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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Public-sector employee whose duties primarily involve the enforcement of laws</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Peace Officer" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Peace_Officer_(film)" title="Peace Officer (film)">Peace Officer (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg/220px-HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg/330px-HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg/440px-HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a><figcaption>A senior police officer in Hamburg, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>law enforcement officer</b> (<b>LEO</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>police officer</b> or <b>peace officer</b> in <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public-sector</a> or <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private-sector</a> <a href="/wiki/Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">employee</a> whose duties primarily involve the <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">enforcement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws">laws</a>, protecting life & property, keeping the peace, and other public safety related duties. Law enforcement officers are designated certain powers & authority by law to allow them to carry out their responsibilities. </p><p>Modern legal codes use the term <i>peace officer</i> (or in some jurisdictions, <i>law enforcement officer</i>) to include every person vested by the legislating state with law enforcement authority. Traditionally, anyone "sworn, badged, and armable"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who can arrest, or refer such arrest for a criminal <a href="/wiki/Prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecution">prosecution</a>. Security officers may enforce certain laws and administrative regulations, which may include detainment or apprehension authority, including arresting in some jurisdictions. Peace officers may also be able to perform all duties that a law enforcement officer is tasked with, but may or may not be armed with a weapon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The term peace officer in some jurisdictions is interchangeable with law enforcement officer or police officer, but in others peace officer is a totally separate legal designation with quasi-police powers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_officer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a> (R.S., c. C-34, s. 2.) defines a <i>peace officer</i> as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Peace officer includes </p><ul><li>(a) a mayor, <a href="/wiki/Reeve_(Canada)#Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Reeve (Canada)">warden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reeve_(Canada)#Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Reeve (Canada)">reeve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a>, deputy sheriff, sheriff's officer, and <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a>,</li> <li>(b) a member of the <a href="/wiki/Correctional_Service_of_Canada" title="Correctional Service of Canada">Correctional Service of Canada</a> who is designated as a peace officer pursuant to Part I of the <i>Corrections and Conditional Release Act</i>, and a warden, deputy warden, instructor, keeper, jailer, guard and any other officer or permanent employee of a prison other than a penitentiary as defined in Part I of the <i>Corrections and Conditional Release Act</i>,</li> <li>(c) a police officer, police constable, <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable">constable</a>, or other person employed for the preservation and maintenance of the public peace or the service or execution of civil process,</li> <li>(d) an <a href="/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency#Border_Services_Officers" title="Canada Border Services Agency">officer</a> within the meaning of the <i>Customs Act</i>, the <i>Excise Act</i> or the <i>Excise Act, 2001</i>, or a person having the powers of such an officer, when performing any duty in the administration of any of those Acts,</li> <li>(d.1) an officer authorized under subsection 138(1) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Refugee_Protection_Act" title="Immigration and Refugee Protection Act">Immigration and Refugee Protection Act</a></i>,</li> <li>(e) a person designated as a <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_Oceans_Canada#Enforcement" title="Fisheries and Oceans Canada">fishery guardian</a> under the <i><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Act_(Canada)" title="Fisheries Act (Canada)">Fisheries Act</a></i> when performing any duties or functions under that Act and a person designated as a <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_Oceans_Canada#Enforcement" title="Fisheries and Oceans Canada">fishery officer</a> under the <i>Fisheries Act</i> when performing any duties or functions under that Act or the <i>Coastal Fisheries Protection Act</i>,</li> <li>(f) the pilot in command of an aircraft <ul><li>(i) registered in Canada under regulations made under the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeronautics_Act" title="Aeronautics Act">Aeronautics Act</a></i>, or</li> <li>(ii) leased without crew and operated by a person who is qualified under regulations made under the <i> Aeronautics Act</i> to be registered as the owner of an aircraft registered in Canada under those regulations, while the aircraft is in flight, and</li></ul></li> <li>(g) officers and non-commissioned members of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> who are <ul><li>(i) appointed for the purposes of section 156 of the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Act" title="National Defence Act">National Defence Act</a></i>, (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Military_Police" title="Canadian Forces Military Police">Military Police</a>) or</li> <li>(ii) employed on duties that the Governor in Council, in regulations made under the <i>National Defence Act</i> for this paragraph, has prescribed to be of such a kind as to necessitate that the officers and non-commissioned members performing them have the powers of peace officers;</li></ul></li></ul></blockquote> <p>Section (b) allows for designation as a peace officer for a member of the <a href="/wiki/Correctional_Service_of_Canada" title="Correctional Service of Canada">Correctional Service of Canada</a> under the following via the <i>Corrections and Conditional Release Act</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>*10. The Commissioner may in writing designate any staff member, either by name or by class, to be a peace officer, and a staff member so designated has all the powers, authority, protection and privileges that a peace officer has by law in respect of </p><ul><li>(a) an offender subject to a warrant or an order for long-term supervision; and</li> <li>(b) any person, while the person is in a penitentiary.