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dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"UAE" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/UAE_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="UAE (disambiguation)">UAE (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>The United Arab Emirates<a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a> (UAE), or simply the Emirates,<a href="#cite_note-19">[d]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, at the eastern end of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">federal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Emirates of the United Arab Emirates">seven emirates</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> as its capital.<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> It shares land borders with <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> to the east and northeast, and with <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to the southwest; as well as maritime borders in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> with <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and with Oman in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a>. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit">[update]</a>, the UAE has an estimated population of over 10 million, of which 11% are Emiratis; <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of cities in the United Arab Emirates">most populous</a> city and is an international hub.<a href="#cite_note-:9-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> is the official language, while English is the most spoken language and the language of business.<a href="#cite_note-Siemund2-23">[19]</a> <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">United Arab Emirates</div><div class="ib-country-names">الإمارات العربية المتحدة Al-Imārāt al-‘Arabīyah al-Muttaḥidah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of UAE"><img alt="Flag of UAE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Flag of the United Arab Emirates">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of UAE"><img alt="Emblem of UAE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/85px-Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/128px-Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/170px-Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="728"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Emblem of the United Arab Emirates">Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: الله الوطن الرئيس<div>"<a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>, Nation, President"</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Ishy_Bilady" title="Ishy Bilady">عيشي بلادي</a> ʿĪshī Bilādī "Long Live My Country" <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="49" data-mwtitle="UAE_national_anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/UAE_national_anthem.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/UAE_national_anthem.ogg/UAE_national_anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Arab_Emirates_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of United Arab Emirates (green) in the Arabian Peninsula"><img alt="Location of United Arab Emirates (green) in the Arabian Peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/United_Arab_Emirates_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-United_Arab_Emirates_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/United_Arab_Emirates_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-United_Arab_Emirates_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/United_Arab_Emirates_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-United_Arab_Emirates_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553"></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of United Arab Emirates (green)in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 275px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 275px; height: 275px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="275" data-height="275" data-overlays='["_7f71d5302cbd468246b845891e9eb1487ae4b689"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,275x275.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=United_Arab_Emirates&revid=1259846927&groups=_7f71d5302cbd468246b845891e9eb1487ae4b689" width="275" height="275" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,275x275@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=United_Arab_Emirates&revid=1259846927&groups=_7f71d5302cbd468246b845891e9eb1487ae4b689 2x" alt="Map"></a><div class="thumbcaption">United Arab Emirates</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_Arab_Emirates&params=24_28_N_54_22_E_type:city">24°28′N 54°22′E / 24.467°N 54.367°E / 24.467; 54.367</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_Arab_Emirates&params=25_15_N_55_18_E_">25°15′N 55°18′E / 25.250°N 55.300°E / 25.250; 55.300</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2015)<a href="#cite_note-United_Arab_Emirates-5">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>59.4% <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asian</a> <ul><li>38.2% <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Indians in the United Arab Emirates">Indian</a></li> <li>9.5% <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshis in the United Arab Emirates">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li>9.4% <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates">Pakistani</a></li> <li>2.3% <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">other</a></li></ul></li> <li>11.6% <a href="/wiki/Emiratis" title="Emiratis">Emirati Arab</a></li> <li>10.2% <a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Egyptians" title="Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates">Egyptian</a></li> <li>6.1% <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates">Filipino</a></li> <li>12.8% <a href="/wiki/Expatriates_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates">other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>74.5% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>) <ul><li>63.3% <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li>6.7% <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Shia Islam in the United Arab Emirates">Shia Islam</a></li> <li>4.4% <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">other</a></li></ul></li> <li>12.9% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Christianity in the United Arab Emirates">Christianity</a></li> <li>6.2% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates">Hinduism</a></li> <li>3.2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">Buddhism</a></li> <li>1.3% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Irreligion in the United Arab Emirates">Agnosticism</a></li> <li>1.9% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emiratis" title="Emiratis">Emirati</a><a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbook-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Federal Islamic <a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of prime ministers of the United Arab Emirates">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum">Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Vice President of the United Arab Emirates">Vice Presidents</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Council" title="Federal Supreme Council">Federal Supreme Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Residency" title="Persian Gulf Residency">Persian Gulf Residency</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1820 and 1892</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/National_Day_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="National Day (United Arab Emirates)">Independence</a> from the United Kingdom </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 December 1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_304" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 304">Admitted to the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 December 1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Admission of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1972</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">83,600 km2 (32,300 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">114th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11,027,129<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2005 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,106,427</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">132/km2 (341.9/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $849.8 billion<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-12">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">34th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $77,251<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-12">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">14th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $545.1 billion<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-12">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">26th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $49,550<a href="#cite_note-GCCWEO-OCT24-12">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">21st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2018)</th><td class="infobox-data">26<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.937<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-15">[14]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">17th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham" title="United Arab Emirates dirham">UAE dirham</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">AED</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+04:00 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Time in the United Arab Emirates">GST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="day">dd</abbr>/<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>/<abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr> (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)<a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Telephone numbers in the United Arab Emirates">+971</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:AE" title="ISO 3166-2:AE">AE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.ae" title=".ae">.ae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emarat" title="Emarat">امارات.</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><div style="background:#ddf;padding:0.2em;font-size:135%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Arab_Emirates" title="Portal:United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates portal</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The United Arab Emirates' <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Oil reserves in the United Arab Emirates">oil</a> and natural gas reserves are the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">seventh</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">seventh-largest</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-EIA-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan">Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan</a>, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the country's first president, oversaw the development of the Emirates by investing oil revenues into healthcare, education, and infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-26">[22]</a> The country has the most diversified economy among the members of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> (GCC).<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> In the 21st century, the UAE has become less reliant on oil and gas and is economically focusing on tourism and business. The UAE is considered a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>. It is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>. The UAE is also a dialogue partner of the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a>. Human rights organisations consider the UAE substandard on human rights, ranking only 6.06 in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Freedom Index">human freedom index</a>, citing reports of government critics being imprisoned and tortured, families harassed by the state security apparatus, and cases of <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> Individual rights such as the freedoms of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">expression</a>, and the freedom of the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">press</a> are severely repressed.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Antiquity">1.1 Antiquity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Islam">1.2 Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Portuguese_era">1.3 Portuguese era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#British_era_and_discovery_of_oil">1.4 British era and discovery of oil</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Independence">1.5 Independence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Post-Independence_period">1.6 Post-Independence period</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Biodiversity">2.1 Biodiversity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate">2.2 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Government_and_politics">3 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Government">3.1 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">3.2 Administrative divisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Foreign_relations">3.3 Foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Military">3.4 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Law">3.5 Law</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Human_rights">3.6 Human rights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Migrant_workers">3.7 Migrant workers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Environmental_policy">3.8 Environmental policy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Economy">4 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Business_and_finance">4.1 Business and finance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#VAT">4.2 VAT</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Energy">4.3 Energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Tourism">4.4 Tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Transport">4.5 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Telecommunications">4.6 Telecommunications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Competitiveness">4.7 Competitiveness</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Demographics">5 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Largest_cities">5.1 Largest cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Language">5.2 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Religion">5.3 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Education">5.4 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Health">5.5 Health</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Culture">6 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Media">6.1 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Cuisine">6.2 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Sports">6.3 Sports</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#Football">6.3.1 Football</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Cricket">6.3.2 Cricket</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">History of the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Umm_Al_Nar_culture" title="Umm Al Nar culture">Umm Al Nar culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Suq_culture" title="Wadi Suq culture">Wadi Suq culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A1ntaro_(26738115330).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/C%C3%A1ntaro_%2826738115330%29.jpg/170px-C%C3%A1ntaro_%2826738115330%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="3500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/C%C3%A1ntaro_%2826738115330%29.jpg/170px-C%C3%A1ntaro_%2826738115330%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/C%C3%A1ntaro_%2826738115330%29.jpg/255px-C%C3%A1ntaro_%2826738115330%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/C%C3%A1ntaro_%2826738115330%29.jpg/340px-C%C3%A1ntaro_%2826738115330%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>2nd century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> era jar found in <a href="/wiki/Mleiha_Archaeological_Centre" title="Mleiha Archaeological Centre">Mleiha Archaeological site</a> in Sharjah</figcaption></figure> Stone tools recovered reveal a settlement of people from Africa some 127,000 years ago and a stone tool used for butchering animals discovered on the Arabian coast suggests an even older habitation from 130,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> In time, lively trading links developed with civilisations in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, Iran, and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Harappan culture</a> of the Indus Valley. This contact persisted and became wider, probably motivated by the trade in copper from the <a href="/wiki/Hajar_Mountains" title="Hajar Mountains">Hajar Mountains</a>, which commenced around 3,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> Sumerian sources talk of the <a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan</a> civilisation, which has been identified as encompassing the modern UAE and Oman.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> There are six periods of human settlement with distinctive behaviours in the region before Islam, which include the <a href="/wiki/Hafit_period" title="Hafit period">Hafit period</a> from 3,200 to 2,600 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Umm_Al_Nar_culture" title="Umm Al Nar culture">Umm Al Nar culture</a> from 2,600 to 2,000 BCE, and the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Suq_culture" title="Wadi Suq culture">Wadi Suq culture</a> from 2,000 to 1,300 BCE. From 1,200 BCE to the advent of Islam in Eastern Arabia, through three distinctive <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Iron Age in the United Arab Emirates">Iron Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mleiha" title="Mleiha">Mleiha</a> period, the area was variously occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a> and other forces, and saw the construction of fortified settlements and extensive husbandry thanks to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">falaj</a> irrigation system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> The spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to the northeastern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> is thought to have followed directly from a letter sent by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> to the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> in 630 CE. This led to a group of rulers travelling to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, converting to Islam, and subsequently driving a successful uprising against the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanids</a>, who dominated the coast at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard-Bey1996127-33">[29]</a> Following the death of Muhammad, the new Islamic communities south of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> threatened to disintegrate, with insurrections against the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim leaders">Muslim leaders</a>. Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> sent an army from the capital <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> which completed its reconquest of the territory (<a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">the Ridda Wars</a>) with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibba" title="Battle of Dibba">Battle of Dibba</a> in which 10,000 lives are thought to have been lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard-Bey1996127%E2%80%93128-34">[30]</a> This assured the integrity of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> and the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the newly emerging <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>. In 637, Julfar (in the area of today's <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a>) was an important port that was used as a staging post for the Islamic invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AbedHellyer2001-35">[31]</a> The area of the <a href="/wiki/Al_Ain" title="Al Ain">Al Ain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Buraimi_Oasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Buraimi Oasis">Buraimi Oasis</a> was known as Tu'am and was an important trading post for camel routes between the coast and the Arabian interior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard-Bey199622%E2%80%9323-36">[32]</a> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> site in the UAE was first discovered in the 1990s, an extensive monastic complex on what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Sir_Bani_Yas" title="Sir Bani Yas">Sir Bani Yas</a> Island and which dates back to the seventh century. Thought to be <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a> and built in 600 CE, the church appears to have been abandoned peacefully in 750 CE.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> It forms a rare physical link to a legacy of Christianity, which is thought to have spread across the peninsula from 50 to 350 CE following trade routes. Certainly, by the fifth century, Oman had a bishop named John – the last bishop of Oman being Etienne, in 676 CE.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_era">Portuguese era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Piracy in the Persian Gulf</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forte_de_doba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Forte_de_doba.jpg/220px-Forte_de_doba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="577"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Forte_de_doba.jpg/220px-Forte_de_doba.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Forte_de_doba.jpg/330px-Forte_de_doba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Forte_de_doba.jpg/440px-Forte_de_doba.