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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarkiyuutii_Anaaloogii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sarkiyuutii Anaaloogii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarkiyuutii_Anaaloogii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarkiyuutii_Dijitaalaa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarkiyuutii_Dijitaalaa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sarkiyuutii Dijitaalaa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarkiyuutii_Dijitaalaa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wabii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wabii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wabii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wabii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liinkii_Alaa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liinkii_Alaa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Liinkii Alaa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liinkii_Alaa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elektirooniksii</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 147 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">147 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afrikoota" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikoota" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="إلكترونيات – Arabiffaa" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلكترونيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabiffaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="إيليكطرونيك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيليكطرونيك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Electrónica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Afaan Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="الکترونیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alektruon%C4%97ka" title="Alektruonėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alektruonėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроніка – Afaan Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электроніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Afaan Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроніка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электроніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника – Afaan Bulgariya" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електроника" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Afaan Bulgariya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन बिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ইলেকট্রন বিজ্ঞান – Afaan Baangladeshi" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রন বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Afaan Baangladeshi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronek" title="Elektronek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elektronek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Bosniyaa" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Afaan Bosniyaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B2nica" title="Electrònica – Afaan Katalaa" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electrònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Afaan Katalaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئەلەکترۆنیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلەکترۆنیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Afaan Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroneg" title="Electroneg – Welishiffaa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Electroneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welishiffaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Afaan Deenmaark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Afaan Deenmaark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Afaan Jarmanii" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Afaan Jarmanii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ηλεκτρονική – Afaan Giriiki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Afaan Giriiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – Ingliffa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Ingliffa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniko" title="Elektroniko – Afaan Esperantoo" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Afaan Esperantoo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica – Afaan Ispeen" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electrónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Afaan Ispeen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroonika" title="Elektroonika – Afaan Istooniya" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektroonika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Afaan Istooniya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Baskuu" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Afaan Baskuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="الکترونیک – Afaan Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Afaan Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniikka" title="Elektroniikka – Afaan Fiilaandi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektroniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Afaan Fiilaandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrooniga" title="Elektrooniga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Elektrooniga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectronique_(technique)" title="Électronique (technique) – Afaan Faransaayii" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électronique (technique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Afaan