibility: visible;}.ast-hfb-header.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation {width: unset;margin: unset;}.ast-mobile-header-content.content-align-flex-end .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-desktop-header-content.content-align-flex-end .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle {left: calc( 20px - 0.907em);right: auto;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search {width: 100%;position: relative;display: block;right: auto;transform: none;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search .search-form,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-form,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search .search-form,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-form {right: 0;visibility: visible;opacity: 1;position: relative;top: auto;transform: none;padding: 0;display: block;overflow: hidden;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search .search-field,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-field,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search .search-field,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-field {width: 100%;padding-right: 5.5em;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-submit,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-submit {display: block;position: absolute;height: 100%;top: 0;right: 0;padding: 0 1em;border-radius: 0;}.ast-hfb-header.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation ul .sub-menu .menu-link {padding-left: 30px;}.ast-hfb-header.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link {padding-left: 40px;}.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .ast-mobile-popup-inner{background-color:#ffffff;;}.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content,.ast-desktop-header-content{background-color:#ffffff;;}.ast-mobile-popup-content > *,.ast-mobile-header-content > *,.ast-desktop-popup-content > *,.ast-desktop-header-content > *{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;}.content-align-flex-start .ast-builder-layout-element{justify-content:flex-start;}.content-align-flex-start .main-header-menu{text-align:left;}.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .menu-toggle-close{color:#3a3a3a;}.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-primary-header-bar,.ast-primary-header-bar .site-primary-header-wrap{min-height:110px;}.ast-desktop .ast-primary-header-bar .main-header-menu > .menu-item{line-height:110px;}.ast-header-break-point #masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-primary-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point #masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-below-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point #masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-bar{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-header-bar{border-bottom-width:0px;border-bottom-color:#eaeaea;border-bottom-style:solid;}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-primary-header-bar{border-bottom-width:0px;border-bottom-color:#eaeaea;border-bottom-style:solid;}}.ast-primary-header-bar{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);;background-image:none;;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-primary-header-bar,.ast-primary-header-bar .site-primary-header-wrap{min-height:100px;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-primary-header-bar ,.ast-primary-header-bar .site-primary-header-wrap{min-height:80px;}}.ast-primary-header-bar{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-header-bar{display:grid;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-header-bar{display:grid;}}[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .ast-mobile-menu-trigger-minimal{color:var(--ast-global-color-5);border:none;background:transparent;}[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .mobile-menu-toggle-icon .ast-mobile-svg{width:20px;height:20px;fill:var(--ast-global-color-5);}[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .mobile-menu-wrap .mobile-menu{color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset;}.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu,.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu,.ast-hfb-header .ast-mobile-header-content .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu,.ast-hfb-header .ast-mobile-popup-content .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu{border-top-width:1px;border-color:#eaeaea;}.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-mobile-header-content .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-mobile-header-content .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-mobile-popup-content .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-hfb-header .ast-mobile-popup-content .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .menu-link{border-bottom-width:1px;border-color:#eaeaea;border-style:solid;}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-item > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:10px;right:calc( 15px - 0.907em );}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-item > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item> .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item:hover> .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item> .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:10px;}}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation{display:block;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation{display:block;}}.ast-above-header .main-header-bar-navigation{height:100%;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-wrap .main-header-bar-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item .menu-link{border:none;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-wrap .main-header-bar-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle::before{font-size:.6rem;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-wrap .main-header-bar-navigation .ast-submenu-expanded > .ast-menu-toggle::before{transform:rotateX(180deg);}.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-bar ,.ast-above-header-bar .site-above-header-wrap{min-height:50px;}.ast-desktop .ast-above-header-bar .main-header-menu > .menu-item{line-height:50px;}.ast-desktop .ast-above-header-bar .ast-header-woo-cart,.ast-desktop .ast-above-header-bar .ast-header-edd-cart{line-height:50px;}.ast-above-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:#eaeaea;border-bottom-style:solid;}.ast-above-header.ast-above-header-bar{background-color:#ffffff;;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-bar{background-color:#ffffff;}@media (max-width:921px){#masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-bar{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}}.ast-above-header-bar{display:block;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-bar{display:grid;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-above-header-bar{display:grid;}} </style> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css'> .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <style id='astra-addon-css-inline-css'> @media (min-width:922px){.ast-hide-display-device-desktop{display:none;}}@media (min-width:545px) and (max-width:921px){.ast-hide-display-device-tablet{display:none;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-hide-display-device-mobile{display:none;}} </style> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0: var(--ast-global-color-0);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1: var(--ast-global-color-1);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2: var(--ast-global-color-2);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3: var(--ast-global-color-3);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4: var(--ast-global-color-4);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5: var(--ast-global-color-5);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6: var(--ast-global-color-6);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7: var(--ast-global-color-7);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8: var(--ast-global-color-8);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans: 'Albert Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya: Alegreya, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--arvo: Arvo, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda: 'Bodoni Moda', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque: 'Bricolage Grotesque', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cabin: Cabin, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--chivo: Chivo, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner: Commissioner, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant: Cormorant, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime: 'Courier Prime', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro: 'Crimson Pro', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono: 'DM Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display: 'DM Serif Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--domine: Domine, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond: 'EB Garamond', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue: Epilogue, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang: Fahkwang, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--figtree: Figtree, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans: 'Fira Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one: 'Fjalla One', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces: Fraunces, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito: Gabarito, system-ui;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova: 'Ibarra Real Nova', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif: 'Instrument Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: Inter, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans: 'Josefin Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--jost: Jost, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin: 'Libre Franklin', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--literata: Literata, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--lora: Lora, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather: Merriweather, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat: Montserrat, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader: Newsreader, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono: 'Noto Sans Mono', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--nunito: Nunito, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--overpass: Overpass, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif: 'PT Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--petrona: Petrona, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla: Piazzolla, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display: 'Playfair Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--poppins: Poppins, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--raleway: Raleway, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto: Roboto, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab: 'Roboto Slab', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rubik: Rubik, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rufina: Rufina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--sora: Sora, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4: 'Source Serif 4', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono: 'Space Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--syne: Syne, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--texturina: Texturina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist: Urbanist, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size);--wp--style--global--wide-size: var(--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size); }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 24px; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: 24px; }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 24px;}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 24px;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: none;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding-top: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right: calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left: calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-0-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-1-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-2-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-3-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-4-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-5-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-6-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-7-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-8-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-0-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-1-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-2-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-3-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-4-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-0-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-1-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-2-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-3-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-4-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-5-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-6-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-7-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-8-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-albert-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans) !important;}.has-alegreya-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya) !important;}.has-arvo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--arvo) !important;}.has-bodoni-moda-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda) !important;}.has-bricolage-grotesque-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque) !important;}.has-cabin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cabin) !important;}.has-chivo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--chivo) !important;}.has-commissioner-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner) !important;}.has-cormorant-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant) !important;}.has-courier-prime-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime) !important;}.has-crimson-pro-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro) !important;}.has-dm-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono) !important;}.has-dm-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans) !important;}.has-dm-serif-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display) !important;}.has-domine-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--domine) !important;}.has-eb-garamond-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond) !important;}.has-epilogue-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue) !important;}.has-fahkwang-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang) !important;}.has-figtree-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--figtree) !important;}.has-fira-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans) !important;}.has-fjalla-one-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one) !important;}.has-fraunces-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces) !important;}.has-gabarito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans) !important;}.has-ibarra-real-nova-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova) !important;}.has-instrument-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-josefin-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans) !important;}.has-jost-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--jost) !important;}.has-libre-baskerville-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville) !important;}.has-libre-franklin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin) !important;}.has-literata-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--literata) !important;}.has-lora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--lora) !important;}.has-merriweather-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather) !important;}.has-montserrat-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat) !important;}.has-newsreader-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader) !important;}.has-noto-sans-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono) !important;}.has-nunito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--nunito) !important;}.has-open-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans) !important;}.has-overpass-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--overpass) !important;}.has-pt-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif) !important;}.has-petrona-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--petrona) !important;}.has-piazzolla-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla) !important;}.has-playfair-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display) !important;}.has-plus-jakarta-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans) !important;}.has-poppins-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--poppins) !important;}.has-raleway-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--raleway) !important;}.has-roboto-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto) !important;}.has-roboto-slab-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab) !important;}.has-rubik-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rubik) !important;}.has-rufina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rufina) !important;}.has-sora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sora) !important;}.has-source-sans-3-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3) !important;}.has-source-serif-4-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4) !important;}.has-space-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono) !important;}.has-syne-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--syne) !important;}.has-texturina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--texturina) !important;}.has-urbanist-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <style id='akismet-widget-style-inline-css'> .a-stats { --akismet-color-mid-green: #357b49; --akismet-color-white: #fff; --akismet-color-light-grey: #f6f7f7; max-width: 350px; width: auto; } .a-stats * { all: unset; box-sizing: border-box; } .a-stats strong { font-weight: 600; } .a-stats a.a-stats__link, .a-stats a.a-stats__link:visited, .a-stats a.a-stats__link:active { background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green); border: none; box-shadow: none; border-radius: 8px; color: var(--akismet-color-white); cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', 'Roboto', 'Oxygen-Sans', 'Ubuntu', 'Cantarell', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-weight: 500; padding: 12px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease; } /* Extra specificity to deal with TwentyTwentyOne focus style */ .widget .a-stats a.a-stats__link:focus { background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green); color: var(--akismet-color-white); text-decoration: none; } .a-stats a.a-stats__link:hover { filter: brightness(110%); box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06), 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16); } .a-stats .count { color: var(--akismet-color-white); display: block; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0 13px; white-space: nowrap; } </style> <style id='jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css'> :root { --font-headings: unset; --font-base: unset; --font-headings-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; --font-base-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;} </style>  <script id="jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before"> var JETPACK_MU_WPCOM_SETTINGS = {"assetsUrl":"https:\/\/authorservices.springernature.com\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/wpcomsh\/jetpack_vendor\/automattic\/jetpack-mu-wpcom\/src\/build\/"}; </script> <script src="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?m=1686289764'></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/5718" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/PfPlee-1ue' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fauthorservices.springernature.com%2Fprivacy-policy%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fauthorservices.springernature.com%2Fprivacy-policy%2F&format=xml" />  <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="fdb3fde7-613e-4e57-9b6a-496a563ed9ef" data-blockingmode="auto" type="text/javascript" ></script>  <script type="text/javascript" id="hs-script-loader" async defer src="//js.hs-scripts.com/45466078.js"></script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PZ93FG');</script>  <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Author services from Springer Nature</title> <meta name="baidu-site-verification" content="codeva-wa578cvBvF" /> <meta name="description" content="Improve your academic writing with Nature Research Editing Service ✯ English Editing ✯ Scientific Editing ✯ Expert editors in your subject area"> <meta name="keywords" content="keyword-home"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://authorservices.springernature.cn/"> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer', 'GTM-PZ93FG');</script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="/dist/script/app.css">  <script type="text/javascript"> window.AppData = window.AppData || {}; window.AppData.baseroot = ''; window.AppData.translations = {"Translation with Editing":"Translation with Editing","returned in %(days)s days":"returned in %(days)s business days","Get this order in %(days)s days for an additional %(currency)s%(price)s":"Get this order in %(days)s business days for an additional %(currency)s%(price)s when available","Select the language your manuscript is in":"Select the language your manuscript is in","word-count-out-of-range-message":"Sorry, there are no services available for your current selection.","language-editing-silver-feature-list":"Includes:\n - A language editor who specializes in your subject area\n - A certificate confirming that your work was edited by Nature Research Editing Service","language-editing-gold-feature-list":"Includes:\n- A language editor who specializes in your subject area\n- PLUS improved flow and sound, and a more professional and natural style\n- PLUS a personalized summary of the editing performed\n- A certificate confirming that your work was edited by Nature Research Editing Service","scientific-editing-feature-list":"Includes:\n- English language editing by a professional editor in your field\n- Developmental editing from an expert in your field using quality standards set by Nature Research\n- A Quality Assurance edit\n- A custom feedback report summarizing key issues and advice for improvement","translation-with-editing-feature-list":"Includes:\n- Technical translation into English by a Translator in your field\n- Language editing for natural & correct English by an Editor in your field\n- AJE Editing Certificate"}; window.AppData.translationsNoShow = {"Translation with Editing":"Translation with Editing","returned in %(days)s days":"returned in %(days)s business days","Get this order in %(days)s days for an additional %(currency)s%(price)s":"Get this order in %(days)s business days for an additional %(currency)s%(price)s when available","Select the language your manuscript is in":"Select the language your manuscript is in","word-count-out-of-range-message":"Sorry, there are no services available for your current selection.","language-editing-silver-feature-list":"Includes:\n - A language editor who specializes in your subject area\n - A certificate confirming that your work was edited by Nature Research Editing Service","language-editing-gold-feature-list":"Includes:\n- A language editor who specializes in your subject area\n- PLUS improved flow and sound, and a more professional and natural style\n- PLUS a personalized summary of the editing performed\n- A certificate confirming that your work was edited by Nature Research Editing Service","scientific-editing-feature-list":"Includes:\n- English language editing by a professional editor in your field\n- Developmental editing from an expert in your field using quality standards set by Nature Research\n- A Quality Assurance edit\n- A custom feedback report summarizing key issues and advice for improvement","translation-with-editing-feature-list":"Includes:\n- Technical translation into English by a Translator in your field\n- Language editing for natural & correct English by an Editor in your field\n- AJE Editing Certificate"}; </script> <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="fdb3fde7-613e-4e57-9b6a-496a563ed9ef" type="text/javascript" data-georegions="{'region':'BR','cbid':'4c3b738d-2f90-4800-9b6d-548aad9149a3'},{'region':'AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, LV, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK','cbid':'4c3b738d-2f90-4800-9b6d-548aad9149a3'},{'region':'ZA','cbid':'24d68011-2c93-440d-913b-a2a61d052392'},{'region':'US-06','cbid':'674b3baf-a98d-4884-be41-917e65e2695b'},{'region':'US-08','cbid':'c858b1b0-c5ae-4fba-9b61-14c66bf760d3'},{'region':'US-09','cbid':'90574d38-d2b0-4c0f-b94f-d0f12065eae1'},{'region':'US-49','cbid':'4fd242e3-473a-4849-acd4-c6bf853fefe2'},{'region':'US-51','cbid':'302a38fe-406a-46f1-924b-751c931445b5'}"> </script> <script> var _hmt = _hmt || []; (function() { var hm = document. createElement("script"); hm.src = "https://hm.baidu.com/hm.js?f1344a866313a2b0241a5375a0246644"; var s = document. getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm, s); })(); </script> </head> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <style id="uagb-style-conditional-extension">@media (min-width: 1025px){body .uag-hide-desktop.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-desktop{display:none !important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px){body .uag-hide-tab.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-tab{display:none !important}}@media (max-width: 767px){body .uag-hide-mob.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-mob{display:none !important}}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN-Favicon.png?fit=32%2C32&ssl=1" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN-Favicon.png?fit=192%2C192&ssl=1" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN-Favicon.png?fit=180%2C180&ssl=1" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN-Favicon.png?fit=270%2C270&ssl=1" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">.brought{position:absolute;bottom:-218px;width:auto;} .brought1{position:absolute;bottom:-218px;margin-left: 30px;} .exclusivebanner { float: left; } @media screen and (max-width: 767px) { .brought{position:absolute;bottom:-205px;margin-left: 0px;} } /* .wp-block-cover__inner-container.is-layout-flow.wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow { position: static; } */ a { text-decoration: none !important; } section#nav_menu-5 { display: none; }</style></head> <body itemtype='https://schema.org/WebPage' itemscope='itemscope' class="page-template-default page page-id-5718 wp-custom-logo ast-desktop ast-plain-container ast-no-sidebar astra-4.6.16 ast-single-post ast-inherit-site-logo-transparent ast-hfb-header astra-addon-4.7.0"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content" role="link" title="Skip to content"> Skip to content</a> <div class="hfeed site" id="page"> <header class="site-header header-main-layout-1 ast-primary-menu-enabled ast-hide-custom-menu-mobile ast-builder-menu-toggle-icon ast-mobile-header-inline" id="masthead" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPHeader" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="#masthead" > <div id="ast-desktop-header" data-toggle-type="dropdown"> <div class="ast-above-header-wrap "> <div class="ast-above-header-bar ast-above-header site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-above-header-builder"> <div class="site-above-header-wrap ast-builder-grid-row-container site-header-focus-item ast-container" data-section="section-above-header-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row ast-builder-grid-row-has-sides ast-builder-grid-row-no-center"> <div class="site-header-above-section-left site-header-section ast-flex site-header-section-left"> </div> <div class="site-header-above-section-right site-header-section ast-flex ast-grid-right-section"> <div class="ast-builder-menu-2 ast-builder-menu ast-flex ast-builder-menu-2-focus-item ast-builder-layout-element site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-hb-menu-2"> <div class="ast-main-header-bar-alignment"><div class="main-header-bar-navigation"><nav class="site-navigation ast-flex-grow-1 navigation-accessibility site-header-focus-item" id="secondary_menu-site-navigation-desktop" aria-label="Site Navigation: Corner Navigation" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope"><div class="main-navigation ast-inline-flex"><ul id="ast-hf-menu-2" class="main-header-menu ast-menu-shadow ast-nav-menu ast-flex submenu-with-border stack-on-mobile"><li id="menu-item-6973" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6973"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.cn/" class="menu-link">中文</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6098" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6098"><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/support" class="menu-link">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6102" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6102"><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/login" class="menu-link">My Account</a></li> </ul></div></nav></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ast-main-header-wrap main-header-bar-wrap "> <div class="ast-primary-header-bar ast-primary-header main-header-bar site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-primary-header-builder"> <div class="site-primary-header-wrap ast-builder-grid-row-container site-header-focus-item ast-container" data-section="section-primary-header-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row ast-builder-grid-row-has-sides ast-builder-grid-row-no-center"> <div class="site-header-primary-section-left site-header-section ast-flex site-header-section-left"> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item" data-section="title_tagline"> <div class="site-branding ast-site-identity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span class="site-logo-img"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="475" height="93" src="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png" class="custom-logo" alt="Author Services from Springer Nature EN" decoding="async" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png?w=475&ssl=1 475w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png?resize=300%2C59&ssl=1 