</li></ul></blockquote> <p>Also, provincial legislatures can designate a class of officers (i.e. Conservation Officers, Park Rangers and Commercial Vehicle Safety and Enforcement) to be peace officers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_officer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>United States federal law enforcement personnel include <b>but are not limited to</b> the following:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Bureau of Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Air_Marshal_Service" title="Federal Air Marshal Service">Federal Air Marshal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Flight_Deck_Officer" title="Federal Flight Deck Officer">Federal Flight Deck Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Police" title="Federal Reserve Police">Federal Reserve Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_Office_of_Law_Enforcement" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement">Fish and Wildlife Service - Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management - Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security Investigations">Homeland Security Investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_Law_Enforcement_Rangers" title="National Park Service Law Enforcement Rangers">National Park Service - Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">United States Postal Inspection Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs_Police" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs Police">United States Department of Veterans Affairs Police</a></li></ol> <p>In addition, many departments in the U.S. Federal Government contain Inspector Generals who are able to appoint criminal investigators to work under them. </p><p>For an exhaustive list of all federal law enforcement, you can find it on <a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Federal law enforcement in the United States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arizona">Arizona</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_officer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arizona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azleg.gov/arstitle/">Arizona Revised Statutes</a> defines a peace officer in Title 13, Section 105, as "any person vested by law with a duty to maintain public order and make arrests and includes a constable." Title 1, Section 215(27) enumerates those who are peace officers in the State of Arizona. It includes: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States#Arizona" title="Sheriffs in the United States">sheriffs</a> of counties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constables_in_the_United_States#Arizona" title="Constables in the United States">constables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Town Marshal">marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> officers and <a href="/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer">policemen</a> of cities and towns</li> <li>commissioned personnel of the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Arizona Department of Public Safety">department of public safety</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">state troopers</a></li> <li>personnel who are employed by the state <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Corrections" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Department of Corrections">department of corrections</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Juvenile_Corrections" title="Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections">department of juvenile corrections</a> and who have received a certificate from the Arizona peace officer standards and training board</li> <li>peace officers who are appointed by a multi-county water conservation district and who have received a certificate from the Arizona peace officer standards and training board</li> <li>police officers who are appointed by <a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">community college</a> district governing boards and who have received a certificate from the Arizona peace officer standards and training board</li> <li>police officers who are appointed by the Arizona board of regents and who have received a certificate from the Arizona peace officer standards and training board</li> <li>police officers who are appointed by the governing body of a public airport according to section 28-8426 and who have received a certificate from the Arizona peace officer standards and training board</li> <li>peace officers who are appointed by a private post-secondary institution under section 15-1897 and who have received a certificate from the Arizona peace officer standards and training board</li> <li>special agents from the office of the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Attorney_General" title="Arizona Attorney General">attorney general</a>, or of a <a href="/wiki/County_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="County attorney">county attorney</a>, and who have received a certificate from the Arizona peace officer standards and training board</li></ol> <p>Arizona Revised Statutes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azleg.gov/viewdocument/?docName=http://www.azleg.gov/ars/41/01823.htm">41-1823</a> states that except for duly elected or appointed sheriffs and constables, and probation officers in the course of their duties, no person may exercise the authority or perform the duties of a peace officer unless he is certified by the Arizona peace officers standards and training board. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California">California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_officer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sections 830 through 831.7 of the <a href="/wiki/California_Penal_Code" title="California Penal Code">California Penal Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> list persons who are considered peace officers within the State of California. Peace officers include, in addition to many others, </p> <ol><li>Police; sheriffs, undersheriffs, and their deputies. (§ 830.1[a])</li> <li>Investigators of the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Consumer_Affairs" title="California Department of Consumer Affairs">California Department of Consumer Affairs</a>. (§ 830.3[a])</li> <li>Inspectors or investigators employed in the office of a district attorney. (§ 830.1[a])</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/California_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="California Attorney General">California Attorney General</a> and special agents and investigators of the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Justice" title="California Department of Justice">California Department of Justice</a>. (§ 830.1[b])</li> <li>Members of the <a href="/wiki/California_Highway_Patrol" title="California Highway Patrol">California Highway Patrol</a>. (§ 830.2[a])</li> <li>Special agents of the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Corrections_and_Rehabilitation" title="California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation">California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation</a>. (§ 830.2[d])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_warden" class="mw-redirect" title="Game warden">Game wardens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Fish_and_Wildlife" title="California Department of Fish and Wildlife">California Department of Fish and Wildlife</a> (§ 830.2[e])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="California State Park">California State Park</a> Peace Officers (§ 830.2[f])</li> <li>Investigators of the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Alcoholic_Beverage_Control" title="California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control">California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control</a>. (§ 830.2[h])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Exposition" title="California Exposition">Cal Expo</a> Police Officers (§ 830.2[i])(§ 830.3[q])</li> <li>Investigators of the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles" title="California Department of Motor Vehicles">California Department of Motor Vehicles</a>. (§ 830.3[c])</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fire_marshal#California_Fire_Marshal" title="Fire marshal">State Fire Marshal</a> and assistant or deputy state fire marshals. (§ 830.3[e])</li> <li>Fraud investigators of the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Insurance" title="California Department of Insurance">California Department of Insurance</a>. (§ 830.3[i])</li> <li>Investigators of the <a href="/wiki/Employment_Development_Department" title="Employment Development Department">Employment Development Department</a>. (§ 830.3[q])</li> <li>A person designated by a local agency as a <a href="/wiki/Park_Ranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Ranger">Park Ranger</a> (§ 830.31[b])<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Members of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Police Department">University of California Police Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_State_University_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="California State University Police Department">California State University Police Department</a> or of a <a href="/wiki/California_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="California Community College">California Community College</a> Police Department. (§ 830.2 [b]&[c]/ 830.32 [a])</li> <li>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit_Police_Department" title="Bay Area Rapid Transit Police Department">San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District Police Department</a>. (§ 830.33 [a])</li> <li>Any railroad police officer commissioned by the Governor. (§ 830.33 [e] [1])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_fraud" title="Welfare fraud">Welfare fraud</a> Investigators of the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Social_Services" title="California Department of Social Services">California Department of Social Services</a>. (§ 830.35[a])</li> <li>County <a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">coroners</a> and deputy coroners. (§ 830.35[c])</li> <li>Firefighter/Security Officers of the <a href="/wiki/California_Military_Department" title="California Military Department">California Military Department</a>. (§ PC 830.37)</li> <li>Hospital Police Officers with the <a href="/wiki/California_Health_and_Human_Services_Agency" title="California Health and Human Services Agency">California Department of State Hospitals</a> (used to be California Department of Mental Health) and the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Developmental_Services" title="California Department of Developmental Services">California Department of Developmental Services</a> (§ 830.38)</li> <li>County Probation Officers, County Deputy Probation Officers, Parole officers and <a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">correctional officers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Corrections_and_Rehabilitation" title="California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation">California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation</a>. (§ 830.5 [a]&[b])</li> <li>A security officer for a private university or college deputized or appointed as a reserve deputy sheriff or police officer. (§ 830.75)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Most peace officers have jurisdiction throughout the state, but many have limited powers outside their political subdivisions. Some peace officers require special permission to carry firearms. Powers are often limited to the performance of peace officers' primary duties (usually, enforcement of specific laws within their political subdivision); however, most have <a