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A painting of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte_de_Doba" class="extiw" title="pt:Forte de Doba">Doba Fortress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba Al-Hisn</a> in 1620</figcaption></figure> The harsh desert environment led to the emergence of the "versatile tribesman", nomadic groups who subsisted due to a variety of economic activities, including animal husbandry, agriculture, and hunting. The seasonal movements of these groups led not only to frequent clashes between groups but also to the establishment of seasonal and semi-seasonal settlements and centres. These formed tribal groupings whose names are still carried by modern Emiratis, including the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Yas" title="Bani Yas">Bani Yas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Nahyan_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Nahyan family">Al Bu Falah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, Al Ain, <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Oasis" title="Liwa Oasis">Liwa</a>, and the west coast; the <a href="/wiki/Dhawahir" title="Dhawahir">Dhawahir</a>, Awamir, <a href="/wiki/Al_Ali_(tribe)" title="Al Ali (tribe)">Al Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manasir_(tribe)" title="Manasir (tribe)">Manasir</a> of the interior; the <a href="/wiki/Sharqiyin" title="Sharqiyin">Sharqiyin</a> of the east coast; and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qasimi">Qawasim</a> to the north.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> With the expansion of European <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empires</a>, Portuguese, English, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> forces appeared in the Persian Gulf region. By the 18th century, the Bani Yas confederation was the dominant force in most of the area now known as Abu Dhabi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard-Bey199643-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> while the Northern <a href="/wiki/Al-Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qasimi">Al Qawasim</a> (Al Qasimi) dominated maritime commerce. The Portuguese maintained an influence over the coastal settlements, building <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">forts</a> in the wake of the bloody 16th-century conquests of coastal communities by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a> and the Portuguese commanders who followed him – particularly on the east coast at <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeard-Bey1996282-43">[39]</a> The southern coast of the Persian Gulf was known to the British as the "<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">Pirate Coast</a>",<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> as boats of the Al Qawasim federation harassed British-flagged shipping from the 17th century into the 19th.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> The charge of piracy is disputed by modern Emirati historians, including the current ruler of Sharjah, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Muhammad_Al-Qasimi" title="Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi">Sheikh Sultan Al Qasimi</a>, in his 1986 book The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif/220px-Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="494"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif/220px-Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif/330px-Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif/440px-Persian_Gulf_z1507-1750.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Purple – <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> in the Persian Gulf in the 16th and 17th century. Main cities, ports, and routes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack,_1809_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg/220px-Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="1289"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg/220px-Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg/330px-Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg/440px-Ras_Al_Khaimah_under_attack%2C_1809_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A painting depicting the burning of the coastal town and port of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah">Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf campaign of 1809</a></figcaption></figure> British expeditions to protect their Indian trade routes led to campaigns against Ras Al Khaimah and other harbours along the coast, including the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf campaign of 1809</a> and the more successful <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">campaign of 1819</a>. The following year, Britain and a number of local rulers signed a <a href="/wiki/General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820" title="General Maritime Treaty of 1820">maritime truce</a>, giving rise to the term <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a>, which came to define the status of the coastal emirates. A further treaty was signed in 1843 and in 1853, the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Maritime_Truce" title="Perpetual Maritime Truce">Perpetual Maritime Truce</a> was agreed. To this was added the 'Exclusive Agreements', signed in 1892, which made the <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> a British protectorate.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> Under the 1892 treaty, the trucial sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to the British and not to enter into relationships with any foreign government other than the British without their consent. In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack. British maritime policing meant that pearling fleets could operate in relative security. However, the British prohibition of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> meant an important source of income was lost to some sheikhs and merchants.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> In 1869, the Qubaisat tribe settled at <a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid" title="Khor Al Adaid">Khor Al Adaid</a> and tried to enlist the support of the Ottomans. Khor Al Adaid was claimed by Abu Dhabi at that time, a claim supported by the British. In 1906, the British Political Resident, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Cox" title="Percy Cox">Percy Cox</a>, confirmed in writing to the ruler of Abu Dhabi, <a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Khalifa_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan">Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan</a> ('Zayed the Great'), that Khor Al Adaid belonged to his sheikhdom.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_era_and_discovery_of_oil">British era and discovery of oil</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf campaign of 1809</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf campaign of 1819</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820" title="General Maritime Treaty of 1820">General Maritime Treaty of 1820</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhayah_Fort_showing_hilltop_location.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dhayah_Fort_showing_hilltop_location.jpg/220px-Dhayah_Fort_showing_hilltop_location.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dhayah_Fort_showing_hilltop_location.jpg/220px-Dhayah_Fort_showing_hilltop_location.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dhayah_Fort_showing_hilltop_location.jpg/330px-Dhayah_Fort_showing_hilltop_location.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dhayah_Fort_showing_hilltop_location.jpg/440px-Dhayah_Fort_showing_hilltop_location.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dhayah_Fort" title="Dhayah Fort">Dhayah Fort</a> at the hill top. In 1819 it was the last <a href="/wiki/Al-Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qasimi">Al-Qasimi</a> stronghold to fall in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf campaign of 1819</a>. The fall of Dhayah was to pave the way for the signing of the <a href="/wiki/General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820" title="General Maritime Treaty of 1820">General Maritime Treaty of 1820</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">pearling industry</a> thrived, providing both income and employment to the people of the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> had a severe impact on the industry, but it was the <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">economic depression</a> of the late 1920s and early 1930s, coupled with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl" title="Cultured pearl">cultured pearl</a>, that wiped out the trade. The remnants of the trade eventually faded away shortly after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, when the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> imposed heavy taxation on imported pearls. The decline of pearling resulted in extreme economic hardship in the Trucial States.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> In 1922, the British government secured undertakings from the rulers of the Trucial States not to sign concessions with foreign companies without their consent. Aware of the potential for the development of natural resources such as oil, following finds in Persia (from 1908) and Mesopotamia (from 1927), a British-led oil company, the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">Iraq Petroleum Company</a> (IPC), showed an interest in the region. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a> (APOC, later to become <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">British Petroleum</a>, or BP) had a 23.75% share in IPC. From 1935, onshore concessions to explore for oil were granted by local rulers, with APOC signing the first one on behalf of Petroleum Concessions Ltd (PCL), an associate company of IPC.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> APOC was prevented from developing the region alone because of the restrictions of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_Agreement" title="Red Line Agreement">Red Line Agreement</a>, which required it to operate through IPC. A number of options between PCL and the trucial rulers were signed, providing useful revenue for communities experiencing poverty following the collapse of the pearl trade. However, the wealth of oil which the rulers could see from the revenues accruing to surrounding countries remained elusive. The first bore holes in Abu Dhabi were drilled by IPC's operating company, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd (PDTC) at Ras Sadr in 1950, with a 13,000-foot-deep (4,000-metre) bore hole taking a year to drill and turning out dry, at the tremendous cost at the time of £1 million. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mid-20th_century_Dubai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mid-20th_century_Dubai.JPG/220px-Mid-20th_century_Dubai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1328"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mid-20th_century_Dubai.JPG/220px-Mid-20th_century_Dubai.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mid-20th_century_Dubai.JPG/330px-Mid-20th_century_Dubai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mid-20th_century_Dubai.JPG/440px-Mid-20th_century_Dubai.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dubai in 1950: the area in this photo shows <a href="/wiki/Bur_Dubai" title="Bur Dubai">Bur Dubai</a> in the foreground (centered on Al-Fahidi Fort), <a href="/wiki/Deira,_Dubai" title="Deira, Dubai">Deira</a> in middle-right on the other side of the creek, and <a href="/wiki/Al_Shindagha" title="Al Shindagha">Al Shindagha</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Al_Ras,_Dubai" title="Al Ras, Dubai">Al Ras</a> (right) in the background across the creek, from Deira.</figcaption></figure> The British set up a development office that helped in some small developments in the emirates. The seven <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikhs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Emirates of the United Arab Emirates">emirates</a> then decided to form a council to coordinate matters between them and took over the development office. In 1952, they formed the Trucial States Council,<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> and appointed <a href="/wiki/Adi_Bitar" title="Adi Bitar">Adi Al Bitar</a>, Dubai's <a href="/wiki/Rashid_bin_Saeed_Al_Maktoum" title="Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum">Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum</a>'s legal advisor, as secretary general and legal advisor to the council. The council was terminated once the United Arab Emirates was formed.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> The tribal nature of society and the lack of definition of borders between emirates frequently led to disputes, settled either through mediation or, more rarely, force. The <a href="/wiki/Trucial_Oman_Scouts" title="Trucial Oman Scouts">Trucial Oman Scouts</a> was a small military force used by the British to keep the peace. In 1953, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, D'Arcy Exploration Ltd, obtained an offshore concession from the ruler of Abu Dhabi. BP joined with <a href="/wiki/Total_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Total SE">Compagnie Française des Pétroles</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Total_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Total SE">Total</a>) to form operating companies, Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Ltd (ADMA) and Dubai Marine Areas Ltd (DUMA). A number of undersea oil surveys were carried out, including one led by the famous marine explorer <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> In 1958, a floating platform rig was towed from <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and positioned over the <a href="/wiki/Umm_Shaif_oil_field" title="Umm Shaif oil field">Umm Shaif</a> pearl bed, in Abu Dhabi waters, where drilling began. In March, it struck oil in the Upper Thamama rock formation. This was the first commercial discovery of the Trucial Coast, leading to the first exports of oil in 1962. ADMA made further offshore discoveries at Zakum and elsewhere, and other companies made commercial finds such as the <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Oil_Field" title="Fateh Oil Field">Fateh oilfield</a> off Dubai and the Mubarak field off Sharjah (shared with Iran).<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> Meanwhile, onshore exploration was hindered by territorial disputes. In 1955, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> represented Abu Dhabi and Oman in their dispute with Saudi Arabia over the <a href="/wiki/Al_Buraimi_Governorate" title="Al Buraimi Governorate">Buraimi Oasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> A 1974 agreement between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia seemed to have settled the Abu Dhabi-Saudi <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">border dispute</a>, but this has not been ratified.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> The UAE's border with Oman was ratified in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> PDTC continued its onshore exploration away from the disputed area, drilling five more bore holes that were also dry. However, on 27 October 1960, the company discovered oil in commercial quantities at the Murban No. 3 well on the coast near Tarif.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> In 1962, PDTC became the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Petroleum_Company" title="Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company">Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company</a>. As oil revenues increased, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, <a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan">Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan</a>, undertook a massive construction program, building schools, housing, hospitals, and roads. When Dubai's oil exports commenced in 1969, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Rashid_bin_Saeed_Al_Maktoum" title="Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum">Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum</a>, the ruler of Dubai, was able to invest the revenues from the limited reserves found to spark the diversification drive that would create the modern <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> of Dubai.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg/220px-Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1023"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg/220px-Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg/330px-Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg/440px-Flag-hoisting_at_the_Union_Declaration.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Historic photo depicting the first hoisting of the United Arab Emirates flag by the rulers of the emirates at the Union House in Dubai on 2 December 1971</figcaption></figure> By 1966, it had become clear that the British government could no longer afford to administer and protect the <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a>, what is now the United Arab Emirates. British <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) debated the preparedness of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to defend the <a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom" title="Sheikhdom">sheikhdoms</a>. On 24 January 1968, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> announced the government's decision, reaffirmed in March 1971 by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>, to end the treaty relationships with the seven trucial sheikhdoms. Days after the announcement, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan">Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan</a>, fearing vulnerability, tried to persuade the British to honour the protection treaties by offering to pay the full costs of keeping the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> in the Emirates. The British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government rejected the offer.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> After Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Goronwy_Roberts,_Baron_Goronwy-Roberts" title="Goronwy Roberts, Baron Goronwy-Roberts">Goronwy Roberts</a> informed Sheikh Zayed of the news of British withdrawal, the nine Persian Gulf sheikhdoms attempted to form a union of Arab emirates, but by mid-1971 they were still unable to agree on terms of union even though the British treaty relationship was to expire in December of that year.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> Fears of vulnerability were realised the day before independence. An Iranian destroyer group broke formation from an exercise in the lower Gulf, sailing to the <a href="/wiki/Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Greater and Lesser Tunbs">Tunb islands</a>. The islands were taken by force, civilians and Arab defenders alike allowed to flee. A British warship stood idle during the course of the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> A destroyer group approached the island of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa" title="Abu Musa">Abu Musa</a> as well. But there, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Mohammed_Al_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi">Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi</a> had already negotiated with the Iranian shah, and the island was quickly leased to Iran for $3 million a year. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia laid claim to swathes of Abu Dhabi.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> Originally intended to be part of the proposed Federation of Arab Emirates, Bahrain became independent in August, and Qatar in September 1971. When the British-Trucial Sheikhdoms treaty expired on 1 December 1971, both emirates became fully independent.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> On 2 December 1971, six of the emirates (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah, and Umm Al Quwain) agreed to enter into a union named the United Arab Emirates. <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah">Ras al-Khaimah</a> joined later, on 10 January 1972.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> In February 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_National_Council" title="Federal National Council">Federal National Council</a> (FNC) was created; it was a 40-member consultative body appointed by the seven rulers. The UAE joined the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> on 6 December 1971 and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> on 9 December.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> It was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> in May 1981, with Abu Dhabi hosting the first <a href="/wiki/GCC_Summit" title="GCC Summit">GCC summit</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Independence_period">Post-Independence period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubai_Skyline_mit_Burj_Khalifa_(18241030269).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dubai_Skyline_mit_Burj_Khalifa_%2818241030269%29.jpg/220px-Dubai_Skyline_mit_Burj_Khalifa_%2818241030269%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5289" data-file-height="3526"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dubai_Skyline_mit_Burj_Khalifa_%2818241030269%29.jpg/220px-Dubai_Skyline_mit_Burj_Khalifa_%2818241030269%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dubai_Skyline_mit_Burj_Khalifa_%2818241030269%29.jpg/330px-Dubai_Skyline_mit_Burj_Khalifa_%2818241030269%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dubai_Skyline_mit_Burj_Khalifa_%2818241030269%29.jpg/440px-Dubai_Skyline_mit_Burj_Khalifa_%2818241030269%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a></figcaption></figure> The UAE supported military operations by the US and other <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">coalition states</a> engaged in the war against the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (2001) and <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> (2003) as well as operations supporting the Global <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Al_Dhafra_Air_Base" title="Al Dhafra Air Base">Al Dhafra Air Base</a> located outside of Abu Dhabi. The air base also supported Allied operations during the 1991 Persian <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Watch" title="Operation Northern Watch">Operation Northern Watch</a>. The country had already signed a <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> defence agreement with the U.S. in 1994 and one with France in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> In January 2008, France and the UAE signed a deal allowing France to set up a permanent military base in the emirate of Abu Dhabi.