Faransaayii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroonik" title="Elektroonik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektroonik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletroniche" title="Eletroniche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Eletroniche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroanika" title="Elektroanika – Afaan Firisiyaani" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elektroanika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Afaan Firisiyaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictreonaic" title="Leictreonaic – Afaan Ayirishii" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictreonaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Afaan Ayirishii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" title="電子學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="電子學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9l%C3%A8ktronnik" title="Lélèktronnik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lélèktronnik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3nica" title="Electrónica – Afaan Galishii" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electrónica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Afaan Galishii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אלקטרוניקה – Afaan Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרוניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Afaan Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलैक्ट्रॉनिक्स – Afaan Hindii" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलैक्ट्रॉनिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Afaan Hindii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Afaan Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektwonik_(teknik)" title="Elektwonik (teknik) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elektwonik (teknik)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Hangaari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Afaan Hangaari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Էլեկտրոնիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոնիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Indoneziya" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Afaan Indoneziya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniko" title="Elektroniko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafeindat%C3%A6kni" title="Rafeindatækni – Ayiislandiffaa" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafeindatækni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Ayiislandiffaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettronica" title="Elettronica – Afaan Xaaliyaani" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettronica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Afaan Xaaliyaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="電子工学 – Afaan Japanii" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Afaan Japanii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilekchranix" title="Ilekchranix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ilekchranix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Java" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Afaan Java" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ელექტრონიკა – Afaan Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრონიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Afaan Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliktrunik" title="Iliktrunik – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iliktrunik" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel%C9%9Bk%C9%A9troniiki" title="Eelɛkɩtroniiki – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Eelɛkɩtroniiki" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innallangialerineq" title="Innallangialerineq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Innallangialerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9B%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ವಿದ್ಯುಚ್ಛಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Afaan Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದ್ಯುಚ್ಛಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Afaan Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%89%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4" title="일렉트로닉스 – Afaan Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일렉트로닉스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Afaan Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="گرٛۆندُت – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛۆندُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron%C3%AEk" title="Elektronîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elektronîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronegas" title="Elektronegas – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Elektronegas" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – Afaan Laatini" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Afaan Laatini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletronica" title="Eletronica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eletronica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronica" title="Elektronica – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elektronica" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletronega" title="Eletronega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eletronega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81" title="ເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Liituniyaa" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Afaan Liituniyaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Lativiyaa" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Afaan Lativiyaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikoriam-boanaratra" title="Haikoriam-boanaratra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haikoriam-boanaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника – Afaan Macedooniyaa" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електроника" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Afaan Macedooniyaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇലക്ട്രോണിക്സ് – Malayaalamiffaa" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലക്ട്രോണിക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayaalamiffaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Электроник – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электроник" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="विजाणूशास्त्र – Afaan Maratii" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विजाणूशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Afaan Maratii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Malaayiffaa" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malaayiffaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiletr%C3%B3nica" title="Eiletrónica – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiletrónica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်းနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स – Afaan Nepalii" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Afaan Nepalii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलेक्त्रोनिक्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इलेक्त्रोनिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronica" title="Elektronica – Afaan Dachii" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektronica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Afaan Dachii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikk" title="Elektronikk – Afaan Norwegian" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektronikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Afaan Norwegian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikk" title="Elektronikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektronikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica – Afaan Occit" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Electronica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Afaan Occit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ – Afaan Punjabii" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Afaan Punjabii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Polandii" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Afaan Polandii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B2nica" title="Eletrònica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eletrònica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="الیکٹرونکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹرونکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%BC%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="برېښنايي ټېکنالوژي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېښنايي ټېکنالوژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B4nica" title="Eletrônica – Afaan Porchugaal" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eletrônica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Afaan Porchugaal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illari_yachay" title="Illari yachay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Illari yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%C4%83" title="Electronică – Afaan Romaniyaa" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electronică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Afaan Romaniyaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – Afaan Rushiyaa" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Afaan Rushiyaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроніка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Електроніка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ऋणाणुशास्त्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ऋणाणुशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B2nica" title="Eletrònica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eletrònica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alittr%C3%B2nica" title="Alittrònica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alittrònica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%BD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="اليڪٽرانڪس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اليڪٽرانڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%E1%B8%8Din" title="Umḍin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Umḍin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික තාක්‍ෂණය – Afaan Sinhalese" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික තාක්‍ෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Afaan Sinhalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electronics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Afaan Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Islovaniyaa" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Afaan Islovaniyaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektarooniga" title="Elektarooniga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Elektarooniga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Albaniyaa" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Afaan Albaniyaa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроника – Afaan Serbiya" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електроника" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Afaan Serbiya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktronika" title="Éléktronika – Afaan Sudaanii" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éléktronika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Afaan Sudaanii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Afaan