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dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Surf music (also known as surf rock, surf pop, or surf guitar) is a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Surf_culture" title="Surf culture">surf culture</a>, particularly as found in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>. It was especially popular from 1958 to 1964 in two major forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair20157,_49,_119-7">[7]</a> The first is instrumental surf, distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">reverb</a>-heavy <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a> played to evoke the sound of crashing waves, largely pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Dale" title="Dick Dale">Dick Dale</a> and the Del-Tones. The second is vocal surf, which took elements of the original surf sound and added <a href="/wiki/Vocal_harmonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal harmonies">vocal harmonies</a>, a movement led by <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicSurf-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Surf music</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Surf rock</li><li>surf pop</li><li>surf guitar</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Instrumental surf: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">instrumental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_culture" title="Surf culture">surf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii" title="Music of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li></ul> Vocal surf: <ul><li>Rock and roll</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li> <li>surf culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Late 1950s to early 1960s, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin1999159-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop punk">pop punk</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_punk_(fusion_genre)" title="Garage punk (fusion genre)">garage punk</a><a href="#cite_note-pms-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin199999-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">skate punk</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerna2012117-6">[6]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Local scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="California Sound">California Sound</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surf_musicians" title="List of surf musicians">List of surf musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Dale" title="Dick Dale">Dick Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> Dick Dale developed the surf sound from <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">instrumental rock</a>, where he added <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican music">Mexican</a> influences, a <a href="/wiki/Spring_reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring reverb">spring reverb</a>, and rapid alternate <a href="/wiki/Guitar_picking" title="Guitar picking">picking</a> characteristics. His regional hit "<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Trippin%27" title="Let's Go Trippin'">Let's Go Trippin'</a>", in 1961, launched the surf music craze, inspiring many others to take up the approach. The genre reached national exposure when it was represented by <a href="/wiki/Vocal_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal group">vocal groups</a> such as the Beach Boys and <a href="/wiki/Jan_and_Dean" title="Jan and Dean">Jan and Dean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair20157,_49-10">[10]</a> Dale was quoted on such groups: "They were surfing sounds [with] surfing lyrics. In other words, the music wasn't surfing music. The words made them surfing songs. ... That was the difference ... the real surfing music is instrumental."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair201549-11">[11]</a> At the height of its popularity, surf music rivaled <a href="/wiki/Girl_group" title="Girl group">girl groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motown_(music_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown (music style)">Motown</a> for the top American popular music trend.<a href="#cite_note-HimesSurf-12">[12]</a> It is sometimes referred to interchangeably with the "<a href="/wiki/California_sound" title="California sound">California sound</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowneBrowne1986194-13">[13]</a> During the later stages of the surf music craze, many of its groups started to write <a href="/wiki/Car_song" title="Car song">songs about cars and girls</a>; this was later known as "<a href="/wiki/Hot_rod_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot rod rock">hot rod rock</a>".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Instrumental_surf">1 Instrumental surf</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Form">1.1 Form</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#History">1.2 History</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Vocal_surf">2 Vocal surf</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Distinctions">2.1 Distinctions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Hot_rod_rock">2.1.1 Hot rod rock</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Popularity">2.2 Popularity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Decline">3 Decline</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Influence_and_revival">4 Influence and revival</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Surf_punk">4.1 Surf punk</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Production">5 Production</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Notes">6 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Bibliography">8 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Instrumental_surf">Instrumental surf</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Instrumental surf" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Form">Form</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Form" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ComeWail009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ComeWail009.jpg/170px-ComeWail009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="740"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 210px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ComeWail009.jpg/170px-ComeWail009.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ComeWail009.jpg/255px-ComeWail009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/ComeWail009.jpg/340px-ComeWail009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1963 performance flyer, promoting surf musicians</figcaption></figure> Surf music emerged in the late 1950s as <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">instrumental</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> music,<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicSurf-8">[8]</a> almost always in straight 4/4 (common) time, with a medium to fast tempo. The sound was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitars" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric guitars">electric guitars</a>, which were particularly characterized by the extensive use of the "wet" <a href="/wiki/Spring_reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring reverb">spring reverb</a> that was incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Fender_amplifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender amplifiers">Fender amplifiers</a> from 1963, and was meant to emulate the sound of waves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021313%E2%80%931314-15">[15]</a> The outboard separate <a href="/wiki/Fender_Reverb_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Reverb Unit">Fender Reverb Unit</a> that was developed by Fender in 1961 (as opposed to reverb that was incorporated as a built-in amp feature) was the actual first "wet" surf reverb tone. This unit is the reverb effect heard on Dick Dale records, and others such as "<a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(instrumental)" title="Pipeline (instrumental)">Pipeline</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Chantays" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantays">Chantays</a> and "Point Panic" by <a href="/wiki/The_Surfaris" title="The Surfaris">the Surfaris</a>. It has more of a wet "drippy"<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> tone than the "built-in" amp reverb, due to different circuitry.