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class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-研究方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>研究方法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究方法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去研究方法細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-研究方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-心理測量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#心理測量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>心理測量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-心理測量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-心理實驗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#心理實驗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>心理實驗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-心理實驗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-課題" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#課題"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>課題</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-課題-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去課題細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-課題-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-感知" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#感知"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>感知</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-感知-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注意力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注意力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>注意力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注意力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-記憶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#記憶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>記憶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-記憶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-紀律組織" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#紀律組織"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>紀律組織</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-紀律組織-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去紀律組織細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-紀律組織-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-機構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#機構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>機構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-機構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-界限" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#界限"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>界限</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-界限-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關領域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關領域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>相關領域</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關領域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-商學應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#商學應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>商學應用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-商學應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">心理學</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有200種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-200" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">200種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sielkunde" title="Sielkunde – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sielkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90%E1%8D%A1%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A1%E1%8A%93_%E1%89%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5" title="የሥነ፡ልቡና ትምህርት – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሥነ፡ልቡና ትምህርት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicoloch%C3%ADa" title="Psicolochía – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Psicolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3" title="علم النفس – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم النفس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پسيكولوجيا – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پسيكولوجيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سايكولوجيا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سايكولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মনোবিজ্ঞান – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মনোবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicolox%C3%ADa" title="Sicoloxía – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sicoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psixologiya" title="Psixologiya – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Psixologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="سایکولوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سایکولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психология – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Психология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikoluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Psikoluogėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Psikoluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikolohiya" title="Sikolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sikolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Псіхалогія – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Псіхалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Псыхалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Псыхалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психология – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Психология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मनोबिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मनोबिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মনোবিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মনোবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="སེམས་ཁམས་རིག་པ། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེམས་ཁམས་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bredoniezh" title="Bredoniezh – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bredoniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihologija" title="Psihologija – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Psihologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Psikologi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сэдьхэл шудалал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сэдьхэл шудалал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Psicologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Психологи – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Психологи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikolohiya" title="Sikolohiya – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sikolohiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دەروونناسی – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەروونناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia – 科西嘉文" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Psicologia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhiyat" title="Ruhiyat – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ruhiyat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psych%C3%B2logij%C3%B4" title="Psychòlogijô – 卡舒布文" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Psychòlogijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Психологи – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Психологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seicoleg" title="Seicoleg – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seicoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykologi" title="Psykologi – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Psykologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6%C3%B6c%C3%ABku%C9%9B%CC%88nnhom" title="Piööcëkuɛ̈nnhom – 丁卡文" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piööcëkuɛ̈nnhom" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="丁卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikolociye" title="Psikolociye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Psikolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Psikologi" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ψυχολογία – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψυχολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Psychology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologio" title="Psikologio – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Psikologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolog%C3%ADa" title="Psicología – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Psicología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ps%C3%BChholoogia" title="Psühholoogia – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Psühholoogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologia" title="Psikologia – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Psikologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicologia" title="Sicologia – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sicologia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="روان‌شناسی – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روان‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykologia" title="Psykologia – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Psykologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ps%C3%BCkoloogia" title="Psükoloogia – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Psükoloogia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saikolaji" title="Saikolaji – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Saikolaji" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1larfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Sálarfrøði – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sálarfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ps%C3%BCchologii" title="Psüchologii – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Psüchologii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologjie" title="Psicologjie – 弗留利文" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Psicologjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Psychology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADceola%C3%ADocht" title="Síceolaíocht – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Síceolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikoloji" title="Psikoloji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Psikoloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B2las-inntinn" title="Eòlas-inntinn – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eòlas-inntinn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolox%C3%ADa" title="Psicoloxía – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Psicoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apytu%27%C5%A9kuaaty" title="Apytu'ũkuaaty – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apytu'ũkuaaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="મનોવિજ્ઞાન – 古吉拉特文" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મનોવિજ્ઞાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shicklaage" title="Shicklaage – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shicklaage" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin_halin_dan_Adam" title="Ilimin halin dan Adam – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ilimin halin dan Adam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEm-l%C3%AE-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Sîm-lî-ho̍k – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sîm-lî-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80pana_kau" title="Āpana kau – 夏威夷文" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Āpana kau" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="פסיכולוגיה – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסיכולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मनोविज्ञान – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मनोविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Psychology" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihologija" title="Psihologija – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Psihologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikoloji" title="Sikoloji – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sikoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszichol%C3%B3gia" title="Pszichológia – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pszichológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հոգեբանություն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոգեբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հոգեբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հոգեբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologia" title="Psychologia – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Psychologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi – 伊班文" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Psikologi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Psikologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psichologie" title="Psichologie – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Psichologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikolohia" title="Sikolohia – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sikolohia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologio" title="Psikologio – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Psikologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Sálfræði – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sálfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Psicologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saikalaji" title="Saikalaji – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Saikalaji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/menske" title="menske – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="menske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Psikologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფსიქოლოგია – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფსიქოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psixologiya" title="Psixologiya – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Psixologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnafsit" title="Tasnafsit – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnafsit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C9%A3z%C9%A9m_kp%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bk%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%CA%8Am%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C5%A9g%C4%A9" title="Mbũgĩ – 吉庫尤文" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mbũgĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉庫尤文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психология – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Психология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnip_ilinniarnera" title="Tarnip