Suwidiin" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Afaan Suwidiin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniki" title="Elektroniki – Suwahilii" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elektroniki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Suwahilii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்னணுவியல் – Afaan Tamilii" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்னணுவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Afaan Tamilii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎలక్ట్రానిక్స్ – Afaan Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలక్ట్రానిక్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Afaan Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="อิเล็กทรอนิกส์ – Afaan Tayii" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิเล็กทรอนิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Afaan Tayii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroniks" title="Elektroniks – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Elektroniks" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Afaan Turkii" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Afaan Turkii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электроника – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электроника" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електроніка – Afaan Ukreenii" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електроніка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Afaan Ukreenii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="برقیات – Afaan Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Afaan Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika – Afaan Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Afaan Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%82etr%C3%B2nega" title="Ełetrònega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ełetrònega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik" title="Elektronik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elektronik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia irraa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="om" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/220px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/330px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/440px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Ruuqolee elektiroonikii kan gubbaatti maxxane</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Elektirooniksiin</b> waa'ee <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirikaal_sarkiyuutii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektirikaal sarkiyuutii (fuula hin jirre)">elektirikaal sarkiyuutii</a> yoo ta'u kunis ruuqolee elektirkii ka'aa kan akka <a href="/wiki/Vaakiyuum_tuubii" title="Vaakiyuum tuubii">vaakiyuum tuubii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiraanzisterii" title="Tiraanzisterii">tiraanzisterii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daayoodii" title="Daayoodii">daayoodii</a> fi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Integireetid_sarkiyuutii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integireetid sarkiyuutii (fuula hin jirre)">integireetid sarkiyuutii</a> of keessaa qaba, kan sana wajjin walqabatu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teeknoloojii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teeknoloojii (fuula hin jirre)">teeknoloojii</a> walqabsisiistuu mugaas of keessaa qaba. Baayyinaan, meeshaalen elektirooniksii sarkiyuutii kan irra caala ykn guutummaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiikondaakterii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiikondaakterii (fuula hin jirre)">semiikondaakterii</a> ka'aa kan ruuqota mugaan deeggarame of keessaa qabu qabata; sarkiyuutonni akkasii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektiroonik_sarkiyuutii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektiroonik sarkiyuutii (fuula hin jirre)">elektiroonik sarkiyuutii</a> jedhama. </p><p>Amalli al-liniyaarii ta'uu ruuqolee ka'aa fi yaa'a elektiroonii too'achuu danda'uun isaanii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asattoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asattoo (fuula hin jirre)">asattoo</a> dadhabaa guddisiisuu dandeechise, kanaafis elektriioniksiin baayyinaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odeeffannoo_hujeessuu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odeeffannoo hujeessuu (fuula hin jirre)">odeeffannoo hujeessuu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telekoominikeeshinii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telekoominikeeshinii (fuula hin jirre)">telekoominikeeshinii</a>, fi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asattoo_hujeessuu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asattoo hujeessuu (fuula hin jirre)">asattoo hujeessuu</a> keessatti hojiirra oola. Meeshaaleen elektirooniksii akka iswiichiitti hojjachuu danda'uun isaanii odeeffannoo dijitaalaa hujeessuu dandeessisa. <a href="/wiki/Teeknooloojii" title="Teeknooloojii">Teeknooloojiin</a> walqunnamsiisaa kan akka sarkiyuuti boordii, <a href="/wiki/Teeknooloojii" title="Teeknooloojii">teeknooloojiin</a> elektirooniksii ittiin qarqaban (electronics packaging), fi maloonni walqunnamtii bu'uuraa kan biraa tajaajilli sarkiyuutii sanaa guutuu akka ta'u gochuun ruuqolee walitti makaman kana gara sirna hojjatuutti jijjiira. </p><p>Elektirooniksiin <a href="/wiki/Saayinsii" title="Saayinsii">saayinsii</a> fi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teeknoloojii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teeknoloojii (fuula hin