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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major ice sheet that periodically covered large parts of North America during glacial periods</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:#ABCDEF;">Cordilleran Ice Sheet</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurentide_ice_sheet_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Laurentide_ice_sheet_map.jpg/264px-Laurentide_ice_sheet_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Laurentide_ice_sheet_map.jpg/396px-Laurentide_ice_sheet_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Laurentide_ice_sheet_map.jpg/528px-Laurentide_ice_sheet_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3573" data-file-height="2612" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of North America during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, showing Cordilleran ice sheet (left) at maximum extent</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">continental</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Cordillera" title="North American Cordillera">North American Cordillera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Lowest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">Sea level</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Terminus</th><td class="infobox-data">West – <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a><br /> East – <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a><br /> South – 40 degrees north latitude</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category">gone</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Cordilleran ice sheet</b> was a major <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a> that periodically covered large parts of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> during glacial periods over the last ~2.6 million years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent">Extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordilleran_ice_sheet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ice extent covered almost all of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca">Strait of Juan de Fuca</a> and south from approximately the southwestern third of the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon Territory</a>. This included all of mainland <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Central_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="South Central Alaska">South Central Alaska</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">Alaska Panhandle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula" title="Alaska Peninsula">peninsula</a>. The southern glacial maximums extended south to <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a> near <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a> in the west and to <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho Panhandle">Idaho Panhandle</a>, and much of <a href="/wiki/Western_Montana" title="Western Montana">Western Montana</a> at the eastern glacial edge. At its eastern end the Cordilleran ice sheet merged with the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a>, forming an area of ice that contained one and a half times as much water as the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a> does today. The ice sheet faded north of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Range" title="Alaska Range">Alaska Range</a> because the climate was too dry to form <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ice sheet covered up to 2,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (970,000 sq mi) at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> and probably more than that in some previous periods, when it may have extended into the northeast extremity of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and the Salmon River Mountains in Idaho. It is probable, though, that its northern margin also migrated south due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Starvation_(glaciology)" title="Starvation (glaciology)">starvation</a> caused by very low levels of precipitation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refugia">Refugia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordilleran_ice_sheet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Refugia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At its western end it is currently understood that several small glacial <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum_refugia" title="Last Glacial Maximum refugia">refugia</a> existed during the last glacial maximum below present <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> in the now-submerged <a href="/wiki/Hecate_Strait" title="Hecate Strait">Hecate Strait</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooks Peninsula">Brooks Peninsula</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>. However, evidence of ice-free refugia above present sea level north of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula" title="Olympic Peninsula">Olympic Peninsula</a> has been refuted by genetic and geological studies since the middle 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thawing">Thawing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordilleran_ice_sheet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Thawing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which may have taken as many as eleven thousand years to fully melt,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Cordilleran ice sheet melted very quickly, probably in four thousand years or less.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rapid melting caused <a href="/wiki/Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods">floods</a> such as the overflow of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Missoula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Missoula">Lake Missoula</a> and shaped the topography of the fertile <a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire_(Pacific_Northwest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland Empire (Pacific Northwest)">Inland Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Washington" title="Eastern Washington">Eastern Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further north, the Cordilleran is responsible for a large number of <a href="/wiki/Glacial_landform" title="Glacial landform">glacial landforms</a> scattered across the west of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rate of thawing has also played a significant role in research surrounding early human migration into the American continents. </p><p>The rapid retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet is a focus of study by <a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">glaciologists</a> seeking to understand the difference in patterns of melting in marine-terminating glaciers, glaciers whose margin extends into open water without seafloor contact, and land-terminating glaciers, with a land or seafloor margin, as scientists believe the western marine-terminating margin retreated much faster than its southern, land-terminating front.