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> The UAE joined international military operations in Libya in March 2011. On 2 November 2004, the UAE's first president, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan">Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan</a>, died. Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a> was elected as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">president of the UAE</a>. Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a> succeeded Sheikh Khalifa as crown prince of Abu Dhabi.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> In January 2006, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Maktoum_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum" title="Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum">Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum</a>, the prime minister of the UAE and the ruler of Dubai, died, and Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum">Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum</a> assumed both roles. The first ever national elections were held on 16 December 2006. A number of voters chose half of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_National_Council" title="Federal National Council">Federal National Council</a>. The UAE has largely escaped the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, which other countries have experienced; however, 60 Emirati activists from <a href="/wiki/Al_Islah_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="Al Islah (United Arab Emirates)">Al Islah</a> were apprehended for an alleged coup attempt and the attempt of the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> state in the UAE.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-78">[74]</a> Mindful of the protests in nearby Bahrain, in November 2012 the UAE outlawed online mockery of its government or attempts to organise public protests through social media.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-26">[22]</a> On 29 January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> was confirmed to have <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates">reached the UAE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-first_case_UAE-79">[75]</a> Two months later, in March, the government announced the closure of shopping malls, schools, and places of worship, in addition to imposing a 24-hour curfew, and suspending all <a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a> passenger flights.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> This resulted in a major economic downturn, which eventually led to the merger of more than 50% of the UAE's <a href="/wiki/Category:United_Arab_Emirates_federal_entities" title="Category:United Arab Emirates federal entities">federal agencies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> On 29 August 2020, the UAE established normal diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and with the help of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, they signed the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> On 9 February 2021, the UAE achieved a historic milestone when its probe, named <a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Hope</a>, successfully reached <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>'s orbit. The UAE became the first country in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> to reach Mars, the fifth country to successfully reach Mars, and the second country, after an <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Indian probe</a>, to orbit Mars on its maiden attempt. On 14 May 2022, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a> was elected as the UAE's new president after the death of <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Geography of the United Arab Emirates">Geography of the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_United_Arab_Emirates_in_October.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Satellite_image_of_United_Arab_Emirates_in_October.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_United_Arab_Emirates_in_October.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Satellite_image_of_United_Arab_Emirates_in_October.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_United_Arab_Emirates_in_October.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Satellite_image_of_United_Arab_Emirates_in_October.jpg/330px-Satellite_image_of_United_Arab_Emirates_in_October.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Satellite_image_of_United_Arab_Emirates_in_October.jpg/440px-Satellite_image_of_United_Arab_Emirates_in_October.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Satellite image of United Arab Emirates</figcaption></figure> The United Arab Emirates is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, bordering the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>; it is in a strategic location slightly south of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>, a vital transit point for world <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">crude oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> The UAE lies between 22°30' and 26°10' north latitude and between 51° and 56°25′ east longitude. It shares a 530-kilometre (330 mi) border with Saudi Arabia on the west, south, and southeast, and a 450-kilometre (280 mi) border with Oman on the southeast and northeast. The land border with Qatar in the <a href="/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid" title="Khor Al Adaid">Khor Al Adaid</a> area is about nineteen kilometres (12 miles) in the northwest; however, it is a source of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_%E2%80%93_United_Arab_Emirates_border_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabia – United Arab Emirates border dispute">ongoing dispute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> Following Britain's military departure from the UAE in 1971, and its establishment as a new state, the UAE laid claim to Iranian-occupied islands of Abu Musa and the Greater and the Lesser Tunbs, when Iran captured them during the British rule, resulting in disputes with Iran that remain unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> The UAE also disputes claim on other islands against the neighboring state of Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> The largest emirate, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_(emirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dhabi (emirate)">Abu Dhabi</a>, accounts for 87% of the UAE's total area,<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> 67,340 square kilometres (26,000 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> The smallest emirate, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ajman" title="Emirate of Ajman">Ajman</a>, encompasses only 259 km2 (100 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> The UAE coast stretches for nearly 650 km (404 mi) along the southern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, briefly interrupted by an isolated outcrop of the Sultanate of Oman. Six of the emirates are situated along the Persian Gulf, and the seventh, Fujairah, is on the eastern coast of the peninsula with direct access to the Gulf of Oman.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> Most of the coast consists of <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt pans</a> that extend 8–10 km (5.0–6.2 mi) inland.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> The largest <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">natural harbor</a> is at Dubai, although other ports have been dredged at Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> Numerous islands are found in the Persian Gulf, and the ownership of some of them has been the subject of international disputes with both <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>. The smaller islands, as well as many <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> and shifting sandbars, are a menace to navigation. Strong tides and occasional windstorms further complicate ship movements near the shore. The UAE also has a stretch of the <a href="/wiki/Al_Batinah_Region" title="Al Batinah Region">Al Bāţinah</a> coast of the Gulf of Oman. The <a href="/wiki/Musandam_Governorate" title="Musandam Governorate">Musandam Peninsula</a>, the very tip of Arabia by the Strait of Hormuz, and <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Madha</a> are <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclaves</a> of Oman separated by the UAE.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Jebel_Jais_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/View_from_Jebel_Jais_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-View_from_Jebel_Jais_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/View_from_Jebel_Jais_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-View_from_Jebel_Jais_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/View_from_Jebel_Jais_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-View_from_Jebel_Jais_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/View_from_Jebel_Jais_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-View_from_Jebel_Jais_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Roads leading to <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Jais" title="Jebel Jais">Jebel Jais</a>, the highest mountain in the UAE (1,892 m), in <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a></figcaption></figure> South and west of Abu Dhabi, vast, rolling <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">sand dunes</a> merge into the <a href="/wiki/Rub_al-Khali" class="mw-redirect" title="Rub al-Khali">Rub al-Khali</a> (Empty Quarter) of Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> The desert area of Abu Dhabi includes two important oases with adequate underground water for permanent settlements and cultivation. The extensive <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Oasis" title="Liwa Oasis">Liwa Oasis</a> is in the south near the undefined border with Saudi Arabia. About 100 km (62 mi) to the northeast of Liwa is the <a href="/wiki/Al_Buraimi_Governorate" title="Al Buraimi Governorate">Al-Buraimi</a> oasis, which extends on both sides of the Abu Dhabi-Oman border. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Zakher" title="Lake Zakher">Lake Zakher</a> in Al Ain is a <a href="/wiki/Man-made_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-made lake">human-made lake</a> near the border with Oman that was created from treated waste water.<a href="#cite_note-Man-made_desert_lake:_Ecological_paradise_or_disaster?-97">[93]</a> Prior to withdrawing from the area in 1971, Britain delineated the internal borders among the seven emirates in order to preempt territorial disputes that might hamper formation of the federation. In general, the rulers of the emirates accepted the British interventions, but in the case of boundary disputes between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, and also between Dubai and Sharjah, conflicting claims were not resolved until after the UAE became independent. The most complicated borders were in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hajar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hajar Mountains">Western Hajar Mountains</a>, where five of the emirates contested jurisdiction over more than a dozen enclaves. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Wildlife of the United Arab Emirates">Wildlife of the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1501200713074_Acacia_tortilis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1501200713074_Acacia_tortilis.jpg/220px-1501200713074_Acacia_tortilis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1501200713074_Acacia_tortilis.jpg/220px-1501200713074_Acacia_tortilis.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1501200713074_Acacia_tortilis.jpg/330px-1501200713074_Acacia_tortilis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1501200713074_Acacia_tortilis.jpg/440px-1501200713074_Acacia_tortilis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a> trees growing in desert suburbs near <a href="/wiki/Fujairah" title="Fujairah">Fujairah</a></figcaption></figure> The UAE contains the following terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Al_Hajar_montane_woodlands" title="Al Hajar montane woodlands">Al Hajar montane woodlands</a> and shrublands, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman_desert_and_semi-desert" title="Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert">Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert</a>, and Al-Hajar foothill <a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">xeric woodlands and shrublands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-98">[94]</a> The oases grow <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">date palms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> trees. In the desert, the flora is very sparse and consists of <a href="/wiki/Grasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasses">grasses</a> and thorn bushes. The indigenous fauna had come close to extinction because of intensive hunting, which has led to a conservation program on <a href="/wiki/Sir_Bani_Yas" title="Sir Bani Yas">Sir Bani Yas</a> Island initiated by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan in the 1970s, resulting in the survival of, for example, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Oryx" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Oryx">Arabian Oryx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_camel" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian camel">Arabian camel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> consist mainly of <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estuary_perch" title="Estuary perch">perch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> and whales. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> The climate of the UAE is subtropical-arid with hot summers and warm winters. The climate is categorized as desert climate. The hottest months are July and August, when average maximum temperatures reach above 45 °C (113 °F) on the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">coastal plain</a>. In the Hajar Mountains, temperatures are considerably lower, a result of increased elevation.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> Average minimum temperatures in January and February are between 10 and 14 °C (50 and 57 °F).<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> During the late summer months, a humid southeastern wind known as Sharqi (i.e. "Easterner") makes the coastal region especially unpleasant. The average annual rainfall in the coastal area is less than 120 mm (4.7 in), but in some mountainous areas annual rainfall often reaches 350 mm (13.8 in). Rain in the coastal region falls in short, torrential bursts during the winter months, sometimes resulting in floods in ordinarily dry <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadi</a> beds.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> The region is prone to occasional, violent <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a>, which can severely reduce visibility. On 28 December 2004, snow was recorded in the UAE for the first time, in the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Jais" title="Jebel Jais">Jebel Jais</a> mountain cluster in Ras al-Khaimah.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> A few years later, there were more sightings of snow and hail.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> The Jebel Jais mountain cluster has experienced snow only twice since records began.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Politics of the United Arab Emirates">Politics of the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:331px;max-width:331px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:His_Highness_Sheikh_Mohammed_Bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan,_at_Hyderabad_House,_in_New_Delhi_on_February_11,_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/His_Highness_Sheikh_Mohammed_Bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan%2C_at_Hyderabad_House%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_February_11%2C_2016.jpg/172px-His_Highness_Sheikh_Mohammed_Bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan%2C_at_Hyderabad_House%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_February_11%2C_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="675"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 172px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/His_Highness_Sheikh_Mohammed_Bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan%2C_at_Hyderabad_House%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_February_11%2C_2016.jpg/172px-His_Highness_Sheikh_Mohammed_Bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan%2C_at_Hyderabad_House%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_February_11%2C_2016.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="172" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/His_Highness_Sheikh_Mohammed_Bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan%2C_at_Hyderabad_House%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_February_11%2C_2016.jpg/258px-His_Highness_Sheikh_Mohammed_Bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan%2C_at_Hyderabad_House%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_February_11%2C_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/His_Highness_Sheikh_Mohammed_Bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan%2C_at_Hyderabad_House%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_February_11%2C_2016.jpg/344px-His_Highness_Sheikh_Mohammed_Bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan%2C_at_Hyderabad_House%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_February_11%2C_2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">President</a> since 2022</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum_(15-02-2021)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum_%2815-02-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/151px-Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum_%2815-02-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="474"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 151px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum_%2815-02-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/151px-Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum_%2815-02-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="151" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum_%2815-02-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/227px-Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum_%2815-02-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum_%2815-02-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/302px-Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum_%2815-02-2021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum">Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of the United Arab Emirates">Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Vice President of the United Arab Emirates">Vice President</a> since 2006</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> The United Arab Emirates is a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> made up from a federation of seven <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary</a> tribal <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>-styled political units called <a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom" title="Sheikhdom">Sheikhdoms</a>. It is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Council" title="Federal Supreme Council">Federal Supreme Council</a> made up of the ruling Sheikhs of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_(emirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dhabi (emirate)">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ajman" title="Emirate of Ajman">Ajman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Fujairah" title="Emirate of Fujairah">Fujairah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharjah_(emirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharjah (emirate)">Sharjah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" title="Emirate of Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Umm_Al_Quwain" title="Emirate of Umm Al Quwain">Umm Al Quwain</a>. All responsibilities not granted to the federal government are reserved to the individual emirate.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> A percentage[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] of revenues from each emirate is allocated to the UAE's central budget.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> The UAE uses the title <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> to refer to the rulers of individual emirates. The title is used due to the <a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom" title="Sheikhdom">sheikhdom</a> styled governing system in adherence to the culture of <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">tribes of Arabia</a>, where Sheikh means leader, elder, or the tribal chief of the clan who partakes in shared decision making with his followers. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Vice President of the United Arab Emirates">vice president</a> are elected by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Council" title="Federal Supreme Council">Federal Supreme Council</a>. Usually, the Head of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nahyan" title="House of Nahyan">Al Nahyan</a> family, who are based in Abu Dhabi, holds the presidency and the Head of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Maktoum" title="House of Maktoum">Al Maktoum</a> family, based in Dubai, the prime ministership. All prime ministers but one have served concurrently as vice president. The federal government is composed of three branches: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Council" title="Federal Supreme Council">Federal Supreme Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_board" title="Advisory board">advisory</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_National_Council" title="Federal National Council">Federal National Council</a> (FNC).