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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Proxy+server" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Proxy+server" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open_proxies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_proxies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Open proxies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_proxies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_proxies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_proxies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reverse proxies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_proxies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forward_proxy_vs._reverse_proxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forward_proxy_vs._reverse_proxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Forward proxy vs. reverse proxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forward_proxy_vs._reverse_proxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monitoring_and_filtering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_and_filtering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Monitoring and filtering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_and_filtering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Content-control_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content-control_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Content-control software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content-control_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filtering_of_encrypted_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filtering_of_encrypted_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Filtering of encrypted data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filtering_of_encrypted_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bypassing_filters_and_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bypassing_filters_and_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Bypassing filters and censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bypassing_filters_and_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logging_and_eavesdropping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logging_and_eavesdropping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Logging and eavesdropping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logging_and_eavesdropping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improving_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improving_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Improving performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improving_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessing_services_anonymously" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessing_services_anonymously"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Accessing services anonymously</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessing_services_anonymously-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-QA_geotargeted_advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#QA_geotargeted_advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>QA geotargeted advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-QA_geotargeted_advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cross-domain_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-domain_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Cross-domain resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-domain_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malicious_usages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malicious_usages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Malicious usages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malicious_usages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_market_brokers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_market_brokers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Secondary market brokers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_market_brokers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementations_of_proxies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations_of_proxies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implementations of proxies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementations_of_proxies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementations of proxies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementations_of_proxies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Web_proxy_servers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_proxy_servers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Web proxy servers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_proxy_servers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SOCKS_proxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SOCKS_proxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>SOCKS proxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SOCKS_proxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transparent_proxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparent_proxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Transparent proxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparent_proxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Implementation methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CGI_proxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CGI_proxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>CGI proxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CGI_proxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffix_proxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffix_proxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Suffix proxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffix_proxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tor_onion_proxy_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tor_onion_proxy_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Tor onion proxy software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tor_onion_proxy_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I2P_anonymous_proxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I2P_anonymous_proxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>I2P anonymous proxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I2P_anonymous_proxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_network_address_translators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_network_address_translators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Comparison to network address translators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_network_address_translators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNS_proxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNS_proxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>DNS proxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNS_proxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proxifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proxifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Proxifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proxifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residential_proxy_(RESIP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential_proxy_(RESIP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Residential proxy (RESIP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential_proxy_(RESIP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proxy server</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instaanbediener" title="Instaanbediener – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Instaanbediener" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84_(%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9)" title="وكيل (حوسبة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وكيل (حوسبة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proksi_server" title="Proksi server – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proksi server" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="প্রক্সি সার্ভার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রক্সি সার্ভার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Прокси сървър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прокси сървър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servidor_intermediari" title="Servidor intermediari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Servidor intermediari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proxy server" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxyserver" title="Proxyserver – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Proxyserver" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_(Rechnernetz)" title="Proxy (Rechnernetz) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proxy (Rechnernetz)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proksiserver" title="Proksiserver – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Proksiserver" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Διακομιστής μεσολάβησης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διακομιστής μεσολάβησης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servidor_proxy" title="Servidor proxy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Servidor proxy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokurilo" title="Prokurilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prokurilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy" title="Proxy – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proxy" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1" title="پراکسی سرور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پراکسی سرور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy" title="Proxy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proxy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy" title="Proxy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proxy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9D%EC%8B%9C_%EC%84%9C%EB%B2%84" title="프록시 서버 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프록시 서버" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պրոքսի սերվեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոքսի սերվեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy" title="Proxy – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proxy" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peladen_proksi" title="Peladen proksi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peladen proksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy" title="Proxy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proxy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99" title="שרת פרוקסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרת פרוקסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Proxy server" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seva_mbadala" title="Seva mbadala – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Seva mbadala" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Прокси сервер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Прокси