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Guitarists also made use of the <a href="/wiki/Tremolo_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremolo arm">vibrato arm</a> on their guitars to bend the pitch of notes downward, electronic tremolo effects and rapid (alternating) <a href="/wiki/Tremolo_picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremolo picking">tremolo picking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Guitar models favored included those made by <a href="/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Musical Instruments Corporation">Fender</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Fender_Jazzmaster" title="Fender Jazzmaster">Jazzmaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fender_Jaguar" title="Fender Jaguar">Jaguar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster" title="Fender Stratocaster">Stratocaster</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mosrite" title="Mosrite">Mosrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teisco" title="Teisco">Teisco</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Danelectro" title="Danelectro">Danelectro</a>, usually with <a href="/wiki/Single_coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Single coil">single coil</a> pickups (which had high treble in contrast to double-coil <a href="/wiki/Humbucker" title="Humbucker">humbucking</a> pickups).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Surf music was one of the first genres to universally adopt the electric bass, particularly the Fender <a href="/wiki/Precision_Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision Bass">Precision Bass</a>. Classic surf drum kits tended to be <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Drums" title="Rogers Drums">Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig-Musser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig-Musser">Ludwig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gretsch" title="Gretsch">Gretsch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slingerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Slingerland">Slingerland</a>. Some popular songs also incorporated a tenor or baritone <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophone</a>, as on <a href="/wiki/The_Lively_Ones" title="The Lively Ones">the Lively Ones</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Surf_Rider" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf Rider">Surf Rider</a>" (1963) and <a href="/wiki/The_Revels" title="The Revels">the Revels</a>' "Comanche" (1961).<a href="#cite_note-music-usa-20">[20]</a> Often an electric organ or an <a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">electric piano</a> featured as backing harmony.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By the early 1960s, instrumental rock and roll had been pioneered successfully by performers such as <a href="/wiki/Link_Wray" title="Link Wray">Link Wray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nokie_Edwards" title="Nokie Edwards">Nokie Edwards</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Ventures" title="The Ventures">the Ventures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duane_Eddy" title="Duane Eddy">Duane Eddy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin1999158-21">[21]</a> This trend was developed by Dick Dale, who added <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican music">Mexican</a> influences, the distinctive reverb<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021313%E2%80%931314-15">[15]</a> (giving the guitar a "wet" sound),<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and the rapid alternate <a href="/wiki/Guitar_picking" title="Guitar picking">picking</a> characteristic of the genre<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021313%E2%80%931314-15">[15]</a> (influenced by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a>, which Dale learnt from his <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> uncle).<a href="#cite_note-washfile-23">[23]</a> His performances at the Rendezvous Ballroom in <a href="/wiki/Balboa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Balboa, California">Balboa, California</a>, during the summer of 1961,<a href="#cite_note-surfingmuseum-rendezvous-24">[24]</a> and his regional hit "<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Trippin%27" title="Let's Go Trippin'">Let's Go Trippin'</a>" later that year, launched the surf music craze, which he followed up with hits like "<a href="/wiki/Misirlou" title="Misirlou">Misirlou</a>" (1962).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021313%E2%80%931314-15">[15]</a> While Dick Dale was crafting his new sound in <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bel-Airs" title="The Bel-Airs">the Bel-Airs</a> were crafting their own in the <a href="/wiki/South_Bay_(Los_Angeles_County)" title="South Bay (Los Angeles County)">South Bay</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County</a>. The band was composed of five teen-aged boys. In 1959 they were still learning to play their instruments: Dick Dodd on drums, Chas Stuart on saxophone, Jim Roberts on piano, and Eddie Bertrand and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(guitarist)" title="Paul Johnson (guitarist)">Paul Johnson</a> on guitars. Said Johnson of his relationship with Bertrand, "Learning the guitar became a duo experience versus a solo thing. We learned to play by playing together, one guy would play the chords, the other would play the lead. This sound would become the basis for the Bel-Airs."<a href="#cite_note-OCWeekly-25">[25]</a> They recorded their first single, "Mr. Moto", in June 1961 (with Richard Delvy on drums instead of Dodd) and the song received radio airplay that summer.<a href="#cite_note-Southbay-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Dale was older, played louder, commanded a larger audience, and usually gets credit for creating surf music, but the Bel-Airs lay claim to having the first surf music single. Like Dale and his <a href="/wiki/Del-Tones" class="mw-redirect" title="Del-Tones">Del-Tones</a>, most early surf bands were formed in Southern California, with Orange County in particular having a strong surf culture, and the Rendezvous Ballroom hosted many surf-styled acts.<a href="#cite_note-surfingmuseum-rendezvous-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin1999158-21">[21]</a> Groups such as the Bel-Airs (whose hit "Mr. Moto", influenced by Dale's earlier live performances,<a href="#cite_note-surfingmuseum-rendezvous-24">[24]</a> was released slightly before "Let's Go Trippin'"), <a href="/wiki/The_Challengers_(band)" title="The Challengers (band)">the Challengers</a> (with their album <a href="/wiki/Surfbeat" title="Surfbeat">Surfbeat</a>) and then <a href="/wiki/Eddie_%26_the_Showmen" title="Eddie & the Showmen">Eddie & the Showmen</a> followed Dale to regional success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair19852-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Chantays" title="The Chantays">The Chantays</a> scored a top-ten national hit with "<a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(instrumental)" title="Pipeline (instrumental)">Pipeline</a>", reaching number four in May 1963. Probably the single-most famous surf tune hit was "<a href="/wiki/Wipe_Out_(instrumental)" title="Wipe Out (instrumental)">Wipe Out</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Surfaris" title="The Surfaris">the Surfaris</a>, with its intro of a wicked laugh; the Surfaris were also known for their cutting-edge lead guitar and drum solos, and "Wipe Out" reached number two on the Hot 100 in August 1963 and number 16 in October 1966. The group also had two other global hits, "Surfer Joe" and "Point Panic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair198575-29">[29]</a> The growing popularity of the genre led groups from other areas to try their hand. These included <a href="/wiki/The_Astronauts_(US_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astronauts (US band)">the Astronauts</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Trashmen" title="The Trashmen">the Trashmen</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, Minnesota, who reached number four with "<a href="/wiki/Surfin%27_Bird" title="Surfin' Bird">Surfin' Bird</a>" in 1964; and <a href="/wiki/The_Rivieras" title="The Rivieras">the Rivieras</a>, from <a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">South Bend, Indiana</a>, who reached number five in 1964 with "<a href="/wiki/California_Sun" title="California Sun">California Sun</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021313%E2%80%931314-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantics" title="The Atlantics">the Atlantics</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia, were not exclusively surf musicians, but made a significant contribution to the genre, the most famous example being their hit "Bombora", in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021313%E2%80%931314-15">[15]</a> Also from Sydney were the Denvermen, whose lyrical instrumental "Surfside" reached number one in the Australian charts.