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a>: The <a href="/wiki/President_of_UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="President of UAE">President</a>, who is also <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the military, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of the United Arab Emirates">prime minister</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cabinet of the United Arab Emirates">Council of Ministers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judicial</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Federal Supreme Court of the United Arab Emirates">Supreme Court</a> and lower federal courts.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_Presidencial_de_los_Emiratos,_sede_del_Poder_Ejecutivo_Nacional..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Palacio_Presidencial_de_los_Emiratos%2C_sede_del_Poder_Ejecutivo_Nacional..jpg/220px-Palacio_Presidencial_de_los_Emiratos%2C_sede_del_Poder_Ejecutivo_Nacional..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2577"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Palacio_Presidencial_de_los_Emiratos%2C_sede_del_Poder_Ejecutivo_Nacional..jpg/220px-Palacio_Presidencial_de_los_Emiratos%2C_sede_del_Poder_Ejecutivo_Nacional..jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Palacio_Presidencial_de_los_Emiratos%2C_sede_del_Poder_Ejecutivo_Nacional..jpg/330px-Palacio_Presidencial_de_los_Emiratos%2C_sede_del_Poder_Ejecutivo_Nacional..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Palacio_Presidencial_de_los_Emiratos%2C_sede_del_Poder_Ejecutivo_Nacional..jpg/440px-Palacio_Presidencial_de_los_Emiratos%2C_sede_del_Poder_Ejecutivo_Nacional..jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Entrance to <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Al_Watan" title="Qasr Al Watan">Qasr Al Watan</a>, the presidential palace in Abu Dhabi.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/E-Government_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="E-Government in the United Arab Emirates">UAE e-Government</a> is the extension of the UAE federal government in its electronic form.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> The UAE's <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cabinet of the United Arab Emirates">Council of Ministers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مجلس الوزراء) is the chief executive branch of the government presided over by the prime minister. The prime minister, who is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Council" title="Federal Supreme Council">Federal Supreme Council</a>, appoints the ministers. The Council of Ministers is made up of 22 members and manages all internal and foreign affairs of the federation under its constitutional and federal law.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> In December 2019,<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> the UAE became the only Arab country, and one of only five countries in the world, to attain <a href="/wiki/Gender_parity" title="Gender parity">gender parity</a> in a national legislative body, with its lower house 50 per cent women.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> The UAE is the only country in the world that has a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Tolerance">Ministry of Tolerance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Happiness">Ministry of Happiness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> and a Ministry of Artificial Intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> The UAE also has a virtual ministry called the Ministry of Possibilities, designed to find solutions to challenges and improve quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> The UAE also has a <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Council" title="National Youth Council">National Youth Council</a>, which is represented in the UAE cabinet by the Minister of Youth.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> The UAE legislative body is the <a href="/wiki/Federal_National_Council" title="Federal National Council">Federal National Council</a> which convenes nationwide elections every four years. The FNC consists of 40 members drawn from all the emirates. Each emirate is allocated specific seats to ensure full representation. Half are appointed by the rulers of the constituent emirates, and the other half are elected. By law, the council members have to be equally divided between males and females. The FNC is restricted to a largely <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/consultation" class="extiw" title="wikt:consultation">consultative</a> role.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> The United Arab Emirates is an authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">federal monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-126">[122]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a>, the UAE is "an autocracy with the sheen of a progressive, modern state".<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> The UAE has been described as a "tribal autocracy" where the seven constituent monarchies are led by tribal rulers in an autocratic fashion.<a href="#cite_note-:12-128">[124]</a> There are no democratically elected institutions, and there is no formal commitment to free speech.<a href="#cite_note-:3-129">[125]</a> According to human rights organisations, there are systematic human rights violations, including the torture and forced disappearance of government critics.<a href="#cite_note-:3-129">[125]</a> The UAE ranks poorly in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom indices">freedom indices</a> measuring <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Political rights">political rights</a>. The UAE is annually ranked as "Not Free" in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>'s annual <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> report, which measures civil liberties and political rights.<a href="#cite_note-United_Arab_Emirates_Reports-130">[126]</a> The UAE also ranks poorly in the annual <a href="/wiki/Reporters_without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters without Borders">Reporters without Borders</a>' <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Transformation_Index" title="Bertelsmann Transformation Index">Bertelsmann Transformation Index</a> describes the UAE as a "moderate monarchy". The country was ranked 91 out of 137 states and is far below the average scoring for development towards a democracy.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> According to the 2023 <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a>, the United Arab Emirates is the third least <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">electoral democratic country in the Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-132">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Politics of the United Arab Emirates">Politics of the United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of cities in the United Arab Emirates">List of cities in the United Arab Emirates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Emirates of the United Arab Emirates">Emirates of the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/UAE_en-map.png/600px-UAE_en-map.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="477" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1123" usemap="#ImageMap_261aa89f7e767361" resource="/wiki/File:UAE_en-map.png"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 600px;height: 477px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/UAE_en-map.png/600px-UAE_en-map.png" data-width="600" data-height="477" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/UAE_en-map.png/900px-UAE_en-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/UAE_en-map.png/1200px-UAE_en-map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element" data-usemap="#ImageMap_261aa89f7e767361"> <map name="ImageMap_261aa89f7e767361"><area href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah" shape="poly" coords="515,35,519,42,519,53,515,65,518,72,517,84,509,87,504,92,499,95,500,99,500,107,508,106,513,106,514,112,514,108,516,117,516,122,507,122,500,118,495,122,489,115,490,110,485,106,483,99,480,90,478,86" alt="Ras Al Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah"><area href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Fujairah" shape="poly" coords="517,87,523,88,529,92,532,93,535,95,538,99,540,109,540,115,534,118,530,121,528,126,523,126,519,124,516,125,518,129,518,131,516,135,513,138,509,138,504,137,502,132,502,129,501,125,501,120,512,123,518,120,513,114,515,111,513,106,506,105,503,105,500,105,499,101,499,98,501,94,506,88" alt="Fujairah" title="Fujairah"><area href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Fujairah" shape="poly" coords="540,128,537,133,533,137,525,138,520,141,520,148,520,157,523,160,527,164,533,166,537,166,537,155,541,150" alt="Fujairah" title="Fujairah"><area href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah" shape="poly" coords="517,126,520,132,515,136,512,141,505,138,498,143,499,150,499,155,502,167,505,169,507,175,510,183,520,187,526,186,532,183,533,181,528,175,521,173,522,169,523,134,524,127" alt="Ras al-Khaimah" title="Ras al-Khaimah"><area href="/wiki/Umm_al-Quwain" shape="poly" coords="475,90,468,94,464,91,457,95,453,100,454,107,456,108,461,111,470,114,472,117,477,122,482,129,486,131,492,129,495,123,489,111,483,100,480,89,476,87" alt="Umm al-Quwain" title="Umm al-Quwain"><area href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ajman" shape="poly" coords="448,112,461,116,460,121,437,121" alt="Ajman" title="Ajman"><area href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sharjah" shape="poly" coords="433,131,444,129,447,133,454,138,458,141,464,145,467,157,463,165,464,170,467,176,467,186,472,193,470,199,474,200,484,202,484,192,484,182,487,176,490,172,495,170,500,169,497,157,500,148,497,142,502,138,499,130,501,121,498,124,494,124,492,130,486,133,480,129,478,125,474,120,471,116,466,114,457,111,452,110,450,112,453,112,458,115,461,117,461,121,458,121,450,122,441,122" alt="Sharjah" title="Sharjah"><area href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" shape="poly" coords="469,199,467,183,463,168,464,161,466,152,463,144,450,135,441,127,430,135,425,140,419,146,410,159,402,168,400,171,400,180,404,186,407,192,411,209,418,213,436,214,444,214" alt="Dubai" title="Dubai"><area href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" shape="poly" coords="513,198,518,197,524,190,521,188,515,186,512,192" alt="Dubai" title="Dubai"><area href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sharjah" shape="poly" coords="536,118,539,116,541,122,542,126,536,129,536,124" alt="Sharjah" title="Sharjah"><area href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sharjah" shape="poly" coords="540,156,534,156,535,163,536,168,530,164,528,166,524,162,523,170,526,177,530,178,527,172,529,169,537,168,542,167,541,162" alt="Sharjah" title="Sharjah"><area href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" shape="poly" coords="397,171,414,214,433,214,447,213,461,205,471,201,484,203,488,208,484,214,482,219,482,227,483,233,488,241,487,245,482,255,488,258,497,260,500,257,504,268,509,276,502,280,491,282,475,283,465,283,457,287,451,293,457,298,459,306,458,317,453,324,451,337,446,346,442,355,436,368,431,383,428,394,426,404,423,419,425,435,425,442,399,464,227,431,134,416,104,376,83,349,62,321,26,276,8,213,13,200,182,176,309,135" alt="Abu Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi"></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The United Arab Emirates comprises seven emirates. The <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" title="Emirate of Dubai">Emirate of Dubai</a> is the most populous emirate with 35.6% of the UAE population. The <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Emirate of Abu Dhabi</a> has 31.2%, meaning that over two-thirds of the UAE population lives in either Abu Dhabi or Dubai. Abu Dhabi has an area of 67,340 square kilometres (26,000 square miles), which is 86.7% of the country's total area, excluding the islands. It has a coastline extending for more than 400 km (250 mi) and is divided for administrative purposes into three major regions. The Emirate of Dubai extends along the Persian Gulf coast of the UAE for approximately 72 km (45 mi). Dubai has an area of 3,885 square kilometres (1,500 square miles), which is equivalent to 5% of the country's total area, excluding the islands. The Emirate of Sharjah extends along approximately 16 km (10 mi) of the UAE's Persian Gulf coastline and for more than 80 km (50 mi) into the interior. The northern emirates which include Fujairah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, and <a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Quwain" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm al-Quwain">Umm al-Qaiwain</a> all have a total area of 3,881 square kilometres (1,498 square miles). There are two areas under joint control. One is jointly controlled by Oman and Ajman, the other by Fujairah and Sharjah. There is an Omani <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclave</a> surrounded by UAE territory, known as <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Wadi Madha</a>. It is located halfway between the <a href="/wiki/Musandam_Governorate" title="Musandam Governorate">Musandam</a> peninsula and the rest of Oman in the Emirate of <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a>. It covers approximately 75 square kilometres (29 square miles) and the boundary was settled in 1969. The north-east corner of Madha is closest to the Khor Fakkan-Fujairah road, barely 10 metres (33 feet) away. Within the Omani exclave of Madha, is a UAE exclave called <a href="/wiki/Nahwa" title="Nahwa">Nahwa</a>, also belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah. It is about eight kilometres (5.0 miles) on a dirt track west of the town of New Madha. It consists of about forty houses with its own clinic and telephone exchange. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates">Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_and_The_First_Lady_Participate_in_an_Abraham_Accords_Signing_Ceremony_(50346677397).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/President_Trump_and_The_First_Lady_Participate_in_an_Abraham_Accords_Signing_Ceremony_%2850346677397%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_and_The_First_Lady_Participate_in_an_Abraham_Accords_Signing_Ceremony_%2850346677397%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/President_Trump_and_The_First_Lady_Participate_in_an_Abraham_Accords_Signing_Ceremony_%2850346677397%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_and_The_First_Lady_Participate_in_an_Abraham_Accords_Signing_Ceremony_%2850346677397%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/President_Trump_and_The_First_Lady_Participate_in_an_Abraham_Accords_Signing_Ceremony_%2850346677397%29.jpg/330px-President_Trump_and_The_First_Lady_Participate_in_an_Abraham_Accords_Signing_Ceremony_%2850346677397%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/President_Trump_and_The_First_Lady_Participate_in_an_Abraham_Accords_Signing_Ceremony_%2850346677397%29.jpg/440px-President_Trump_and_The_First_Lady_Participate_in_an_Abraham_Accords_Signing_Ceremony_%2850346677397%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Emirati Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a> (furthest right) at the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></figcaption></figure> The United Arab Emirates has broad diplomatic and commercial relations with most countries and members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. It plays a significant role in <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, and is one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> (GCC). The UAE is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and several of its specialized agencies (<a href="/wiki/ICAO" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO">ICAO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a>, <a href="/wiki/UPU" class="mw-redirect" title="UPU">UPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a>), as well as the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC), and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. Also, it is an observer in the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_de_la_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie</a>. Most countries have diplomatic missions in the capital <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> with most consulates being in UAE's largest city, <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>. Emirati foreign relations are motivated to a large extent by identity and relationship to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> The United Arab Emirates has strong ties with Bahrain,<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> China,<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> Egypt,<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> France,<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> India,<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> Jordan,<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> Russia,<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> Saudi Arabia,<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> Following the British withdrawal from the UAE in 1971 and the establishment of the UAE as a state, the UAE disputed rights to three islands in the Persian Gulf against Iran, namely <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa" title="Abu Musa">Abu Musa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tunb" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Tunb">Greater Tunb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Tunb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Tunb">Lesser Tunb</a>. The UAE tried to bring the matter to the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, but Iran dismissed the notion.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Pakistan was the first country to formally recognise the UAE upon its formation.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> The UAE alongside multiple <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern countries">Middle Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="African countries">African</a> countries cut diplomatic ties with <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> in June 2017 due to allegations of <a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">Qatar being a state sponsor of terrorism</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a>. Ties were restored in January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> The UAE recognized Israel in August 2020, reaching a historic <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_peace_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement">Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement</a> and leading towards full normalization of relations between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> UAE is the 53rd most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces" title="United Arab Emirates Armed Forces">United Arab Emirates Armed Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Baynunah-class_corvette_Al_Dhafra_P-173_at_NAVDEX.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Baynunah-class_corvette_Al_Dhafra_P-173_at_NAVDEX.JPG/200px-Baynunah-class_corvette_Al_Dhafra_P-173_at_NAVDEX.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Baynunah-class_corvette_Al_Dhafra_P-173_at_NAVDEX.JPG/200px-Baynunah-class_corvette_Al_Dhafra_P-173_at_NAVDEX.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Baynunah-class_corvette_Al_Dhafra_P-173_at_NAVDEX.JPG/300px-Baynunah-class_corvette_Al_Dhafra_P-173_at_NAVDEX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Baynunah-class_corvette_Al_Dhafra_P-173_at_NAVDEX.JPG/400px-Baynunah-class_corvette_Al_Dhafra_P-173_at_NAVDEX.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Baynunah-class_corvette" title="Baynunah-class corvette">Baynunah-class corvette</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Navy" title="United Arab Emirates Navy">United Arab Emirates Navy</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:F-16e_block60.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/F-16e_block60.jpg/200px-F-16e_block60.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="807"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/F-16e_block60.jpg/200px-F-16e_block60.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/F-16e_block60.jpg/300px-F-16e_block60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/F-16e_block60.jpg/400px-F-16e_block60.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon_variants#F-16E/F_Block_60" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants">F-16 Desert Falcon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Air_Force" title="United Arab Emirates Air Force">United Arab Emirates Air Force</a></div></div></div></div></div> The armed forces of the United Arab Emirates consist of 44,000 active personnel in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Army" title="United Arab Emirates Army">Army</a>, 2,500 personnel and 46 ships in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Navy" title="United Arab Emirates Navy">Navy</a>, 4,500 personnel and 386 aircraft in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Air_Force" title="United Arab Emirates Air Force">Air Force</a>, and 12,000 personnel in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Presidential_Guard" title="United Arab Emirates Presidential Guard">Presidential Guard</a>. In 2022 the country spent US$20.4 billion on defense, which is 4% of its GDP. The UAE is considered to have the most capable military among the Gulf states.