jirre)">teeknoloojii</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrikaalii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrikaalii (fuula hin jirre)">elektrikaalii</a> fi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektiroo-makaanikaalii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektiroo-makaanikaalii (fuula hin jirre)">elektiroo-makaanikaalii</a> irraa adda; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrikaalii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrikaalii (fuula hin jirre)">elektrikaalii</a> fi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektiroo-makaanikaaliin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektiroo-makaanikaaliin (fuula hin jirre)">elektiroo-makaanikaaliin</a> waa'ee anniisaa <a href="/wiki/Elektirikii" title="Elektirikii">elektirikii</a> oomishuu, tamsaasuu, kuusuu, anniisa <a href="/wiki/Elektirikii" title="Elektirikii">elektirikii</a> gara anniisaa biraatti jijjiiruu, anniisaa bira gara anniisaa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirkii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektirkii (fuula hin jirre)">elektirkiitti</a> jijjiiru of keessatti qabata; kan gochuufis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motora (fuula hin jirre)">motora</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenereetara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenereetara (fuula hin jirre)">jenereetara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baatirii" title="Baatirii">baatirii</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iswiichii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iswiichii (fuula hin jirre)">iswiichii</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riileyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riileyi (fuula hin jirre)">riileyi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiraanisfoormerii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiraanisfoormerii (fuula hin jirre)">tiraanisfoormerii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rezisterii" title="Rezisterii">rezisterii</a>, fi ruuqota mugaa kan biraatti fayyadama. Saayinsoota kana lamaan gargar baasun bara 1906tti erga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiraayoodii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiraayoodii (fuula hin jirre)">tiraayoodin</a>, kan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asattoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asattoo (fuula hin jirre)">asattoo</a> raadiyoo fi sagalee dadhabaa odoo meeshaa makaanikaaliitti hin fayyadamin ol guddisuu dandeessisiise, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lii_Di_Foresti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lii Di Foresti (fuula hin jirre)">Lii Di Forestiin</a> kalaqamee booda jalqabe. Hanga bara 1950tti, <a href="/wiki/Saayinsii" title="Saayinsii">saayinsiin</a> kun "raadiyoo teknooloojii" jedhama ture sababiinsaas iddoo inni itti hojiirra oolu inni guddaan tamsaastuu raadiyoo (radio transmitters), fudhattuu raadiyoo (radio receivers) fi <a href="/wiki/Vaakiyuum_tuubii" title="Vaakiyuum tuubii">vaakiyuum tuubii</a> irratti ture. </p><p>Yeroo ammaa, meeshaaleen elektirooniksii baayyeen elektiroonii too'achuuf ruuqolee <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiikondaakterii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiikondaakterii (fuula hin jirre)">semiikondaakteriitti</a> fayyadamu. Qorannoon meeshaalee <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiikondaakterii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiikondaakterii (fuula hin jirre)">semiikondaakterii</a> fi teeknoloojii wal qabatuu damee <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiiziksii_falkaa-jajjaboo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiiziksii falkaa-jajjaboo (fuula hin jirre)">fiiziksii falkaa-jajjaboo (solid-state physics)</a> jedhama, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektiroonik_sarkiyuutii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektiroonik sarkiyuutii (fuula hin jirre)">elektiroonik sarkiyuutii</a> rakkoo furuuf jecha sxaxuuni fi hojjachuun ammoo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksi_injineeringi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektirooniksi injineeringi (fuula hin jirre)">elektirooniksi injineeringi</a> jedhama. Barruun kun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksi_injineeriingii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektirooniksi injineeriingii (fuula hin jirre)">elektirooniksi injineeriingii</a> irratti xiyyeeffata.   </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meeshaalee_Elektirooniksii_fi_Ruuqota_Isaanii">Meeshaalee Elektirooniksii fi Ruuqota Isaanii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Kutaa gulaali: Meeshaalee Elektirooniksii fi Ruuqota Isaanii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Meeshaalee Elektirooniksii fi Ruuqota Isaanii"><span>lakkaddaa gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_080820-N-9079D-007_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Michael_J._Isenmann,_from_St._Louis,_Mo.,_performs_a_voltage_check_on_a_power_circuit_card_in_Air_Navigation_Equipment_room_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/US_Navy_080820-N-9079D-007_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Michael_J._Isenmann%2C_from_St._Louis%2C_Mo.%2C_performs_a_voltage_check_on_a_power_circuit_card_in_Air_Navigation_Equipment_room_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lin.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/US_Navy_080820-N-9079D-007_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Michael_J._Isenmann%2C_from_St._Louis%2C_Mo.%2C_performs_a_voltage_check_on_a_power_circuit_card_in_Air_Navigation_Equipment_room_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lin.