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<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>The GNU MP Bignum Library</title> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="new.css"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <style> td {padding-left:8pt; padding-right:8pt;}</style> <style> th {padding-left:8pt; padding-right:8pt;}</style> </head> <body> <a name="dir"> </a>  <div id="top"> <table style="width:100%; background-color:#b0b0b0;"> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> <svg width="300px" height="100px" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 1500 500" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="1500" height="540" fill="#b0b0b0" /> <text x="0" y="440" fill="#c00000" font-size="540" font-family="arial" font-weight="bold"> GMP </text> <text x="50" y="490" font-size="70" font-family="Verdana"> «Arithmetic without limitations» </text> </svg> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:250%;"> <span style="font-size:50%;"> </span> <br> <span style="font-size:100%;color:green"><br><br> </span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; font-size:250%;"> The GNU<br>Multiple Precision<br> Arithmetic Library </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="https://www.gnu.org"><img src="heckert_gnu.small.png" alt="GNU head" border="0"></a> <br> <span style="font-size:50%;">Last modified: 2024-08-27 </span> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="container"> <div id="top-spacer"></div> <br> <br> <div style="text-align:right"> <iframe src="https://duckduckgo.com/search.html?width=408&duck=yes&site=gmplib.org&prefill=Search gmplib.org&bgcolor=d0d0d0" style="overflow:hidden;margin:0;padding:0;width:541px;height:60px;" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> <br><br><br> <table style="width:90%;"> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle;"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"> Documentation: </td> <td><a href="manual/">6.3.0 HTML</a> | <a href="gmp-man-6.3.0.pdf">6.3.0 PDF</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"> Download: </td> <td><a href="//gmplib.org/download/gmp/gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz">gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz</a> | <a href="gmp6.3">Release notes</a> <div style="display:inline; color:red;"> <b>   NEW 2023-07-30 </b> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"> Development: </td> <td> <a href="devel/">Developers' corner</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"> GMPbench: </td> <td> <a href="gmpbench">Results</a> | <a href="//gmplib.org/download/misc/gmpbench-0.2.tar.bz2">Download benchmark sources</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"> Fun: </td> <td> <a href="pi-with-gmp">Compute billions of digits of π using GMP!</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"> Security: </td> <td> <a href="security">GMP server security policy</a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"> Page contents: <hr> </th> </tr> <tr><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#WHAT">What is GMP?</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#FUNCCLASSES">Function categories</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#DOWNLOAD">Download</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#BUGREPORTS">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#MAILINGLISTS">Mailing lists</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#STATUS">Current release status</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="#FUTURE">Future releases</a></td></tr> </table> </td> </table> <br><br><br>  <br> <br> <div style="background-color:#ffe0e0; font-size:90%;"> <br> <p> Thanks to a very generous donation from Christian Calderon, the GMP project now has a brand new, AMD Epyc server which will replace the old server. This is great for GMP, not only because of the old server's hardware security issues, but also since the new server is 3x more powerful than the old one. </p> <p> Here are the specs of the system Christian has given us: </p> <blockquote> <ul> <li> Supermicro barebone 1114S-WTRT <li> AMD Epyc 7402P 24-core CPU <li> 256 GiB of ECC RAM <li> 1.6 TB PCIe SSD disk (Samsung PM1735) </ul> </blockquote> <br> </div> <a name="WHAT"> </a> <h3>What is GMP?