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-152">[148]</a> Although initially small in number, the UAE armed forces have grown significantly over the years and are presently equipped with some of the most modern weapon systems, purchased from a variety of western military advanced countries, mainly France, the US, and the UK. Most officers are graduates of the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military Academy Sandhurst">Royal Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sandhurst,_Berkshire" title="Sandhurst, Berkshire">Sandhurst</a>, with others having attended the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Duntroon" title="Royal Military College, Duntroon">Royal Military College, Duntroon</a> in Australia, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">St Cyr</a>, the military academy of France. France and the United States have played the most strategically significant roles with defence cooperation agreements and military material provision.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> Some of the UAE military deployments include an infantry battalion to the United Nations <a href="/wiki/UNOSOM_II" class="mw-redirect" title="UNOSOM II">UNOSOM II</a> force in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> in 1993, the 35th Mechanised Infantry Battalion to <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, a regiment to Kuwait during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demining" title="Demining">demining</a> operations in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">American-led intervention in Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War">American-led intervention in Syria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a>. The active and effective military role, despite its small active personnel, has led the UAE military to be nicknamed as "Little Sparta" by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> Generals and former US defense secretary <a href="/wiki/James_Mattis" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mattis">James Mattis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> The UAE intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2014–present)">Libyan Civil War</a> in support of General <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Army" title="Libyan National Army">Libyan National Army</a> in its conflict with the internationally recognised <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a> (GNA).<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> Examples of the military assets deployed include the enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Odyssey_Dawn" title="Operation Odyssey Dawn">no-fly-zone over Libya</a> by sending six <a href="/wiki/UAEAF" class="mw-redirect" title="UAEAF">UAEAF</a> <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a> and six <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_2000" title="Dassault Mirage 2000">Mirage 2000</a> <a href="/wiki/Multirole_combat_aircraft" title="Multirole combat aircraft">multi-role fighter aircraft</a>,<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> ground troop deployment in Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> 30 UAEAF F-16s and ground troops deployment in Southern Yemen,<a href="#cite_note-repel-160">[156]</a> and helping the US launch its first airstrikes against <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> targets in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> The UAE has begun production of a greater amount of military equipment, in a bid to reduce foreign dependence and help with national industrialisation. Example of national military development include the Abu Dhabi Shipbuilding company (ADSB), which produces a range of ships and is a prime contractor in the <a href="/wiki/Baynunah-class_corvette" title="Baynunah-class corvette">Baynunah Programme</a>, a programme to design, develop, and produce corvettes customised for operation in the shallow waters of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. The UAE is also producing weapons and ammunition through <a href="/wiki/Caracal_International" title="Caracal International">Caracal International</a>, military transport vehicles through <a href="/wiki/NIMR_(vehicle_manufacturer)" title="NIMR (vehicle manufacturer)">Nimr LLC</a>, and unmanned aerial vehicles collectively through <a href="/wiki/Emirates_Defence_Industries_Company" title="Emirates Defence Industries Company">Emirates Defence Industries Company</a>. The UAE operates the <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon</a> F-16E Block 60 unique variant unofficially called "<a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon_variants#F-16E/F_Block_60" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants">Desert Falcon</a>", developed by <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics">General Dynamics</a> in collaboration with the UAE and specifically for the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Air_Force" title="United Arab Emirates Air Force">United Arab Emirates Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fg1-162">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Army" title="United Arab Emirates Army">United Arab Emirates Army</a> operates a customized <a href="/wiki/Leclerc_tank" title="Leclerc tank">Leclerc tank</a> and is the only other operator of the tank aside from the French Army.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> The largest defence exhibition and conference in the Middle East, <a href="/wiki/International_Defence_Exhibition" title="International Defence Exhibition">International Defence Exhibition</a>, takes place biennially in Abu Dhabi. The UAE introduced a <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_National_Service_in_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory National Service in United Arab Emirates">mandatory military service</a> for adult males, since 2014, for 16 months to expand its reserve force.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> The highest loss of life in the history of UAE military occurred on Friday 4 September 2015, in which 52 soldiers were killed in <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Marib</a> area of central Yemen by a <a href="/wiki/OTR-21_Tochka" title="OTR-21 Tochka">Tochka</a> missile which targeted a weapons cache and caused a large explosion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-165">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Legal system of the United Arab Emirates">Legal system of the United Arab Emirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Crime in the United Arab Emirates">Crime in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates">LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_helicopter_at_sunset_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Police_helicopter_at_sunset_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/220px-Police_helicopter_at_sunset_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="2134"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Police_helicopter_at_sunset_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/220px-Police_helicopter_at_sunset_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Police_helicopter_at_sunset_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/330px-Police_helicopter_at_sunset_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Police_helicopter_at_sunset_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/440px-Police_helicopter_at_sunset_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubai Police">Dubai Police</a> helicopter flying at sunset</figcaption></figure> The United Arab Emirates has a federal court system, and the emirates of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" title="Emirate of Dubai">Dubai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a> also have local court systems. The UAE's judicial system is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil law system">civil law system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law. The court system consists of civil courts and Sharia courts. Sharia courts have exclusive jurisdiction in Muslim family law matters, while civil courts deal with all other legal matters.<a href="#cite_note-:7-166">[162]</a> Since September 2020, corporal punishment is no longer a legal form of punishment under UAE federal law. Under the decree, legal forms of punishment are retribution and blood money payments, capital punishment, life imprisonment, temporary imprisonment, indefinite detention, and fines.<a href="#cite_note-:7-166">[162]</a> Article 1 of the Federal Penal Code was amended in 2020 to state that Islamic Law applies only to retribution and blood money punishments; previously the article stated that "provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Law">Islamic Law</a> shall apply to the crimes of doctrinal punishment, punitive punishment and blood money."<a href="#cite_note-:7-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> Before 2020, <a href="/wiki/Flogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogging">flogging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> were technically legal punishments for criminal offences such as <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">premarital sex</a>, and drug or alcohol use.<a href="#cite_note-usdep-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> In recent history, the UAE has declared its intention to move towards a more tolerant legal code, and to phase out corporal punishment altogether in favor of private punishment.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> With alcohol and cohabitation laws being loosened in advance of the <a href="/wiki/Expo_2020" title="Expo 2020">2020 World Expo</a>, Emirati laws have become increasingly acceptable to visitors from non-Muslim countries.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubai_Police_at_work_(12385410394)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dubai_Police_at_work_%2812385410394%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Dubai_Police_at_work_%2812385410394%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="1456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dubai_Police_at_work_%2812385410394%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Dubai_Police_at_work_%2812385410394%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dubai_Police_at_work_%2812385410394%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Dubai_Police_at_work_%2812385410394%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dubai_Police_at_work_%2812385410394%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Dubai_Police_at_work_%2812385410394%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubai Police">Dubai Police</a> super-car motorcade at <a href="/wiki/Jumeirah_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumeirah Road">Jumeirah Road</a></figcaption></figure> Sharia courts have exclusive jurisdiction over Muslim family law matters such as marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-maleguardian-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> Muslim women must receive permission from a male guardian to marry and remarry. This requirement is derived from <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law and has been federal law since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-maleguardian-172">[168]</a> It is illegal for Muslim women to marry non-Muslims and is punishable by law.<a href="#cite_note-religiousfreedom-174">[170]</a> Non-Muslim expatriates were liable to Sharia rulings on marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance, however, federal law was changed to introduce non-Sharia personal status law for non-Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-lia-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> Recently, the emirate of Abu Dhabi opened a civil law family court for non-Muslims and Dubai has announced that non-Muslims can opt for civil marriages.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-lia-175">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> is a technically <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital crime</a> in the UAE, however, there are no documented cases of apostates being executed.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy#Punishment_and_definition" title="Blasphemy">Blasphemy</a> is illegal; expatriates involved in insulting Islam are liable for deportation.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-shar-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates">Sodomy</a> is illegal and is punishable by a minimum of 6-month imprisonment or a fine or both, but the law does not apply "except on the basis of a complaint from the husband or legal guardian", but the penalty may be suspended if the complaint is waived.<a href="#cite_note-:8-183">[179]</a> In 2013, an Emirati man was on trial for being accused of a "gay handshake".<a href="#cite_note-arc.com-184">[180]</a> Due to local customs, public shows of affection in certain public places are illegal and could result in <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a>, but holding hands is tolerated.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> Expats in Dubai have been deported for kissing in public.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-186">[182]</a> In several cases, the courts of the UAE have jailed women who have reported rape.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-tdb-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-nydaily-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-latimes-191">[187]</a> Federal law in the UAE prohibits swearing on social media.<a href="#cite_note-inde-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> Dancing in public is illegal in the UAE.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> In November 2020, UAE announced that it decriminalised alcohol, lifted the ban on unmarried couples living together, and ended lenient punishment on <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">honor killing</a>. Foreigners living in the Emirates were allowed to follow their native country's laws on divorce and inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> Despite the Sharia laws that restrict gambling tools and machines in the UAE, the country granted its first commercial gaming operator's licence to <a href="/wiki/Wynn_Resorts" title="Wynn Resorts">Wynn Resorts</a> that was developing a luxury resort, including a 224,000 sq. ft. casino component, at <a href="/wiki/Al_Marjan_Island" title="Al Marjan Island">Al Marjan Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a>. In September 2023, the UAE established the General Commercial Gaming Regulatory Authority (GCGRA), hinting towards its plans to legalize gambling. The country does not have any formal gaming laws, and therefore the project details about the casino were not completely made public. Local citizens are not permitted for gambling, which remains a legal and cultural taboo.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human rights in the United Arab Emirates">Human rights in the United Arab Emirates</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The state security apparatus in the UAE has been accused of human rights abuses including forced disappearance, arbitrary arrests and torture.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> The annual <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> report on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> has listed the United Arab Emirates as "Not Free" every year since 1999, the first year for which records are available on their website.<a href="#cite_note-United_Arab_Emirates_Reports-130">[126]</a> Freedom of association is also severely curtailed. Associations and NGOs are required to register with the government; however twenty non-political groups were reportedly operating in the country without registration. All associations have to be submitted to censorship guidelines and all publications have first to be approved by the government.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> In its 2013 Annual Report, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> criticized the UAE's poor record on human rights issues; highlighting restrictions of freedom of speech and assembly, the use of <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrest</a> and torture, and the use of the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> The UAE has escaped the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>; and since 2011, human rights organizations claim that the government has increasingly carried out <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearances" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearances">forced disappearances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Organization_for_Human_Rights" title="Arab Organization for Human Rights">Arab Organization for Human Rights</a> obtained testimonies from defendants who claimed being kidnapped, tortured and abused in detention centres; they reported 16 methods of torture including beatings, threats with <a href="/wiki/Electrocution" title="Electrocution">electrocution</a> and denial of medical care.<a href="#cite_note-aohr-206">[202]</a> Repressive measures, including deportation, were applied on foreigners based on allegations of attempts to destabilize the country.<a href="#cite_note-forced-207">[203]</a> The issue of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a> among female <a href="/wiki/Domestic_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic workers">domestic workers</a> is another area of concern, particularly given that domestic servants are not covered by the UAE labour law of 1980 or the draft labour law of 2007.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Worker protests have been suppressed and protesters imprisoned without due process.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> Amnesty International reported that Qatari men have been abducted by the UAE government and allegedly withheld information about the men's fate from their families.<a href="#cite_note-forced-207">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-qta-210">[206]</a> According to some organizations, over 4,000 Shia expatriates have been deported from the UAE;<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> including Lebanese Shia families for their alleged sympathies for <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> In 2013, 94 Emirati activists were held in secret detention centres and put on trial for allegedly attempting to overthrow the government;<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> a relative of a defendant was arrested for tweeting about the trial, and sentenced to 10 months in jail.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> The latest forced disappearance involves <a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_the_Al-Suwaidi_sisters" title="Disappearance of the Al-Suwaidi sisters">three sisters from Abu Dhabi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-218">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sara_Jacobs" title="Sara Jacobs">Sara Jacobs</a> held foreign actors, including the UAE, responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">humanitarian crisis in Sudan</a>. She expressed her views in March 2024 visit to the refugee camps, stating the children in Sudan are living with extensive trauma. The US representative also claimed that the war could be quickly ended if the involvement of countries like the UAE is stopped. Jacobs also said that the US is morally obligated to take measures and stop the arms to the Emirates, until the UAE stops providing weapons to the RSF.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> On 29 March 2024, Sudan filed a 78-page formal complaint with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (UNSC), accusing the UAE of planning and backing the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces" title="Rapid Support Forces">Rapid Support Forces</a> (RSF) militias’ against the Sudanese army. The Emirates was allegedly taking assistance from <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, which acted as a channel for military supplies and mercenaries to reach RSF in Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> Human rights organizations pointed out that Sudan's conflict was among the “world’s worst humanitarian crisis”, while foreign nations like the UAE continued to supply weapons and equipment to the warring parties.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> Reports also revealed that the Emirates claimed of carrying out a humanitarian campaign to provide aid for Sudanese people. In fact, it was expanding a covert operation of funneling weapons, money and even powerful drones for the militias in Sudan. Officials said the UAE was playing the most consequential role by inflaming the crisis, while pledging to ease it.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-223">[219]</a> In October 2024, Sudan wrote a second official letter to the UNSC, calling for it to take strong action against the UAE's continued aggression towards Sudan. The Sudanese Foreign Ministry also claimed that the UAE is not just an indirect supported of RSF, but rather a “vicious frontline player in the war of aggression” against Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-223">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migrant_workers">Migrant workers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates">Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region" title="Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region">Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burj_Dubai_Construction_Workers_on_25_January_2008_Pict_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Burj_Dubai_Construction_Workers_on_25_January_2008_Pict_2.jpg/220px-Burj_Dubai_Construction_Workers_on_25_January_2008_Pict_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Burj_Dubai_Construction_Workers_on_25_January_2008_Pict_2.jpg/220px-Burj_Dubai_Construction_Workers_on_25_January_2008_Pict_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Burj_Dubai_Construction_Workers_on_25_January_2008_Pict_2.jpg/330px-Burj_Dubai_Construction_Workers_on_25_January_2008_Pict_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Burj_Dubai_Construction_Workers_on_25_January_2008_Pict_2.jpg/440px-Burj_Dubai_Construction_Workers_on_25_January_2008_Pict_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Two South Asian <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-collar workers">blue-collar workers</a> posing for a picture with the <a href="/wiki/Burj_Khalifa" title="Burj Khalifa">Burj Khalifa</a> on the background</figcaption></figure> Migrant workers in the UAE are not allowed to join trade unions or go on strike. Those who strike may risk prison and deportation,<a href="#cite_note-mig-225">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> as seen in 2014 when dozens of workers were deported for striking.