href="/wiki/Power_of_arrest" title="Power of arrest">power of arrest</a> anywhere in the state for any <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">public offense</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that poses an immediate danger to a person or property. </p><p>A private person (i.e., ordinary citizen) <a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_arrest" title="Citizen's arrest">may arrest another person</a> for an offense committed in the arresting person's presence, or if the other person has committed a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> whether or not in the arresting person's presence (Penal Code § 837),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though such an arrest when an offense has not occurred leaves a private person open to criminal prosecution and civil liability for <a href="/wiki/False_arrest" title="False arrest">false arrest</a>. A peace officer may: </p> <ul><li>without an <a href="/wiki/Arrest_warrant" title="Arrest warrant">arrest warrant</a>, arrest a person on <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> that the person has committed an offense in the officer's presence, or if there is probable cause that a felony has been committed and the officer has probable cause to believe the person to be arrested committed the felony. (Penal Code § 836).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Is immune from civil liability for false arrest if, at the time of arrest, the officer had probable cause to believe the arrest was lawful.</li></ul> <p>Persons are required to comply with certain instructions given by a peace officer, and certain acts (e.g., battery) committed against a peace officer carry more severe penalties than the same acts against a private person. It is unlawful to resist, delay, or obstruct a peace officer in the course of the officer's duties (Penal Code § 148[a][1]).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_State">New York State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_officer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New York State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_New_York_(state)#Peace_officers" title="Law enforcement in New York (state)">Law enforcement in New York (state) § Peace officers</a></div> <p>New York State grants peace officers very specific powers under NYS <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Procedure_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Procedure Law">Criminal Procedure Law</a>, that they may make <a href="/wiki/Warrantless_arrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrantless arrest">warrantless arrests</a>, use physical and deadly force, and issue <a href="/wiki/Summons" title="Summons">summonses</a> under section 2.20 of that law.<sup id="cite_ref-nys_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nys-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a full list of peace officers under Section 2.10 of that law.<sup id="cite_ref-nys_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nys-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below are some examples. </p> <ol><li>That state has law enforcement agencies contained within existing <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> departments that employ sworn peace officers to investigate and enforce laws specifically related to the department. Most often, these departments employ sworn Investigators (separate from the New York State Police) that have statewide investigative authority under the department's mission.</li> <li>The New York State Bureau of Narcotic Enforcement (BNE) is a state investigative agency housed under the State Department of Health. Narcotic Investigators with the Bureau of Narcotic Enforcement are sworn peace officers who carry firearms, make arrests, and enforce the New York State Controlled Substances Act, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Penal_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Penal Law">New York State Penal Law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Public_Health_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Public Health Law">New York State Public Health Law</a>.</li> <li>The New York State Department of Taxation and Finance employs sworn peace officers as Excise Tax Investigators and Revenue Crimes Investigators. These State Investigators carry firearms, make arrests, and enforce New York State Penal Law related to tax evasion and other crimes. Excise Tax Investigators may execute Search Warrants.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles" title="New York State Department of Motor Vehicles">New York State Department of Motor Vehicles</a> (DMV) <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_DMV_Division_of_Field_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State DMV Division of Field Investigations">Division of Field Investigation</a> also employ sworn peace officers as State Investigators. All DMV Investigators carry <a href="/wiki/Glock_23" class="mw-redirect" title="Glock 23">Glock 23</a> firearms and enforce New York State Penal Law and <a href="/wiki/New_York_Vehicle_and_Traffic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Vehicle and Traffic Law">New York Vehicle and Traffic Law</a>. The DMV Division of Field Investigation investigates auto theft, odometer tampering, fraudulent documents, and identity theft crimes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas">Texas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_officer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Texas Statutes,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Code of Criminal Procedure, Art. 2.12, provides: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Art. 2.12, WHO ARE PEACE OFFICERS. The following are peace officers: </p><dl><dd>(1) sheriffs, their deputies, and those reserve deputies who hold a permanent peace officer license issued under Chapter 1701, Occupations Code;</dd> <dd>(2) <a href="/wiki/Texas_constable" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas constable">constables</a>, deputy constables, and those reserve deputy constables who hold a permanent peace officer license issued under Chapter 1701, Occupations Code;</dd> <dd>(3) marshals or police officers of an incorporated city, town, or village, and those reserve municipal police officers