</h3> <p>GMP is a free library for arbitrary precision arithmetic, operating on signed integers, rational numbers, and floating-point numbers. There is no practical limit to the precision except the ones implied by the available memory in the machine GMP runs on. GMP has a rich set of functions, and the functions have a regular interface. </p> <p>The main target applications for GMP are cryptography applications and research, Internet security applications, algebra systems, computational algebra research, etc. </p> <p>GMP is carefully designed to be as fast as possible, both for small operands and for huge operands. The speed is achieved by using fullwords as the basic arithmetic type, by using fast algorithms, with highly optimised assembly code for the most common inner loops for a lot of CPUs, and by a general emphasis on speed. </p> <p>The first GMP release was made in 1991. It is continually developed and maintained, with a new release about once a year. </p> <p>Since version 6, GMP is distributed under the dual licenses, <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html">GNU LGPL v3</a> and <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GNU GPL v2</a>. These licenses make the library free to use, share, and improve, and allow you to pass on the result. The GNU licenses give freedoms, but also set firm restrictions on the use with non-free programs. </p> <p>GMP is part of the GNU project. For more information about the GNU project, please see the <a href="https://www.gnu.org/"> official GNU web site.</a> </p> <p>GMP's main target platforms are Unix-type systems, such as GNU/Linux, Solaris, HP-UX, Mac OS X/Darwin, BSD, AIX, etc. It also is known to work on Windows in both 32-bit and 64-bit mode. </p> <p>GMP is brought to you by a team <a href="manual/Contributors">listed in the manual</a>. </p> <p>GMP is carefully developed and maintained, both technically and legally. We of course inspect and test contributed code carefully, but equally importantly we make sure we have the legal right to distribute the contributions, meaning users can safely use GMP. To achieve this, we will ask contributors to sign paperwork where they allow us to distribute their work. </p> <hr> <a name="FUNCCLASSES"> </a> <h3>GMP function categories</h3> <p>There are several categories of functions in GMP: </p> <ol> <li>High-level signed integer arithmetic functions (<code>mpz</code>). There are about 150 arithmetic and logic functions in this category. </li> <li>High-level rational arithmetic functions (<code>mpq</code>). This category consists of about 35 functions, but all <code>mpz</code> functions can be used too, by applying them to the numerator and denominator separately. </li> <li>High-level floating-point arithmetic functions (<code>mpf</code>). This is the GMP function category to use if the C type `double' doesn't give enough precision for an application. There are about 70 functions in this category. New projects should strongly consider using the much more complete GMP extension library <a href="http://www.mpfr.org/">mpfr</a> instead of mpf. </li> <li>C++ class based interface to all of the above. (The C functions and types can of course be used directly from C++ too.) </li> <li>Low-level positive-integer, hard-to-use, very low overhead functions are found in the <code>mpn</code> category. No memory management is performed; the caller must ensure enough space is available for the results. The set of functions is not always regular, nor is the calling interface. These functions accept input arguments in the form of pairs consisting of a pointer to the least significant word, and an integral size telling how many limbs (= words) there are in that argument. The functions in the other categories call mpn for almost all their calculations. Of these functions about 60 are public. </li> </ol> <hr> <a name="DOWNLOAD"> </a> <h3>Download the latest release of GMP</h3> <blockquote> <table style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <colgroup><col> <colgroup><col><col><col> <thead> <tr> <th> GMP 6.3.0 <th> lz, 2086209 bytes <th> xz, 2094196 bytes <th> zstd, 2176751 bytes <tbody> <tr> <td> Main site, gmplib.org, via https </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> <a href="//gmplib.org/download/gmp/gmp-6.3.0.tar.lz">gmp-6.3.0.tar.lz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> <a href="//gmplib.org/download/gmp/gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz">gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> <a href="//gmplib.org/download/gmp/gmp-6.3.0.tar.zst">gmp-6.3.0.tar.zst</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> USA, ftp.gnu.org, via https </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> <a href="https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp/gmp-6.3.0.tar.lz">gmp-6.3.0.tar.lz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> <a href="https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp/gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz">gmp-6.3.0.tar.xz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> <a href="https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp/gmp-6.3.0.tar.zst">gmp-6.3.0.tar.zst</a> </td> </tr> </table> </blockquote> <p>To try to verify that the file you have downloaded has not been tampered with, you can check that the GnuPG signature matches the contents of the file. Use your <a href="https://www.gnupg.org/download/index.en.html">GnuPG software</a> or a <a href="http://www.pgp.net/">key server</a> directly to get the key that was used for creating the signature. Starting from the repackaging of gmp-5.1.0 as gmp-5.1.0a.tar.