сервер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starpniekserveris" title="Starpniekserveris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starpniekserveris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy" title="Proxy – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Proxy" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxyszerver" title="Proxyszerver – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Proxyszerver" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="പ്രോക്സി സെർവർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രോക്സി സെർവർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelayan_proksi" title="Pelayan proksi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelayan proksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Прокси сервер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Прокси сервер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B6%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC" title="ကြားခံဆာဗာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြားခံဆာဗာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxyserver" title="Proxyserver – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proxyserver" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7" title="プロキシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロキシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxytjener" title="Proxytjener – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Proxytjener" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proksi-server" title="Proksi-server – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Proksi-server" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serwer_po%C5%9Brednicz%C4%85cy" title="Serwer pośredniczący – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Serwer pośredniczący" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_proxy" title="Server proxy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Server proxy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Прокси-сервер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прокси-сервер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proxy server" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_proxy" title="Server proxy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Server proxy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posredni%C5%A1ki_stre%C5%BEnik" title="Posredniški strežnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Posredniški strežnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Прокси сервер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прокси сервер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4lityspalvelin" title="Välityspalvelin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Välityspalvelin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxyserver" title="Proxyserver – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proxyserver" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="புறொக்சி சேவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புறொக்சி சேவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พร็อกซีเซิร์ฟเวอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พร็อกซีเซิร์ฟเวอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Прокси-сервер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Прокси-сервер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vekil_sunucu" title="Vekil sunucu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vekil sunucu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Проксі-сервер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Проксі-сервер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1" title="پراکسی سرور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پراکسی سرور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_ch%E1%BB%A7_proxy" title="Máy chủ proxy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy chủ proxy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BC%BA%E6%9C%8D%E5%99%A8" title="代理伺服器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="代理伺服器" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8" title="代理服务器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="代理服务器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11189#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP_proxy&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP proxy">HTTP proxy</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer server that makes and receives requests on behalf of a user</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For Wikipedia's policy on editing from open proxies, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">Wikipedia:Open proxies</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Proxy (disambiguation)">Proxy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proxy_concept_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two computers connected via a proxy server. The first computer says to the proxy server: "ask the second computer what the time is"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Proxy_concept_en.svg/290px-Proxy_concept_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Proxy_concept_en.svg/435px-Proxy_concept_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Proxy_concept_en.svg/580px-Proxy_concept_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Communication between two computers connected through a third computer acting as a proxy server. This can protect Alice's privacy, as Bob only knows about the proxy and cannot identify or contact Alice directly.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">computer networking</a>, a <b>proxy server</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Server_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Server application">server application</a> that acts as an <a href="/wiki/Intermediary" title="Intermediary">intermediary</a> between a <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">client</a> requesting a <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">resource</a> and the server providing that resource.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It improves privacy, security, and possibly performance in the process. </p><p>Instead of connecting directly to a server that can fulfill a request for a resource, such as a file or <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a>, the client directs the request to the proxy server, which evaluates the request and performs the required network transactions. This serves as a method to simplify or control the complexity of the request, or provide additional benefits such as <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a>, privacy, or security. Proxies were devised to add structure and <a href="/wiki/Encapsulation_(networking)" title="Encapsulation (networking)">encapsulation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proxy server thus functions on behalf of the client when requesting service, potentially masking the true origin of the request to the resource server. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A proxy server may reside on the user's <b>local computer</b>, or at any point between the user's computer and destination servers on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. A proxy server that passes unmodified requests and responses is usually called a <a href="/wiki/Gateway_(computer_networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway (computer networking)">gateway</a> or sometimes a <i>tunneling proxy</i>. A forward proxy is an Internet-facing proxy used to retrieve data from a wide range of sources (in most cases, anywhere on the Internet). A <a href="/wiki/Reverse_proxy" title="Reverse proxy">reverse proxy</a> is usually an internal-facing proxy used as a front-end to control and protect access to a server on a private network. A reverse proxy commonly also performs tasks such as <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load-balancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authentication_protocol" title="Authentication protocol">authentication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">decryption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">caching</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_proxies">Open proxies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Open proxies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_proxy_h2g2bob.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of proxy server connected to the Internet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Open_proxy_h2g2bob.svg/290px-Open_proxy_h2g2bob.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Open_proxy_h2g2bob.svg/435px-Open_proxy_h2g2bob.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Open_proxy_h2g2bob.svg/580px-Open_proxy_h2g2bob.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>An open proxy forwarding requests from and to anywhere on the Internet</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Open_proxy" title="Open proxy">open proxy</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">forwarding</a> proxy server that is accessible by any Internet user. In 2008, network security expert <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Lyon" title="Gordon Lyon">Gordon Lyon</a> estimated that "hundreds of thousands" of open proxies are operated on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-nmap_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmap-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_proxy" title="Anonymous proxy">Anonymous proxy</a>: This server reveals its identity as a proxy server but does not disclose the originating <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> of the client. Although this type of server can be discovered easily, it can be beneficial for some users as it hides the originating IP address.</li> <li><i>Transparent proxy:</i> This server not only identifies itself as a proxy server, but with the support of <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields" title="List of HTTP header fields">HTTP header fields</a> such as <code>X-Forwarded-For</code>, the originating IP address can be retrieved as well. The main benefit of using this type of server is its ability to cache a website for faster retrieval.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse_proxies">Reverse proxies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reverse proxies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reverse_proxy" title="Reverse proxy">Reverse proxy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverse_proxy_h2g2bob.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A proxy server connecting the Internet to an internal network." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Reverse_proxy_h2g2bob.svg/290px-Reverse_proxy_h2g2bob.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Reverse_proxy_h2g2bob.svg/435px-Reverse_proxy_h2g2bob.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Reverse_proxy_h2g2bob.svg/580px-Reverse_proxy_h2g2bob.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>A reverse proxy taking requests from the Internet and forwarding them to servers in an internal network. Those making requests connect to the proxy and may not be aware of the internal network.