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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancefield-Einteilung" title="Lancefield-Einteilung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lancefield-Einteilung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_Lancefield" title="Sistema de Lancefield – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de Lancefield" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificazione_di_Lancefield" title="Classificazione di Lancefield – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Classificazione di Lancefield" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" 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height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Streptococcal_grouping_kit.jpg/330px-Streptococcal_grouping_kit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Streptococcal_grouping_kit.jpg/440px-Streptococcal_grouping_kit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Reagents used for Lancefield grouping</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lancefield grouping</b> is a system of classification that classifies <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a>-negative <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria">Gram-positive</a> <a href="/wiki/Coccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccus">cocci</a> based on the carbohydrate composition of bacterial <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigens</a> found on their <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid_12364372_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_12364372-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system, created by <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Lancefield" title="Rebecca Lancefield">Rebecca Lancefield</a>, was historically used to organize the various members of the family <a href="/wiki/Streptococcaceae" title="Streptococcaceae">Streptococcaceae</a>, which includes the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Lactococcus" title="Lactococcus">Lactococcus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i>, but now is largely superfluous due to explosive growth in the number of streptococcal species identified since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Isenberg_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isenberg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has retained some clinical usefulness even after the taxonomic changes,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid_12364372_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_12364372-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2018, Lancefield designations are still often used to communicate <a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">medical microbiological</a> test results. </p><p>The classification assigns a letter code to each serotype. There are 20 described serotypes assigned the letters A to V (excluding E, I and J).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacteria of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus" title="Enterococcus">Enterococcus</a></i>, formerly known as group D streptococci, were classified as members of the genus <i>Streptococcus</i> until 1984 and are included in the original Lancefield grouping.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancefield_1933_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancefield_1933-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many—but not all—species of streptococcus are <a href="/wiki/Beta-hemolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-hemolytic">beta-hemolytic</a>. Notably, enterococci and <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_bovis" title="Streptococcus bovis">Streptococcus bovis</a></i> (Lancefield group D) are not beta-hemolytic.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though there are many groups of streptococci, the principal organisms that are known to cause human disease belong to group A (<i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">Streptococcus pyogenes</a>)</i>, group B (<i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae" title="Streptococcus agalactiae">Streptococcus agalactiae</a></i>), group C/G (<i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_dysgalactiae" title="Streptococcus dysgalactiae">Streptococcus dysgalactiae</a>)</i> both members of group D (<i>Streptococcus gallolyticus</i> and <i>Streptococcus infantarius</i>, both members of the <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_bovis" title="Streptococcus bovis">Streptococcus bovis</a></i> group), and two <a href="/wiki/Alpha-hemolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-hemolytic">alpha-haemolytic</a> groups that lack the Lancefield carbohydrate antigen: <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Viridans_streptococci" title="Viridans streptococci">viridans streptococci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Isenberg_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isenberg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancefield_grouping&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Group A - <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">Streptococcus pyogenes</a></i></li> <li>Group B - <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae" title="Streptococcus agalactiae">Streptococcus agalactiae</a></i></li> <li>Group C - <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_equisimilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptococcus equisimilis">Streptococcus equisimilis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_equi" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptococcus equi">Streptococcus equi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_zooepidemicus" title="Streptococcus zooepidemicus">Streptococcus zooepidemicus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_dysgalactiae" title="Streptococcus dysgalactiae">Streptococcus dysgalactiae</a></i></li> <li>Group D - <i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis" title="Enterococcus faecalis">Enterococcus faecalis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_faecium" title="Enterococcus faecium">Enterococcus faecium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_durans" title="Enterococcus durans">Enterococcus durans</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_bovis" title="Streptococcus bovis">Streptococcus bovis</a></i></li> <li>Group F, G & L - <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_anginosus" title="Streptococcus anginosus">Streptococcus anginosus</a></i></li> <li>Group G - <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_dysgalactiae" title="Streptococcus dysgalactiae">Streptococcus dysgalactiae</a></i></li> <li>Group H - <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_sanguis" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptococcus sanguis">Streptococcus sanguis</a></i></li> <li>Group K - <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_salivarius" title="Streptococcus salivarius">Streptococcus salivarius</a></i></li> <li>Group L - <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_dysgalactiae" title="Streptococcus dysgalactiae">Streptococcus dysgalactiae</a></i></li> <li>Group M & O - <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mitis" title="Streptococcus mitis">Streptococcus mitis</a></i></li> <li>Group N - <i><a href="/wiki/Lactococcus_lactis" title="Lactococcus lactis">Lactococcus lactis</a></i></li> <li>Group R & S - <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_suis" title="Streptococcus suis">Streptococcus suis</a></i></li></ul> <p>Other <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i> species are classified as 'non-Lancefield streptococci'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lancefield_grouping&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid_12364372-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid_12364372_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid_12364372_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFacklam2002" class="citation journal cs1">Facklam, R. (1 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC126867">"What happened to the streptococci: overview of taxonomic and nomenclature changes"</a>. <i>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 613–630. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.15.4.613-630.2002">10.1128/CMR.15.4.613-630.2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC126867">126867</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12364372">12364372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=What+happened+to+the+streptococci%3A+overview+of+taxonomic+and+nomenclature+changes&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=613-630&rft.date=2002-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC126867%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12364372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.15.4.613-630.2002&rft.aulast=Facklam&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC126867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancefield+grouping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isenberg-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isenberg_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isenberg_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsenberg1992" class="citation book cs1">Isenberg, Henry D. (1992). <i>Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook</i>. American Society of Microbiology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555810382" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555810382"><bdi>978-1555810382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Procedures+Handbook&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Microbiology&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1555810382&rft.aulast=Isenberg&rft.aufirst=Henry+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancefield+grouping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Health_England2021" class="citation web cs1">Public Health England (22 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/614b29fd8fa8f561101f38c5/ID_4i4.pdf">"UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations ID 4: Identification of Streptococcus species, Enterococcus species and morphologically similar organisms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>GOV.UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=UK+Standards+for+Microbiology+Investigations+ID+4%3A+Identification+of+Streptococcus+species%2C+Enterococcus+species+and+morphologically+similar+organisms&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft.au=Public+Health+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F614b29fd8fa8f561101f38c5%2FID_4i4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancefield+grouping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancefield_1933-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lancefield_1933_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancefield_RC1933" class="citation journal cs1">Lancefield RC (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2132252">"A serological differentiation of human and other groups of hemolytic streptococci"</a>. <i>J Exp Med</i>. <b>57</b> (4): 571–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.57.4.571">10.1084/jem.57.4.571</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2132252">2132252</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19870148">19870148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Exp+Med&rft.atitle=A+serological+differentiation+of+human+and+other+groups+of+hemolytic+streptococci.