300w" sizes="(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px" data-attachment-id="7073" data-permalink="https://authorservices.springernature.com/sn_author_services_rgb/attachment/cropped-sn_author_services_rgb-png/" data-orig-file="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png" data-orig-size="475,93" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png" data-image-description="<p>https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png</p> " data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png?fit=300%2C59&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png?fit=475%2C93&ssl=1" /></a></span> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="site-header-primary-section-right site-header-section ast-flex ast-grid-right-section"> <div class="ast-builder-menu-1 ast-builder-menu ast-flex ast-builder-menu-1-focus-item ast-builder-layout-element site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-hb-menu-1"> <div class="ast-main-header-bar-alignment"><div class="main-header-bar-navigation"><nav class="site-navigation ast-flex-grow-1 navigation-accessibility site-header-focus-item" id="primary-site-navigation-desktop" aria-label="Site Navigation: Primary" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope"><div class="main-navigation ast-inline-flex"><ul id="ast-hf-menu-1" class="main-header-menu ast-menu-shadow ast-nav-menu ast-flex submenu-with-border stack-on-mobile"><li id="menu-item-26" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-26"><a aria-expanded="false" class="menu-link">Services<span role="application" class="dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Menu Toggle" ><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></span></a><button class="ast-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu Toggle</span><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-5240" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5240"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>English Language Editing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6085" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6085"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/scientific-editing/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Scientific Editing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6086" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6086"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/translation/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Academic Translation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5975" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5975"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/formatting/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Manuscript Formatting</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6928"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/research-promotion/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Research Promotion</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5976" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5976"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/research-data-support-service/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Research Data Support Service</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-5977" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-5977"><a aria-expanded="false" class="menu-link">Pricing<span role="application" class="dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Menu Toggle" ><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></span></a><button class="ast-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu Toggle</span><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-5978" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5978"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/pricing/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Pricing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6092" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6092"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/for-organizations/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>For Organizations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5979" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5979"><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/prices/quote/new" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Get a Price Quote</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-5980" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5980"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/about-us/" class="menu-link">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25"><a href="https://snauthorservices.zendesk.com/hc/en-us" class="menu-link">FAQ</a></li> </ul></div></nav></div></div> </div> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item ast-header-button-1" data-section="section-hb-button-1"> <div class="ast-builder-button-wrap ast-builder-button-size-md"><a class="ast-custom-button-link" href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/en/researcher/submit/select" target="_self" ><div class=ast-custom-button>Get Started</div></a><a class="menu-link" href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/en/researcher/submit/select" target="_self" >Get Started</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="ast-mobile-header" class="ast-mobile-header-wrap " data-type="dropdown"> <div class="ast-above-header-wrap " > <div class="ast-above-header-bar ast-above-header site-above-header-wrap site-header-focus-item ast-builder-grid-row-layout-default ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-layout-default ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-layout-default" data-section="section-above-header-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row ast-builder-grid-row-has-sides ast-builder-grid-row-no-center"> <div class="site-header-above-section-left site-header-section ast-flex site-header-section-left"> </div> <div class="site-header-above-section-right site-header-section ast-flex ast-grid-right-section"> <div class="ast-builder-menu-2 ast-builder-menu ast-flex ast-builder-menu-2-focus-item ast-builder-layout-element site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-hb-menu-2"> <div class="ast-main-header-bar-alignment"><div class="main-header-bar-navigation"><nav class="site-navigation ast-flex-grow-1 navigation-accessibility site-header-focus-item" id="secondary_menu-site-navigation-mobile" aria-label="Site Navigation: Corner Navigation" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope"><div class="main-navigation ast-inline-flex"><ul id="ast-hf-menu-2" class="main-header-menu ast-menu-shadow ast-nav-menu ast-flex submenu-with-border stack-on-mobile"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6973"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://authorservices.springernature.cn/" class="menu-link">中文</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6098"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/support" class="menu-link">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6102"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/login" class="menu-link">My Account</a></li> </ul></div></nav></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ast-main-header-wrap main-header-bar-wrap" > <div class="ast-primary-header-bar ast-primary-header main-header-bar site-primary-header-wrap site-header-focus-item ast-builder-grid-row-layout-default ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-layout-default ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-layout-default" data-section="section-primary-header-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row ast-builder-grid-row-has-sides ast-builder-grid-row-no-center"> <div class="site-header-primary-section-left site-header-section ast-flex site-header-section-left"> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item" data-section="title_tagline"> <div class="site-branding ast-site-identity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope" > <span class="site-logo-img"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="475" height="93" src="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png" class="custom-logo" alt="Author Services from Springer Nature EN" decoding="async" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png?w=475&ssl=1 475w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png?resize=300%2C59&ssl=1 300w" sizes="(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px" data-attachment-id="7073" data-permalink="https://authorservices.springernature.com/sn_author_services_rgb/attachment/cropped-sn_author_services_rgb-png/" data-orig-file="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png" data-orig-size="475,93" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png" data-image-description="<p>https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png</p> " data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png?fit=300%2C59&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/cropped-SN_Author_Services_RGB.png?fit=475%2C93&ssl=1" /></a></span> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="site-header-primary-section-right site-header-section ast-flex ast-grid-right-section"> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"> <div class="ast-button-wrap"> <button type="button" class="menu-toggle main-header-menu-toggle ast-mobile-menu-trigger-minimal" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Main Menu</span> <span class="mobile-menu-toggle-icon"> <span class="ahfb-svg-iconset ast-inline-flex svg-baseline"><svg class='ast-mobile-svg ast-menu-svg' fill='currentColor' version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M3 13h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1zM3 7h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1zM3 19h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1z'></path></svg></span><span class="ahfb-svg-iconset ast-inline-flex svg-baseline"><svg class='ast-mobile-svg ast-close-svg' fill='currentColor' version='1.1' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 24 24'><path d='M5.293 6.707l5.293 5.293-5.293 5.293c-0.391 0.391-0.391 1.024 0 1.414s1.024 0.391 1.414 0l5.293-5.293 5.293 5.293c0.391 0.391 1.024 0.391 1.414 0s0.391-1.024 0-1.414l-5.293-5.293 5.293-5.293c0.391-0.391 0.391-1.024 0-1.414s-1.024-0.391-1.414 