</figcaption></figure> <p>A reverse proxy (or surrogate) is a proxy server that appears to clients to be an ordinary server. Reverse proxies forward requests to one or more ordinary servers that handle the request. The response from the original server is returned as if it came directly from the proxy server, leaving the client with no knowledge of the original server.<sup id="cite_ref-apache-forward-reverse_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apache-forward-reverse-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reverse proxies are installed in the vicinity of one or more web servers. All <a href="/wiki/Internet_traffic" title="Internet traffic">traffic coming from the Internet</a> and with a destination of one of the neighborhood's web servers goes through the proxy server. The use of "reverse" originates in its counterpart "forward proxy" since the reverse proxy sits closer to the web server and serves only a restricted set of websites. There are several reasons for installing reverse proxy servers: </p> <ul><li>Encryption/SSL acceleration: when secure websites are created, the <a href="/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Sockets Layer">Secure Sockets Layer</a> (SSL) encryption is often not done by the web server itself, but by a reverse proxy that is equipped with SSL acceleration hardware. Furthermore, a host can provide a single "SSL proxy" to provide SSL encryption for an arbitrary number of hosts, removing the need for a separate SSL server certificate for each host, with the downside that all hosts behind the SSL proxy have to share a common DNS name or IP address for SSL connections. This problem can partly be overcome by using the <i>SubjectAltName</i> feature of <a href="/wiki/X.509" title="X.509">X.509</a> certificates or the <a href="/wiki/Server_Name_Indication" title="Server Name Indication">SNI extension</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">Load balancing</a>: the reverse proxy can distribute the load to several web servers, each serving its own application area. In such a case, the reverse proxy may need to rewrite the <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a> in each web page (translation from externally known URLs to the internal locations).</li> <li>Serve/cache static content: A reverse proxy can offload the web servers by caching static content like pictures and other static graphical content.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Compression</a>: the proxy server can optimize and compress the content to speed up the load time.</li> <li>Spoon feeding: reduces resource usage caused by slow clients on the web servers by caching the content the web server sent and slowly "spoon feeding" it to the client. This especially benefits dynamically generated pages.</li> <li>Security: the proxy server is an additional layer of defense and can protect against some OS and web-server-specific attacks. However, it does not provide any protection from attacks against the web application or service itself, which is generally considered the larger threat.</li> <li>Extranet publishing: a reverse proxy server facing the Internet can be used to communicate to a firewall server internal to an organization, providing <a href="/wiki/Extranet" title="Extranet">extranet</a> access to some functions while keeping the servers behind the firewalls. If used in this way, security measures should be considered to protect the rest of your infrastructure in case this server is compromised, as its web application is exposed to attack from the Internet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forward_proxy_vs._reverse_proxy"><span class="anchor" id="Forward_proxy"></span>Forward proxy vs. reverse proxy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Forward proxy vs. reverse proxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A forward proxy is a server that routes traffic between clients and another system, which is in most occasions external to the network. This means it can regulate traffic according to preset policies, convert and mask client IP addresses, enforce security protocols and block unknown traffic. A forward proxy enhances security and policy enforcement within an internal network.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reverse proxy, instead of protecting the client, is used to protect the servers. A reverse proxy accepts a request from a client, forwards that request to another one of many other servers, and then returns the results from the server that specifically processed the request to the client. Effectively a reverse proxy acts as a gateway between clients, users and application servers and handles all the traffic routing whilst also protecting the identity of the server that physically processes the request.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring_and_filtering">Monitoring and filtering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Monitoring and filtering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Content-control_software">Content-control software</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Content-control software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Content-control software</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Content_filtering" class="mw-redirect" title="Content filtering">content-filtering</a> web proxy server provides administrative control over the content that may be relayed in one or both directions through the proxy. It is commonly used in both commercial and non-commercial organizations (especially schools) to ensure that Internet usage conforms to <a href="/wiki/Acceptable_use_policy" title="Acceptable use policy">acceptable use policy</a>. </p><p>Content filtering proxy servers will often support <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">user authentication</a> to control web access. It also usually produces <a href="/wiki/Server_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Server log">logs</a>, either to give detailed information about the URLs accessed by specific users or to monitor <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> usage statistics. It may also communicate to <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (computer software)">daemon</a>-based or <a href="/wiki/Internet_Content_Adaptation_Protocol" title="Internet Content Adaptation Protocol">ICAP</a>-based antivirus software to provide security against viruses and other <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> by scanning incoming content in real-time before it enters the network. </p><p>Many workplaces, schools, and colleges restrict web sites and online services that are accessible and available in their buildings. Governments also censor undesirable content. This is done either with a specialized proxy, called a content filter (both commercial and free products are available), or by using a cache-extension protocol such as ICAP, that allows plug-in extensions to an open caching architecture. </p><p>Websites commonly used by students to circumvent filters and access blocked content often include a proxy, from which the user can then access the websites that the filter is trying to block. </p><p>Requests may be filtered by several methods, such as a <a href="/wiki/Blacklist_(Computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacklist (Computing)">URL</a> or <a href="/wiki/DNSBL" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSBL">DNS blacklists</a>, URL regex filtering, <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> filtering, or content keyword filtering. Blacklists are often provided and maintained by web-filtering companies, often grouped into categories (pornography, gambling, shopping, social networks, etc..). </p><p>The proxy then fetches the content, assuming the requested URL is acceptable. At this point, a dynamic filter may be applied on the return path. For example, <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> files could be blocked based on fleshtone matches, or language filters could dynamically detect unwanted language. If the content is rejected then an HTTP fetch error may be returned to the requester. </p><p>Most web filtering companies use an internet-wide crawling robot that assesses the likelihood that content is a certain type. Manual labor is used to correct the resultant database based on complaints or known flaws in the content-matching algorithms.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some proxies scan outbound content, e.g., for data loss prevention; or scan content for malicious software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filtering_of_encrypted_data">Filtering of encrypted data</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Filtering of encrypted data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web filtering proxies are not able to peer inside secure sockets HTTP transactions, assuming the chain-of-trust of SSL/TLS (<a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">Transport Layer Security</a>) has not been tampered with. The SSL/TLS chain-of-trust relies on trusted root <a href="/wiki/Certificate_authority" title="Certificate authority">certificate authorities</a>. </p><p>In a workplace setting where the client is managed by the organization, devices may be configured to trust a root certificate whose private key is known to the proxy. In such situations, proxy analysis of the contents of an SSL/TLS transaction becomes possible. The proxy is effectively operating a <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a>, allowed by the client's trust of a root certificate the proxy owns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bypassing_filters_and_censorship">Bypassing filters and censorship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bypassing filters and censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the destination server filters content based on the origin of the request, the use of a proxy can circumvent this filter. For example, a server using <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Geolocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geolocation">geolocation</a> to restrict its service to a certain country can be accessed using a proxy located in that country to access the service.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>Web proxies are the most common means of bypassing government censorship, although no more than 3% of Internet users use any circumvention tools.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p><p>Some proxy service providers allow businesses access to their proxy network for rerouting traffic for business intelligence purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, users can circumvent proxies that filter using blacklists by using services designed to proxy information from a non-blacklisted location.