ilinniarnera – 格陵蘭文" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Tarnip ilinniarnera" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="格陵蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="ចិត្តវិទ្យា – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចិត្តវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಮನಶ್ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮನಶ್ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="심리학 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8E%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نَفسِیات – 喀什米爾文" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نَفسِیات" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="喀什米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der%C3%BBnnas%C3%AE" title="Derûnnasî – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Derûnnasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brysonieth" title="Brysonieth – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Brysonieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психология – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Психология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologia" title="Psychologia – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Psychologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikolojiya" title="Psikolojiya – 拉迪諾文" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Psikolojiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪諾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психология – 列茲干文" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Психология" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列茲干文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolojia" title="Psicolojia – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Psicolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Psicologia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Psicologia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Psicologia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2" title="ຈິຕະວິທະຍາ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈິຕະວິທະຍາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psichologija" title="Psichologija – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Psichologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psiholo%C4%A3ija" title="Psiholoģija – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Psiholoģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मनोविज्ञान – 邁蒂利文" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मनोविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="邁蒂利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifisaina_sy_hetsi-po" title="Haifisaina sy hetsi-po – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haifisaina sy hetsi-po" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Психологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Психологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Психологија – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Психологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="മനഃശാസ്ത്രം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനഃശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сэтгэл судлал – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сэтгэл судлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ပညာစိုတ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ပညာစိုတ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मानसशास्त्र – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मानसशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Psikologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikolo%C4%A1ija" title="Psikoloġija – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Psikoloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologie" title="Psicologie – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Psicologie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="စိတ်ပညာ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိတ်ပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="روان‌شناسی – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روان‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologgia" title="Psicologgia – 拿波里文" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Psicologgia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="拿波里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मनोविज्ञान – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मनोविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="साइकोलोजी – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="साइकोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykologi" title="Psykologi – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Psykologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykologi" title="Psykologi – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Psykologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologia" title="Psikologia – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Psikologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Psicologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saayikoloojii" title="Saayikoloojii – 奧羅莫文" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Saayikoloojii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奧羅莫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ମନୋବିଜ୍ଞାନ – 歐利亞文" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମନୋବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="歐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Психологи – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Психологи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਨੋਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੋਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikoloh%C3%ADa" title="Sikolohía – 潘帕嘉文" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sikolohía" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="潘帕嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Psicologia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologie" title="Psicologie – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Psicologie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चिन्तनशास्त्र – 巴利文" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चिन्तनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologia" title="Psychologia – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Psychologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolog%C3%ACa" title="Psicologìa – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Psicologìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نفسیات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نفسیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ساپوهنه – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ساپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Psicologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuna_yachay" title="Nuna yachay – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nuna yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia – 羅曼斯文" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Psicologia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="羅曼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihologie" title="Psihologie – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Psihologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психология – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Психология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%96%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Псіхолоґія – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Псіхолоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मनोविज्ञानम् – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मनोविज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психология – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Психология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Psicologia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolugg%C3%ACa" title="Psicoluggìa – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Psicoluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نفسيات – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نفسيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihologija" title="Psihologija – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Psihologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මනෝවිද්‍යාව – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මනෝවිද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Psychology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychol%C3%B3gia" title="Psychológia – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Psychológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihologija" title="Psihologija – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Psihologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saikolosi" title="Saikolosi – 薩摩亞文" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Saikolosi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="薩摩亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambandanga" title="Ruambandanga – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambandanga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilminafsi" title="Cilminafsi – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cilminafsi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologjia" title="Psikologjia – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Psikologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Психологија – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Психологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saekholoji" title="Saekholoji – 塞索托文" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Saekholoji" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="塞索托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Psikologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykologi" title="Psykologi – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Psykologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimunafsia" title="Elimunafsia – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elimunafsia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உளவியல் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உளவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="మానసిక శాస్త్రం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మానసిక శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikolojia" title="Psikolojia – 泰頓文" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Psikolojia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="泰頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Равоншиносӣ – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Равоншиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="จิตวิทยา – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จิตวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikolohiya" title="Sikolohiya – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sikolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saikolosi" title="Saikolosi – 托比辛文" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Saikolosi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托比辛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikoloji" title="Psikoloji – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Psikoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психология – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Психология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saek%C9%94l%C9%94gye" title="Saekɔlɔgye – 特威文" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Saekɔlɔgye" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="特威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Психологія – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Психологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نفسیات – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نفسیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psixologiya" title="Psixologiya – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Psixologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psico%C5%82ozia" title="Psicołozia – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Psicołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihologii" title="Psihologii – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Psihologii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2m_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Tâm lý học – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tâm lý học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Psychologie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikolohiya" title="Psikolohiya – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Psikolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="心理学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფსიქოლოგია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფსიქოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פסיכאלאגיע – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פסיכאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simleixhag" title="Simleixhag – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Simleixhag" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyholohie" title="Psyholohie – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Psyholohie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="心理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim-l%C3%AD-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Sim-lí-ha̍k – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sim-lí-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9418#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="關於內容頁嘅討論 (無呢版)[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&oldid=2207377" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&id=2207377&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25BF%2583%25E7%2590%2586%25E5%25AD%25B8"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25BF%2583%25E7%2590%2586%25E5%25AD%25B8"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Psychology" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9418" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span>  <b>提示：</b>呢篇文講嘅唔係<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%A3%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="心裏學">心裏學</a></b>。</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png/270px-RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png/405px-RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png/540px-RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>1619 年嘅一幅畫；幅畫描述畫家想像中嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>模型。