0l-5.293 5.293-5.293-5.293c-0.391-0.391-1.024-0.391-1.414 0s-0.391 1.024 0 1.414z'></path></svg></span> </span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ast-mobile-header-content content-align-flex-start "> <div class="ast-builder-menu-mobile ast-builder-menu ast-builder-menu-mobile-focus-item ast-builder-layout-element site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-header-mobile-menu"> <div class="ast-main-header-bar-alignment"><div class="main-header-bar-navigation"><nav class="site-navigation ast-flex-grow-1 navigation-accessibility site-header-focus-item" id="ast-mobile-site-navigation" aria-label="Site Navigation: Primary" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope"><div class="main-navigation"><ul id="ast-hf-mobile-menu" class="main-header-menu ast-nav-menu ast-flex submenu-with-border astra-menu-animation-fade stack-on-mobile"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-26"><a aria-expanded="false" class="menu-link">Services<span role="application" class="dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Menu Toggle" ><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></span></a><button class="ast-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu Toggle</span><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5240"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>English Language Editing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6085"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/scientific-editing/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Scientific Editing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6086"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/translation/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Academic Translation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5975"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/formatting/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Manuscript Formatting</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6928"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/research-promotion/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Research Promotion</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5976"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/research-data-support-service/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Research Data Support Service</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-5977"><a aria-expanded="false" class="menu-link">Pricing<span role="application" class="dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Menu Toggle" ><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></span></a><button class="ast-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu Toggle</span><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5978"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/pricing/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Pricing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6092"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/for-organizations/" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>For Organizations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5979"><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/prices/quote/new" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span>Get a Price Quote</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5980"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/about-us/" class="menu-link">About</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25"><a href="https://snauthorservices.zendesk.com/hc/en-us" class="menu-link">FAQ</a></li> </ul></div></nav></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="ast-container"> <div id="primary" class="content-area primary"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article class="post-5718 page type-page status-publish category-general ast-article-single" id="post-5718" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope="itemscope"> <header class="entry-header ast-no-thumbnail ast-no-title ast-header-without-markup"> </header>  <div class="entry-content clear" ast-blocks-layout="true" itemprop="text"> <p></p> <p>Last Updated: August 6, 2024</p> <p>This is the privacy policy (“Policy”) for <a href="http://authorservices.springernature.com">http://authorservices.springernature.com</a> and <a href="http://authorservices.springernature.cn" rel="nofollow">http://authorservices.springernature.cn</a> (“the Websites”), which are operated on behalf of Springer Nature Limited and Macmillan Information Consulting Services (Shanghai) Co. Ltd (WOFE) respectively (together, “Springer Nature”), American Journal Experts, LLC (AJE), 941 West Morse Blvd, Ste 100, Winter Park, FL, 32789 USA (“AJE,” “we,” “us,” and “our”). The Policy provides information on the personal data we collect and how we collect it, the purposes for which we use your personal data, the circumstances under which we share your personal data with others, and what control and information rights you may have.</p> <p>Springer Nature, and not AJE, determine as controllers how and why personal data submitted through these sites are used, either by or at their direction. AJE acts as a data processor on Springer Nature’s behalf, consistent with this privacy policy and associated terms of service.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="i-summary-of-our-processing-activities">I. Summary of our processing activities</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>The following summary provides you with a quick overview of the processing activities that are undertaken on our website. You will find more detailed information under the indicated sections below. When you visit our Websites for informational reasons without setting up an account, only limited personal data will be processed to provide you with the Websites (see Section III). In case you contact us to request information or resources, register for an account, subscribe to our newsletter, or purchase our services, further personal data will be processed in the scope of such services (see Sections IV, V, VI and VII). The Websites use cookies and other similar technologies through which we and third parties with whom we work may collect information that we use to analyze use of the Websites, improve our Websites, and serve you content that you may be interested in, including our advertisements, on our Website and elsewhere on the internet (see Section VIII) Our websites may include links to third-party websites and other content (see Section IX). We may disclose your personal data to third parties to accomplish the purposes described in this Policy and for other purposes as described in Section X. The Websites are operated from the United States, and we may transfer your personal data collected through the Websites to countries that may have different data protection standards from your country of residence (see Section XI). We have implemented appropriate safeguards to secure your personal data (see Section XII) and retain your personal data only as long as necessary to perform the purposes for which we have collected it (see Section XII). Under the legislation applicable to you, you may be entitled to exercise certain rights with regard to the processing of your personal data (see Section XIV).</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="ii-definitions">II. Definitions</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>Personal data means any information relating to a natural person or, for residents of the state of California, household that can be identified, directly or indirectly, by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, or an online identifier. Processing means any operation which is performed on personal data, such as collection, recording, organization, structuring, storage, adaptation, or any type of disclosure or other use.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="iii-informational-use-of-the-website">III. Informational use of the website</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>When you visit our Websites for informational reasons, i.e., without registering for an account, placing an order for our services, or submitting personal data to us in connection with a request for information or other resources, we may automatically collect certain personal data and information about your device, including: Your IP address The website from which you were directed to our site The date and time of your requests Your device type, screen resolution, and browser version Your internet service provider Information on your operating system, including language settings Information on the pages you have visited on our Websites We use this information to assist us in providing and operating the Websites (e.g., to adapt our Websites to the needs of your device or to allow you to log in to our Websites) and to collect usage information for anonymized, aggregated use. We base this processing on our legitimate interest in operating, administering, and ensuring the stability and security of the Websites and on providing you with the necessary functionality required for your use of the Websites.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="iv-requests">IV. Requests</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>You may contact us through the Websites to request information, communicate with us about our services, or obtain access to other resources we make available through the Websites without registering for an account. When you contact us, we ask you to provide certain personal data to help us respond to your request, including: Name and address (including title) Email address Phone number Company and organization type Occupation and/or area of interest Country your company/organization is located in The information you provide when contacting us will be processed to communicate with you, provide you with the services or resources that you request, and help us improve our customer service. The information may also be archived for later reference. We base this processing on our legitimate interests in fulfilling your requests, communicating with you, and providing quality support and customer service.