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rapid retreat resulted in noticeably fewer glacial landforms in the west of the Cordilleran's maximum extent compared to the south and east, though the exact mechanisms behind this disparity are unknown. Some glacial landforms are still present though: the well-characterized landscape of coastal Washington State contains glacial troughs, some glacial lakes, and an extensive outwash plain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the southern and eastern landforms fall near the northern reaches of the <a href="/wiki/American_Cordillera" title="American Cordillera">American Cordillera</a>, the mountain ranges which geologists believe to be the region from which the Cordilleran first grew, and, after its sudden retreat and ultimate collapse, where it terminated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The timing of the retreat of the Cordilleran bears significance not just to glaciologists, but to <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a> interested in <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">the migration of early humans into the Americas</a>. In particular, the collapse of the western front of the Cordilleran ice sheet has been proposed as one route through which early humans could have migrated after crossing the <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringian Land Bridge</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This serves as an alternative to the Ice Free Corridor previously posited to have allowed for migration amid the retreat of the eastern front of the Cordilleran ice sheet and the western front of the Laurentide ice sheet.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ice Free Corridor is a subject of debate among anthropologists in recent years. Recent studies have provoked skepticism, with areas of discussion including the lack of evidence of sufficient flora in the area to support megafaunal migration,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to radiometric dating placing the emergence of a corridor through the central <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a> too late to account for the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">earliest known human sites south of the glaciers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sea_levels_during_glaciation">Sea levels during glaciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordilleran_ice_sheet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sea levels during glaciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cordilleran_ice_sheet#Sea_Level_During_Glaciation_Section" title="Talk:Cordilleran ice sheet">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Because of the weight of the ice, the mainland of northwest North America was so depressed that sea levels at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> were over a hundred metres higher than they are today (measured by the level of <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a>). </p><p>However, on the western edge at the <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a>, the lower thickness of the ice sheet meant that sea levels were as much as 170 m (560 ft) lower than they are today, forming a <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a> in the deepest parts of the strait. This was because the much greater thickness of the center of the ice sheet served to push upwards areas at the edge of the continental shelf in a glacial <a href="/wiki/Forebulge" title="Forebulge">forebulge</a>. The effect of this during <a href="/wiki/Deglaciation" title="Deglaciation">deglaciation</a> was that sea levels on the edge of the ice sheet, which naturally deglaciated first, initially rose due to an increase in the volume of water, but later fell due to rebound after deglaciation. Some underwater features along the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> were exposed because of the lower sea levels, including <a href="/wiki/Bowie_Seamount" title="Bowie Seamount">Bowie Seamount</a> west of Haida Gwaii which has been interpreted as an active volcanic island throughout the last ice age. </p><p>These effects are important because they have been used to explain how migrants to North America from <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> were able to travel southward during the deglaciation process due purely to the exposure of submerged land between the mainland and numerous continental islands. They are also important for understanding the direction <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> has taken since the ice retreated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordilleran_ice_sheet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keewatin_ice_sheet" title="Keewatin ice sheet">Keewatin ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_ice_sheet" title="Labrador ice sheet">Labrador ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_ice_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Baffin ice sheet">Baffin ice sheet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordilleran_ice_sheet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fulton1987-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fulton1987_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulton, R. J. & Prest, V. K. (1987). Introduction: The Laurentide Ice Sheet and its Significance. 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_glaciations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_glaciations" title="Template:Continental glaciations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_glaciations" title="Template talk:Continental glaciations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_glaciations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental glaciations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_glaciations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Continental glaciations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">Post-glacial rebound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">Glacial lake outburst flood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Time periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">Glacial period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Timeline of glaciation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinoian_(stage)" title="Illinoian (stage)">Illinoian Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">Interglacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadial">Interstadial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penultimate_Glacial_Period" title="Penultimate Glacial Period">Penultimate Glacial Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian_Pluvial" title="Mousterian Pluvial">Mousterian Pluvial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_glacial_retreat" title="Holocene glacial retreat">Holocene glacial retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_Dryas" title="Oldest Dryas">Oldest Dryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Dryas" title="Older