* the following key is used to sign GMP releases: </p> <blockquote> <code> Key ID: 0x28C67298 <br> Key type: 2560 bit RSA <br> Fingerprint: 343C 2FF0 FBEE 5EC2 EDBE F399 F359 9FF8 28C6 7298 <br> </code> </blockquote>  <p> Instead of using a release, you may also get the latest code from the <a href="devel/repo-usage">GMP repositories</a>. This will require some more work compared to using a release. </p> <hr> <a name="BUGREPORTS"> </a> <h3>Reporting bugs in GMP</h3> <p>Please first see the <a href="manual/Reporting-Bugs">manual</a> on how to report bugs. The proper address for bug reports is gmp-bugs at gmplib.org. </p> <p>Most problems with GMP these days are due to problems not in GMP, but with the compiler used for compiling the GMP sources. This is a major concern to the GMP project, since an incorrect computation is an incorrect computation, whether caused by a GMP bug or a compiler bug. We fight this by making the GMP testsuite have great coverage, so that it should catch every possible miscompilation. </p> <hr> <a name="MAILINGLISTS"> </a> <h3>GMP mailing lists</h3> <blockquote> <table style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <thead> <tr> <th> List </th> <th> Subscribe URL </th> <th> Archive URL </th> <th> Purpose </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> gmp-bugs </td> <td style="font-size:80%;"> <a href="mailman/listinfo/gmp-bugs">gmplib.org/mailman/listinfo/gmp-bugs</a> </td> <td style="font-size:80%;"> <a href="list-archives/gmp-bugs/">gmplib.org/list-archives/gmp-bugs/</a> </td> <td style="font-size:100%;"> Bug reports (not questions!). See <a href="manual/Reporting-Bugs">manual</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> gmp-announce </td> <td style="font-size:80%;"> <a href="mailman/listinfo/gmp-announce">gmplib.org/mailman/listinfo/gmp-announce</a> </td> <td style="font-size:80%;"> <a href="list-archives/gmp-announce/">gmplib.org/list-archives/gmp-announce/</a> </td> <td style="font-size:100%;"> Announcements from the developers (very little traffic) </td> </tr> <tr> <td> gmp-discuss </td> <td style="font-size:80%;"> <a href="mailman/listinfo/gmp-discuss">gmplib.org/mailman/listinfo/gmp-discuss</a> <td style="font-size:80%;"> <a href="list-archives/gmp-discuss/">gmplib.org/list-archives/gmp-discuss/</a> <td style="font-size:100%;"> Questions, Help, Discussions </tr> <tr> <td> gmp-devel</td> <td style="font-size:80%;"> <a href="mailman/listinfo/gmp-devel">gmplib.org/mailman/listinfo/gmp-devel</a> </td> <td style="font-size:80%;"> <a href="list-archives/gmp-devel/">gmplib.org/list-archives/gmp-devel/</a> </td> <td style="font-size:100%;"> Technical discussions between developers </td> </tr> <tr> <td> gmp-commit </td> <td style="font-size:80%;"> <a href="mailman/listinfo/gmp-commit">gmplib.org/mailman/listinfo/gmp-commit</a> </td> <td style="font-size:80%;"> <a href="list-archives/gmp-commit/">gmplib.org/list-archives/gmp-commit/</a> </td> <td style="font-size:100%;"> Commit messages </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </blockquote> <p> Starting in early 2024, we cannot deliver email to any gmail.com addresses. This is a result of that Google no longer trusts our email server. We have never delivered spam to any gmail account, their policies are based on other considerations. </p> <p>Note that we perform spam and virus filtering of these lists. The lists have been 100% spam-free during the last years. </p> <p>We're blocking all mail from many IP ranges, for spam mitigation. That even includes geo blocking. If you are affected but have a legitimate reason to send mail to the GMP project, e.g., if you work at a university or corporation with an interest in GMP, please let us know; we will open access for you. </p> <hr> <a name="STATUS"> </a> <h3>Status of the current release</h3> <p> The current stable release is 6.3.0, released 2023-07-30. <br> </p> <h5>Issues with GMP 6.3.0:</h5> <ul> <li> We added support for LTO with this release, but did not have time to debug every issue which surfaced. 1: Some x86 32-bit builds fail for the mini-gmp <code>t-lucm</code> test case for an unknown reason. 