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a> has called on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to investigate evidence that thousands of migrant workers in the UAE are treated as slave labour.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> In 2019, an investigation performed by The Guardian revealed that thousands of migrant construction workers employed on infrastructure and building projects for the UAE's <a href="/wiki/Expo_2020" title="Expo 2020">Expo 2020</a> exhibition were working in an unsafe environment. Some were even exposed to potentially fatal situations due to cardiovascular issues. Long hours in the sun made them vulnerable to heat strokes.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> A report in January 2020 highlighted that the employers in the United Arab Emirates have been exploiting the Indian labor and hiring them on <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">tourist visas</a>, which is easier and cheaper than <a href="/wiki/Work_permit" title="Work permit">work permits</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">migrant workers</a> are left open to <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor abuse</a>, where they also fear reporting exploitation due to their illegal status. Besides, the issue remains unknown as the visit visa data is not maintained in both the UAE and Indian <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> and employment records.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubai_workers_angsana_burj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dubai_workers_angsana_burj.jpg/220px-Dubai_workers_angsana_burj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dubai_workers_angsana_burj.jpg/220px-Dubai_workers_angsana_burj.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dubai_workers_angsana_burj.jpg/330px-Dubai_workers_angsana_burj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dubai_workers_angsana_burj.jpg/440px-Dubai_workers_angsana_burj.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dubai construction workers having a lunch break</figcaption></figure> In a 22 July 2020 news piece, Reuters reported <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> groups as saying conditions had deteriorated because of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Many migrant workers racked up debt and depended on the help of charities. The report cited salary delays and layoffs as a major risk, in addition to overcrowded living conditions, lack of support and problems linked with healthcare and sick pay. Reuters reported at least 200,000 workers, mostly from India but also from Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines and Nepal, had been repatriated, according to their diplomatic missions.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> On 2 May 2020, the Consul General of India in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, Vipul, confirmed that more than 150,000 Indians in the United Arab Emirates registered to be repatriated through the e-registration option provided by Indian consulates in the UAE. According to the figures, 25% of applicants lost their jobs and nearly 15% were stranded in the country due to lockdown. Besides, 50% of the total applicants were from the state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> On 9 October 2020, The Telegraph reported that many migrant workers were left abandoned, as they lost their jobs amidst the tightening economy due to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> Various human rights organisations have raised serious concerns about the alleged abuse of migrant workers by major contractors organising Expo 2020. UAE's business solution provider German Pavilion is also held accountable for abusing migrant workers.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_policy">Environmental policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Environmental issues in the United Arab Emirates">Environmental issues in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> The country is a leading <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas">oil and gas producer</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">energy consumption per capita</a> is around 370 <a href="/wiki/Gigajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigajoule">Gigajoule</a>. The UAE's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita">carbon dioxide emissions per capita</a> are high, ranking sixth among countries globally.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> Recently, it made efforts to make itself more sustainable. Those include:<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> <ul><li>Setting a target to reduce <a href="/wiki/GHG_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="GHG emissions">GHG emissions</a> by 31% in comparison to business scenario by 2030 and reach <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">net zero</a> by 2050.</li> <li>Launching a program to make the 3 most emissions-intensive sectors, 40% more <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficient</a>.</li> <li>Launching some programs related to <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green building</a>. <a href="/wiki/Retrofitting" title="Retrofitting">Retrofitting</a> of 30,000 buildings alone, should cut 1 million tons emissions.</li> <li>Promoting <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> and more.</li></ul> According to official sources, in Dubai, "the share of mass transport in people’s mobility increased from 6 per cent in 2006 to 20.61 per cent in 2022."<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> Together with the USA the country invested 17 billion dollars in <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-NPOV_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-npov-language" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of the style of writing in this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">Economy of the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burj_Khalifa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Burj_Khalifa.jpg/170px-Burj_Khalifa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3279" data-file-height="5740"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 298px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Burj_Khalifa.jpg/170px-Burj_Khalifa.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="298" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Burj_Khalifa.jpg/255px-Burj_Khalifa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Burj_Khalifa.jpg/340px-Burj_Khalifa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Burj_Khalifa" title="Burj Khalifa">Burj Khalifa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the world">tallest human-made structure in the world</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a></figcaption></figure> The United Arab Emirates has developed from a juxtaposition of Bedouin tribes to one of the world's wealthiest states in only about 50 years, boasting one of the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP (PPP) per capita</a> figures in the world. Economic growth has been impressive and steady throughout the history of this young confederation of emirates with brief periods of recessions only, e.g. in the global financial and economic crisis years 2008–09, and a couple of more mixed years starting in 2015 and persisting until 2019. Between 2000 and 2018, average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth was at close to 4%.<a href="#cite_note-:2-239">[235]</a> It is the second largest economy in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Economy2013-240">[236]</a> with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of US$414.2 billion, and a real GDP of 392.8 billion constant 2010 USD in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-:2-239">[235]</a> Since its independence in 1971, the UAE's economy has grown by nearly 231 times to 1.45 trillion AED in 2013. The non-oil trade has grown to 1.2 trillion AED, a growth by around 28 times from 1981 to 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Economy2013-240">[236]</a> Supported by the world's seventh-largest oil reserves and aided by prudent investments coupled with a resolute commitment to economic liberalism and strong governmental oversight, the UAE has witnessed its real GDP increase by more than three times over the past four decades. Presently, the UAE is among the wealthiest countries globally, with GDP per capita nearly 80% higher than the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-:2-239">[235]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_view_from_the_43rd_floor_of_the_Four_Points_by_Sheraton_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_view_from_the_43rd_floor_of_the_Four_Points_by_Sheraton_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg/195px-The_view_from_the_43rd_floor_of_the_Four_Points_by_Sheraton_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 195px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_view_from_the_43rd_floor_of_the_Four_Points_by_Sheraton_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg/195px-The_view_from_the_43rd_floor_of_the_Four_Points_by_Sheraton_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="195" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_view_from_the_43rd_floor_of_the_Four_Points_by_Sheraton_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg/293px-The_view_from_the_43rd_floor_of_the_Four_Points_by_Sheraton_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_view_from_the_43rd_floor_of_the_Four_Points_by_Sheraton_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg/390px-The_view_from_the_43rd_floor_of_the_Four_Points_by_Sheraton_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dubai_International_Financial_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubai International Financial Center">Dubai International Financial Center</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Trade_Center_Abu_Dhabi_(3to4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/World_Trade_Center_Abu_Dhabi_%283to4%29.jpg/109px-World_Trade_Center_Abu_Dhabi_%283to4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1441"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 109px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/World_Trade_Center_Abu_Dhabi_%283to4%29.jpg/109px-World_Trade_Center_Abu_Dhabi_%283to4%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="109" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/World_Trade_Center_Abu_Dhabi_%283to4%29.jpg/164px-World_Trade_Center_Abu_Dhabi_%283to4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/World_Trade_Center_Abu_Dhabi_%283to4%29.jpg/218px-World_Trade_Center_Abu_Dhabi_%283to4%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Abu_Dhabi" title="World Trade Center Abu Dhabi">World Trade Center Abu Dhabi</a></div></div></div></div></div> As impressive as economic growth has been in the UAE, the total population has increased from just around 550,000 in 1975 to close to 10 million in 2018. This growth is mainly due to the influx of foreign workers into the country, making the national population a minority. The UAE features a unique labour market system, in which residence in the UAE is conditional on stringent visa rules. This system is a major advantage in terms of macroeconomic stability, as labour supply adjusts quickly to demand throughout economic business cycles. This allows the government to keep unemployment in the country on a very low level of less than 3%, and it also gives the government more leeway in terms of macroeconomic policies – where other governments often need to make trade-offs between fighting unemployment and fighting inflation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-239">[235]</a> Between 2014 and 2018, the accommodation and food, education, information and communication, arts and recreation, and real estate sectors overperformed in terms of growth, whereas the construction, logistics, professional services, public, and oil and gas sectors underperformed.<a href="#cite_note-:2-239">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_and_finance">Business and finance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg/220px-Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5726" data-file-height="3143"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg/220px-Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg/330px-Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg/440px-Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> skyline</figcaption></figure> The UAE offers businesses a strong enabling environment: stable political and macroeconomic conditions, a future-oriented government, good general infrastructure, and ICT infrastructure. Moreover, the country has made continuous and convincing improvements to its regulatory environment<a href="#cite_note-:2-239">[235]</a> and is ranked as the 26th best country in the world for doing business by the <a href="/wiki/Doing_Business_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Doing Business Report">Doing Business 2017 Report</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doing_Business-241">[237]</a> The UAE are in the top ranks of several other global indices, such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>'s (WEF), <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Competitiveness Index">Global Competitiveness Index</a> (GCI), the <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a> (WHR), and 32nd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> (EIU), for example, assigns the UAE rank two regionally in terms of business environment and 22 worldwide. From the 2018 Arab Youth Survey, the UAE emerges as the top Arab country in areas such as living, safety and security, economic opportunities, and starting a business, and as an example for other states to emulate.<a href="#cite_note-:2-239">[235]</a> The weaker points remain the level of education across the UAE population, limitations in the financial and labour markets, barriers to trade and some regulations that hinder business dynamism. The major challenge for the country, though, remains translating investments and strong enabling conditions into innovation and creative outputs.<a href="#cite_note-:2-239">[235]</a> UAE law does not allow trade unions to exist.<a href="#cite_note-ituc-243">[239]</a> The right to <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to strike">right to strike</a> are not recognised, and the Ministry of Labour has the power to force workers to go back to work. Migrant workers who participate in a strike can have their work permits cancelled and be deported.<a href="#cite_note-ituc-243">[239]</a> Consequently, there are very few anti-discrimination laws in relation to labour issues, with Emiratis – and other <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">GCC</a> Arabs – getting preference in public sector jobs despite lesser credentials than competitors and lower motivation. In fact, just over eighty per cent of Emirati workers hold government posts, with many of the rest taking part in state-owned enterprises such as <a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Properties" title="Dubai Properties">Dubai Properties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> states, including the United Kingdom, were also warned by the Emirati Trade Minister, <a href="/wiki/Thani_bin_Ahmed_Al_Zeyoudi" title="Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi">Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi</a>, to keep politics separate from trade and the economy, as it dilutes the agreements' main objectives. In 2023, Al Zeyoudi indicated that these countries should "tone down" the human and workers' rights provisions in the trade deals, in order to gain greater market access and business opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> The UAE's monetary policy stresses stability and predictability. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates">Central Bank of the UAE</a> (CBUAE) keeps a peg to the US Dollar (USD) and moves interest rates close to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_funds_rate" title="Federal funds rate">Federal Funds Rate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-239">[235]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Fitch_Ratings" title="Fitch Ratings">Fitch Ratings</a>, the decline in property sector follows risks of progressively worsening the quality of assets in possession with UAE banks, leading the economy to rougher times ahead. Even though as compared to retail and property, UAE banks fared well. The higher US interest rates followed since 2016 – which the UAE currency complies to – have boosted profitability. However, the likelihood of plunging interest rates and increasing provisioning costs on bad loans, point to difficult times ahead for the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg/220px-Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg/220px-Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg/330px-Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg/440px-Dubai_Marina_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Marina" title="Dubai Marina">Dubai Marina</a> skyline</figcaption></figure> Since 2015, economic growth has been more mixed due to a number of factors impacting both demand and supply. In 2017 and 2018, growth has been positive but on a low level of 0.8 and 1.4%, respectively. To support the economy, the government is currently following an expansionary fiscal policy. However, the effects of this policy are partially offset by monetary policy, which has been contractionary. If not for the fiscal stimulus in 2018, the UAE economy would probably have contracted in that year. One of the factors responsible for slower growth has been a credit crunch, which is due to, among other factors, higher interest rates. Government debt has remained on a low level, despite high deficits in a few recent years. Risks related to government debt remain low. Inflation has been picking up in 2017 and 2018. Contributing factors were the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">value added tax</a> (VAT) of 5%<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> in 2018 as well as higher commodity prices. Despite the government's expansionary fiscal policy and a growing economy in 2018 and at the beginning of 2019, prices have been dropping in late 2018 and 2019 owing to oversupply in some sectors of importance to consumer prices.<a href="#cite_note-:2-239">[235]</a> The UAE has an attractive tax system for companies and wealthy individuals, making it a preferred destination for companies seeking <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax avoidance</a>. The NGO <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a> places them in 2021 in the group of the ten largest <a href="/wiki/Tax_havens" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax havens">tax havens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> In 2023, the UAE's legal system fell under international scrutiny, as the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">members of the British Parliament</a> opened an inquiry into how the foreign business executives are treated in the country, in case of accusations of breaking the law.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> 2024 will be the third consecutive year that the UAE holds first place as the world's leading wealth magnet, as 6,700 wealthy migrants are set to move to the country.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VAT">VAT</h3></div> The UAE government implemented <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">value-added tax</a> (VAT) in the country from January 1, 2018, at a standard rate of 5%.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> While the government may still adjust the exact arrangement of the VAT, it is not likely that any new taxes will be introduced in the foreseeable future. Additional taxes would destroy one of the UAE's main enticements for businesses to operate in the country and put a heavy burden on the economy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-239">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Energy in the United Arab Emirates">Energy in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Solar power in the United Arab Emirates">Solar power in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADNOC_Refining_Ruwais_Site-187.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ADNOC_Refining_Ruwais_Site-187.jpg/220px-ADNOC_Refining_Ruwais_Site-187.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ADNOC_Refining_Ruwais_Site-187.jpg/220px-ADNOC_Refining_Ruwais_Site-187.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ADNOC_Refining_Ruwais_Site-187.jpg/330px-ADNOC_Refining_Ruwais_Site-187.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ADNOC_Refining_Ruwais_Site-187.jpg/440px-ADNOC_Refining_Ruwais_Site-187.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ruwais_Refinery" title="Ruwais Refinery">Ruwais Refinery</a> is the fourth-largest single-site oil refinery in the world and the biggest in the Middle East.</figcaption></figure> Oil and gas production is an important part of the economy of the UAE. In 2018, the oil and gas sector contributed 26% to overall GDP. The UAE leadership initiated economic diversification efforts even before the oil price crash in the 1980s, resulting in the UAE having the most diversified economy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region at present. Although the oil and gas sector continues to be significant to the UAE economy, these efforts have yielded great resilience during periods of oil price fluctuations and economic turbulence. The introduction of the VAT has provided the government with an additional source of income – approximately 6% of the total revenue in 2018, or 27 billion <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham" title="United Arab Emirates dirham">United Arab Emirates dirham</a> (AED) – affording its fiscal policy more independence from oil- and gas-related revenue, which constitutes about 36% of the total government revenue. The <a href="/wiki/Barakah_nuclear_power_plant" title="Barakah nuclear power plant">Barakah nuclear power plant</a> is the first on the Arabian peninsula and expected to reduce the carbon footprint of the country.