Dryas">Older Dryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title="Pre-Illinoian">Pre-Illinoian Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangamonian" title="Sangamonian">Sangamonian Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Bølling–Allerød warming">Bølling–Allerød warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Glacial_Interstadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Glacial Interstadial">Late Glacial Interstadial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huelmo%E2%80%93Mascardi_Cold_Reversal" title="Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal">Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8.2_kiloyear_event" class="mw-redirect" title="8.2 kiloyear event">8.2 kiloyear event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4.2_kiloyear_event" class="mw-redirect" title="4.2 kiloyear event">4.2 kiloyear event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piora_Oscillation" title="Piora Oscillation">Piora Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glacial_landform" title="Glacial landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Erosional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_striation" title="Glacial striation">Glacial striae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_moutonn%C3%A9e" title="Roche moutonnée">Roche moutonnée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_valley" title="Tunnel valley">Tunnel valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-shaped_valley" title="U-shaped valley">U-shaped valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">Glacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglacial_lake" title="Proglacial lake">Proglacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_lake" title="Subglacial lake">Subglacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraglacial_lake" title="Supraglacial lake">Supraglacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_lake" title="Ribbon lake">Ribbon lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_lakes" title="List of prehistoric lakes">List of prehistoric lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Depositional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drumlin" title="Drumlin">Drumlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_erratic" title="Glacial erratic">Erratic block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">Moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulju_Wilderness_Area" title="Pulju Wilderness Area">Pulju moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogen_moraine" title="Rogen moraine">Rogen moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_moraine" title="Terminal moraine">Terminal moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Till_plain" title="Till plain">Till plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veiki_moraine" title="Veiki moraine">Veiki moraine</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Glacifluvial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diluvium" title="Diluvium">Diluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esker" title="Esker">Esker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_current_ripples" title="Giant current ripples">Giant current ripples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kame" title="Kame">Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kame_delta" title="Kame delta">Kame delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwash_fan" title="Outwash fan">Outwash fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwash_plain" title="Outwash plain">Sandur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cordilleran ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentide_ice_sheet" title="Laurentide ice sheet">Laurentide ice sheet</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Chicago" title="Lake Chicago">Lake Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tight" title="Lake Tight">Lake Tight</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Provincial_Park" title="Arrowhead Provincial Park">Arrowhead Provincial Park</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rock_(glacial_erratic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Rock (glacial erratic)">Big Rock (glacial erratic)</a>, Alberta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_(Canada)" title="Cypress Hills (Canada)">Cypress Hills (Canada)</a>, Saskatchewan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eramosa_River" title="Eramosa River">Eramosa River</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskers_Provincial_Park" title="Eskers Provincial Park">Eskers Provincial Park</a>, British Columbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foothills_Erratics_Train" title="Foothills Erratics Train">Foothills Erratics Train</a>, Alberta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion%27s_Head_Provincial_Park" title="Lion's Head Provincial Park">Lion's Head Provincial Park</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Oak_Ridges_Moraine" title="Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine">Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovayok_Territorial_Park" title="Ovayok Territorial Park">Ovayok Territorial Park</a>, Nunavut</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">United<br />States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bonneville" title="Lake Bonneville">Lake Bonneville</a>, Utah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lahontan" title="Lake Lahontan">Lake Lahontan</a>, Nevada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Missoula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Missoula">Lake Missoula</a>, Montana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Wisconsin" title="Glacial Lake Wisconsin">Glacial Lake Wisconsin</a>, Wisconsin</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_Moraine_State_Recreation_Area" title="Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area">Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coteau_des_Prairies" title="Coteau des Prairies">Coteau des Prairies</a>, South Dakota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Lake_State_Park_(Wisconsin)" title="Devil's Lake State Park (Wisconsin)">Devil's Lake State Park</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lakes_State_Park" title="Glacial Lakes State Park">Glacial Lakes State Park</a>, Minnesota</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_history_of_Minnesota" title="Glacial history of Minnesota">Glacial history of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horicon_Marsh" title="Horicon Marsh">Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_Floods_National_Geologic_Trail" title="Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail">Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail</a>, Idaho, Oregon and Washington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_National_Scientific_Reserve" title="Ice Age National Scientific Reserve">Ice Age National Scientific Reserve</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_Trail" title="Ice