<sup id="cite_ref-Bypassing_a_Filtering_Proxy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bypassing_a_Filtering_Proxy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CPT-Proxy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/CPT-Proxy.svg/370px-CPT-Proxy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/CPT-Proxy.svg/555px-CPT-Proxy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/CPT-Proxy.svg/740px-CPT-Proxy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Many organizations block access to popular websites such as Facebook. Users can use proxy servers to circumvent this security. However, by connecting to proxy servers, they might be opening themselves up to danger by passing sensitive information such as personal photos and passwords through the proxy server. This image illustrates a common example: schools blocking websites to students.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Logging_and_eavesdropping">Logging and eavesdropping</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Logging and eavesdropping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proxies can be installed in order to <a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">eavesdrop</a> upon the data-flow between client machines and the web. All content sent or accessed – including passwords submitted and <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">cookies</a> used – can be captured and analyzed by the proxy operator. For this reason, passwords to online services (such as webmail and banking) should always be exchanged over a cryptographically secured connection, such as SSL. </p><p>By chaining the proxies which do not reveal data about the original requester, it is possible to obfuscate activities from the eyes of the user's destination. However, more traces will be left on the intermediate hops, which could be used or offered up to trace the user's activities. If the policies and administrators of these other proxies are unknown, the user may fall victim to a false sense of security just because those details are out of sight and mind. In what is more of an inconvenience than a risk, proxy users may find themselves being blocked from certain Web sites, as numerous forums and Web sites <a href="/wiki/IP_address_blocking" title="IP address blocking">block IP addresses</a> from proxies known to have <a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (electronic)">spammed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Troll_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troll (Internet)">trolled</a> the site. Proxy bouncing can be used to maintain privacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improving_performance">Improving performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Improving performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>caching proxy</b> server accelerates service requests by retrieving the content saved from a previous request made by the same client or even other clients.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caching proxies keep local copies of frequently requested resources, allowing large organizations to significantly reduce their upstream bandwidth usage and costs, while significantly increasing performance. Most ISPs and large businesses have a caching proxy. Caching proxies were the first kind of proxy server. Web proxies are commonly used to <a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">cache</a> web pages from a web server.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poorly implemented caching proxies can cause problems, such as an inability to use user authentication.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3143_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3143-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A proxy that is designed to mitigate specific link related issues or degradation is a <a href="/wiki/Performance_Enhancing_Proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance Enhancing Proxy">Performance Enhancing Proxy</a> (PEPs). These are typically used to improve <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> performance in the presence of high round-trip times or high packet loss (such as wireless or mobile phone networks); or highly asymmetric links featuring very different upload and download rates. PEPs can make more efficient use of the network, for example, by merging TCP <a href="/wiki/Acknowledgement_(data_networks)" title="Acknowledgement (data networks)">ACKs</a> (acknowledgements) or compressing data sent at the <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">application layer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3135.2.1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3135.2.1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation">Translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A translation proxy is a proxy server that is used to localize a website experience for different markets. Traffic from the global audience is routed through the translation proxy to the source website. As visitors browse the proxied site, requests go back to the source site where pages are rendered. The original language content in the response is replaced by the translated content as it passes back through the proxy. The translations used in a translation proxy can be either machine translation, human translation, or a combination of machine and human translation. Different translation proxy implementations have different capabilities. Some allow further customization of the source site for the local audiences such as excluding the source content or substituting the source content with the original local content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessing_services_anonymously">Accessing services anonymously</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Accessing services anonymously"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anonymizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymizer">Anonymizer</a></div> <p>An anonymous proxy server (sometimes called a web proxy) generally attempts to anonymize web surfing. <a href="/wiki/Anonymizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymizer">Anonymizers</a> may be differentiated into several varieties. The destination server (the server that ultimately satisfies the web request) receives requests from the anonymizing proxy server and thus does not receive information about the end user's address. The requests are not anonymous to the anonymizing proxy server, however, and so a degree of trust is present between the proxy server and the user. Many proxy servers are funded through a continued advertising link to the user. </p><p><b>Access control</b>: Some proxy servers implement a logon requirement. In large organizations, authorized users must log on to gain access to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a>. The organization can thereby track usage to individuals. Some anonymizing proxy servers may forward <a href="/wiki/Network_packet" title="Network packet">data packets</a> with header lines such as HTTP_VIA, HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR, or HTTP_FORWARDED, which may reveal the IP address of the client. Other anonymizing proxy servers, known as elite or high-anonymity proxies, make it appear that the proxy server is the client. A website could still suspect a proxy is being used if the client sends packets that include a cookie from a previous visit that did not use the high-anonymity proxy server. Clearing cookies, and possibly the cache, would solve this problem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="QA_geotargeted_advertising">QA geotargeted advertising</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: QA geotargeted advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advertisers use proxy servers for validating, checking and quality assurance of <a href="/wiki/Geotargeting" title="Geotargeting">geotargeted ads</a>. A geotargeting ad server checks the request source IP address and uses a <a href="/wiki/Internet_geolocation" title="Internet geolocation">geo-IP database</a> to determine the geographic source of requests.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a proxy server that is physically located inside a specific country or a city gives advertisers the ability to test geotargeted ads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A proxy can keep the internal network structure of a company secret by using <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">network address translation</a>, which can help the <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a> of the internal network.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes requests from machines and users on the local network anonymous. Proxies can also be combined with <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewalls</a>. </p><p>An incorrectly configured proxy can provide access to a network otherwise isolated from the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-nmap_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmap-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cross-domain_resources">Cross-domain resources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cross-domain resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proxies allow web sites to make web requests to externally hosted resources (e.g. images, music files, etc.) when <a href="/wiki/Same-origin_policy" title="Same-origin policy">cross-domain restrictions</a> prohibit the web site from linking directly to the outside domains. Proxies also allow the browser to make web requests to externally hosted content on behalf of a website when cross-domain restrictions (in place to protect websites from the likes of data theft) prohibit the browser from directly accessing the outside domains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malicious_usages">Malicious usages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Malicious usages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_market_brokers">Secondary market brokers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Secondary market brokers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secondary market brokers use web proxy servers to circumvent restrictions on online purchases of limited products such as limited sneakers<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or tickets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations_of_proxies">Implementations of proxies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Implementations of proxies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_proxy_servers">Web proxy servers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Web proxy servers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web proxies forward <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> requests. The request from the client is the same as a <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#HTTP/1.1_example_of_request_/_response_transaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">regular HTTP request</a> except the full URL is passed, instead of just the path.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7230.5.3.2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7230.5.3.2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nf">GET</span> <span class="nn">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server</span> <span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="na">Proxy-Authorization</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">Basic encoded-credentials</span> <span class="na">Accept</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">text/html</span> </pre></div> <p>This request is sent to the proxy server, the proxy makes the request specified and returns the response. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="m">200</span> <span class="ne">OK</span> <span class="na">Content-Type</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">text/html; charset UTF-8</span> </pre></div> <p>Some web proxies allow the <a href="/wiki/HTTP_tunnel#HTTP_CONNECT_method" title="HTTP tunnel">HTTP CONNECT</a> method to set up forwarding of arbitrary data through the connection; a common policy is to only forward port 443 to allow <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a> traffic. </p><p>Examples of web proxy servers include <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Mod_proxy" title="Mod proxy">mod_proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Traffic_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic Server">Traffic Server</a>), <a href="/wiki/HAProxy" title="HAProxy">HAProxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">IIS</a> configured as proxy (e.g., with Application Request Routing), <a href="/wiki/Nginx" title="Nginx">Nginx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privoxy" title="Privoxy">Privoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid_(software)" title="Squid (software)">Squid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varnish_(software)" title="Varnish (software)">Varnish</a> (reverse proxy only), <a href="/wiki/WinGate" title="WinGate">WinGate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziproxy" title="Ziproxy">Ziproxy</a>, Tinyproxy, RabbIT and <a href="/wiki/Polipo" title="Polipo">Polipo</a>. </p><p>For clients, the problem of complex or multiple proxy-servers is solved by a client-server <a href="/wiki/Proxy_auto-config" title="Proxy auto-config">Proxy auto-config</a> protocol (<i>PAC file</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SOCKS_proxy">SOCKS proxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: SOCKS proxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SOCKS" title="SOCKS">SOCKS</a> also forwards arbitrary data after a connection phase, and is similar to HTTP CONNECT in web proxies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparent_proxy">Transparent proxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transparent proxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as an <b>intercepting proxy</b>, <b>inline proxy</b>, or <b>forced proxy</b>, a transparent proxy intercepts normal <a href="/wiki/OSI_model#Layer_7:_Application_layer" title="OSI model">application layer</a> communication without requiring any special client configuration. Clients need not be aware of the existence of the proxy. A transparent proxy is normally located between the client and the Internet, with the proxy performing some of the functions of a <a href="/wiki/Gateway_(computer_networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway (computer networking)">gateway</a> or <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">router</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616">2616</a> (Hypertext Transfer Protocol—HTTP/1.1) offers standard definitions: </p><p>"A 'transparent proxy' is a proxy that does not modify the request or response beyond what is required for proxy authentication and identification". "A 'non-transparent proxy' is a proxy that modifies the request or response in order to provide some added service to the user agent, such as group annotation services, media type transformation, protocol reduction, or anonymity filtering". </p><p>TCP Intercept is a traffic filtering security feature that protects TCP servers from TCP <a href="/wiki/SYN_flood" title="SYN flood">SYN flood</a> attacks, which are a type of denial-of-service attack. TCP Intercept is available for IP traffic only. </p><p>In 2009 a security flaw in the way that transparent proxies operate was published by Robert Auger,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Computer Emergency Response Team issued an advisory listing dozens of affected transparent and intercepting proxy servers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Purpose">Purpose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intercepting proxies are commonly used in businesses to enforce acceptable use policies and to ease administrative overheads since no client browser configuration is required. This second reason, however is mitigated by features such as Active Directory group policy, or <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a> and automatic proxy detection. </p><p>Intercepting proxies are also commonly used by ISPs in some countries to save upstream bandwidth and improve customer response times by caching. This is more common in countries where bandwidth is more limited (e.g. island nations) or must be paid for. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Issues">Issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diversion or interception of a TCP connection creates several issues. First, the original destination IP and port must somehow be communicated to the proxy. This is not always possible (e.g., where the gateway and proxy reside on different hosts). There is a class of <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">cross-site attacks</a> that depend on certain behaviors of intercepting proxies that do not check or have access to information about the original (intercepted) destination. This problem may be resolved by using an integrated packet-level and application level appliance or software which is then able to communicate this information between the packet handler and the proxy. </p><p>Intercepting also creates problems for <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> authentication, especially connection-oriented authentication such as <a href="/wiki/NTLM" title="NTLM">NTLM</a>, as the client browser believes it is talking to a server rather than a proxy. This can cause problems where an intercepting proxy requires authentication, and then the user connects to a site that also requires authentication. </p><p>Finally, intercepting connections can cause problems for HTTP caches, as some requests and responses become uncacheable by a shared cache. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implementation_methods">Implementation methods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Implementation methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In integrated firewall/proxy servers where the router/firewall is on the same host as the proxy, communicating original destination information can be done by any method, for example <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Forefront_Threat_Management_Gateway" title="Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway">Microsoft TMG</a> or <a href="/wiki/WinGate" title="WinGate">WinGate</a>. </p><p>Interception can also be performed using Cisco's <a href="/wiki/Web_Cache_Communication_Protocol" title="Web Cache Communication Protocol">WCCP</a> (Web Cache Control Protocol). This proprietary protocol resides on the router and is configured from the cache, allowing the cache to determine what ports and traffic is sent to it via transparent redirection from the router. This redirection can occur in one of two ways: <a href="/wiki/GRE_tunneling" class="mw-redirect" title="GRE tunneling">GRE tunneling</a> (OSI Layer 3) or MAC rewrites (OSI Layer 2). </p><p>Once traffic reaches the proxy machine itself, interception is commonly performed with NAT (Network Address Translation). Such setups are invisible to the client browser, but leave the proxy visible to the web server and other devices on the internet side of the proxy. Recent Linux and some BSD releases provide TPROXY (transparent proxy) which performs IP-level (OSI Layer 3) transparent interception and spoofing of outbound traffic, hiding the proxy IP address from other network devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detection">Detection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several methods may be used to detect the presence of an intercepting proxy server: </p> <ul><li>By comparing the client's external IP address to the address seen by an external web server, or sometimes by examining the HTTP headers received by a server. A number of sites have been created to address this issue, by reporting the user's IP address as seen by the site back to the user on a web page. Google also returns the IP address as seen by the page if the user searches for "IP".</li> <li>By comparing the results of online IP checkers when accessed using HTTPS vs. HTTP, as most intercepting proxies do not intercept SSL. If there is suspicion of SSL being intercepted, one can examine the certificate associated with any secure web site, the root certificate should indicate whether it was issued for the purpose of intercepting.</li> <li>By comparing the sequence of network hops reported by a tool such as <a href="/wiki/Traceroute" title="Traceroute">traceroute</a> for a proxied protocol such as HTTP (port 80) with that for a non-proxied protocol such as SMTP (port 25).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>By attempting to make a connection to an IP address at which there is known to be no server. The proxy will accept the connection and then attempt to proxy it on. When the proxy finds no server to accept the connection, it may return an error message or simply close the connection to the client. This difference in behavior is simple to detect. For example, most web browsers will generate a browser created error page in the case where they cannot connect to an HTTP server but will return a different error in the case where the connection is accepted and then closed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>By serving the <a href="/wiki/End_user" title="End user">end-user</a> specially programmed Adobe Flash SWF applications or Sun Java applets that send HTTP calls back to their server.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CGI_proxy">CGI proxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: CGI proxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a> web proxy accepts target URLs using a <a href="/wiki/Web_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Web form">Web form</a> in the user's browser window, processes the request, and returns the results to the user's browser. Consequently, it can be used on a device or network that does not allow "true" proxy settings to be changed. The first recorded CGI proxy, named "rover" at the time but renamed in 1998 to "CGIProxy",<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was developed by American computer scientist James Marshall in early 1996 for an article in "Unix Review" by Rich Morin.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of CGI proxies are powered by one of CGIProxy (written in the <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> language), Glype (written in the <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> language), or PHProxy (written in the PHP language). As of April 2016, CGIProxy has received about two million downloads, Glype has received almost a million downloads,<sup id="cite_ref-archive.fo_2013_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.fo_2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst PHProxy still receives hundreds of downloads per week.