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/US_Navy_080820-N-9079D-007_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Michael_J._Isenmann%2C_from_St._Louis%2C_Mo.%2C_performs_a_voltage_check_on_a_power_circuit_card_in_Air_Navigation_Equipment_room_aboard_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Abraham_Lin.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Teknishaanin elektirooniksii yeroo voolteejii sarkiyuuti boordii safarun mirkaneessu</figcaption></figure> <p>Ruuqoleen elektiroonikii kan jedhaman qaama fiizikaala sirna elektiroonikii keessa jiru kamiyyuu kan elektiroonii too'achuuf ykn fiildii isaanii haala faayidaa sirna elektiroonikii san wajjin deemun jijjiiru danda'u hunda dha. Walumaa galatti ruuqoleen walitti kan qabatan yoo ta'u kunis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piriintid_sarkiyuuti_boordii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piriintid sarkiyuuti boordii (fuula hin jirre)">piriintid sarkiyuuti boordii (printed circuit board)</a> irratti baqfamuun qabsiifamaniiti; walitti qabsiifamun isaani kunis elektiroonik sarkiyuutii faayidaa addaa qabu (fakkeenyaaf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ampilifaayerii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampilifaayerii (fuula hin jirre)">ampilifaayerii</a>, raadiyoo fudhataa ykn osileeterii) uumuufi. Ruuqoleen elektiroonksii baayyee beekkamoon <a href="/wiki/Kaappaasiterii" title="Kaappaasiterii">kaappaasiterii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indaakterii" title="Indaakterii">indaakterii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rezisterii" title="Rezisterii">rezisterii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daayoodii" title="Daayoodii">daayoodii</a>, fi <a href="/wiki/Tiraanzisterii" title="Tiraanzisterii">tiraanzisterii</a> faadha. Ruuqoleen yeroo baayyee ka'aa (fkn <a href="/wiki/Tiraanzisterii" title="Tiraanzisterii">tiraanzisterii</a> fi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taayiristerii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taayiristerii (fuula hin jirre)">taayiristerii</a>) ykn mugaa (<a href="/wiki/Kaappaasiterii" title="Kaappaasiterii">kaappaasiterii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indaakterii" title="Indaakterii">indaakterii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rezisterii" title="Rezisterii">rezisterii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daayoodii" title="Daayoodii">daayoodii</a>, fi <a href="/wiki/Tiraanzisterii" title="Tiraanzisterii">tiraanzisterii</a>) jechuun bakka lamatti qoodamu.  </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seenaa_Ruuqolee_Elektiroonikii_]"><span id="Seenaa_Ruuqolee_Elektiroonikii_.5D"></span>Seenaa Ruuqolee Elektiroonikii ]</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Kutaa gulaali: Seenaa Ruuqolee Elektiroonikii ]" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Seenaa Ruuqolee Elektiroonikii ]"><span>lakkaddaa gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vaakiyuum_tuubii" title="Vaakiyuum tuubii">Vaakiyuum tuubii (Vacuum tubes or Thermionic valves)</a> ruuqa elektiroonikii kan jalqaba kalaqame dha. Jijjiirama guddaa elektirooniksii irratti walakkeessa jaarraa 20ffaa kan duraa keessa dhufeef, vaakiyuum tuubiin sababa ture. <a href="/wiki/Vaakiyuum_tuubii" title="Vaakiyuum tuubii">Vaakiyuum tuubiin</a> elektirooniksii ittiin gowwoomsoo tabachuu harkaa baasee <a href="/wiki/Raadiyoo" title="Raadiyoo">raadiyoo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Televizyinii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Televizyinii (fuula hin jirre)">televizyinii</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonogiraafii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonogiraafii (fuula hin jirre)">fonogiraafii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raadaarii" title="Raadaarii">raadaarii</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilbila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilbila (fuula hin jirre)">bilbila</a> fageenya dheeraa fi wantoota biraa baayyee ilmaan namootatii kennisiise. <a href="/wiki/Vaakiyuum_tuubii" title="Vaakiyuum tuubii">Vaakiyuum tuubiin</a>, hanga bara 1980n keessatti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maayikirooweevii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maayikirooweevii (fuula hin jirre)">maayikirooweevii</a> fi tamsaasa humna guddaa (high power transmission) akkasumas fudhattuu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Televizyiinii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Televizyiinii (fuula hin jirre)">televizyiinii</a> keessatti shoora olaanaa tabata ture. Erga yeroo sanaatii, meeshalen falkaa-jajjaboo gutummaan <a href="/wiki/Vaakiyuum_tuubii" title="Vaakiyuum tuubii">vaakiyuum tuubii</a> dhaalan. <a href="/wiki/Vaakiyuum_tuubii" title="Vaakiyuum tuubii">Vaakiyuum tuubiin</a> ammallee iddowwaan hojii addaa barbaachisu keessatti kan fayyadaa jiran yoo ta'u kunis kan akka ampilifaayerii RF humna guddaa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaatood_reyi_tuubii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaatood reyi tuubii (fuula hin jirre)">kaatood reyi tuubii</a>, meeshaalee sagalee kan addaa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ampilifaayerii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampilifaayerii (fuula hin jirre)">ampilifaayerii</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gitaaraa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gitaaraa (fuula hin jirre)">gitaaraa</a> fi meeshaalee <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maayikirooweevii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maayikirooweevii (fuula hin