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Another Australian surf band who were known outside their own country's surf scene were <a href="/wiki/The_Joy_Boys" title="The Joy Boys">the Joy Boys</a>, backing band for singer <a href="/wiki/Col_Joye" title="Col Joye">Col Joye</a>; their hit "Murphy the Surfie" from 1963 was later covered by the Surfaris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarshaw2005776%E2%80%93777-31">[31]</a> European bands around this time generally focused more on the style played by British instrumental rock group <a href="/wiki/The_Shadows" title="The Shadows">the Shadows</a>. A notable example of European surf instrumental is Spanish band Los Relámpagos' rendition of "Misirlou". <a href="/wiki/The_Dakotas_(band)" title="The Dakotas (band)">The Dakotas</a>, who were the British backing band for <a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Merseybeat</a> singer Billy J. Kramer, gained some attention as surf musicians with "Cruel Sea", in 1963, which was later covered by <a href="/wiki/The_Ventures" title="The Ventures">the Ventures</a>, and eventually other instrumental surf bands, including the Challengers and the Revelairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1985126-32">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Vocal_surf">Vocal surf</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vocal surf" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinctions">Distinctions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distinctions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/California_sound" title="California sound">California sound</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sullivan_Beach_Boys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sullivan_Beach_Boys.jpg/220px-Sullivan_Beach_Boys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="461"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sullivan_Beach_Boys.jpg/220px-Sullivan_Beach_Boys.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sullivan_Beach_Boys.jpg/330px-Sullivan_Beach_Boys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sullivan_Beach_Boys.jpg/440px-Sullivan_Beach_Boys.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a> performing "<a href="/wiki/I_Get_Around" title="I Get Around">I Get Around</a>" in 1964</figcaption></figure> In Matt Warshaw's The Encyclopedia of Surfing, he notes: "Surf music is divided into two categories: the pulsating, reverb-heavy, 'wet'- sounding instrumental form exemplified by guitarist Dick Dale, and the smooth-voiced, multitracked harmonized vocal style invented by the Beach Boys. Purists argue that surf music is by definition instrumental."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarshaw2005584-33">[33]</a> This second category of surf music was led by the Beach Boys,<a href="#cite_note-AllMusicSurf-8">[8]</a> a group whose main distinction between previous surf musicians was that they projected a world view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992193-34">[34]</a> In 1964, the group's leader and principal songwriter, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Wilson" title="Brian Wilson">Brian Wilson</a>, explained: "It wasn't a conscious thing to build our music around surfing. We just want to be identified with the interests of young kids."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathanLindsay200189-35">[35]</a> A year later, he would express: "I hate so-called "surfin'" music. It's a name that people slap on any sound from California. Our music is rightfully 'the Beach Boy sound'—if one has to label it."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Vocal surf can be interpreted as a regional variant of <a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doo-wop</a> music, with tight harmonies on a song's chorus contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">scat singing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson20131117-37">[37]</a> According to musicologist Timothy Cooley, "Like instrumental surf rock with its fondness for the twelve-bar blues form, the vocal version of Surf Music drew many key elements from African-American genres ... what made the Beach Boys unique was its ability to capture the nation's and indeed the world's imagination about the emerging New Surfing lifestyle now centered in Southern California, as well as the subtle songwriting style and production techniques that identify the Beach Boys' sound."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley201456-38">[38]</a> In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Murry_Wilson" title="Murry Wilson">Murry Wilson</a>, Brian's father, who also acted as the Beach Boys' manager, offered his definition of surf music: "The basis of surfing music is a rock and roll bass beat figuration, coupled with raunch-type weird-sounding lead guitar, an electric guitar, plus wailing saxes. Surfing music has to sound untrained with a certain rough flavor in order to appeal to teenagers. ... when the music gets too good, and too polished, it isn't considered the real thing."<a href="#cite_note-Zhefo1963-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hot_rod_rock">Hot rod rock</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hot rod rock" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Car_song" title="Car song">Car song</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Deuce_Coupe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Little_Deuce_Coupe.jpg/220px-Little_Deuce_Coupe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Little_Deuce_Coupe.jpg/220px-Little_Deuce_Coupe.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Little_Deuce_Coupe.jpg/330px-Little_Deuce_Coupe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Little_Deuce_Coupe.jpg/440px-Little_Deuce_Coupe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1932_Ford" title="1932 Ford">1932 Ford</a> that appeared on the cover to the Beach Boys' album, <a href="/wiki/Little_Deuce_Coupe" title="Little Deuce Coupe">Little Deuce Coupe</a> from 1963</figcaption></figure> "Hot rod music" or "hot rod rock" evolved from surf music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECozzen20158-40">[40]</a> Dick Dale recalled how surf music was re-imagined as hot rod music by a record company-inspired move to capture a larger market.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> According to The Ultimate Hot Rod Dictionary, by Jeff Breitenstein: "While cars and, to a lesser degree, hot rods have been a relatively common and enduring theme in American popular music, the term hot rod music is most often associated with the unique 'California sound' music of the early to mid-1960s ... and was defined by its rich vocal harmonies, amplified (generally Fender brand) electric guitars, and youth-oriented lyrics (most often celebrating hot rods and, more broadly, surfing and 'girls')."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitenstein107-42">[42]</a> Author David Ferrandino wrote that "the Beach Boys' musical treatments of both cars and surfboards are identical",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrandino2015149-43">[43]</a> whereas author <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Himes" title="Geoffrey Himes">Geoffrey Himes</a> elaborated on "subtle" differences: "Translating the surf-music format into hot-rod tunes wasn't difficult... If surf music was a lot of Dick Dale and some Chuck Berry, hot-rod music was a little more Berry and a little less Dale — i.e. less percussive staccato and more chiming riffs. Instead of slang about waxes and boards, you used slang about carburetors and pistons; instead of name-dropping the top surfing beaches, you cited the nicknames for the top drag-racing strips; instead of warning about the dangers of a 'wipe out', you warned of 'Dead Man's Curve'."<a href="#cite_note-HimesSurf-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularity">Popularity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Popularity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In late 1961 the Beach Boys had their first chart hit, "<a href="/wiki/Surfin%27_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfin' (song)">Surfin'</a>", which peaked at number 75 on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a>, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine200271%E2%80%9372-44">[44]</a> In mid-1962, the group released their major-label debut, "<a href="/wiki/Surfin%27_Safari_(song)" title="Surfin' Safari (song)">Surfin' Safari</a>", which hit number 14 and helped turn the surf rock craze into a national phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Next, the Beach Boys released "<a href="/wiki/Surfin%27_U.S.A._(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfin' U.S.A. (song)">Surfin' U.S.A.</a>" (1963), a Top 3 hit, and "<a href="/wiki/Surfer_Girl_(song)" title="Surfer Girl (song)">Surfer Girl</a>" (1963), which reached the top 10.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair201549-11">[11]</a> Breitenstein writes that hot rod rock gained national popularity beginning in 1962 with the Beach Boys' "<a href="/wiki/409_(song)" title="409 (song)">409</a>", which is often credited with initiating the hot rod music craze, which lasted until 1965.