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> The UAE has solar generation potential, and its energy policy has shifted due to the declining price of solar. The Dubai Clean Energy Strategy aims to provide 7 per cent of Dubai's energy from clean energy sources by 2020. It will increase this target to 25 per cent by 2030 and 75 per cent by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> In 2023, ADNOC and its CEO Sultan Al Jaber closed at least 20 business deals worth nearly $100 billion. The state oil firm was alleged of exploiting the UAE's COP28 presidency to pursue oil and gas deals. As per leaked documents, Al Jaber's team targeted 16 nations to lobby firms, delegates or ministers on such deals. ADNOC sought deals with companies from 12 countries, which included 11 of the 16 target nations. Al Jaber and senior ADNOC officials openly discussed deals. COP28 organising teams were excluded from meetings and replaced by ADNOC officials, leaving a closed group that made deals.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Tourism in the United Arab Emirates">Tourism in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:412px;max-width:412px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Artificial_Archipelagos,_Dubai,_United_Arab_Emirates_ISS022-E-024940_lrg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Artificial_Archipelagos%2C_Dubai%2C_United_Arab_Emirates_ISS022-E-024940_lrg.jpg/202px-Artificial_Archipelagos%2C_Dubai%2C_United_Arab_Emirates_ISS022-E-024940_lrg.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 202px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Artificial_Archipelagos%2C_Dubai%2C_United_Arab_Emirates_ISS022-E-024940_lrg.jpg/202px-Artificial_Archipelagos%2C_Dubai%2C_United_Arab_Emirates_ISS022-E-024940_lrg.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="202" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Artificial_Archipelagos%2C_Dubai%2C_United_Arab_Emirates_ISS022-E-024940_lrg.jpg/303px-Artificial_Archipelagos%2C_Dubai%2C_United_Arab_Emirates_ISS022-E-024940_lrg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Artificial_Archipelagos%2C_Dubai%2C_United_Arab_Emirates_ISS022-E-024940_lrg.jpg/404px-Artificial_Archipelagos%2C_Dubai%2C_United_Arab_Emirates_ISS022-E-024940_lrg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/The_World_(archipelago)" title="The World (archipelago)">The World (archipelago)</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG/202px-DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 202px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG/202px-DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="202" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG/303px-DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG/404px-DubaiMallAquariumDSC_7260.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/The_Dubai_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dubai Mall">The Dubai Mall</a></div></div></div></div></div> Tourism acts as a growth sector for the entire UAE economy. <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> is the top tourism destination in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-tdb-189">[185]</a> According to the annual MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index, Dubai is the fifth most popular tourism destination in the world.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> Dubai holds up to 66% share of the UAE's tourism economy, with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> having 16% and <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> 10%. Dubai welcomed 10 million tourists in 2013. The UAE has the most advanced and developed infrastructure in the region.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> Since the 1980s, the UAE has been spending billions of dollars on infrastructure. These developments are particularly evident in the larger emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The northern emirates are rapidly following suit, providing major incentives for developers of residential and commercial property.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Topic:_Tourism_industry_of_the_UAE-258">[254]</a> The inbound tourism expenditure in the UAE for 2019 accounted for 118.6 per cent share of the outbound tourism expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-Topic:_Tourism_industry_of_the_UAE-258">[254]</a> Since 6 January 2020, tourist visas to the United Arab Emirates are valid for five years.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> It has been projected that the travel and tourism industry will contribute about 280.6 billion United Arab Emirati dirham to the UAE's GDP by 2028.<a href="#cite_note-Topic:_Tourism_industry_of_the_UAE-258">[254]</a> The country's major tourist attraction includes the famous <a href="/wiki/Burj_Khalifa" title="Burj Khalifa">Burj Khalifa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, the tallest tower in the world;<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_World_(archipelago)" title="The World (archipelago)">The World archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_Jumeirah" title="Palm Jumeirah">Palm Jumeirah</a> also in Dubai;<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_Grand_Mosque" title="Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque">Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yas_Marina_Circuit" title="Yas Marina Circuit">Yas Marina Circuit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Al_Hajar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Hajar Mountains">Al Hajar Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fujairah" title="Fujairah">Fujairah</a>. The uniqueness of the country's natural desert life, especially with the <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a>, also facilitates the country's tourist industry.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Transport in the United Arab Emirates">Transport in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport" title="Dubai International Airport">Dubai International Airport</a> became the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airports_by_international_passenger_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airports by international passenger traffic">busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic</a> in 2014, overtaking <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dhabi International Airport">Abu Dhabi International Airport</a> is the second-largest airport in the UAE. Due to the announced expansion of <a href="/wiki/Al_Maktoum_International_Airport" title="Al Maktoum International Airport">Al Maktoum Airport</a> on 28 April 2024, Dubai International Airport will be shut down once Al Maktoum Airport expansion will be completed.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubai_Roads_on_8_May_2008_Pict_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Dubai_Roads_on_8_May_2008_Pict_2.jpg/220px-Dubai_Roads_on_8_May_2008_Pict_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="835"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Dubai_Roads_on_8_May_2008_Pict_2.jpg/220px-Dubai_Roads_on_8_May_2008_Pict_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Dubai_Roads_on_8_May_2008_Pict_2.jpg/330px-Dubai_Roads_on_8_May_2008_Pict_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Dubai_Roads_on_8_May_2008_Pict_2.jpg/440px-Dubai_Roads_on_8_May_2008_Pict_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/E_311_road_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="E 311 road (United Arab Emirates)">E 311</a>, a major road in the UAE</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajman" title="Ajman">Ajman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umm_Al_Quwain" title="Umm Al Quwain">Umm Al Quwain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a> are connected by the <a href="/wiki/E_11_road_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)">E11 highway</a>, which is the longest road in the UAE. In Dubai, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Metro" title="Dubai Metro">Dubai Metro</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Tram" title="Dubai Tram">Dubai Tram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_Jumeirah_Monorail" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm Jumeirah Monorail">Palm Jumeirah Monorail</a> also connect specific parts of the city. There is also a bus, taxi, abra (traditional boat), and water taxi network run by RTA. <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Trolley" title="Dubai Trolley">T1</a>, a double-decker tram system in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Dubai" title="Downtown Dubai">Downtown Dubai</a>, were operational from 2015 to 2019. Salik, meaning "open" or "clear", is Dubai's electronic toll collection system that was launched in July 2007 and is part of Dubai's traffic congestion management system. Each time one passes through a Salik tolling point, a toll is deducted from the drivers' prepaid toll account using advanced Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. There are four Salik tolling points placed in strategic locations in Dubai: at <a href="/wiki/Al_Maktoum_Bridge" title="Al Maktoum Bridge">Al Maktoum Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Garhoud_Bridge" title="Al Garhoud Bridge">Al Garhoud Bridge</a>, and along <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Zayed road">Sheikh Zayed Road</a> at <a href="/wiki/Al_Safa" title="Al Safa">Al Safa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Barsha" title="Al Barsha">Al Barsha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5018_Dubai_Metro_in_Dubai_UAE.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/5018_Dubai_Metro_in_Dubai_UAE.png/220px-5018_Dubai_Metro_in_Dubai_UAE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/5018_Dubai_Metro_in_Dubai_UAE.png/220px-5018_Dubai_Metro_in_Dubai_UAE.png" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/5018_Dubai_Metro_in_Dubai_UAE.png/330px-5018_Dubai_Metro_in_Dubai_UAE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/5018_Dubai_Metro_in_Dubai_UAE.png/440px-5018_Dubai_Metro_in_Dubai_UAE.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Metro" title="Dubai Metro">Dubai Metro</a> train. Dubai Metro is the Arabian peninsula's first <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system and was the world's longest driverless metro network until 2016.</figcaption></figure> A 1,200 km (750 mi) <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Rail transport in the United Arab Emirates">country-wide railway</a> is under construction which will connect all the major cities and ports.<a href="#cite_note-IRJMar12-266">[262]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Metro" title="Dubai Metro">Dubai Metro</a> is the first urban train network in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> The major ports of the United Arab Emirates are <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Port" title="Khalifa Port">Khalifa Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zayed_Port" title="Zayed Port">Zayed Port</a>, Port <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Ali" title="Jebel Ali">Jebel Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Rashid" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Rashid">Port Rashid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Khalid_Sharjah" title="Port Khalid Sharjah">Port Khalid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Saeed" title="Port Saeed">Port Saeed</a>, and Port Khor Fakkan.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> The Emirates are increasingly developing their logistics and ports in order to participate in trade between Europe and China or Africa. For this purpose, ports are being rapidly expanded and investments are being made in their technology. The Emirates have historically been and currently still are part of the Maritime <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> that runs from the Chinese coast to the south via the southern tip of India to <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, from there through the Red Sea via the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region and the northern Italian hub of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> with its rail connections to <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, Eastern Europe, and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3></div> The United Arab Emirates is served by two <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> operators, <a href="/wiki/Etisalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Etisalat">Etisalat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emirates_Integrated_Telecommunications_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company">Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company</a> ("du"). Etisalat operated a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> until du launched mobile services in February 2007.<a href="#cite_note-etisalatmon-271">[267]</a> Internet subscribers were expected to increase from 0.904 million in 2007 to 2.66 million in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> The regulator, the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Regulatory_Authority_(UAE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (UAE)">Telecommunications Regulatory Authority</a>, mandates filtering websites for religious, political, and sexual content.<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> wireless services were installed nationwide in 2019 through a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competitiveness">Competitiveness</h3></div> In June 2024, it was reported that the UAE has moved up three place to the 7th place among the top 10 countries in the IMD World Competitiveness. This ranking is issued by the World Competitiveness Centre of the Institute for Management Development (IMD) in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Demographics of the United Arab Emirates">Demographics of the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubai_banner_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skyline of Dubai, largest city of United Arab Emirates"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Dubai_banner_2.jpg/1000px-Dubai_banner_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1000px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Dubai_banner_2.jpg/1000px-Dubai_banner_2.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1000" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Dubai_banner_2.jpg/1500px-Dubai_banner_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Dubai_banner_2.jpg/2000px-Dubai_banner_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubai_banner_2.jpg" title="File:Dubai banner 2.jpg"> </a></div>Skyline of <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, largest city of United Arab Emirates</div></div></div> According to an estimate by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the UAE's population in 2020 was 9,890,400. Immigrants accounted for 88.52% while Emiratis made up the remaining 11.48%.<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> This unique imbalance is due to the country's exceptionally high <a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">net migration rate</a> of 21.71, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_net_migration_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by net migration rate">world's highest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> UAE citizenship is very difficult to obtain other than by <a href="/wiki/Filiation" title="Filiation">filiation</a> and only granted under very special circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm_jumeirah_core.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Palm_jumeirah_core.jpg/220px-Palm_jumeirah_core.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="857"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Palm_jumeirah_core.jpg/220px-Palm_jumeirah_core.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Palm_jumeirah_core.jpg/330px-Palm_jumeirah_core.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Palm_jumeirah_core.jpg/440px-Palm_jumeirah_core.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Residential villas in the <a href="/wiki/Palm_Jumeirah" title="Palm Jumeirah">Palm Jumeirah</a> palm fronds in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a></figcaption></figure> The UAE is ethnically diverse. The five most populous nationalities in the emirates of Dubai, Sharjah, and Ajman are Indian (25%), Pakistani (12%), Emirati (9%), Bangladeshi (7%), and Filipino (5%).<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> Immigrants from Europe, Australia, and North America make up around 100,000 of the population.<a href="#cite_note-arabianbusiness.com-280">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> .The rest of the population are from other <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WorldFactbook-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> About 88% of the population of the United Arab Emirates is urban.<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a> The average <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">life expectancy</a> was 76.7 in 2012, higher than for any other Arab country.<a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-uaeinteract2-286">[282]</a> With a male/female <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> of 2.2 males for each female in the total population and 2.75 to 1 for the 15–65 <a href="/wiki/Demographic_profile" title="Demographic profile">age group</a>, the UAE's <a href="/wiki/Gender_mortality_differentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender mortality differentials">gender imbalance</a> is second highest in the world after Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in the United Arab Emirates <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2023 Calculation</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of cities in the United Arab Emirates">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of cities in the United Arab Emirates">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Emirates of the United Arab Emirates">Emirate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of cities in the United Arab Emirates"> Pop.</a> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubai_skyline_2015_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dubai"><noscript><img alt="Dubai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dubai_skyline_2015_%28crop%29.jpg/120px-Dubai_skyline_2015_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1179"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 91px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dubai_skyline_2015_%28crop%29.jpg/120px-Dubai_skyline_2015_%28crop%29.jpg" data-alt="Dubai" data-width="120" data-height="91" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dubai_skyline_2015_%28crop%29.jpg/180px-Dubai_skyline_2015_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dubai_skyline_2015_%28crop%29.jpg/240px-Dubai_skyline_2015_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Dhabi_Skyline_from_Marina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abu Dhabi"><noscript><img alt="Abu Dhabi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Abu_Dhabi_Skyline_from_Marina.jpg/120px-Abu_Dhabi_Skyline_from_Marina.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3279" data-file-height="2279"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 83px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Abu_Dhabi_Skyline_from_Marina.jpg/120px-Abu_Dhabi_Skyline_from_Marina.jpg" data-alt="Abu Dhabi" data-width="120" data-height="83" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Abu_Dhabi_Skyline_from_Marina.jpg/180px-Abu_Dhabi_Skyline_from_Marina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Abu_Dhabi_Skyline_from_Marina.jpg/240px-Abu_Dhabi_Skyline_from_Marina.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" title="Emirate of Dubai">Dubai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,564,931 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Sharjah_city_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sharjah"><noscript><img alt="Sharjah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sharjah_city_skyline.jpg/120px-Sharjah_city_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5952" data-file-height="3776"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 76px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sharjah_city_skyline.jpg/120px-Sharjah_city_skyline.jpg" data-alt="Sharjah" data-width="120" data-height="76" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sharjah_city_skyline.jpg/180px-Sharjah_city_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sharjah_city_skyline.jpg/240px-Sharjah_city_skyline.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Green_Mubazzarah.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Al Ain"><noscript><img alt="Al Ain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Green_Mubazzarah.JPG/120px-Green_Mubazzarah.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2858" data-file-height="1905"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Green_Mubazzarah.JPG/120px-Green_Mubazzarah.JPG" data-alt="Al Ain" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Green_Mubazzarah.JPG/180px-Green_Mubazzarah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Green_Mubazzarah.JPG/240px-Green_Mubazzarah.