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="v-registration-for-an-account">V. Registration for an account</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>Our Websites offer you the opportunity to register for an account, which is used to facilitate our provision of services to you. When you register for an account through the Websites, we collect and store the following required personal data: Name Email address Country Position Institution/company Currency Preferred Language Password The above information is necessary for our performance of our services and is labeled accordingly. You may also provide additional personal data voluntarily, including: Secondary email Phone number ORCID Physical address City Place of Work Type of organization Sharing this information with us is optional and helps us provide you with better service. These fields may be deleted at any time by visiting your account page and making the entry blank. We will process the personal data you provide when you register for an account for the following purposes: Providing and managing your services purchased through the Websites Identifying you at sign-in Facilitating your participation in our rewards programs Administering your account Communicating with you about services you purchase through the Websites Our legal bases for this processing include our performance of our agreements with you, our compliance with legal obligations, and our legitimate interest in managing our relationship with you and facilitating your use of our services. Personal data associated with your account are generally retained for as long as your user account is active. After deletion of your account, your personal data will be erased within one month. Statutory storage obligations or the need to retain your personal data in connection with legal actions that may arise from misconduct within the services or payment problems can lead to a longer retention of your personal data. In this case, we will inform you accordingly.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="vi-information-about-the-specific-uses-that-require-registration--paid-services">VI. Information about the specific uses that require registration – Paid Services</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>When you purchase services from us, including our editing, translation, and other services, you will be required to set up an account and provide the personal data described in Section V. We will also collect additional information, which may include personal data, that is necessary for us to process your order and perform the services, including your manuscript and other files that are part of your submission, and your payment details and other related order information. We retain this information in your customer account in order to communicate with you during a submission, process complaints and enable re-edits, provide you access to your completed submissions whenever you need them, and answer questions and complaints by viewing the completed work. To comply with taxation and other laws that apply in the jurisdictions in which we operate, we may maintain certain financial information in relation to transactions (including address, payment, and order information) for up to 10 years. Our legal bases for this processing include our performance of our agreements with you, our compliance with legal obligations, and our legitimate interest in communicating with you and in providing quality support and customer service.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="vii-newsletter-and-marketing-e-mail-communications">VII. Newsletter and Marketing E-mail Communications</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>You can subscribe to our newsletter and other marketing email communications that provide you with the latest news about our services, special offers, and exclusive discounts. If you sign up for newsletters on our website, you will receive an email containing a link by which you can confirm that you are the owner of the email address and wish to be notified via our email service. If your subscription is not confirmed within 96 hours after the confirmation mail has been requested, the personal data you provided will not be processed for any purpose and will be automatically erased. If you create a free customer account on our website, you can sign up for marketing emails as follows: If you are from an EU/EEA country, you may opt in to the email by checking a box at account registration to provide consent. In this case, there will not be a double-opt-in email because you are registering for an account. If you are not from an EU/EEA country, you opt in to receive communications by signing up for a free account. You can also sign up to receive our emails via Facebook. For this purpose, we use Facebook Lead Ads, a service by Facebook Inc., 1601 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA (“Facebook”). Lead Ads makes it even easier for you to sign up to newsletters and request to be contacted because the form will already be pre-populated by Facebook with your data and you only need to submit the form. Of course, you have the opportunity to amend and review the data before submission. You can learn more about how lead ads works by visiting <a href="https://www.facebook.com/business/ads/lead-ads" rel="nofollow">https://www.facebook.com/business/ads/lead-ads</a>. The legal basis for these processing activities is your consent. You can unsubscribe from our marketing emails by opting out via the link provided in each email. You can also email us using the contact information below to request that your email address be removed.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="viii-cookies-and-other-similar-technologies">VIII. Cookies and other similar technologies</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>Our Websites use cookies and other similar technologies to collect information about your browsing activity. A cookie is a data file that is placed by a website operator on the hard drive of a visitor to their site. We and third parties with whom we work may set cookies on your device or use other technologies such as web beacons to collect information such as: Device and browser information (operating system information, mobile device identifier, mobile operating system, etc.) IP address Pages accessed and URL click stream (the chronological order of our internet sites that you visited) Geographic location Time of visit Referring site, application, or service We use the information collected through cookies and other similar technologies to analyze the use of our Websites, determine the most useful information for you, improve and optimize the Websites, and serve you content that you may be interested in, including our advertisements, on our Website and elsewhere on the internet. Our analytics service providers—including Google and FullStory as described below—will use the information they collect in order to evaluate your use of the Websites on our behalf, to compile reports on Website activities, and to provide other services relating to Website and internet use to us. These tools are recognized by the California Consumer Protection Act as persistent identifiers, and California residents have certain disclosure and deletion rights to the associated data as outlined in Section XIV. These services do not collect your name or any other identifying information beyond the information described above. Third parties with whom we work, however, may use cookies to collect the information described above over time and across different websites when you visit our Websites. At this time, our Websites do not respond to browser “do not track” signals, but you may refuse the use of cookies by selecting the appropriate settings on your browser; however, please note that if you do this, you may not be able to use the full functionality of the Websites. The legal basis for this processing is, to the extent you have provided it, your consent, and our legitimate interest in analyzing the use of our Websites to improve user experience and to optimize the Websites, and in promoting our products and services.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="1-google-analytics--google-tag-manager">1. Google Analytics / Google Tag Manager</h3> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>We use Google Analytics, a web analytics service provided by Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA (“Google”). On our behalf, Google will use the information generated by a cookie for the purpose of evaluating your use of the Websites, compiling reports on Website activity, and providing other services relating to Website activity and internet activity in connection with the use of the Websites. You can learn more about how Google uses data by visiting <a href="http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/partners/" rel="nofollow">http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/partners/</a>. You may prevent the collection of the information generated by the Google cookie about your use of the Websites (including your IP address) and the processing of this data by Google if you download and install the browser plug-in available at the following link: <a href="http://tools.google.com" rel="nofollow">http://tools.google.com</a>.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="2-fullstory">2. FullStory</h3> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>We use FullStory, a web analytics service provided by FullStory LLC, 120 Ottley Drive NE. Suite 100, Atlanta, GA 30324, USA. On our behalf, FullStory will use the information generated by a cookie for the purpose of evaluating your use of the Websites, compiling reports on Website activity, and providing other services relating to Website activity. For users from EU/EEA member countries, FullStory only collects aggregate data, and personal data are not submitted beyond the data described above. If you wish to prevent all websites using the FullStory services from recording your activity, you can opt out of the FullStory Services (<a href="https://www.fullstory.com/optout/" rel="nofollow">https://www.fullstory.com/optout/</a>). Opting out will create a cookie that tells FullStory to turn off recording on any website that uses the FullStory services. The presence of this cookie is required to continue opting out, so if you clear your browser cookies, you will have to opt out again.