who hold a permanent peace officer license issued under Chapter 1701, Occupations Code;</dd> <dd>(4) <a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division">rangers</a> and officers commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Public_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety">Public Safety Commission</a> and the Director of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Texas Department of Public Safety">Department of Public Safety</a>;</dd> <dd>(5) investigators of the district attorneys', criminal district attorneys', and county attorneys' offices;</dd> <dd>(6) law enforcement agents of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Alcoholic_Beverage_Commission" title="Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission">Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission</a>;</dd> <dd>(7) each member of an arson investigating unit commissioned by a city, a county, or the state;</dd> <dd>(8) officers commissioned under Section 37.081, Education Code, or Subchapter E, Chapter 51, Education Code;</dd> <dd>(9) officers commissioned by the General Services Commission;</dd> <dd>(10) law enforcement officers commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Parks_and_Wildlife_Department" title="Texas Parks and Wildlife Department">Parks and Wildlife Commission</a>;</dd> <dd>(11) airport police officers commissioned by a city with a population of more than 1.18 million that operates an airport that serves commercial air carriers;</dd> <dd>(12) airport security personnel commissioned as peace officers by the governing body of any political subdivision of this state, other than a city described by Subdivision (11), that operates an airport that serves commercial air carriers;</dd> <dd>(13) municipal park and recreational patrolmen and security officers;</dd> <dd>(14) security officers and investigators commissioned as peace officers by the comptroller;</dd> <dd>(15) officers commissioned by a water control and improvement district under Section 49.216, Water Code;</dd> <dd>(16) officers commissioned by a board of trustees under Chapter 54, Transportation Code;</dd> <dd>(17) investigators commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Board" title="Texas Medical Board">Texas Medical Board</a>;</dd> <dd>(18) officers commissioned by the board of managers of the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Hospital_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas County Hospital District">Dallas County Hospital District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tarrant_County_Hospital_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarrant County Hospital District">Tarrant County Hospital District</a>, or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bexar_County_Hospital_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bexar County Hospital District (page does not exist)">Bexar County Hospital District</a> under Section 281.057, Health and Safety Code;</dd> <dd>(19) county park rangers commissioned under Subchapter E, Chapter 351, Local Government Code;</dd> <dd>(20) investigators employed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Racing_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texas Racing Commission (page does not exist)">Texas Racing Commission</a>;</dd> <dd>(21) officers commissioned under Chapter 554, Occupations Code;</dd> <dd>(22) officers commissioned by the governing body of a metropolitan rapid transit authority under Section 451.108, Transportation Code, or by a regional transportation authority under Section 452.110, Transportation Code;</dd> <dd>(23) investigators commissioned by the attorney general under Section 402.009, Government Code;</dd> <dd>(24) security officers and investigators commissioned as peace officers under Chapter 466, Government Code;</dd> <dd>(25) an officer employed by the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_State_Health_Services" title="Texas Department of State Health Services">Department of State Health Services</a> under Section 431.2471, Health and Safety Code;</dd> <dd>(26) officers appointed by an appellate court under Subchapter F, Chapter 53, Government Code;</dd> <dd>(27) officers commissioned by the state fire marshal under Chapter 417, Government Code;</dd> <dd>(28) an investigator commissioned by the commissioner of insurance under Section 701.104, Insurance Code;</dd> <dd>(29) apprehension specialists and inspectors general commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Youth_Commission" title="Texas Youth Commission">Texas Youth Commission</a> as officers under Sections 61.0451 and 61.0931, Human Resources Code;</dd> <dd>(30) officers appointed by the inspector general of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Criminal_Justice" title="Texas Department of Criminal Justice">Texas Department of Criminal Justice</a> under Section 493.019, Government Code;</dd> <dd>(31) investigators commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Commission_on_Law_Enforcement_Officers_Standards_and_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Officers Standards and Education">Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education</a> under Section 1701.160, Occupations Code;</dd> <dd>(32) commission investigators commissioned by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Private_Security_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texas Private Security Board (page does not exist)">Texas Private Security Board</a> under Section 1702.061(f), Occupations Code;</dd> <dd>(33) the fire marshal and any officers, inspectors, or investigators commissioned by an emergency services district under Chapter 775, Health and Safety Code;</dd> <dd>(34) officers commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Board_of_Dental_Examiners" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Board of Dental Examiners">State Board of Dental Examiners</a> under Section 254.013, Occupations Code, subject to the limitations imposed by that section; and</dd> <dd>(35) investigators commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Juvenile_Probation_Commission" title="Texas Juvenile Probation Commission">Texas Juvenile Probation Commission</a> as officers under Section 141.055, Human Resources Code.