jirre)">maayikirooweevii</a> muraasa keessatti ni tajaajilu. </p><p>Ebla 1955ttii IBM 608, meeshaa IBM kan <a href="/wiki/Vaakiyuum_tuubii" title="Vaakiyuum tuubii">vaakiyuum tuubii</a> tokkolle hin fayyadamane, gutummaan sarkiyuutii tiraanzisterii kan fayyadamu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaalkuleeterii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaalkuleeterii (fuula hin jirre)">kaalkuleeterii</a> jalqabaa ti; kunis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaalkuleeterii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaalkuleeterii (fuula hin jirre)">kaalkuleeterii</a> gurguraaf hojjatame kan tiraanzisterii qofa fayyadamu addunyaarratti kan jalqabaa ti jedhamee yaaddama. IBM 608, <a href="/wiki/Tiraanzisterii" title="Tiraanzisterii">tiraanzisterii</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jermeeniyeemii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jermeeniyeemii (fuula hin jirre)">jermeeniyeemii</a> 3,000 qaba ture. Thomas J. Watson meeshaaleen IBM sana booda oomishaman hundi saxaxasaanii keessatti <a href="/wiki/Tiraanzisterii" title="Tiraanzisterii">tiraanzisterii</a> akka fayyadaman ajaje. Erga yeroo sanaatii, <a href="/wiki/Kompitara" title="Kompitara">kompitara</a> keessatti loojik geetii (logic gates) fi meeshaalee moggaa (peripheral devices) hojjachuuf <a href="/wiki/Tiraanzisterii" title="Tiraanzisterii">tiraanzisteriin</a> qofatti fayyadu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gosa_Sarkiyuutii">Gosa Sarkiyuutii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Kutaa gulaali: Gosa Sarkiyuutii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Gosa Sarkiyuutii"><span>lakkaddaa gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sarkiyuutii fi ruuqonni garee lamatti qooddamuu danda'u: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaaloogii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaaloogii (fuula hin jirre)">anaaloogii</a> fi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dijitaala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dijitaala (fuula hin jirre)">dijitaala</a>. Meeshaan tokko sarkiyuutii akaakuu isa tokko, ykn akaakuu isa kan biraa ykn makaa lamaanituu qabaachuu danda'a. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarkiyuutii_Anaaloogii">Sarkiyuutii Anaaloogii</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Kutaa gulaali: Sarkiyuutii Anaaloogii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Sarkiyuutii Anaaloogii"><span>lakkaddaa gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HitachiJ100A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HitachiJ100A.jpg/182px-HitachiJ100A.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HitachiJ100A.jpg/273px-HitachiJ100A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HitachiJ100A.jpg/364px-HitachiJ100A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Hitachi J100 adjustable frequency drive chassis</figcaption></figure> <p>Meeshaalen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektiroonikii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektiroonikii (fuula hin jirre)">elektiroonikii</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaaloogii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaaloogii (fuula hin jirre)">anaaloogii</a> baayyeen, kana akka fudhattuu raadiyoo, waliitii fiduu sarkiyuutii bu'uraa muraasa irraa hojjataman. Sarkiyuutiin anaaloogii voolteejii odooo addaan hin citin walitti fufaa fi kan daangaa hin qabne kan fayyadamu yoo ta'u sarkiyuutii dijitaalli ammoo voolteejii muraasa kan lakkoofsaan beekkamaa ta'e fayyadama. </p><p>Lakkoofsi sarkiyuutii anaaloogii saxaxamee baayye dha, sababiinsaas sarkiyuutin kan ruuqa tokko qaburraa kaasee hanga sirna ruuqolee kumaatti lakkawwaman qabutti waan of keessatti qabatuuf. </p><p>Sarkiyuutiin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaaloogii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaaloogii (fuula hin jirre)">anaaloogii</a> yeroo tokko tokko sarkiyuutii liiniyaarii jedhama garuu bu'aawwan al-liniiyaarii ta'an kan akka miikserii, mojuleeterii, kkf fayyadamuu danda'a. Fakkenya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarkiyuutii_anaaloogii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarkiyuutii anaaloogii (fuula hin jirre)">sarkiyuutii anaaloogii</a> gaarii keessaa muraasni ampiliifaayerii vaakiyuum tuubii fi tiraanzisterii, ampilifaayerii dalagaarra oolu fi osileeterii faa dha. </p><p>Yeroo ammaa sarkiyuutii guutummaan anaaloogii ta'e darbe darbee malee hin argamu. Yeroo ammaa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarkiyuutii_anaaloogii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarkiyuutii anaaloogii (fuula hin jirre)">sarkiyuutiin anaaloogii</a>, saffisa fooyyessuuf jecha, tooftaa dijitaalaa ykn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maayikiroopirooseserii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maayikiroopirooseserii (fuula hin jirre)">maayikiroopirooseserii</a> fayyadamuu danda'a. Sarkiyuutii akkasii kun yeroo baayyee anaaloogii ykn dijitaalii odoo hin taane "asattoo makoo" jedhama. </p><p>Yeroo tokko tokko sarkiyuutii anaaloogii fi dijitaalaa gargar baasun ulfaataa dha; sababiinsaas hojii isaanii keessatti ruuqota liniyaarii fi al-liiniyaarii of keessa waan qabaniif. Fakkenyi gaarin kompaaraaterii (comparator) kan voolteejii fufaa ta'e fudhatu garuu akka sarkiyuutii dijitaalii baha sadarkaa lama qabu baasa. Akkanuma, ampilifaayeriin tiraanzisterii guddaa amala iswiichii agarsiisu kan danda'u yoo ta'u kanaafis bahaa sadarkaa lama qabu baasa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarkiyuutii_Dijitaalaa">Sarkiyuutii Dijitaalaa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Kutaa gulaali: Sarkiyuutii