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite waning in popularity<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to <a href="/wiki/VPN" class="mw-redirect" title="VPN">VPNs</a> and other privacy methods, as of September 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there are still a few hundred CGI proxies online.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some CGI proxies were set up for purposes such as <a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">making websites more accessible</a> to disabled people, but have since been shut down due to <a href="/wiki/Web_traffic#Traffic_overload" title="Web traffic">excessive traffic</a>, usually caused by a <a href="/wiki/Slashdot_effect" title="Slashdot effect">third party advertising the service</a> as a means to bypass local filtering. Since many of these users do not care about the collateral damage they are causing, it became necessary for organizations to hide their proxies, disclosing the URLs only to those who take the trouble to contact the organization and demonstrate a genuine need.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_proxy">Suffix proxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Suffix proxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A suffix proxy allows a user to access web content by appending the name of the proxy server to the URL of the requested content (e.g. "en.wikipedia.org.<i>SuffixProxy.com</i>"). Suffix proxy servers are easier to use than regular proxy servers, but they do not offer high levels of anonymity, and their primary use is for bypassing web filters. However, this is rarely used due to more advanced web filters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tor_onion_proxy_software">Tor onion proxy software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tor onion proxy software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vidalia-0.0.11-svn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Screenshot of computer program showing computer locations on a world map." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Vidalia-0.0.11-svn.png/400px-Vidalia-0.0.11-svn.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Vidalia-0.0.11-svn.png/600px-Vidalia-0.0.11-svn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Vidalia-0.0.11-svn.png/800px-Vidalia-0.0.11-svn.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vidalia_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidalia project">Vidalia</a> Tor-network map</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a> is a system intended to provide <a href="/wiki/Internet_anonymity" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet anonymity">online anonymity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glater_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glater-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tor client software routes Internet traffic through a worldwide volunteer network of servers for concealing a user's computer location or usage from someone conducting <a href="/wiki/Computer_surveillance#Network_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer surveillance">network surveillance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis#In_computer_security" title="Traffic analysis">traffic analysis</a>. Using Tor makes tracing Internet activity more difficult,<sup id="cite_ref-Glater_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glater-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is intended to protect users' personal freedom and their online privacy. </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">Onion routing</a>" refers to the layered nature of the encryption service: The original data are encrypted and re-encrypted multiple times, then sent through successive Tor relays, each one of which decrypts a "layer" of encryption before passing the data on to the next relay and ultimately the destination. This reduces the possibility of the original data being unscrambled or understood in transit.<sup id="cite_ref-torproject_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torproject-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I2P_anonymous_proxy">I2P anonymous proxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: I2P anonymous proxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P anonymous network</a> ('I2P') is a proxy network aiming at <a href="/wiki/Internet_anonymity" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet anonymity">online anonymity</a>. It implements <a href="/wiki/Garlic_routing" title="Garlic routing">garlic routing</a>, which is an enhancement of Tor's onion routing. I2P is fully distributed and works by encrypting all communications in various layers and relaying them through a network of routers run by volunteers in various locations. By keeping the source of the information hidden, I2P offers censorship resistance. The goals of I2P are to protect users' personal freedom, privacy, and ability to conduct confidential business. </p><p>Each user of I2P runs an I2P router on their computer (node). The I2P router takes care of finding other peers and building anonymizing tunnels through them. I2P provides proxies for all protocols (HTTP, <a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a>, SOCKS, ...). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_network_address_translators">Comparison to network address translators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Comparison to network address translators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The proxy concept refers to a layer 7 application in the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI reference model</a>. <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">Network address translation</a> (NAT) is similar to a proxy but operates in layer 3. </p><p>In the client configuration of layer-3 NAT, configuring the gateway is sufficient. However, for the client configuration of a layer 7 proxy, the destination of the packets that the client generates must always be the proxy server (layer 7), then the proxy server reads each packet and finds out the true destination. </p><p>Because NAT operates at layer-3, it is less resource-intensive than the layer-7 proxy, but also less flexible. As we compare these two technologies, we might encounter a terminology known as 'transparent firewall'. <b>Transparent firewall</b> means that the proxy uses the layer-7 proxy advantages without the knowledge of the client. The client presumes that the gateway is a NAT in layer 3, and it does not have any idea about the inside of the packet, but through this method, the layer-3 packets are sent to the layer-7 proxy for investigation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNS_proxy">DNS proxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: DNS proxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a> proxy server takes DNS queries from a (usually local) network and forwards them to an Internet Domain Name Server. It may also cache DNS records. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proxifiers">Proxifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Proxifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some client programs "SOCKS-ify" requests,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allows adaptation of any networked software to connect to external networks via certain types of proxy servers (mostly SOCKS). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_proxy_(RESIP)"><span id="Residential_proxy_.28RESIP.29"></span>Residential proxy (RESIP)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Residential proxy (RESIP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A residential proxy is an intermediary that uses a real IP address provided by an <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet Service Provider (ISP)</a> with physical devices such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">computers of end-users</a>. Instead of connecting directly to a <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a>, residential proxy users connect to the target through residential IP addresses. The target then identifies them as organic internet users. It does not let any tracking tool identify the reallocation of the user.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any residential proxy can send any number of concurrent requests, and IP addresses are directly related to a specific region.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike regular residential proxies, which hide the user's real IP address behind another IP address, rotating residential proxies, also known as <i>backconnect proxies</i>, conceal the user's real IP address behind a pool of proxies. These proxies switch between themselves at every session or at regular intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the providers assertion that the proxy hosts are voluntarily participating, numerous proxies are operated on potentially compromised hosts, including <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> devices. Through the process of cross-referencing the hosts, researchers have identified and analyzed logs that have been classified as <a href="/wiki/Potentially_unwanted_program" title="Potentially unwanted program">potentially unwanted program</a> and exposed a range of unauthorized activities conducted by RESIP hosts. These activities encompassed illegal promotion, fast fluxing, phishing, hosting malware, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_firewall" title="Application firewall">Application firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_portal" title="Captive portal">Captive portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet" title="Darknet">Darknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Checksum_Clearinghouse" title="Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse">Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeProxy" title="FreeProxy">FreeProxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Internet privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System" title="InterPlanetary File System">InterPlanetary File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_list" title="Proxy list">Proxy list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_pattern" title="Proxy pattern">Proxy pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMTP_proxy" title="SMTP proxy">SMTP proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">Virtual private network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_accelerator" title="Web accelerator">Web accelerator</a> which discusses host-based HTTP acceleration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">Web cache</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuotonenAltis1994" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ari_Luotonen" title="Ari Luotonen">Luotonen, Ari</a>; Altis, Kevin (April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs4244/spring.09/documents/Proxies.pdf">"World-Wide Web Proxies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009061935/http://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs4244/spring.09/documents/Proxies.