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>心理學</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/心理學/#yue"><span>sam<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> lei<span class="Jpingtone">5</span> hok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></a></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en"><b>psychology</b></span>），<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>日常會嗌 <b><span>saai<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> ko<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span></b>，係一門主要用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>研究<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="心智">心智</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="腦部">腦部</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>嘅領域。心理學涉及喺多種<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>上面。雖然有關，但亦有啲唔同。同佢唔同嘅地方（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="人類學">人類學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="社會學">社會學</a>）係心理學所針對嘅係個人嘅精神活動同埋行為，而其他所針對嘅就係呢啲活動同埋行為喺社會造成嘅影響、現象、意義… </p><p>心理學嘅英文 Psychology 源於希臘文 <span lang="el" title="希臘文文字"><b>ψυχή</b></span> <i>psyche</i>（「靈魂」，「心靈」）同埋 <span lang="el" title="希臘文文字"><b>λόγος</b></span> <i>logos</i>（「學問」），夾埋就係<b>同心靈有關嘅學問</b>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究方法"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>研究方法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 研究方法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="心理測量"><span id=".E5.BF.83.E7.90.86.E6.B8.AC.E9.87.8F"></span>心理測量</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 心理測量"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="心理測量">心理測量</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="心理測量">心理測量</a>（psychometrics）係指用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a>技術<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>心理特性嘅一套方法，係心理學研究不可或缺嘅一部份。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="心理實驗"><span id=".E5.BF.83.E7.90.86.E5.AF.A6.E9.A9.97"></span>心理實驗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 心理實驗"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="心理實驗">心理實驗</a></div> <p>有<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學家">心理學家</a>試過評估心理學研究常用嘅行為量度法，指出行為量度法可以分做三大類<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ol><li><b>行為痕跡</b>（behavioral traces），量度行為過後留低嘅痕跡－例如做<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="智商測驗">智商測驗</a>，睇吓一個人嘅答問題行為（呢種行為源於佢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>）留低嘅答案（痕跡），用答案所出嘅分數做評估；</li> <li><b>行為觀察</b>（behavioral observations），直接目擊同觀察個行為，並且作出一啲量度－例如用<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="攝影機">攝影機</a>影低啲受試者嘅行為，打後再人手數吓每個受試者做咗一個行為（假設研究者對個行為有明確嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>）幾多次；</li> <li><b>行為選擇</b>（behavioral choice），俾受試者作出選擇－例如要受試者玩一場博弈（睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AB%96" title="博弈論">博弈論</a>），俾佢哋分錢，再睇吓受試者會唔會喺某啲情況下零舍傾向分多錢俾自己。</li></ol> <p>舉個例說明，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="自由回想">自由回想</a>（free recall）係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>研究上常用嘅一種實驗方法：喺自由回想測試當中，個研究者會要求個受試者睇一柞字，跟住喺一段時間之後，再叫佢哋盡可能有咁多得咁多噉寫返嗮佢睇咗嗰柞字出嚟。一般嚟講，如果一個受試者對某個字嘅記憶愈強，佢應該愈有可能會記得寫返低嗰個字，而研究者可以做各種量度同操作，睇吓人嘅記憶力會受乜嘢因素影響<sup id="cite_ref-recall_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recall-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。用呢個方法做嘅研究發現咗廿世紀心理學上好出名嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="系列位置效應">系列位置效應</a>（serial-position effect）－喺回想一串資訊嗰陣，人零舍有可能會記得嗰串資訊最先出現嗰啲同最後出現嗰啲<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E6%99%82%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="心理測時法">心理測時法</a>（mental chronometry）亦係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>上常用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="心理實驗">心理實驗</a>研究方法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="課題"><span id=".E8.AA.B2.E9.A1.8C"></span>課題</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 課題"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F" title="情感">情感</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="感知"><span id=".E6.84.9F.E7.9F.A5"></span>感知</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 感知"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_(Hill).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg/180px-My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg/270px-My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg/360px-My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>幅圖入面嗰個係後生女人定係阿婆呢？</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a></div> <p>一個資訊處理體要解難，就實要由外界嗰度吸收資訊，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>（perception）就係指透過<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>獲取外界嘅資訊並且處理呢啲資訊嘅能力－<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a>幫手接收外界嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>會接收外界嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A6%BA" title="嗅覺">嗅覺</a>能夠幫手辨別周圍環境有乜嘢<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="化學物質">化學物質</a>... 等等，而喺感知系統為個人提供咗「外界有啲乜嘢喺度」嘅資訊之後，腦仲會對呢啲資訊做進一步嘅處理。人最依賴嘅係視覺同聽覺，但第啲動物會同人類有啲唔同，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="狼">狼</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E7%A7%91%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="犬科動物">犬科動物</a>就比人更加依賴嗅覺<sup id="cite_ref-mechelli2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechelli2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>感知可以由刺激本身嘅物理性質主導，但又可以受到個人嘅認知系統本身嘅特質左右： </p> <ul><li>認知科學家會研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8B%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8A%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="由下至上過程">由下至上</a>（bottom-up）嘅過程，觀察人由接收到光同聲等嘅刺激嗰陣，佢哋啲感官內部發生乜嘢事同埋資訊點樣傳上個腦嗰度；</li> <li>另一方面，佢哋又會研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8B%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="由上至下過程">由上至下</a>（top-down）嘅過程，睇一個個體嘅神經系統本身嘅特質會點樣影響個體嘅感知；由上至下嘅例子有多種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%96%E6%98%A7%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F" title="曖昧圖像">曖昧圖像</a>（ambiguous image），好似係幅附圖噉，幅圖可以睇成一個後生、頭髮黑嘅女人，又可以睇成一個頭髮白嗮嘅阿婆；想像有認知科學家搵班人返嚟做受試者，俾佢哋睇一啲曖昧圖像，要佢哋睇完一幅圖之後即刻答幅圖係乜嘢事物，並且對<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>做吓<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="統計分析">統計分析</a>，睇吓受試者嘅答案會受乜嘢因素影響；實驗顯示，（例如）某啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" title="性格">類型</a>人零舍傾向將附圖睇成後生女，又或者係「如果個人臨睇幅圖之前睇過有老人家喺入面嘅相，會零舍容易將幅圖睇成阿婆」－噉即係表示受試者嘅感知並唔係純粹由收到嘅刺激嘅物理性質主宰嘅，展示咗由上至下嘅感知過程<sup id="cite_ref-mechelli2004_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechelli2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="注意力"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E6.84.8F.E5.8A.9B"></span>注意力</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 注意力"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a>（attention）係一系列嘅認知過程，涉及一隻動物由接收到嘅外界資訊當中篩選一部份出嚟集中處理，並且忽略嗰啲唔係集中處理緊嘅資訊：一隻動物（包括人類）嘅腦無時無刻都喺度接收緊極大量嘅資訊，多到冇可能一吓過處理得嗮；好多時，為咗要有效噉解決佢生存所需要解決嘅問題，隻動物要集中處理同佢生存最有啦掕嗰啲資訊，同時又焗住要忽略嗰啲同佢生存冇咁有啦掕嘅資訊<sup id="cite_ref-howpsy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howpsy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺對注意力嘅研究上，認知科學家一般都興將注意力想像成一種有限嘅資源，由個腦嘅某啲系統決定要點樣分配落去唔同嘅資訊源嗰度<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而個腦當中塊<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89" title="額葉">額葉</a>同塊<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E8%91%89" title="頂葉">頂葉</a>之間嘅網絡（fronto-parietal network；睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E8%91%89" title="腦葉">腦葉</a>）同注意力零舍有關<sup id="cite_ref-posnerpetersen1990_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posnerpetersen1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>根據廿一世紀初嘅研究，人腦嘅注意力系統大致上可以分做三大子系統，而呢三個系統之間嘅互動就控制住<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%B3%A8" title="專注">專注</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="持續注意力">持續注意力</a>等嘅注意力相關功能<sup id="cite_ref-posnerpetersen1990_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posnerpetersen1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ol><li>負責令個人意識到周圍資訊嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E8%A6%BA" title="警覺">警覺</a>（alertness）系統；</li> <li>負責將注意力資源由一樣嘢移去第樣嘢嗰度嘅<b>導向</b>（orientation）系統；</li> <li>負責處理衝突（例如有兩個刺激同時要求注意力）嘅<b>執行控制</b>（executive control）系統。