Dijitaalaa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Sarkiyuutii Dijitaalaa"><span>lakkaddaa gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sarkiyuutiin dijitaalaa sarkiyuutii elektirikii kan voolteejii sadarkaa muraasa qofa qabu dha. Sarkiyuutiin dijitaalaa haala fiizikaala ta'en Buuliyaan aljebraa bakka bu'uun beekkamaa dha, kanaafis bu'uura kompitara dijitaalaa ti. Injineroota baayyedhaaf, waa'ee sarkiyuutii dijitaalaa yoo dubbatan, jechi sarkiyuuti dijitaalaa, sirna dijitaalaa, fi loojikii jedhu wal gegeeddaranii fayyadamuun ni danda'ama. Sarkiyuutiin dijitaalaa baayyeen lakkoofsa lamee (binary system) kan sadarkaa voolteejii lama qofa qabu, "0" fi "1", fayyadama. Yeroo baayyee, loojikii "0"n voolteejii xiqqaa ta'ee kan "gadaanaa" jedhamuun bakka buufama, loojikii "1"n ammoo voolteejii guddaa kan "olaanaa" jedhamuun bakka buufama. Garuu, sirni tokko tokko faallaa kanaa ("0"n olaanaa ) fayyadamauu ykn karantii irratti hunda'aa. Yeroo baayyee, saxaxaan loojikii sanaa hiika kana sarkiyuutii tokkorraa sarkiyuutii biraatti saxaxa sanaaf akka mijatuuf jecha jijjiiruu danda'a. Hiikaan sadarkaa "0" fi "1" akkuma abbaan murteesse. </p> <pre>Loojikiin sadee (kan haala sadi qabu) qoratamee ture, kompitarri kan maddaas hojjatamee ture </pre> <p>Kompitaroonni, sa'aatin elektiroonikii, fi too'atoonnii loojikii saganteeffamu (kan hojii industirii keessa jiru too'atu) sarkiyuutii dijitaalaa irraa hojjataman. Hujeessitoonni asattoo dijitaalaa fakkeenya tokko. </p><p>Buu'ura irraa ijaarraman: </p> <ul><li>Loojik geetii (Logic gates)</li> <li>Aaderii (Adders)</li> <li>Filiip-filooppii(Flip-flops)</li> <li>Kaawunterii(Counters)</li> <li>Rejisterii (Registers)</li> <li>Maltipileekserii (Multiplexers)</li> <li>tiriigerii (Schmitt triggers)</li></ul> <p>Meeshaalee bu'uuraa gurguddaa: </p> <ul><li>Maayikroopirooseserii (Microprocessors)</li> <li>Maayikirookontiroolerii (Microcontrollers)</li> <li>Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)</li> <li>Digital signal processor (DSP)</li> <li>Field-programmable gate array (FPGA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wabii">Wabii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Kutaa gulaali: Wabii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Wabii"><span>lakkaddaa gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li> Sōgo Okamura (1994). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VHFyngmO95YC&pg=PR4">History of Electron Tubes</a></i>. IOS Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789051991451" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-5199-145-1</a>. Retrieved 5 December 2012.</li> <li>Bashe, Charles J.; et al. (1986). <i>IBM's Early Computers</i>. MIT. p. 386.</li> <li>Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (1991). <i>IBM's 360 and early 370 systems</i>. MIT Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262161230" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-262-16123-0</a>.</li> <li>IEEE Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471428060" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-471-42806-0</a></li> <li>Andrew R Hickey (May 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/207800337/crazy-ant-invasion-frying-computer-equipment.htm">"Crazy' Ant Invasion Frying Computer Equipment".</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liinkii_Alaa">Liinkii Alaa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Kutaa gulaali: Liinkii Alaa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Liinkii Alaa"><span>lakkaddaa gulaali</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://curlie.org/Science/Technology/Electronics/" class="extiw" title="dmoz:Science/Technology/Electronics/">Electronics at DMOZ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electricalandelectronics.org/">Electrical and electronics web portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041102181627/http://www.phy.davidson.edu/instrumentation/NEETS.htm">Navy 1998 Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS)</a></li> <li>DOE 1998 Electrical Science, Fundamentals Handbook, 4 vols. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622015020/http://teletechsvc.net/books/DOE/volume_1.pdf">Vol. 1, Basic Electrical Theory, Basic DC Theory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622005905/http://teletechsvc.net/books/DOE/volume_2.pdf">Vol. 2, DC Circuits, Batteries, Generators, Motors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621235527/http://teletechsvc.net/books/DOE/volume_3.pdf">Vol. 3, Basic AC Theory, Basic AC Reactive Components, Basic AC Power, Basic AC Generators</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621234816/http://teletechsvc.net/books/DOE/volume_4.pdf">Vol. 4, AC Motors, Transformers, Test Instruments & Measuring Devices, Electrical Distribution Systems</a></li></ul></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://om.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&oldid=37184">https://om.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elektirooniksii&oldid=37184</a>" irraa kan fudhatame</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Ramaddiiwwan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elektirooniksii" title="Category:Elektirooniksii">Elektirooniksii</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Pages using ISBN magic links (fuula hin jirre)">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Fuulli kun dhumarratti kan gulaalame guyyaa 30 Haggaya 2021, sa'aa 17:04 irratti.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Barreeffamichi kan argamu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Eeyyama amala waliiqoodu wantootaa</a> jalatti; dabalataan haalli itti fayyadamiinsaa hojii irra kan oolu taha. 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