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World-Wide+Web+Proxies&rft.date=1994-04&rft.aulast=Luotonen&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft.au=Altis%2C+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.cs.vt.edu%2F~cs4244%2Fspring.09%2Fdocuments%2FProxies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1986" class="citation conference cs1">Shapiro, Marc (May 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00444651/document"><i>Structure and Encapsulation in Distributed Systems: the Proxy Principle</i></a>. 6th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. Cambridge, MA, USA. pp. 198–204. inria-00444651. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226233042/https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00444651/document">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Structure+and+Encapsulation+in+Distributed+Systems%3A+the+Proxy+Principle&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+USA&rft.pages=198-204&rft.date=1986-05&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.inria.fr%2Finria-00444651%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Proxy_servers_and_tunneling">"Proxy servers and tunneling"</a>. <i>MDN Web Docs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126050800/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Proxy_servers_and_tunneling">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MDN+Web+Docs&rft.atitle=Proxy+servers+and+tunneling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FHTTP%2FProxy_servers_and_tunneling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nmap-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nmap_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nmap_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Lyon" title="Gordon Lyon">Lyon, Gordon</a> (2008). <i>Nmap network scanning</i>. US: Insecure. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9799587-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9799587-1-7"><bdi>978-0-9799587-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nmap+network+scanning&rft.place=US&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Insecure&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9799587-1-7&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apache-forward-reverse-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apache-forward-reverse_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/mod_proxy.html#forwardreverse">"Forward and Reverse Proxies"</a>. <i>httpd mod_proxy</i>. Apache. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210153228/http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/mod_proxy.html#forwardreverse">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=httpd+mod_proxy&rft.atitle=Forward+and+Reverse+Proxies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhttpd.apache.org%2Fdocs%2F2.0%2Fmod%2Fmod_proxy.html%23forwardreverse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-forward-proxy-and-reverse-proxy/">"Difference between Forward Proxy and Reverse Proxy"</a>. <i>GeeksforGeeks</i>. 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GeeksforGeeks&rft.atitle=Difference+between+Forward+Proxy+and+Reverse+Proxy&rft.date=2023-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geeksforgeeks.org%2Fdifference-between-forward-proxy-and-reverse-proxy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeers2020" class="citation web cs1">Peers, Nick (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/?next_url=/ezproxy/r/ezp.2aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2guZWJzY29ob3N0LmNvbS9sb2dpbi5hc3B4P2RpcmVjdD10cnVlJmRiPWY2aCZBTj0xNDAyNjc4ODkmc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl">"Build Your First Reverse Proxy"</a>. <i>Maximum PC via the Wikipedia Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maximum+PC+via+the+Wikipedia+Library&rft.atitle=Build+Your+First+Reverse+Proxy&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org%2F%3Fnext_url%3D%2Fezproxy%2Fr%2Fezp.2aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2guZWJzY29ob3N0LmNvbS9sb2dpbi5hc3B4P2RpcmVjdD10cnVlJmRiPWY2aCZBTj0xNDAyNjc4ODkmc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuchackaIwański2020" class="citation journal cs1">Suchacka, Grażyna; Iwański, Jacek (7 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.knosys.2020.105875">"Identifying legitimate Web users and bots with different traffic profiles — an Information Bottleneck approach"</a>. <i>Knowledge-Based Systems</i>. <b>197</b>: 105875. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.knosys.2020.105875">10.1016/j.knosys.2020.105875</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-7051">0950-7051</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216514793">216514793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knowledge-Based+Systems&rft.atitle=Identifying+legitimate+Web+users+and+bots+with+different+traffic+profiles+%E2%80%94+an+Information+Bottleneck+approach&rft.volume=197&rft.pages=105875&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216514793%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0950-7051&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.knosys.2020.105875&rft.aulast=Suchacka&rft.aufirst=Gra%C5%BCyna&rft.au=Iwa%C5%84ski%2C+Jacek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.knosys.2020.105875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvard_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/2010_Circumvention_Tool_Usage_Report.pdf">"2010 Circumvention Tool Usage Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University. October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118170534/http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/2010_Circumvention_Tool_Usage_Report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Circumvention+Tool+Usage+Report&rft.pub=The+Berkman+Center+for+Internet+%26+Society+at+Harvard+University&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyber.law.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Fcyber.law.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2F2010_Circumvention_Tool_Usage_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hostinger.co.uk/tutorials/website/how-to-check-if-website-is-working-worldwide/">"How to Check if Website is Down or Working Worldwide"</a>. <i>Hostinger</i>. 19 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214110525/https://www.hostinger.co.uk/tutorials/website/how-to-check-if-website-is-working-worldwide/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hostinger&rft.atitle=How+to+Check+if+Website+is+Down+or+Working+Worldwide&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hostinger.co.uk%2Ftutorials%2Fwebsite%2Fhow-to-check-if-website-is-working-worldwide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bypassing_a_Filtering_Proxy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bypassing_a_Filtering_Proxy_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309075844/http://sitevana.com/webtech">"Using a Ninjaproxy to get through a filtered proxy"</a>. <i>advanced filtering mechanics</i>. TSNP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitevana.com/webtech/">the original</a> on 9 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=advanced+filtering+mechanics&rft.atitle=Using+a+Ninjaproxy+to+get+through+a+filtered+proxy.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsitevana.com%2Fwebtech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/was-nd/9.0.5?topic=overview-caching-proxy">"Caching Proxy"</a>. <i>www.ibm.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibm.com&rft.atitle=Caching+Proxy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fdocs%2Fen%2Fwas-nd%2F9.0.5%3Ftopic%3Doverview-caching-proxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2006" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Keir (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beginningubuntul00keir"><i>Beginning Ubuntu Linux: From Novice to Professional</i></a></span>. Apress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-627-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-627-2"><bdi>978-1-59059-627-2</bdi></a>. <q>A proxy server helps speed up Internet access by storing frequently accessed pages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Ubuntu+Linux%3A+From+Novice+to+Professional&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59059-627-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Keir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeginningubuntul00keir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc3143-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc3143_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._CooperJ._Dilley2001" class="citation cs1">I. Cooper; J. Dilley (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3143"><i>Known HTTP Proxy/Caching Problems</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3143">10.17487/RFC3143</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3143">3143</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Known+HTTP+Proxy%2FCaching+Problems&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3143&rft.au=I.+Cooper&rft.au=J.+Dilley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc3135.2.1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc3135.2.1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3135#section-2.1">"Layering"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3135"><i>Performance Enhancing Proxies Intended to Mitigate Link-Related Degradations</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. June 2001. p. 4. sec. 2.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3135">10.17487/RFC3135</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3135">3135</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Layering&rft.btitle=Performance+Enhancing+Proxies+Intended+to+Mitigate+Link-Related+Degradations&rft.pages=p.-4.-sec.-2.1&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3135%26%23035%3Bsection-2.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchengineland.com/hot-tactics-for-geo-targeted-ads-on-google-bing-smx-east-173213">"Hot Tactics For Geo-Targeted Ads on Google & Bing"</a>. October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140214092544/http://searchengineland.com/hot-tactics-for-geo-targeted-ads-on-google-bing-smx-east-173213">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hot+Tactics+For+Geo-Targeted+Ads+on+Google+%26+Bing&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchengineland.com%2Fhot-tactics-for-geo-targeted-ads-on-google-bing-smx-east-173213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Firewall-HOWTO-11.html">"Firewall and Proxy Server HOWTO"</a>. tldp.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823224815/http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Firewall-HOWTO-11.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2011</span>. <q>The proxy server is, above all, a security device.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firewall+and+Proxy+Server+HOWTO&rft.pub=tldp.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftldp.org%2FHOWTO%2FFirewall-HOWTO-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924182153/https://www.geosurf.com/sneaker-residential-ips-proxy/">"Sneaker Bot Supreme Proxy"</a>. GeoSurf. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geosurf.com/sneaker-residential-ips-proxy/">the original</a> on 24 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sneaker+Bot+Supreme+Proxy&rft.pub=GeoSurf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geosurf.com%2Fsneaker-residential-ips-proxy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7230.5.3.2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc7230.5.3.2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230#section-5.3.2">"absolute-form"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230"><i>HTTP/1.1 Message Syntax and Routing</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. June 2014. p. 41. sec. 5.3.2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7230">10.17487/RFC7230</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230">7230</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2017</span>. <q>a client MUST send the target URI in absolute-form as the request-target</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=absolute-form&rft.btitle=HTTP%2F1.1+Message+Syntax+and+Routing&rft.pages=p.-41.-sec.-5.3.2&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7230%26%23035%3Bsection-5.3.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301235707/http://www.ukproxyserver.org/transparent-proxy/">"Transparent Proxy Definition"</a>. ukproxyserver.org. 1 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukproxyserver.org/transparent-proxy/">the original</a> on 1 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transparent+Proxy+Definition&rft.pub=ukproxyserver.org&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukproxyserver.org%2Ftransparent-proxy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesecuritypractice.com/the_security_practice/2009/03/socket-capable-browser-plugins-result-in-transparent-proxy-abuse.html">"Socket Capable Browser Plugins Result in Transparent Proxy Abuse"</a>. The Security Practice. 9 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202224537/http://www.thesecuritypractice.com/the_security_practice/2009/03/socket-capable-browser-plugins-result-in-transparent-proxy-abuse.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socket+Capable+Browser+Plugins+Result+in+Transparent+Proxy+Abuse&rft.pub=The+Security+Practice&rft.date=2009-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesecuritypractice.com%2Fthe_security_practice%2F2009%2F03%2Fsocket-capable-browser-plugins-result-in-transparent-proxy-abuse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/435052">"Vulnerability Note VU#435052"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Computer_Emergency_Readiness_Team" title="United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team">US CERT</a>. 23 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710185848/http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/435052">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vulnerability+Note+VU%23435052&rft.pub=US+CERT&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kb.cert.org%2Fvuls%2Fid%2F435052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://svn.haxx.se/dev/archive-2003-02/0257.shtml">"Subversion Dev: Transparent Proxy detection (was Re: Introduction_"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subversion+Dev%3A+Transparent+Proxy+detection+%28was+Re%3A+Introduction_&rft.pub=Tracetop.sourceforge.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsvn.haxx.se%2Fdev%2Farchive-2003-02%2F0257.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessels2004" class="citation book cs1">Wessels, Duane (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/squiddefinitiveg00wess_703"><i>Squid The Definitive Guide</i></a></span>. O'Reilly. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/squiddefinitiveg00wess_703/page/n151">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00162-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00162-9"><bdi>978-0-596-00162-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Squid+The+Definitive+Guide&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-596-00162-9&rft.aulast=Wessels&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsquiddefinitiveg00wess_703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jmarshall.com/tools/cgiproxy/">"CGIProxy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116035804/https://www.jmarshall.com/tools/cgiproxy/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CGIProxy&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmarshall.com%2Ftools%2Fcgiproxy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806165208/http://www.cfcl.com/rdm/Pubs/tin/P/199606.shtml">"The Limits of Control"</a>. June 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfcl.com/rdm/Pubs/tin/P/199606.shtml">the original</a> on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Control&rft.date=1996-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfcl.com%2Frdm%2FPubs%2Ftin%2FP%2F199606.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.fo_2013-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archive.fo_2013_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103162849/http://www.glype.com/">"Glype® Proxy Script"</a>. <i>glype.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glype.com/">the original</a> on 3 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SourceForge&rft.atitle=PHProxy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fpoxy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=glype+proxy">"Google Trends"</a>. <i>Google Trends</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Trends&rft.atitle=Google+Trends&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Ftrends%2Fexplore%3Fdate%3Dall%26q%3Dglype%2Bproxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getproxi.es/proxy-stats/">"Proxy Stats :: Get Proxi.es"</a>. <i>getproxi.es</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901072646/https://getproxi.es/proxy-stats/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Privacy+for+People+Who+Don%27t+Show+Their+Navels&rft.date=2006-01-25&rft.aulast=Glater&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F01%2F25%2Ftechnology%2Ftechspecial2%2F25privacy.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-torproject-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-torproject_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Tor_Project" class="citation web cs1">The Tor Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torproject.org/">"Tor: anonymity online"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100409141549/https://www.torproject.org/faq">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tor%3A+anonymity+online&rft.au=The+Tor+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torproject.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwickyCooperChapman2000" class="citation book cs1">Zwicky, Elizabeth D.; Cooper, Simon; Chapman, D. Brent (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildinginternet00zwic/page/235"><i>Building Internet Firewalls</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). O'Reilly. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildinginternet00zwic/page/235">235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-871-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-871-8"><bdi>978-1-56592-871-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Internet+Firewalls&rft.pages=235&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56592-871-8&rft.aulast=Zwicky&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+D.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Simon&rft.au=Chapman%2C+D.+Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuildinginternet00zwic%2Fpage%2F235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iproyal.com/blog/what-is-a-proxy-server-and-how-does-it-work/">"What Is a Proxy Server and How Does It Work?"</a>. <i>IPRoyal.com</i>. 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPRoyal.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Proxy+Server+and+How+Does+It+Work%3F&rft.date=2023-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiproyal.com%2Fblog%2Fwhat-is-a-proxy-server-and-how-does-it-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Vincent (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQGGDwAAQBAJ&q=Residential+proxy&pg=PA76"><i>Go Web Scraping Quick Start Guide: Implement the power of Go to scrape and crawl data from the web</i></a>. Packt Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78961-294-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78961-294-3"><bdi>978-1-78961-294-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117214445/https://books.google.com/books?id=jQGGDwAAQBAJ&q=Residential+proxy&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go+Web+Scraping+Quick+Start+Guide%3A+Implement+the+power+of+Go+to+scrape+and+crawl+data+from+the+web&rft.pub=Packt+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78961-294-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQGGDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DResidential%2Bproxy%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenan" class="citation web cs1">Keenan, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smartproxy.com/blog/what-is-a-residential-proxies-network">"What are Residential Proxies?"</a>. <i>Smartproxy.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226203128/https://smartproxy.com/blog/what-is-a-residential-proxies-network">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smartproxy.com&rft.atitle=What+are+Residential+Proxies%3F&rft.aulast=Keenan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmartproxy.com%2Fblog%2Fwhat-is-a-residential-proxies-network&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiFengLiaoLiu2019" class="citation conference cs1">Mi, Xianghang; Feng, Xuan; Liao, Xiaojing; Liu, Baojun; Wang, XiaoFeng; Qian, Feng; Li, Zhou; Alrwais, Sumayah; Sun, Limin; Liu, Ying (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8835239"><i>Resident Evil: Understanding Residential IP Proxy as a Dark Service</i></a>. 2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). pp. 1185–1201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSP.2019.00011">10.1109/SP.2019.00011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-6660-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-6660-9"><bdi>978-1-5386-6660-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132479013">132479013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Resident+Evil%3A+Understanding+Residential+IP+Proxy+as+a+Dark+Service&rft.pages=1185-1201&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132479013%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FSP.2019.00011&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-6660-9&rft.aulast=Mi&rft.aufirst=Xianghang&rft.au=Feng%2C+Xuan&rft.au=Liao%2C+Xiaojing&rft.au=Liu%2C+Baojun&rft.au=Wang%2C+XiaoFeng&rft.au=Qian%2C+Feng&rft.au=Li%2C+Zhou&rft.au=Alrwais%2C+Sumayah&rft.au=Sun%2C+Limin&rft.au=Liu%2C+Ying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F8835239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProxy+server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxy_server&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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