</li></ol> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/420px--Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="420" height="238" data-durationhint="77" data-mwtitle="Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-(Canis-Lupus)-pone.0016888.s002.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-(Canis-Lupus)-pone.0016888.s002.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="254" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="424" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>一隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="狼">狼</a>用眼𥄫實佢有興趣嘅物件；定義上，注意力集中點係個心靈資訊處理能力嘅集中之處，一隻動物用眼－收集資訊嘅器官－望實一件物件表示，佢將自己嘅注意力集中喺嗰件物件上。可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E5%8B%95%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="眼動追蹤">眼動追蹤</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="記憶"><span id=".E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6"></span>記憶</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 記憶"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>（memory）係指個腦將啲資訊<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲起</a>、同埋喺有需要嗰陣<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>（retrieve）出嚟用嘅能力：喺野外，一隻動物需要記住（例如）傾向有嘢食嘅地點、傾向有獵食者出現嘅地點、以及打前見過嘅同類當中「邊啲信得過邊啲出賣過自己」等等嘅資訊－記憶對於動物（包括人）嘅體驗嚟講至關重要，記憶功能令一隻動物曉由接收到嘅資訊當中揀一部份儲起，並且喺要用嗰陣將呢啲資訊提取返出嚟用<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺人當中，記憶仲係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="人際關係">人際關係</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學習">語言學習</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%80%A7" title="人格同一性">人格同一性</a>嘅根本<sup id="cite_ref-eysenck2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eysenck2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一個人類認知系統當中嘅記憶可以按「有冇得用口頭報告返出嚟」分做<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="外顯記憶">有意識</a>（explicit）同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="內隱記憶">冇意識</a>（implicit）兩種，又有得按「會維持幾耐」分做<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="短期記憶">短期記憶</a>（short-term memory；頂櫳維持幾分鐘）同<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="長期記憶">長期記憶</a>（long-term memory；可以維持到成幾廿年）兩大種<sup id="cite_ref-tk1996_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tk1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：記憶嘅開端係感官，啲感官嘅神經細胞會以電流同化合物訊號等嘅型式將啲感官收到嘅資訊傳去個腦嗰度，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>（working memory）跟手會負責暫時儲住個腦用緊嘅資訊，呢啲資訊當中有一啲可能會俾個腦儲起做長期記憶，並且對隻動物嘅行為產生更加深遠嘅影響<sup id="cite_ref-tk1996_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tk1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；另一方面，工作記憶又會幫手提取一啲由打前儲起咗嘅長期記憶嗰度得到嘅資訊。長期記憶仲有可能會透過一啲冇意識嘅途徑產生<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="紀律組織"><span id=".E7.B4.80.E5.BE.8B.E7.B5.84.E7.B9.94"></span>紀律組織</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 紀律組織"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="機構"><span id=".E6.A9.9F.E6.A7.8B"></span>機構</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 機構"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學組織一覽 (無呢版)">心理學組織一覽</a></div> <p>1920年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%95%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛德華·克拉帕雷德 (無呢版)">愛德華·克拉帕雷德</a>（Édouard Claparède）同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E9%9F%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皮埃爾·博韋 (無呢版)">皮埃爾·博韋</a>（Pierre Bovet）成立咗一個新嘅應用心理學組織，叫做「國際心理技術應用於職業指導大會」，後嚟改名為「國際心理技術大會」，最後成為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際應用心理學會 (無呢版)">國際應用心理學會</a>（International Association of Applied Psychology, IAAP）。 IAAP被視為最古老嘅國際心理學會。<sup id="cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickrenFowler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 而家至少有65個國際組織係專門處理心理學嘅唔同範疇。<sup id="cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickrenFowler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 喺應對男性主導嘅情況下，美國嘅女性心理學家喺1941年成立咗「全國女性心理學家委員會」，呢個組織喺二戰後改名做「國際女性心理學家委員會」，再喺1959年改為「國際心理學家委員會」。有啲協會，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑人心理學家協會 (無呢版)">黑人心理學家協會</a>（Association of Black Psychologists）同「亞裔美國心理學協會」，係為咗推動非歐裔種族喺呢個行業入面嘅參與。<sup id="cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickrenFowler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際心理科學聯盟 (無呢版)">國際心理科學聯盟</a>（International Union of Psychological Science, IUPsyS）係一個由各國心理學會組成嘅世界聯盟。IUPsyS喺1951年由<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%80%81%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國教育、科學及文化組織">聯合國教育、科學及文化組織</a>（UNESCO）資助成立。<sup id="cite_ref-Staeuble_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staeuble-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 之後，世界各地嘅心理學系係以歐美嘅模式為主，開始快速發展。<sup id="cite_ref-Staeuble_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staeuble-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 自1966年以嚟，聯盟出版咗《國際心理學期刊》（International Journal of Psychology）。 IAAP同IUPsyS喺1976年達成協議，每四年舉辦一次大會，兩者輪流舉行。<sup id="cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickrenFowler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IUPsyS認證咗66個國家心理學會，仲有至少15個其他類似組織存在。<sup id="cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickrenFowler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 當中最古老同最大嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="美國心理學會">美國心理學會</a>（American Psychological Association, APA），佢嘅會員數量由1945年嘅5,000人增長到而家嘅100,000人。<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APA包括咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E5%88%86%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國心理學會分部 (無呢版)">美國心理學會分部</a>（54個分部），自1960年以嚟，呢啲分部逐漸增加，涵蓋咗更多嘅專業領域。有啲分部，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會問題心理學研究會 (無呢版)">社會問題心理學研究會</a>（Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues）同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86-%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國心理-法律學會 (無呢版)">美國心理-法律學會</a>（American Psychology–Law Society），最初係獨立組織。<sup id="cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickrenFowler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%9B%E7%BE%8E%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泛美心理學會 (無呢版)">泛美心理學會</a>（Interamerican Psychological Society）成立於1951年，目標係推廣心理學喺西半球嘅發展。佢舉辦咗泛美心理學大會，喺2000年嘅時候有1,000名會員。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲專業心理學協會聯合會 (無呢版)">歐洲專業心理學協會聯合會</a>（European Federation of Professional Psychology Associations）成立於1981年，代表30個國家嘅心理學會，共有100,000名會員。另外仲有至少30個國際組織，代表唔同地區嘅心理學家。<sup id="cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickrenFowler-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>有啲地方嘅政府會法律規定邊啲人可以提供心理學服務，或者自稱為「心理學家」。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 美國心理學會定義，心理學家係指擁有心理學博士學位嘅人。