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitenstein107-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[nb 1]</a> Several key figures led the hot rod movement beside Wilson, including songwriter-producer-musician <a href="/wiki/Gary_Usher" title="Gary Usher">Gary Usher</a> and songwriter-<a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockey</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Christian_(songwriter)" title="Roger Christian (songwriter)">Roger Christian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShuker2012279-48">[47]</a> Wilson then co-wrote "<a href="/wiki/Surf_City_(song)" title="Surf City (song)">Surf City</a>" in 1963 for Jan and Dean, and it spent two weeks at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a> <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">top 100</a> chart in July 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus201395-49">[48]</a> In the wake of the Beach Boys' success, many singles by new surfing and hot rod groups were produced by Los Angeles groups. Himes notes: "Most of these weren't real groups; they were just a singer or two backed by the same floating pool of session musicians: often including Glen Campbell, Hal Blaine and Bruce Johnston. If a single happened to click, a group would be hastily assembled and sent out on tour. It was an odd blend of amateurism and professionalism."<a href="#cite_note-HimesSurf-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[nb 2]</a> One-hit wonders included Bruce & Terry with "Summer Means Fun", <a href="/wiki/The_Rivieras" title="The Rivieras">the Rivieras</a> with "<a href="/wiki/California_Sun" title="California Sun">California Sun</a>", <a href="/wiki/Ronny_%26_the_Daytonas" title="Ronny & the Daytonas">Ronny & the Daytonas</a> with "G.T.O.", and <a href="/wiki/The_Rip_Chords" title="The Rip Chords">the Rip Chords</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Hey_Little_Cobra" title="Hey Little Cobra">Hey Little Cobra</a>". The latter two hits both reached the top ten, but the only other act to achieve sustained success with the formula was Jan & Dean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021313%E2%80%931314-15">[15]</a> Hot rod group <a href="/wiki/The_Fantastic_Baggys" title="The Fantastic Baggys">the Fantastic Baggys</a> wrote many songs for Jan and Dean and also performed a few vocals for the duo.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Like all other rock subgenres of this period, the surf music craze, along with the careers of nearly all surf acts, was effectively ended by the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a> beginning in early 1964.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021313%E2%80%931314-15">[15]</a> Hot rod music also ceased to be prominent that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrandino2015149-43">[43]</a> The emerging <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> genres also contributed to the decline of surf rock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair19859-53">[51]</a> The Beach Boys survived the invasion by diversifying their approach to music.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Brian explained to <a href="/wiki/Teen_Beat" title="Teen Beat">Teen Beat</a>: "We needed to grow. Up to this point we had milked every idea dry ... We had done every possible angle about surfing and then we did the car routine. But we needed to grow artistically."<a href="#cite_note-HimesSurf-12">[12]</a> After the decline of surf music, the Beach Boys continued producing a number of hit singles and albums, including the sharply divergent <a href="/wiki/Pet_Sounds" title="Pet Sounds">Pet Sounds</a> in 1966. Subsequently, they became the only American rock or pop group that could rival <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine200271%E2%80%9372-44">[44]</a> The band only sparingly returned to the hot rod and surfing-themed music, beginning with 1968's "<a href="/wiki/Do_It_Again_(The_Beach_Boys_song)" title="Do It Again (The Beach Boys song)">Do It Again</a>".<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Influence_and_revival">Influence and revival</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Influence and revival" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Instrumental surf rock style guitar was used in the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_Theme" title="James Bond Theme">James Bond Theme</a> of the first Bond film <a href="/wiki/Dr._No_(soundtrack)" title="Dr. No (soundtrack)">Dr. No</a> in 1962, recorded by <a href="/wiki/Vic_Flick" title="Vic Flick">Vic Flick</a> with the <a href="/wiki/John_Barry_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="John Barry Seven">John Barry Seven</a>. The theme became a signature for Bond films and influenced the music of spy films of the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Surf music also influenced a number of later rock musicians, including <a href="/wiki/Keith_Moon" title="Keith Moon">Keith Moon</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021313%E2%80%931314-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Bay_Ray" title="East Bay Ray">East Bay Ray</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Kennedys" title="Dead Kennedys">Dead Kennedys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pixies_(band)" title="Pixies (band)">Pixies</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Joey_Santiago" title="Joey Santiago">Joey Santiago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> During the mid-to late 1990s, surf rock experienced a revival with surf acts, including Dick Dale recording once more, partly due to the popularity of the movie <a href="/wiki/Pulp_Fiction_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp Fiction (film)">Pulp Fiction</a> in 1994, which used Dale's "Misirlou" and other surf rock songs in the soundtrack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogdanovWoodstraErlewine20021313%E2%80%931314-15">[15]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surf_punk">Surf punk</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Surf punk" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Surf punk is a revival of the original surfing sound combining surf rock with <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendersonStacey2014619-58">[56]</a> It was initiated in the late 1970s and early 1980s by groups and artists such as the <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a>, who released their seminal surf-punk album <a href="/wiki/Rocket_To_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket To Russia">Rocket To Russia</a> in 1977, featuring a prominent cover of "<a href="/wiki/Surfin%27_Bird" title="Surfin' Bird">Surfin' Bird</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Trashmen" title="The Trashmen">The Trashmen</a> (a cover of which as served as <a href="/wiki/The_Cramps" title="The Cramps">The Cramps</a>' debut single in 1978). Other early surf punk artists included <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Thunders" title="Johnny Thunders">Johnny Thunders</a>, who opened his debut solo album <a href="/wiki/So_Alone_(album)" title="So Alone (album)">So Alone</a> with an instrumental cover of <a href="/wiki/The_Chantays" title="The Chantays">The Chantays</a>' song, "<a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(instrumental)" title="Pipeline (instrumental)">Pipeline</a>"; the <a href="/wiki/Forgotten_Rebels" title="Forgotten Rebels">Forgotten Rebels</a> from Canada, who released "<a href="/wiki/Forgotten_Rebels#This_Ain't_Hollywood_(1981)" title="Forgotten Rebels">Surfin' on Heroin</a>" in 1981;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendersonStacey2014619-58">[56]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange_(band)" title="Agent Orange (band)">Agent Orange</a>, from Orange County, California, who recorded punk cover versions of surf classics such as "<a href="/wiki/Misirlou" title="Misirlou">Misirlou</a>", "Mr. Moto", and "Pipeline", with <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>'s Greg Prato calling the band "influential" and "a step ahead of the rest of the punk/hardcore pack".<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> The genre is related to <a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">skate punk</a>, which rose to prominence at the same time in the Orange County beach towns that nurtured the first wave of surf musicians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerna2012117-6">[6]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <a href="/wiki/Herb_Alpert" title="Herb Alpert">Herb Alpert</a> played a part in the genre, producing for Jan & Dean.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Lou_Adler" title="Lou Adler">Lou Adler</a>, Alpert produced Jan & Dean's first Top Ten single, "<a href="/wiki/Baby_Talk_(Jan_and_Dean_song)" title="Baby Talk (Jan and Dean song)">Baby Talk</a>".