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="ix-third-party-content-and-social-media-plug-ins">IX. Third party content and social media plug-ins</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>The Websites may contain links to third party websites, including social media networks. We are not responsible for the content and the data collection on these third party websites; please check their privacy policies for information on their data processing activities.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="x-information-sharing">X. Information sharing</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>We may share your personal data with other parties as described in this Section for the purposes outlined above and as further described below. The legal bases for these transfers include our performance of our agreements with you and our legitimate interests described above. Some of the recipients may reside outside the EEA. For further information about cross border transfer in general and transfers outside of the EEA, see Section XI. Our affiliated companies We may share your personal data with our affiliated companies as necessary to accomplish the purposes described above. Our agents and business partners We employ other companies and individuals to administer, service, or process customer transactions. Examples of such activities include order fulfillment, order delivery, credit card payment processing, and customer service support. It may also be necessary for us to share personal information you have included in your manuscripts and files with independent contractors whom we work with to edit or translate your documents. Business reorganization/sale In the event that we undergo reorganization or are sold to a third party (in whole or part), any personal data we hold about you may be transferred to that re-organized entity or third party subject to the terms of this Policy. Compliance & protection We may release your personal data to other third parties when we believe, in our reasonable judgment, that such release is appropriate to (i) protect the security and integrity of our Websites; (ii) protect our rights and property and the rights and property of others; (iii) take precautions against liability; (iv) comply with legal requirements or respond to judicial process; and (vii) provide information, to the extent legally permitted, to law enforcement agencies or for investigations on matters related to public safety.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="xi-cross-border-data-transfers">XI. Cross border data transfers</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>The Websites are hosted and operated from within the United States. As part of the information sharing activities set out above, your personal data may be transferred to other countries (including countries outside the EEA) that may have different data protection standards from your country of residence. Please note that data processed in a foreign country may be subject to foreign laws and accessible to foreign governments, courts, law enforcement, and regulatory agencies. However, we will endeavor to take reasonable measures to maintain an adequate level of data protection when sharing your personal data with such countries.</p> <p>In the case of a transfer outside of the EEA, this transfer is safeguarded by EU Model Clauses in accordance with Article 46 GDPR. You can find further information about the aforementioned safeguards by following this link <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection_en" rel="nofollow">https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection_en</a> or contact our Group Data Protection Officer via <a href="mailto:dataprotection@springernature.com">dataprotection@springernature.com</a> for specific information on respective safeguards.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="xii-security">XII. Security</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>We have reasonable security measures in place that are designed to protect against the loss, misuse, and alteration of personal data under our control. For example, our security and privacy policies are periodically reviewed and enhanced as necessary, and we employ measures that are designed to ensure that only authorized personnel have access to personal data. While we cannot ensure or guarantee that loss, misuse, or alteration of information will never occur, we use reasonable efforts to prevent it. You should bear in mind that submission of information over the internet is never entirely secure. We cannot guarantee the security of information you submit via our Websites while it is in transit over the internet, and any such submission is at your own risk.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="xiii-data-retention">XIII. Data retention</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>In the absence of specific retention periods set out in this Policy, your personal data will be retained only for as long as we need it to fulfil the purpose for which we have collected it and, if applicable, as long as required by statutory retention requirements.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="xiv-your-rights">XIV. Your rights</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>If you reside in a country within the EU/EEA or in certain states within the USA, you are entitled to exercise some or all of the following rights: require (i) information as to whether your personal data is retained and (ii) access to and/or duplicates of your personal data retained, including the purposes of the processing, the categories of personal data concerned, the data recipients, and potential retention periods; request rectification, removal, or restriction of your personal data, e.g., because (i) it is incomplete or inaccurate, (ii) it is no longer needed for the purposes for which it was collected, or (iii) the consent on which the processing was based has been withdrawn; refuse to provide and – without impact to data processing activities that have taken place before such withdrawal – withdraw your consent to processing of your personal data at any time; object, on grounds relating to your particular situation, that your personal data shall be subject to processing. In this case, please provide us with information about your particular situation. After the assessment of the facts presented by you, we will either stop processing your personal data or present you our compelling legitimate grounds for ongoing processing; take legal actions in relation to any potential breach of your rights regarding the processing of your personal data, as well as to lodge complaints before the competent data protection regulators; request (i) to receive the personal data concerning you, which you have provided to us, in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format and (ii) to transmit those data to another controller without hindrance from our side; where technically feasible, you shall have the right to have the personal data transmitted directly from us to another controller; and/or not to be subject to any automated decision making, including profiling (automatic decisions based on data processing by automatic means, for the purpose of assessing several personal aspects) that produce legal effects on you or affect you with similar significance. not to receive discriminatory treatment for exercising the rights described above in the form of denying goods or services, charging different prices, providing a different level of quality, or suggesting any of these possible outcomes to customers exercising these rights. You may (i) exercise the rights referred to above, (ii) pose any questions, or (iii) make any complaints regarding our data processing by contacting us using the contact details below.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="xv-contacting-us">XV. Contacting us</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>Please submit any questions, concerns, or comments you have about this Policy or any requests concerning your personal data, including to review or request changes to your personal data, by email to support@aje.com. </p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="xvi-amendments-to-this-policy">XVI. Amendments to this policy</h2> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-wide"/> <p>We reserve the right to change this Policy from time to time by updating our Websites. Please visit the Websites regularly and check our current Privacy Policy.</p> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> </div> </article> </main> </div> </div>  </div> <footer class="site-footer" id="colophon" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="#colophon"> <div class="site-above-footer-wrap ast-builder-grid-row-container site-footer-focus-item ast-builder-grid-row-3-equal ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-3-equal ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-full ast-footer-row-stack ast-footer-row-tablet-stack ast-footer-row-mobile-stack" data-section="section-above-footer-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row-container-inner"> <div class="ast-builder-footer-grid-columns site-above-footer-inner-wrap ast-builder-grid-row"> <div class="site-footer-above-section-1 site-footer-section site-footer-section-1"> <aside class="footer-widget-area widget-area site-footer-focus-item footer-widget-area-inner" data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-2" aria-label="Footer Widget 2" > <section id="block-13" class="widget widget_block widget_media_image"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-medium"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="29" src="https://authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1-300x29.png" alt="" class="wp-image-6005" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1.png?resize=300%2C29&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1.png?resize=1024%2C99&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1.png?resize=768%2C74&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1.png?resize=1536%2C148&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1.png?resize=2048%2C198&ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/authorservices.springernature.