Age Trail">Ice Age Trail</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Park" title="Interstate Park">Interstate State Park</a>, Minnesota and Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelleys_Island,_Ohio" title="Kelleys Island, Ohio">Kelleys Island</a>, Ohio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teays_River" title="Teays River">Teays River</a>, Ohio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_Moraine_State_Forest" title="Kettle Moraine State Forest">Kettle Moraine State Forest</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Bluff_State_Park" title="Mill Bluff State Park">Mill Bluff State Park</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Lake" title="Oneida Lake">Oneida Lake</a>, New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Creeks_Buried_Forest_State_Natural_Area" title="Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area">Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area</a>, Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withrow_Moraine_and_Jameson_Lake_Drumlin_Field" title="Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field">Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field</a>, Washington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>, California</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardangerfjord" title="Hardangerfjord">Hardangerfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killary_Harbour" title="Killary Harbour">Killary Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Glaciation">Antarctic Glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">West</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Glacier" title="Lambert Glacier">Lambert Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Glaciers" title="Category:Glaciers">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ice_ages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbab85;;background:#abaa75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ice_ages" title="Template:Ice ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ice_ages" title="Template talk:Ice ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ice_ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ice ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ice_ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary</a> / <br /> <a href="/wiki/Late_Cenozoic_Ice_Age" title="Late Cenozoic Ice Age">Late Cenozoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penultimate_Glacial_Period" title="Penultimate Glacial Period">Penultimate Glacial Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Older_Dryas" title="Older Dryas">Older</a> and <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a>)</li> <li>1st: <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weichselian_glaciation" title="Weichselian glaciation">Weichselian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devensian_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Devensian glaciation">Devensian</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlandian_glaciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midlandian glaciation (page does not exist)">Midlandian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinedale_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinedale glaciation">Pinedale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fraser_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser glaciation">Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merida_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida glaciation">Merida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llanquihue_glaciation" title="Llanquihue glaciation">Llanquihue</a></li> <li>2nd: <a href="/wiki/Riss_glaciation" title="Riss glaciation">Riss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinoian_(stage)" title="Illinoian (stage)">Illinoian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saale_glaciation" title="Saale glaciation">Saale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolstonian_Stage" title="Wolstonian Stage">Wolstonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa María glaciation">Santa María</a></li> <li>3rd–6th: <a href="/wiki/Mindel_glaciation" title="Mindel glaciation">Mindel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title="Pre-Illinoian">Pre-Illinoian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elster_glaciation" title="Elster glaciation">Elster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglian_stage" title="Anglian stage">Anglian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rio_Llico_glaciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rio Llico glaciation (page does not exist)">Rio Llico</a></li> <li>7th–8th: <a href="/wiki/Gunz_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunz glaciation">Günz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title="Pre-Illinoian">Pre-Illinoian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbe_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe glaciation">Elbe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Menapian_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Menapian glaciation">Menapian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beestonian_stage" title="Beestonian stage">Beestonian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caracol_glaciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caracol glaciation (page does not exist)">Caracol</a> (2.5 to 0 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cenozoic_Ice_Age" title="Late Cenozoic Ice Age">Antarctic</a> (34 to 2.5 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation" title="Hirnantian glaciation">Hirnantian</a> (460 Mya to 430 Mya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Late Paleozoic icehouse</a> (360 Mya to 260 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaskiers_glaciation" title="Gaskiers glaciation">Gaskiers</a> (579.88 to 579.63 Mya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baykonurian_glaciation" title="Baykonurian glaciation">Baykonurian</a> (547 to 541.5 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturtian_glaciation" title="Sturtian glaciation">Sturtian</a> (717 to 660 Mya); <a href="/wiki/Marinoan_glaciation" title="Marinoan glaciation">Marinoan</a> (650 to 635 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huronian_glaciation" title="Huronian glaciation">Huronian</a> (2.4 to 2.1 Gya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pongola_glaciation" title="Pongola glaciation">Pongola</a> (2.9 to 2.78 Gya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">Glacial period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_and_icehouse_Earth" title="Greenhouse and icehouse Earth">Greenhouse and icehouse Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">Interglacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadial">Stadial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbab85;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Timeline of glaciation</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span 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