<sup id="cite_ref-HallHurley_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallHurley-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="界限"><span id=".E7.95.8C.E9.99.90"></span>界限</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 界限"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>早期實驗心理學家將自己同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超心理學 (無呢版)">超心理學</a>區分開嚟，後者喺19世紀末期好受歡迎（包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·詹姆斯 (無呢版)">威廉·詹姆斯</a>等學者嘅興趣）。有啲人認為超心理學係「心理學」嘅一部分。超心理學、<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E7%9C%A0%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="催眠術">催眠術</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E9%9D%88" title="通靈">通靈</a>係早期國際大會嘅主要議題。但呢啲領域嘅研究者最終喺1900–1905年嘅時候被排斥，差唔多完全畀大會排除咗。超心理學喺日本帝國大學曾經持續咗一段時間，出版物包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%8F%E4%BE%86%E5%8F%8B%E5%90%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="福來友吉 (無呢版)">福來友吉</a>嘅《<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E8%A6%96" title="透視">透視</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%B5%E5%AF%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="念寫 (無呢版)">念寫</a>》，但喺1913年後基本上都被忽視咗。 </p><p>作為一個學科，心理學一直以嚟都努力避免畀人指控係<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="軟科學">軟科學</a>。科學哲學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%AF%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E5%BA%AB%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湯馬士·庫恩 (無呢版)">湯馬士·庫恩</a>喺1962年嘅批評指出，心理學整體處於一個未有明確典範嘅狀態，缺乏類似成熟硬科學（例如化學同物理學）中嘅整體理論框架。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 因為有啲心理學領域係依賴調查同問卷中嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="自我報告">自我報告</a>研究方法，批評者認為心理學唔係一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E6%80%A7%E8%88%87%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%80%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="客觀性與主觀性 (無呢版)">客觀</a>嘅科學。懷疑者指出，個性、思維同情感唔能夠直接測量，往往係根據主觀自我報告推斷出嚟，呢個可能會有問題。實驗心理學家已經設計咗多種方法，間接測量呢啲難以捉摸嘅現象學實體。<sup id="cite_ref-Beveridge_subj_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beveridge_subj-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_subj_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson_subj-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Panksepp_AN_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panksepp_AN-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>學界內部仍然存在分歧，有啲心理學家較偏向研究個體獨特嘅經歷，而呢啲經歷唔能夠單憑作為大規模人口統計數據點嚟理解。內外界嘅批評者指出，主流心理學越嚟越受「經驗主義崇拜」主導，研究人員限制自己使用源自物理科學嘅方法，從而縮窄咗研究嘅範圍。女權主義嘅批評認為，科學嘅客觀性聲稱掩蓋咗（歷史上）主要由男性研究者所推動嘅價值同議程。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%8D%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E8%82%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="珍·格林肖 (無呢版)">珍·格林肖</a>（Jean Grimshaw）例如指出，主流心理學研究透過控制行為，實際上推動咗一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B6%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="父權制 (無呢版)">父權制</a>嘅議程。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關領域"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E9.A0.98.E5.9F.9F"></span>相關領域</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 相關領域"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="動物行為學">動物行為學</a>，例如可以睇吓對<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>嘅研究。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="商學應用"><span id=".E5.95.86.E5.AD.B8.E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>商學應用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 商學應用"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="管理學">管理學</a>，會研究員工嘅心理；可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="組織心理學">組織心理學</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%AD%B8" title="市場學">市場學</a>，會研究顧客嘅心理；可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="消費心理學">消費心理學</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%93%8D%E7%B8%B1%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="心理操縱術">心理操縱術</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewandowski, Gary; Strohmetz, David (2009). "Actions can speak as loud as words: Measuring behavior in psychological science". <i>Social and Personality Psychology Compass</i>. 3 (6): 992–1002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recall-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-recall_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/recall-memory">Recall (memory)</a>". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baddeley, Alan D., "<i>The Psychology of Memory</i>", pp. 131–132, Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, New York, (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mechelli2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mechelli2004_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mechelli2004_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mechelli, A., Price, C. J., Friston, K. J., & Ishai, A. (2004). Where bottom-up meets top-down: neuronal interactions during perception and imagery. <i>Cerebral cortex</i>, 14(11), 1256-1265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkkonen, L.; Andersson, J.; Hämäläinen, M.; Hari, R. (2008). "Early visual brain areas reflect the percept of an ambiguous scene". <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 105 (51): 20500–20504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howpsy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-howpsy_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attention-2795009">How Psychologists Define Attention</a>. <i>Verywell Mind</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chavajay, P.; Rogoff, B. (1999). "Cultural Variation in Management of Attention by Children and Their Caregivers". <i>Developmental Psychology</i>. 35 (4): 1079–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, John R. (2004). <i>Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications (6th ed.)</i>. Worth Publishers. p. 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-posnerpetersen1990-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-posnerpetersen1990_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-posnerpetersen1990_9-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Posner, M. I.; Petersen, S. E. (1990). "The attention system of the human brain". <i>Annual Review of Neuroscience</i>. 13(1): 25–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Corbetta, M. (1998). Frontoparietal cortical networks for directing attention and the eye to visual locations: Identical, independent, or overlapping neural systems?. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, 95(3), 831-838.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lauralee Sherwood (1 January 2015). <i>Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems</i>. Cengage Learning. pp. 157–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarzel. M. & Mulluer. U., "Dynamic Memory Networks", <i>Cellular and Molecular Life Science</i>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eysenck2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-eysenck2012_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eysenck, M.W. (2012). <i>Fundamentals of cognition</i>. New York: Psychology Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tk1996-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tk1996_14-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tk1996_14-1">14.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, R. F., & Kim, J. J. (1996). Memory systems in the brain and localization of a memory. <i>Proceedings of the national academy of sciences</i>, 93(24), 13438-13444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chun, M. M., & Jiang, Y. (2003). Implicit, long-term spatial contextual memory. <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition</i>, 29(2), 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PickrenFowler-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-1">16.