2: Some x86 64-bit builds fail for the mpq tests <code>t-cmp</code>, <code>t-cmp_ui</code>, <code>t-cmp_z</code>; this is caused by a GCC bug where some additive algebra goes very wrong. </li> </ul> <h5>Issues with GMP 6.2.1:</h5> <ul> <li> While we added support for Apple's new Arm based computers, our support has a problem. The problem is that Apple reserves CPU register x18, but GMP's mpn/arm64 assembly code uses that register. While GMP runs fine in our tests, we expect things to go awry in some execution situation. (Apple has not been kind enough to specify how they use x18. Therefore, we don't know what the consequences of using x18 might be.) </li> </ul> <h5>Issues with GMP 6.2.0:</h5> <ul> <li> MacOS Xcode 11 prior to 11.3 miscompiles GMP, leading to crashes and miscomputation. </li> </ul> <h5>Issues with GMP 6.1.2:</h5> <ul> <li> MacOS Xcode 11 prior to 11.3 miscompiles GMP, leading to crashes and miscomputation. </li> </ul> <h5>Issues with GMP 6.1.1:</h5> <ul> <li> There are several issues with mini-gmp. Please see the special <a href="devel/mini-gmp-status">mini-gmp-status</a> page. </li> </ul> <h5>Issues with GMP 6.1.0:</h5> <ul> <li> An assembly file which is used for Intel Broadwell and Intel Skylake (except crippled Pentiums and Celerons without BMI2) will not work correctly for Windoze. <a href="/repo/gmp-6.1/raw-rev/67d4ee9dead1">Patch.</a> </li> <li> See also issues for subsequent releases above. </li> </ul> <h5>Issues with GMP 6.0.0:</h5> <ul> <li> [No issues found yet.] </li> <li> See also issues for subsequent releases above. </li> </ul> <h5>Issues with GMP 5.1.3:</h5> <ul> <li> The documentation of <code>mpn_set_str</code> is incorrect and incomplete wrt allocation requirements. <a href="/repo/gmp-5.1/raw-rev/d19172622a74">Patch.</a> </li> <li> See also issues for subsequent releases above. </li> </ul> <h5>Issues with GMP 5.1.2:</h5> <ul> <li> The functions <code>mpn_sbpi1_div_qr_sec</code> and <code>mpn_sbpi1_div_r_sec</code> compute incorrect results for some operands. With uniformly distributed random operands, the error is very hard to trigger, and for the intended use of these functions, operands can be expected to appear as such random operands from these functions' perspective. <a href="/repo/gmp-5.1/raw-rev/a447c0c53789">Patch.</a> </li> <li> The internal function mpn_divrem_2 on Itanium clobbers two callee-saves registers. This can lead to miscomputations or crashes in the callers. <a href="/repo/gmp-5.1/raw-rev/394bdf8fdaee">Patch.</a> </li> <li> See also issues for subsequent releases above. </li> </ul> <h5>Issues with GMP 5.1.1:</h5> <ul> <li> Windows only: A 64-bit build for AMD Bulldozer and Piledriver chips, or a fat 64-bit build running on these chips, will not work correctly. <a href="/repo/gmp-5.1/raw-rev/11fbd825bc45">Patch.</a> </li> <li> The function <code>mpz_powm_ui</code> computes garbage if the base argument is over 15000 decimal or the mod argument is at least 7500 decimal digits. No other GMP powm function is affected. <a href="/repo/gmp-5.1/raw-rev/ec4d88674036">Patch.</a> </li> <li> See also issues for subsequent releases above. </li> </ul> <h5>Issues with GMP 5.1.0:</h5> <ul> <li> The mini-gmp.c file, which implements a subset of mpn and mpz, was not properly tested and contained a number of bugs. Please do not use the 5.1.0 version of mini-gmp.c. Note that these bugs do not affect GMP itself. </li> <li> The included top-level Makefile.in has an automake-generated <code>distcheck</code> target which creates a world-writable directory. This target is not used in the GMP release process, but it is a potential security problem affecting users who invoke this make target. This problem (and no other) is corrected in the gmp-5.1.0a.tar.* set of files. </li> <li> See also issues for subsequent releases above. </li> </ul> <p>For patches to older GMP versions, please see the <a href="oldrel/">Info on older GMP releases</a>. </p> <hr> <a name="FUTURE"> </a> <h3>Future releases</h3> <p> Please see <a href="devel/GMPng"> the GMPng page </a> for information on what we're working on. </p> <div id="footer-spacer"></div> </div> <div id="footer"> <table style="width:100%; background-color:#b0b0b0;"> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> <div style="font-size:80%"> Please send comments about this page to gmp-discuss<div style="display:inline;"> at </div>gmplib.org </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> <div style="font-size:80%;"> Copyright 2000–2020 Free Software Foundation </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> <div style="font-size:80%;"> Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved. </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </body> </html>