&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=571-95&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2132252%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19870148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1084%2Fjem.57.4.571&rft.au=Lancefield+RC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2132252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALancefield+grouping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriloska2008" class="citation journal cs1">Priloska, G (2008). 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clinical_microbiology_techniques" title="Template:Clinical microbiology techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clinical_microbiology_techniques" title="Template talk:Clinical microbiology techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clinical_microbiology_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clinical microbiology techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Techniques_in_clinical_microbiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Techniques in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_microbiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical microbiology">clinical microbiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(microbiology)" title="Isolation (microbiology)">Isolation</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Culture_(microbiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture (microbiology)">culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolation techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis">Asepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaking_(microbiology)" title="Streaking (microbiology)">Streak plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective media">Selective media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultures by body site</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_culture" title="Blood culture">Blood culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genital_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genital culture (page does not exist)">Genital culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputum_culture" title="Sputum culture">Sputum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_culture" title="Throat culture">Throat culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Urine culture">Urine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wound culture">Wound culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultures by organism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial culture">Bacterial culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungal_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fungal culture (page does not exist)">Fungal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_culture" title="Viral culture">Viral culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbiological identification">Identification</a><br />and testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual testing: basic techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_morphology" title="Colonial morphology">Colonial morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)" title="Hemolysis (microbiology)">Hemolysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staining_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staining (biology)">Staining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-fast_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-fast stain">Acid-fast stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giemsa_stain" title="Giemsa stain">Giemsa stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_ink_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="India ink stain">India ink stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziehl%E2%80%93Neelsen_stain" title="Ziehl–Neelsen stain">Ziehl–Neelsen stain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_prep" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet prep">Wet prep</a></li> <li>Rapid tests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxidase_test" title="Oxidase test">Oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalase test">Catalase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indole_test" title="Indole test">Indole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PYR_test" class="mw-redirect" title="PYR test">PYR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual testing:<br />biochemical and immunologic tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#ALA" title="Diagnostic microbiology">ALA test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amino_acid_decarboxylase_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amino acid decarboxylase test (page does not exist)">Amino acid decarboxylase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_solubility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile solubility test">Bile solubility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMP_test" title="CAMP test">CAMP test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrate_test" title="Citrate test">Citrate test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulase test">Coagulase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#DNA_hydrolysis" title="Diagnostic microbiology">DNAse test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMViC" title="IMViC">IMViC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOH_test" title="KOH test">KOH test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_red_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl red test">Methyl red test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#Nitrite_test" title="Diagnostic microbiology">Nitrite test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONPG_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONPG test (page does not exist)">ONPG test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidative/fermentation_glucose_test" title="Oxidative/fermentation glucose test">Oxidative/fermentation glucose test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine_deaminase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenylalanine deaminase test">Phenylalanine deaminase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#Reverse_CAMP_test" title="Diagnostic microbiology">Reverse CAMP test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#6.5%_salt_broth" title="Diagnostic microbiology">Salt tolerance test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfide_indole_motility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfide indole motility test">Sulfide indole motility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sugar_iron_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple sugar iron test">Triple sugar iron test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urease#As_diagnostic_test" title="Urease">Urease test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_urease_test" title="Rapid urease test">rapid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voges%E2%80%93Proskauer_test" title="Voges–Proskauer test">Voges–Proskauer test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_and_V_factor_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X and V factor test (page does not exist)">X and V factor test</a></li> <li><a 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title="Analytical profile index">Analytical profile index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MALDI-TOF" class="mw-redirect" title="MALDI-TOF">MALDI-TOF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction#Infectious_disease_applications" title="Polymerase chain reaction">Polymerase chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VITEK" title="VITEK">VITEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_strep_test" title="Rapid strep test">Rapid strep test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monospot_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Monospot test">Monospot test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic sensitivity">Antibiotic susceptibility testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-lactamase_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta-lactamase test (page does not exist)">Beta-lactamase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_diffusion_test" title="Disk diffusion test">Disk diffusion test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etest" title="Etest">Etest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFarland_standards" title="McFarland standards">McFarland standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration" title="Minimum inhibitory concentration">Minimum inhibitory concentration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">Agar plate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_medium" title="Growth medium">Growth medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIntosh_and_Filde%27s_anaerobic_jar" class="mw-redirect" title="McIntosh and Filde's anaerobic jar">Anaerobic jar</a> <ul><li><a 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