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-2">16.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-3">16.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-4">16.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-5">16.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PickrenFowler_16-6">16.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade Pickren & Raymond D. Fowler, "Professional Organizations", in Weiner (ed.), <i>Handbook of Psychology</i> (2003), Volume 1: <i>History of Psychology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staeuble-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Staeuble_17-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Staeuble_17-1">17.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Irmingard Staeuble, "Psychology in the Eurocentric Order of the Social Sciences: Colonial Constitution, Cultural Imperialist Expansion, Postcolonial Critique" in Brock (ed.), <i>Internationalizing the History of Psychology</i> (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodwin-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. James Goodwin, "United States", in Baker (ed.), <i>Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology</i> (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">例如，請參閱<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150406055541/https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2013ors675.html">2013年奧勒岡州法律675章</a> 喺<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oregon.gov/obpe/Pages/laws_rules.aspx">有關心理學實踐嘅法規</a> Portuguese Web Archive嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160521020000/http://www.oregon.gov/obpe/Pages/laws_rules.aspx">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期21 May 2016。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HallHurley-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HallHurley_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Judy E. Hall and George Hurley, "North American Perspectives on Education, Training, Licensing, and Credentialing", in Weiner (ed.), <i>Handbook of Psychology</i> (2003), Volume 8: <i>Clinical Psychology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T.S. Kuhn, <i>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</i>, 1st. ed., Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beveridge_subj-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beveridge_subj_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .references-small,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6>.zit3{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zit3>.zit3{display:inline-flex}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .saan1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .saan1{display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;font-size:0.1px;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .fan1gaak3{font-size:0.125px}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4+.zyun1ming4{margin-left:0.0833em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0)}.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeveridge2002" class="citation journal cs1">Beveridge, Allan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fpb.26.3.101">"Time to abandon the subjective–objective divide?"</a>. <i>Psychiatric Bulletin</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 101–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fpb.26.3.101">10.1192/pb.26.3.101</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatric+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Time+to+abandon+the+subjective%E2%80%93objective+divide%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=101-103&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fpb.26.3.101&rft.aulast=Beveridge&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1192%252Fpb.26.3.101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson_subj-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_subj_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peterson, C. (23 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-good-life/200905/subjective-and-objective-research-in-positive-psychology">"Subjective and objective research in positive psychology: A biological characteristic is linked to well-being"</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730080401/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-good-life/200905/subjective-and-objective-research-in-positive-psychology">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期30 July 2022.. <i>Psychology Today</i>. Retrieved 20 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panksepp_AN-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Panksepp_AN_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%88%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E6%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賈克·潘克塞普 (無呢版)">賈克·潘克塞普</a>（Jaak Pankse pp），1998年，<i>Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918223340/https://books.google.com/books?id=n0W2QQuZ7IEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈存档副本〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>存</span><span class="zit3">档副本</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。歸檔時間2015年9月18號<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2024年10月21號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0W2QQuZ7IEC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>，紐約：牛津大學出版社，第9頁。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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title="人類行為">人類行為</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F" title="情感">情感</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="科學研究">科學研究</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理學哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="動物試驗">動物試驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="行為表觀遺傳學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Behavioral epigenetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a 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title="檔案研究">檔案研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" title="社會統計調查">社會統計調查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="個案研究">個案研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E8%A9%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="面試研究">面試研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="內容分析">內容分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%B9%B2%E9%A0%90" title="心理干預">干預</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定量研究">定量研究</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定性研究">定性研究</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/100px-Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png" decoding="async" 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title="實驗心理學">實驗心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="計量心理學">計量心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數理心理學">數理心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="行為科學">行為科學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="動物行為學">動物行為學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="行為遺傳學">行為遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="行為主義">行為主義</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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