</dd></dl></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_officer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Law_Enforcement_Officers_Memorial" title="National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial">National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Officers_Memorial_Day" title="Peace Officers Memorial Day">Peace Officers Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Federal law enforcement in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_officer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsa.gov/about-tsa/law-enforcement-officers-flying-armed">"Law Enforcement Officers Flying Armed"</a>. Transportation Security Administration. 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+Enforcement+Officers+Flying+Armed&rft.pub=Transportation+Security+Administration&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsa.gov%2Fabout-tsa%2Flaw-enforcement-officers-flying-armed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-44.6/index.html">"Corrections and Conditional Release Act (S.C. 1992, c. 20)"</a>. <i>Department of Justice Canada</i>. 2012-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Justice+Canada&rft.atitle=Corrections+and+Conditional+Release+Act+%28S.C.+1992%2C+c.+20%29&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FC-44.6%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos160.htm">"Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition"</a>. <i>U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</i>. December 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft.atitle=Occupational+Outlook+Handbook%2C+2010-11+Edition&rft.date=2009-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Foco%2Focos160.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07121.pdf">"Survey of Federal Civilian Law Enforcement Functions and Authorities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Government Accountability Office</i>. December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Government+Accountability+Office&rft.atitle=Survey+of+Federal+Civilian+Law+Enforcement+Functions+and+Authorities&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fnew.items%2Fd07121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&division=&title=3.&part=2.&chapter=4.5.&article=">"California Penal Code, Part 2, Title 3, Section 830-832.18"</a>. <i>Official California Legislative Information</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+California+Legislative+Information&rft.atitle=California+Penal+Code%2C+Part+2%2C+Title+3%2C+Section+830-832.18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleginfo.legislature.ca.gov%2Ffaces%2Fcodes_displayText.xhtml%3FlawCode%3DPEN%26division%3D%26title%3D3.%26part%3D2.%26chapter%3D4.5.%26article%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=830.31.">"California Penal Code, Part 2, Title 3, Chapter 4.5, § 830.31(b). Peace Officers: Local Park Ranger"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Penal+Code%2C+Part+2%2C+Title+3%2C+Chapter+4.5%2C+%C2%A7+830.31%28b%29.+Peace+Officers%3A+Local+Park+Ranger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleginfo.legislature.ca.gov%2Ffaces%2Fcodes_displaySection.xhtml%3FlawCode%3DPEN%26sectionNum%3D830.31.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=830.75.">"California Penal Code, Part 2, Title 3, Chapter 4.5, § 830.75. Peace Officers: independent institutions of higher education"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Penal+Code%2C+Part+2%2C+Title+3%2C+Chapter+4.5%2C+%C2%A7+830.75.+Peace+Officers%3A+independent+institutions+of+higher+education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleginfo.legislature.ca.gov%2Ffaces%2Fcodes_displaySection.xhtml%3FlawCode%3DPEN%26sectionNum%3D830.75.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Public offenses in California include <a href="/wiki/Infraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraction">infractions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felonies</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">California Penal Code, Part 2, Title 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=837.">Chapter 5, Arrest and by Whom Made</a>, § 837.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">California Penal Code, Part 2, Title 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=836.">Chapter 5, Arrest and by Whom Made</a>, § 836.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">California Penal Code, Part 1, Title 7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=148.">Chapter 7, Other Offenses Against Public Justice</a>, §148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nys-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nys_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nys_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/LAWSSEAF.cgi?QUERYTYPE=LAWS+&QUERYDATA=$$CPL2.20$$@TXCPL02.20+&LIST=LAW+&BROWSER=EXPLORER+&TOKEN=45238433+&TARGET=VIEW">"Section 2.20 Powers of peace officers"</a>. <i>New York State Assembly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+State+Assembly&rft.atitle=Section+2.20+Powers+of+peace+officers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublic.leginfo.state.ny.us%2FLAWSSEAF.cgi%3FQUERYTYPE%3DLAWS%2B%26QUERYDATA%3D%24%24CPL2.20%24%24%40TXCPL02.20%2B%26LIST%3DLAW%2B%26BROWSER%3DEXPLORER%2B%26TOKEN%3D45238433%2B%26TARGET%3DVIEW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/CR/htm/CR.2.htm#2.12">"Art. 2.12. Who Are Peace Officers"</a>. <i>Texas Constitution and Statutes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Constitution+and+Statutes&rft.atitle=Art.+2.12.+Who+Are+Peace+Officers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutes.legis.state.tx.us%2FDocs%2FCR%2Fhtm%2FCR.2.htm%232.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaw+enforcement+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_officer&oldid=1251409768">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_officer&oldid=1251409768</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Category:Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legal_professions" title="Category:Legal professions">Legal professions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement" title="Category:Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 October 2024, at 00:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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