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SN_mono_grey1.png?resize=1200%2C116&ssl=1 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure> </section><section id="nav_menu-9" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><nav class="menu-footer-container" aria-label="Menu"><ul id="menu-footer" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-5983" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5983"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/" class="menu-link">English Language Editing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6292" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6292"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/scientific-editing/" class="menu-link">Scientific Editing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5986" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5986"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/pricing/" class="menu-link">Pricing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5987" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5987"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/about-us/" class="menu-link">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5988" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5988"><a href="https://snauthorservices.zendesk.com/hc/en-us" class="menu-link">FAQ</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5989" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5989"><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/support" class="menu-link">Contact Us</a></li> </ul></nav></section><section id="nav_menu-5" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><nav class="menu-footer-container" aria-label="Menu"><ul id="menu-footer-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5983"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/english-language-editing/" class="menu-link">English Language Editing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6292"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/scientific-editing/" class="menu-link">Scientific Editing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5986"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/pricing/" class="menu-link">Pricing</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5987"><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/about-us/" class="menu-link">About</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5988"><a href="https://snauthorservices.zendesk.com/hc/en-us" class="menu-link">FAQ</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5989"><a href="https://secure.authorservices.springernature.com/support" class="menu-link">Contact Us</a></li> </ul></nav></section> </aside> </div> <div class="site-footer-above-section-2 site-footer-section site-footer-section-2"> <aside class="footer-widget-area widget-area site-footer-focus-item footer-widget-area-inner" data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-1" aria-label="Footer Widget 1" > <section id="block-10" class="widget widget_block widget_text"> <p>Regional</p> </section><section id="block-12" class="widget widget_block"> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background"/> </section><section id="nav_menu-7" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><nav class="menu-regional-container" aria-label="Menu"><ul id="menu-regional" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-5992" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5992"><a href="https://www.naturechina.com/" class="menu-link">Nature China</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5993" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5993"><a href="https://www.natureasia.com/ja-jp/" class="menu-link">Nature Japan</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5994" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5994"><a href="https://www.natureasia.com/ko-kr/" class="menu-link">Nature Korea</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5995" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5995"><a href="https://www.natureasia.com/en/nindia/index.html" class="menu-link">Nature India</a></li> <li id="menu-item-5996" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5996"><a href="https://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/" class="menu-link">Nature Middle East</a></li> </ul></nav></section> </aside> </div> <div class="site-footer-above-section-3 site-footer-section site-footer-section-3"> <aside class="footer-widget-area widget-area site-footer-focus-item footer-widget-area-inner" data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-3" aria-label="Footer Widget 3" > <section id="block-15" class="widget widget_block widget_text"> <p><a href="http://www.springernature.com/">Springer Nature</a></p> </section><section id="block-17" class="widget widget_block"> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-background is-style-default"/> </section><section id="nav_menu-10" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><nav class="menu-springer-nature-container" aria-label="Menu"><ul id="menu-springer-nature" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-5999" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5999"><a href="https://www.springer.com/" class="menu-link">Springer</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6000" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6000"><a href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/" class="menu-link">BMC</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6001" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6001"><a href="https://www.nature.com/index.html" class="menu-link">Nature Portfolio</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6002" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6002"><a href="https://www.palgrave.com/gb/" class="menu-link">Palgrave Macmillan</a></li> </ul></nav></section> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-below-footer-wrap ast-builder-grid-row-container site-footer-focus-item ast-builder-grid-row-2-equal ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-2-equal ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-full ast-footer-row-inline ast-footer-row-tablet-stack ast-footer-row-mobile-stack" data-section="section-below-footer-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row-container-inner"> <div class="ast-builder-footer-grid-columns site-below-footer-inner-wrap ast-builder-grid-row"> <div class="site-footer-below-section-1 site-footer-section site-footer-section-1"> <aside class="footer-widget-area widget-area site-footer-focus-item footer-widget-area-inner" data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer-widget-4" aria-label="Footer Widget 4" > <section id="block-25" class="widget widget_block"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-right:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.34%"> <p><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33%"> <p><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/terms-of-service/">Terms & Conditions</a></p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33%"> <p><a href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/do-not-sell-my-personal-information">Do not sell my personal information</a></p> </div> </div> </section><section id="block-21" class="widget widget_block widget_text"> <p>If you can't find what you are looking for, please <a href="mailto:support@as.springernature.com">contact us</a>.</p> </section> </aside> </div> <div class="site-footer-below-section-2 site-footer-section site-footer-section-2"> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-footer-focus-item ast-footer-copyright" data-section="section-footer-builder"> <div class="ast-footer-copyright"><p>© 2025 Author Services from Springer Nature EN. All rights reserved.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div>  <div id="ast-scroll-top" tabindex="0" class="ast-scroll-top-icon ast-scroll-to-top-right" data-on-devices="both"> <span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewBox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span> <span class="screen-reader-text">Scroll to Top</span> </div> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css'> .wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:0 var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);} </style> <script id="astra-theme-js-js-extra"> var astra = {"break_point":"921","isRtl":"","is_scroll_to_id":"1","is_scroll_to_top":"1","is_header_footer_builder_active":"1"}; </script> <script id="starter-templates-zip-preview-js-extra"> var starter_templates_zip_preview = {"AstColorPaletteVarPrefix":"--ast-global-color-","AstEleColorPaletteVarPrefix":["ast-global-color-0","ast-global-color-1","ast-global-color-2","ast-global-color-3","ast-global-color-4","ast-global-color-5","ast-global-color-6","ast-global-color-7","ast-global-color-8"]}; </script> <script id="edac-frontend-fixes-js-extra"> var edac_frontend_fixes = []; </script> <script id="astra-addon-js-js-extra"> var astraAddon = {"sticky_active":"","svgIconClose":"<span class=\"ast-icon icon-close\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" width=\"18px\" height=\"18px\">\n <path d=\"M71.029 71.029c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0L256 222.059l151.029-151.03c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0 9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942L289.941 256l151.03 151.029c9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0L256 289.941l-151.029 151.03c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942L222.059 256 71.029 104.971c-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942z\" \/>\n <\/svg><\/span>","hf_account_show_menu_on":"hover","hf_account_action_type":"link","is_header_builder_active":"1"}; </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://authorservices.springernature.com/_static/??-eJx9j91OwzAMhV+I1K1Ym/UCccd7JLHXeeRPcUq3t180rQIhwY1lWz7nfN6ycilWihXqmQIJGKnFtCpUBS4CgSOfmBBO5XGIXdt0F3nZvqXZrwtHgWVto6WygF3ZI2AKqpDBG3BEuv6jfKSqXJISro2CowPPFlK0yRTkuOxIyNJYKWRvKjUFfTFtEMzf1s6RCFv2XG/Kncl9UnkC7j998JWks2tET79s1uyTwZ3QIKb4s1eT1tPYT4PrkaZZaT0f+nHUzeU9vA369XgctD7Md4EAhLo='></script> <script src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202507.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"233881374\",\"post\":\"5718\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"authorservices.springernature.com\",\"hp\":\"atomic\",\"ac\":\"2\",\"amp\":\"0\",\"j\":\"1:14.3\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "233881374", "5718" ]); </script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1); </script> </body> </html>