<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hilder" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Hilder">Tony Hilder</a> who owned the <a href="/wiki/Impact_Records_(California)" title="Impact Records (California)">Impact</a> label was a prolific surf music producer,<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1985102-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> whose status as a producer was still recognized many years later.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> His name as publisher, producer etc., appears on many records, both 45s and albums. If not for the poor crediting on the budget releases his name would have appeared on more.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Gary Usher was a producer, arranger and writer. His work included the Surfaris and <a href="/wiki/The_Hondells" title="The Hondells">the Hondells</a>. He also co-wrote "409" and "<a href="/wiki/In_My_Room" title="In My Room">In My Room</a>", which were hits for the Beach Boys.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> In later years, <a href="/wiki/Sundazed_Music" title="Sundazed Music">Sundazed Music</a> would release the Barefoot Adventure: The 4 Star Sessions 1962-66 compilation album.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> The notes say Gary Usher was a primary architect of the sound of the early-sixties West Coast; cars, girls, sun and surf!.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Melcher" title="Terry Melcher">Terry Melcher</a> was a producer, noted for his part in shaping the sound of surf music as well as folk. He worked closely with the Beach Boys and was responsible for some of their chart success.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Outside Brian Wilson's work with the Beach Boys, one of the acts he produced was <a href="/wiki/Bob_%26_Sheri_(band)" title="Bob & Sheri (band)">Bob & Sheri</a> with their 1962 single, "Surfer Moon".<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Los Angeles session musicians, <a href="/wiki/The_Wrecking_Crew_(music)" title="The Wrecking Crew (music)">The Wrecking Crew</a> played on many surf music recordings.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> "<a href="/wiki/Little_Deuce_Coupe_(song)" title="Little Deuce Coupe (song)">Little Deuce Coupe</a>". from 1963, has been cited by John Milward as one of the earliest forms of <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> with its series of buzzing beats.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> From 1961 to 1965, around fifteen-hundred car songs were recorded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeWitt200144-50">[49]</a> As in the 1950s, many groups adopted the names of car brands, but with a greater emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">hot rods</a>, such as the Duece Coupes, the Duals, the GTOs, the Dragsters, the Roadsters, <a href="/wiki/The_T-Bones" title="The T-Bones">the T-Bones</a>, and the Roadrunners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeWitt200144-50">[49]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin1999159-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabin1999159_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabin1999">Sabin 1999</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Marcel Danesi, "<a href="//archive.org/details/foreveryoungteen0000dane/page/83/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:foreveryoungteen0000dane/page/83/mode/2up">Forever young: the teen-aging of modern culture</a>" (University of Toronto Press, 2003), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8620-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-8620-9">0-8020-8620-9</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Besssman (1993), p. 16; Marcus (1979), p. 114; Simpson (2003), p. 72; McNeil (1997), p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-pms-4"><a href="#cite_ref-pms_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovey2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bovey, Seth (2006). "Don't Tread on Me: The Ethos of '60s Garage Punk". Popular Music & Society. 29 (4). Routledge: 451–459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03007760600787515">10.1080/03007760600787515</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143841415">143841415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Tread+on+Me%3A+The+Ethos+of+%2760s+Garage+Punk&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E459&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03007760600787515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143841415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bovey&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabin199999-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabin199999_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabin1999">Sabin 1999</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerna2012117-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerna2012117_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerna2012117_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerna2012">Perna 2012</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair20157,_49,_119-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair20157,_49,_119_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair2015">Blair 2015</a>, pp. 7, 49, 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-AllMusicSurf-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicSurf_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicSurf_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllMusicSurf_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/surf-ma0000002883">"Surf"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Surf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsubgenre%2Fsurf-ma0000002883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> P. Romanowski, The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll: Completely Revised and Updated (Simon & Schuster, New York, 2nd edn. rev., 1995), p. 973. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair20157,_49-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair20157,_49_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair2015">Blair 2015</a>, pp. 7, 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair201549-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair201549_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair201549_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair2015">Blair 2015</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-HimesSurf-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HimesSurf_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HimesSurf_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HimesSurf_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HimesSurf_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimes" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Himes" title="Geoffrey Himes">Himes, Geoffrey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125223127/http://teachrock.org/media/essays/surf_himes_with_maia_edits_2.pdf">"Surf Music"</a> (PDF). teachrock.org. 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Hal Leonard Corporation. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beachboysdefinit0000badm/page/221">221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879308186" title="Special:BookSources/9780879308186"><bdi>9780879308186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beach+Boys%3A+The+Definitive+Diary+of+America%27s+Greatest+Band+on+Stage+and+in+the+Studio&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780879308186&rft.aulast=Badman&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeachboysdefinit0000badm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> K. Spencer, Film and television scores, 1950-1979: a critical survey by genre (McFarland, 2008), pp. 61-70. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> M. Vorhees and J. Spelman, Lonely Planet Boston (Lonely Planet, 3rd edn., 2007). pp. 6 and 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendersonStacey2014619-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendersonStacey2014619_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendersonStacey2014619_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHendersonStacey2014">Henderson & Stacey 2014</a>, p. 619. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/living-in-darkness-mw0000649814">"Living in Darkness - Agent Orange | Songs, Reviews, Credits"</a>. AllMusic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Living+in+Darkness+-+Agent+Orange+%26%23124%3B+Songs%2C+Reviews%2C+Credits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fliving-in-darkness-mw0000649814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2003" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Maury (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6RMBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Surf+Rock%22Producer&pg=PA297">Rock N Roll Gold Rush: A Singles Un-Cyclopedia</a>. Algora Publishing. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-207-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-207-1"><bdi>978-0-87586-207-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+N+Roll+Gold+Rush%3A+A+Singles+Un-Cyclopedia&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-207-1&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Maury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6RMBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Surf%2BRock%2522Producer%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> K-TEL - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.k-tel.com/jan-and-dean/">The Story...., Jan Berry and Dean Torrence</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin2006" class="citation book cs1">Larkin, Colin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uAsKAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Tony+Hilder%22Impact">The Encyclopedia of Popular Music: Grenfell, Joyce - Koller, Hans</a>. MUZE. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531373-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531373-4"><bdi>978-0-19-531373-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music%3A+Grenfell%2C+Joyce+-+Koller%2C+Hans&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=MUZE&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531373-4&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuAsKAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Tony%2BHilder%2522Impact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1985102-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1985102_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlair1985">Blair 1985</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtfinoski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Otfinoski" title="Steven Otfinoski">Otfinoski, Steven</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lEUAQAAIAAJ&q=Tony+Hilder+Surf">The Golden Age of Rock Instrumentals</a>. Billboard Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7639-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7639-0"><bdi>978-0-8230-7639-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Rock+Instrumentals&rft.pub=Billboard+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8230-7639-0&rft.aulast=Otfinoski&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lEUAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DTony%2BHilder%2BSurf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> CD Review Volume 12, 1995 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ly49AQAAIAAJ&q=CD+Review%22Tony+Hilder%22">Page 70</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Shaw1975" class="citation book cs1">Greg Shaw (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/Bomp14Fall1975">Bomp 14 (Fall 1975)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bomp+14+%28Fall+1975%29&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Greg+Shaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBomp14Fall1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives1990" class="citation web cs1">Archives, L. A. Times (1990-06-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-06-02-mn-338-story.html">"Gary Usher; Co-Writer of Beach Boys Hits"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Gary+Usher%3B+Co-Writer+of+Beach+Boys+Hits&rft.date=1990-06-02&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=L.+A.+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-06-02-mn-338-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Amazon - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Barefoot-Adventure-Star-Sessions-1962-66/dp/B001BJ65V2">Barefoot Adventure: The 4 Star Sessions 1962-66</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Amazon - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Barefoot-Adventure-Star-Sessions-1962-66/dp/B001BJ65V2">Barefoot Adventure: The 4 Star Sessions 1962-66, Editorial Reviews</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeds2004" class="citation news cs1">Leeds, Jeff (2004-11-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/22/arts/music/terry-melcher-62-creator-of-hits-in-surfmusic-world-is-dead.html">"Terry Melcher, 62, Creator of Hits in Surf-Music World, Is Dead"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2023-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Terry+Melcher%2C+62%2C+Creator+of+Hits+in+Surf-Music+World%2C+Is+Dead&rft.date=2004-11-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Leeds&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F11%2F22%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fterry-melcher-62-creator-of-hits-in-surfmusic-world-is-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-11-22/surf-music-producer-terry-melcher-dies/589618">"Surf music producer Terry Melcher dies"</a>. ABC News. 2004-11-22. Retrieved 2023-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Surf+music+producer+Terry+Melcher+dies&rft.date=2004-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2004-11-22%2Fsurf-music-producer-terry-melcher-dies%2F589618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2007" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Philip (2007-03-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3sGoAwAAQBAJ&dq=Bob+and+Sheri+Brian+Wilson+producer&pg=PA54">Inside the Music of Brian Wilson: The Songs, Sounds, and Influences of the Beach Boys' Founding Genius</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0748-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0748-0"><bdi>978-1-4411-0748-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Music+of+Brian+Wilson%3A+The+Songs%2C+Sounds%2C+and+Influences+of+the+Beach+Boys%27+Founding+Genius&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0748-0&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3sGoAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBob%2Band%2BSheri%2BBrian%2BWilson%2Bproducer%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInc1997" class="citation book cs1">Inc, CMJ Network (October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_CoEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Surf+Music+The+Wrecking+Crew&pg=PA10">CMJ New Music Monthly</a>. CMJ Network, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CMJ+New+Music+Monthly&rft.pub=CMJ+Network%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997-10&rft.aulast=Inc&rft.aufirst=CMJ+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_CoEAAAAMBAJ%26dq%3DSurf%2BMusic%2BThe%2BWrecking%2BCrew%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmucker2018" class="citation book cs1">Smucker, Tom (2018-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NGdoDwAAQBAJ&dq=Surf+Music+The+Wrecking+Crew&pg=PA74">Why the Beach Boys Matter</a>. University of Texas Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-1872-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-1872-0"><bdi>978-1-4773-1872-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+Beach+Boys+Matter&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-1872-0&rft.aulast=Smucker&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNGdoDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSurf%2BMusic%2BThe%2BWrecking%2BCrew%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1985" class="citation book cs1">Blair, John (1985). The Illustrated Discography of Surf Music, 1961–1965 (2nd ed.). Pierian Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Discography+of+Surf+Music%2C+1961%E2%80%931965&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pierian+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2015" class="citation book cs1">Blair, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f4FXBwAAQBAJ">Southern California Surf Music, 1960-1966</a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4671-3320-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4671-3320-3"><bdi>978-1-4671-3320-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+California+Surf+Music%2C+1960-1966&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4671-3320-3&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df4FXBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanovWoodstraErlewine2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bogdanov_(editor)" title="Vladimir Bogdanov (editor)">Bogdanov, Vladimir</a>; Woodstra, Chris; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine" title="Stephen Thomas Erlewine">Erlewine, Stephen Thomas</a>, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1-pH4i3jXvAC">All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul</a>. Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-653-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-653-3"><bdi>978-0-87930-653-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+Rock%3A+The+Definitive+Guide+to+Rock%2C+Pop%2C+and+Soul&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-653-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1-pH4i3jXvAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitenstein" class="citation book cs1">Breitenstein, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtKWmLLiuTgC">Ultimate Hot Rod Dictionary: A-Bombs to Zoomies</a>. MotorBooks International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61059-235-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61059-235-2"><bdi>978-1-61059-235-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultimate+Hot+Rod+Dictionary%3A+A-Bombs+to+Zoomies&rft.pub=MotorBooks+International&rft.isbn=978-1-61059-235-2&rft.aulast=Breitenstein&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtKWmLLiuTgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowneBrowne1986" class="citation book cs1">Browne, Ray Broadus; Browne, Glenn J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8eKBe1xdhkC">Laws of Our Fathers: Popular Culture and the U.S. Constitution</a>. Popular Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-338-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-338-5"><bdi>978-0-87972-338-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laws+of+Our+Fathers%3A+Popular+Culture+and+the+U.S.+Constitution&rft.pub=Popular+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87972-338-5&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Ray+Broadus&rft.au=Browne%2C+Glenn+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8eKBe1xdhkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley2014" class="citation book cs1">Cooley, Timothy J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXdAAQAAQBAJ">Surfing About Music</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95721-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95721-3"><bdi>978-0-520-95721-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surfing+About+Music&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95721-3&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXdAAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCozzen2015" class="citation book cs1">Cozzen, R. Duane (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_25gCgAAQBAJ">Surf & Hot Rod Music of the 60's: Collectors Quick Reference</a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-329-40033-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-329-40033-7"><bdi>978-1-329-40033-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surf+%26+Hot+Rod+Music+of+the+60%27s%3A+Collectors+Quick+Reference&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-329-40033-7&rft.aulast=Cozzen&rft.aufirst=R.+Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_25gCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeWitt2001" class="citation book cs1">DeWitt, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tm2dYHEmeEAC">Cool Cars, High Art: The Rise of Kustum Kulture</a>. Jackson: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604737752" title="Special:BookSources/9781604737752"><bdi>9781604737752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cool+Cars%2C+High+Art%3A+The+Rise+of+Kustum+Kulture&rft.place=Jackson&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781604737752&rft.aulast=DeWitt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtm2dYHEmeEAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondson2013" class="citation book cs1">Edmondson, Jacqueline, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQPXAQAAQBAJ">Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories that Shaped our Culture</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39348-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39348-8"><bdi>978-0-313-39348-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+American+Life%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Songs%2C+Styles%2C+Stars%2C+and+Stories+that+Shaped+our+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39348-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQPXAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrandino2015" class="citation book cs1">Ferrandino, David (2015). Turner, Katherine L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_j7_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">This is the Sound of Irony: Music, Politics and Popular Culture</a>. Farnham: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. 145–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472442611" title="Special:BookSources/9781472442611"><bdi>9781472442611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+is+the+Sound+of+Irony%3A+Music%2C+Politics+and+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781472442611&rft.aulast=Ferrandino&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_j7_CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2013" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Ben (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcMuBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92HTTPS%3A%2F%2FBOOKS.GOOGLE.COM%2FBOOKS%3FID%3DG4XOILNQTJKC">Surfing: An Illustrated History of the Coolest Sport of All Time</a>. MBI Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61058-761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61058-761-7"><bdi>978-1-61058-761-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surfing%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+the+Coolest+Sport+of+All+Time&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61058-761-7&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcMuBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92HTTPS%253A%252F%252FBOOKS.GOOGLE.COM%252FBOOKS%253FID%253DG4XOILNQTJKC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendersonStacey2014" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Lol; Stacey, Lee (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8W2AgAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-92946-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-92946-6"><bdi>978-1-135-92946-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Music+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-92946-6&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Lol&rft.au=Stacey%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm8W2AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Miller_(musician)" title="Jim Miller (musician)">Miller, Jim</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubWAht7N7zsC&pg=PA192">"The Beach Boys"</a>. In DeCurtis, Anthony; Henke, James; George-Warren, Holly (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubWAht7N7zsC">The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679737285" title="Special:BookSources/9780679737285"><bdi>9780679737285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Beach+Boys&rft.btitle=The+Rolling+Stone+Illustrated+History+of+Rock+%26+Roll%3A+The+Definitive+History+of+the+Most+Important+Artists+and+Their+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780679737285&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DubWAht7N7zsC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathanLindsay2001" class="citation book cs1">Nathan, David; Lindsay, Susan Gedutis, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVJDvitqIvIC&pg=PA89">Inside the Hits</a>. Berklee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-634-01430-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-634-01430-7"><bdi>978-0-634-01430-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Hits&rft.pub=Berklee+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-634-01430-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVJDvitqIvIC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerna2012" class="citation book cs1">Perna, Alan di (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5dsJYulxGsQC&pg=PT117">Guitar Masters: Intimate Portraits</a>. Hal Leonard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4803-2970-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4803-2970-6"><bdi>978-1-4803-2970-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guitar+Masters%3A+Intimate+Portraits&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4803-2970-6&rft.aulast=Perna&rft.aufirst=Alan+di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5dsJYulxGsQC%26pg%3DPT117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2001" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Jim (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1m2kRBQscfoC">How the Fender Bass Changed the World: By Jim Roberts</a>. Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-630-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-630-4"><bdi>978-0-87930-630-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Fender+Bass+Changed+the+World%3A+By+Jim+Roberts&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-630-4&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1m2kRBQscfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabin1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sabin" title="Roger Sabin">Sabin, Roger</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGJOE_FI-XEC&pg=RA3-PA99">Punk Rock, So What?: The Cultural Legacy of Punk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17029-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17029-X"><bdi>0-415-17029-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punk+Rock%2C+So+What%3F%3A+The+Cultural+Legacy+of+Punk&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-17029-X&rft.aulast=Sabin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGJOE_FI-XEC%26pg%3DRA3-PA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuker2012" class="citation book cs1">Shuker, Roy (2012). Horn, David; Shepherd, John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__DTvryrBZkC&pg=PA279">Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World</a>. Vol. 8. New York; London: <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black</a>. pp. 279–280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441148742" title="Special:BookSources/9781441148742"><bdi>9781441148742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781441148742&rft.aulast=Shuker&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__DTvryrBZkC%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarshaw2005" class="citation book cs1">Warshaw, Matt (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-DWQSYRx4MUC">The Encyclopedia of Surfing</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-603251-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-603251-1"><bdi>0-15-603251-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Surfing&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-15-603251-1&rft.aulast=Warshaw&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-DWQSYRx4MUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovey2019" class="citation book cs1">Bovey, Seth (2019). Five Years Ahead of My Time: Garage Rock from the 1950s to the Present. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 40–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789140651" title="Special:BookSources/9781789140651"><bdi>9781789140651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Years+Ahead+of+My+Time%3A+Garage+Rock+from+the+1950s+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781789140651&rft.aulast=Bovey&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChidesterPriore2008" class="citation book cs1">Chidester, Brian; <a href="/wiki/Domenic_Priore" title="Domenic Priore">Priore, Domenic</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MSFaAAAAYAAJ">Pop Surf Culture: Music, Design, Film, and Fashion from the Bohemian Surf Boom</a>. Santa Monica Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59580-035-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59580-035-0"><bdi>978-1-59580-035-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pop+Surf+Culture%3A+Music%2C+Design%2C+Film%2C+and+Fashion+from+the+Bohemian+Surf+Boom&rft.pub=Santa+Monica+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59580-035-0&rft.aulast=Chidester&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Priore%2C+Domenic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMSFaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2011" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Kent (2011). Surf Beat: Rock 'n' Roll's Forgotten Revolution. New York: Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617130076" title="Special:BookSources/9781617130076"><bdi>9781617130076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surf+Beat%3A+Rock+%27n%27+Roll%27s+Forgotten+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781617130076&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley1996" class="citation book cs1">Dalley, Robert J. (1996). Surfin' Guitars: Instrumental Surf Bands of the Sixties (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Popular Culture, Ink. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560750421" title="Special:BookSources/1560750421"><bdi>1560750421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surfin%27+Guitars%3A+Instrumental+Surf+Bands+of+the+Sixties&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Popular+Culture%2C+Ink&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1560750421&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Chuck (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V570VDDxVNAC">Warman's American Records</a>. Krause Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-2821-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-2821-6"><bdi>978-1-4402-2821-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warman%27s+American+Records&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4402-2821-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV570VDDxVNAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdez2006" class="citation book cs1">Valdez, Stephen K. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jegYAQAAIAAJ">A History of Rock Music</a>. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7575-3379-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7575-3379-2"><bdi>978-0-7575-3379-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rock+Music&rft.pub=Kendall%2FHunt+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7575-3379-2&rft.aulast=Valdez&rft.aufirst=Stephen+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjegYAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurf+music" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&oldid=1276114528">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&oldid=1276114528</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Surf_music&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 February 2025, at 23:35 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonerezh_surf" title="Sonerezh surf – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sonerezh surf" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_surf" title="Música surf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música surf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfmusik" title="Surfmusik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Surfmusik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_rock" title="Surf rock – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Surf rock" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_surf" title="Música surf – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música surf" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfmuziko" title="Surfmuziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Surfmuziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Surf music" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%81" title="موسیقی سرف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی سرف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Surf music" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_rock" title="Surf rock – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Surf rock" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%ED%94%84_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="서프 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서프 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_glazba" title="Surf glazba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Surf glazba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_rock" title="Surf rock – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Surf rock" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brimbrettarokk" title="Brimbrettarokk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brimbrettarokk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Surf music" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94" title="מוזיקת גלישה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקת גלישה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf" title="Surf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Surf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="सर्फ रक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सर्फ रक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="サーフ・ミュージック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サーフ・ミュージック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfemusikk" title="Surfemusikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Surfemusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfemusikk" title="Surfemusikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Surfemusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Surf music" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%91%D1%80%D1%84-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сёрф-музыка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сёрф-музыка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf" title="Surf – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Surf" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf" title="Surf – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Surf" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6rf_m%C3%BCzi%C4%9Fi" title="Sörf müziği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sörf müziği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84" title="Серф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Серф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E6%B5%AA%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="冲浪音乐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冲浪音乐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 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