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Ain" title="Al Ain">Al Ain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,807,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sharjah_(emirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharjah (emirate)">Sharjah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,405,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al_Ain" title="Al Ain">Al Ain</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">846,747 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ajman" title="Ajman">Ajman</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ajman" title="Emirate of Ajman">Ajman</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">490,035 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ras_al_Khaimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al Khaimah">Ras al Khaimah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">191,753 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fujairah" title="Fujairah">Fujairah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Fujairah" title="Emirate of Fujairah">Fujairah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">118,933 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Umm_Al_Quwain" title="Umm Al Quwain">Umm Al Quwain</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Umm_Al_Quwain" title="Emirate of Umm Al Quwain">Umm Al Quwain</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,098 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sharjah_(emirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharjah (emirate)">Sharjah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sharjah_(emirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharjah (emirate)">Sharjah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,000 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> is the national language of the United Arab Emirates. English is the most commonly spoken language,<a href="#cite_note-Siemund-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-visitdubai-3">[3]</a> whereas <a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati Arabic</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf Arabic</a>, is spoken natively by Emirati people.<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">Religion in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Zayed_Mosque_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Sheikh_Zayed_Mosque_view.jpg/220px-Sheikh_Zayed_Mosque_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Sheikh_Zayed_Mosque_view.jpg/220px-Sheikh_Zayed_Mosque_view.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Sheikh_Zayed_Mosque_view.jpg/330px-Sheikh_Zayed_Mosque_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Sheikh_Zayed_Mosque_view.jpg/440px-Sheikh_Zayed_Mosque_view.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_Grand_Mosque" title="Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque">Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque</a> in Abu Dhabi</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the largest and the official <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of the United Arab Emirates. The government follows a policy of tolerance toward other religions and rarely interferes in the religious activities of non-Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-US2022-289">[285]</a> There are more <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> than <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shia</a> Muslims in the United Arab Emirates,<a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> and 85% of the Emirati population are Sunni Muslims. The vast majority of the remainder 15% are Shia Muslims, who are concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" title="Emirate of Dubai">Emirates of Dubai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sharjah" title="Emirate of Sharjah">Sharjah</a>. Although no official statistics are available for the breakdown between Sunni and Shia Muslims among noncitizen residents, media estimates suggest less than 20% of the noncitizen Muslim population are Shia.<a href="#cite_note-US2022-289">[285]</a> The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi is the largest mosque in the country and a major tourist attraction. <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> is common among Omanis in the UAE, while <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> influences exist as well.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> account for 9% of the total population of the United Arab Emirates, according to the 2005 census; estimates in 2010 suggested a figure of 12.6%.<a href="#cite_note-US2022-289">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in the United Arab Emirates">Roman Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Protestantism in the United Arab Emirates">Protestants</a> form significant proportions of the Christian minority. The country has over 52 churches in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> Many Christians in the United Arab Emirates are of Asian, African, and European origin, along with fellow Middle Eastern countries such as Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a> The United Arab Emirates forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Vicariate_Apostolic_of_Southern_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Vicariate Apostolic of Southern Arabia">Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia</a> and the Vicar Apostolic Bishop <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hinder" title="Paul Hinder">Paul Hinder</a> is based in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> There is a small <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> community in the United Arab Emirates. Before 2023, there was only one known <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, which has been open since 2008 and the synagogue also welcomes visitors.<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> Another synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Ben_Maimon_Synagogue" title="Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue">Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue</a> was completed in 2023 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_Family_House" title="Abrahamic Family House">Abrahamic Family House</a> complex in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>. As of 2019, according to Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Marc_Schneier" title="Marc Schneier">Marc Schneier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Ethnic_Understanding" title="Foundation for Ethnic Understanding">Foundation for Ethnic Understanding</a>, it is estimated that there are about 150 families to 3,000 Jews who live and worship freely in the UAE.<a href="#cite_note-Ynt-296">[292]</a> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd116"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religions in UAE in 2010 (<a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a>)<a href="#cite_note-pew-297">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Per cent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:76%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">76%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Christianity in the United Arab Emirates">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:13%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">13%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in the United Arab Emirates">Buddhism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Freedom of religion in the United Arab Emirates">Other</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Irreligion in the United Arab Emirates">None</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> South Asians in the United Arab Emirates constitute the largest ethnic group in the country.<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> Over 2 million Indian migrants (mostly from the southern states of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Coastal Karnataka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>) are estimated to be living in the UAE.<a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> There are currently three Hindu temples in the country. Other religions also exist in the United Arab Emirates, including <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-religiousfreedom-174">[170]</a> The UAE Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Abdullah bin Zayed</a>, announced in 2019 the design and construction plan of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_Family_House" title="Abrahamic Family House">Abrahamic Family House</a>, which will serve as an interfaith complex that houses a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a> on <a href="/wiki/Saadiyat_Island" title="Saadiyat Island">Saadiyat Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">Education in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UniversityCityHall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/UniversityCityHall.jpg/220px-UniversityCityHall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/UniversityCityHall.jpg/220px-UniversityCityHall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/UniversityCityHall.jpg/330px-UniversityCityHall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/UniversityCityHall.jpg/440px-UniversityCityHall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>University City Hall is the largest building located in <a href="/wiki/Sharjah_University_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharjah University City">University City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a>. Graduation ceremonies of <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Sharjah" title="American University of Sharjah">American University of Sharjah</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sharjah" title="University of Sharjah">University of Sharjah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Higher_Colleges_of_Technology" title="Higher Colleges of Technology">Higher Colleges of Technology</a> are notably held here.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> system through secondary level is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="Ministry of Education (United Arab Emirates)">Ministry of Education</a> in all emirates except Abu Dhabi, where it falls under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Department_of_Education_and_Knowledge" title="Abu Dhabi Department of Education and Knowledge">Department of Education and Knowledge</a>. Public schools are divided into <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle schools</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="High Schools">high schools</a>. The public schools are government-funded and the curriculum is created to match the United Arab Emirates' development goals. The medium of instruction in the public school is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language. There are also many private schools which are internationally accredited. <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">Public schools</a> in the country are free for citizens of the UAE, while the fees for private schools vary. The higher education system is monitored by the Ministry of Higher Education. The ministry also is responsible for admitting students to its <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate</a> institutions.<a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> The adult literacy rate in 2015 was 93.8%.<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> The UAE has shown a strong interest in improving education and research. Enterprises include the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/CERT_Group_of_Companies" title="CERT Group of Companies">CERT</a> Research Centres and the <a href="/wiki/Masdar_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Masdar Institute of Science and Technology">Masdar Institute of Science and Technology</a> and Institute for Enterprise Development.<a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> According to the QS Rankings, the top-ranking universities in the country are the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_University" title="United Arab Emirates University">United Arab Emirates University</a> (421–430th worldwide), <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_University" title="Khalifa University">Khalifa University</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a> (441–450th worldwide), the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Sharjah" title="American University of Sharjah">American University of Sharjah</a> (431–440th), and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sharjah" title="University of Sharjah">University of Sharjah</a> (551–600th worldwide).<a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a> United Arab Emirates was ranked 33rd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2021, up from 36th in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-307">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Health in the United Arab Emirates">Health in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> The life expectancy at birth in the UAE is at 76.96 years.<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a> is the principal cause of death in the UAE, constituting 28% of total deaths; other major causes are <a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">accidents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injuries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">malignancies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital anomalies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cp-312">[308]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Body_Mass_Index_(BMI)#WHO_Data_on_Prevalence_of_Obesity_(BMI_above_30)_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Body Mass Index (BMI)">World Health Organization data from 2016</a>, 34.5% of adults in the UAE are clinically <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obese</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> (BMI) score of 30 or more.<a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a> In February 2008, the Ministry of Health unveiled a five-year health strategy for the public health sector in the northern emirates, which fall under its purview and which, unlike Abu Dhabi and Dubai, do not have separate healthcare authorities. The strategy focuses on unifying healthcare policy and improving access to healthcare services at reasonable cost, at the same time reducing dependence on overseas treatment. The ministry plans to add three hospitals to the current 14, and 29 primary healthcare centres to the current 86. Nine were scheduled to open in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a> The introduction of mandatory <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> in Abu Dhabi for <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> and their dependents was a major driver in reform of healthcare policy. Abu Dhabi nationals were brought under the scheme from 1 June 2008 and Dubai followed for its government employees. Eventually, under federal law, every Emirati and expatriate in the country will be covered by compulsory health insurance under a unified mandatory scheme.<a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a> The country has benefited from medical tourists from all over the <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf</a>. The UAE attracts <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourists</a> seeking <a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmetic surgery">cosmetic surgery</a> and advanced procedures, cardiac and spinal surgery, and dental treatment, as health services have higher standards than other Arab countries in the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-thenational.ae-316">[312]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">Culture of the United Arab Emirates</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emirati_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirati dialect">Emirati dialect</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UAE_Folk_Dance-_Khaliji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/UAE_Folk_Dance-_Khaliji.jpg/220px-UAE_Folk_Dance-_Khaliji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2219" data-file-height="2779"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 276px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/UAE_Folk_Dance-_Khaliji.jpg/220px-UAE_Folk_Dance-_Khaliji.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="276" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/UAE_Folk_Dance-_Khaliji.jpg/330px-UAE_Folk_Dance-_Khaliji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/UAE_Folk_Dance-_Khaliji.jpg/440px-UAE_Folk_Dance-_Khaliji.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Women flip their hair sideways and wear brightly coloured traditional dress while performing an Emirati folk dance.</figcaption></figure> Emirati culture is based on <a href="/wiki/Arabian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian culture">Arabian culture</a> and has been influenced by the cultures of <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-folk-317">[313]</a> Arabian and <a href="/wiki/Persian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian architecture">Arabian inspired architecture</a> is part of the expression of the local Emirati identity.<a href="#cite_note-loc-318">[314]</a> Arabian influence on Emirati culture is noticeably visible in traditional Emirati architecture and <a href="/wiki/Folk_arts" title="Folk arts">folk arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-folk-317">[313]</a> For example, the distinctive wind tower that tops traditional Emirati buildings, the <a href="/wiki/Barjeel" class="mw-redirect" title="Barjeel">barjeel</a>, has become an identifying mark of Emirati architecture and is attributed to Arabian influence.<a href="#cite_note-folk-317">[313]</a> This influence is derived both from traders who fled the tax regime in Persia in the early 19th century and from Emirati ownership of ports on the Arabian coast, for instance the Al Qassimi port of Lingeh.<a href="#cite_note-319">[315]</a> The United Arab Emirates has a diverse society.<a href="#cite_note-migrationinformation-320">[316]</a> Dubai's economy depends more on international trade and tourism, and is more open to visitors, while Abu Dhabi society is more domestic as the city's economy is focused on fossil fuel extraction.<a href="#cite_note-321">[317]</a> Major holidays in the United Arab Emirates include <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid al Fitr</a>, which marks the end of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Day_(United_Arab_Emirates)" title="National Day (United Arab Emirates)">National Day</a> (2 December), which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-322">[318]</a> Emirati males prefer to wear a <a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">kandura</a>, an ankle-length white tunic woven from wool or cotton, and Emirati women wear an <a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">abaya</a>, a black over-garment that covers most parts of the body.<a href="#cite_note-323">[319]</a> The earliest known poet in the UAE is <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Majid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Majid">Ibn Majid</a>, born between 1432 and 1437 in Ras Al-Khaimah. The most famous Emirati writers were Mubarak Al Oqaili (1880–1954), Salem bin Ali al Owais (1887–1959), and Ahmed bin Sulayem (1905–1976). Three other poets from Sharjah, known as the Hirah group, are observed to have been heavily influenced by the Apollo and <a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-poetry-324">[320]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sharjah_International_Book_Fair" title="Sharjah International Book Fair">Sharjah International Book Fair</a> is the oldest and largest in the country. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of museums in the United Arab Emirates">list of museums in the United Arab Emirates</a> includes some of regional repute, most famously <a href="/wiki/Sharjah_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharjah (city)">Sharjah</a> with its Heritage District containing 17 museums,<a href="#cite_note-325">[321]</a> which in 1998 was the Cultural Capital of the Arab World.<a href="#cite_note-326">[322]</a> In Dubai, the area of <a href="/wiki/Al_Quoz" title="Al Quoz">Al Quoz</a> has attracted a number of art galleries as well as museums such as the <a href="/wiki/Salsali_Private_Museum" title="Salsali Private Museum">Salsali Private Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[323]</a> Abu Dhabi has established a culture district on <a href="/wiki/Saadiyat_Island" title="Saadiyat Island">Saadiyat Island</a>. Six grand projects are planned, including the <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Abu_Dhabi" title="Guggenheim Abu Dhabi">Guggenheim Abu Dhabi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi" title="Louvre Abu Dhabi">Louvre Abu Dhabi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[324]</a> Dubai also plans to build a <a href="/wiki/Kunsthal" title="Kunsthal">Kunsthal</a> museum and a district for galleries and artists.<a href="#cite_note-329">[325]</a> Emirati culture is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Eastern_Arabia" title="Culture of Eastern Arabia">culture of Eastern Arabia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a> is a type of music and dance performed locally, mainly in communities that contain descendants of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a> from the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-poetry-324">[320]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Desert_Rock_Festival" title="Dubai Desert Rock Festival">Dubai Desert Rock Festival</a> is also another major festival consisting of heavy metal and rock artists.<a href="#cite_note-330">[326]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cinema of the United Arab Emirates">cinema of the United Arab Emirates</a> is minimal but expanding. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Mass media in the United Arab Emirates">Mass media in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of newspapers in the United Arab Emirates">List of newspapers in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Media_City_(12619096174).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Media_City_%2812619096174%29.jpg/220px-Media_City_%2812619096174%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3007" data-file-height="2255"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Media_City_%2812619096174%29.jpg/220px-Media_City_%2812619096174%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Media_City_%2812619096174%29.jpg/330px-Media_City_%2812619096174%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Media_City_%2812619096174%29.jpg/440px-Media_City_%2812619096174%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Media_City" title="Dubai Media City">Dubai Media City</a> is home to diverse news and tech companies.</figcaption></figure> The UAE's <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Arab Emirates">media</a> is annually classified as "not free" in the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_(report)" title="Freedom of the Press (report)">Freedom of the Press</a> report by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[327]</a> The UAE ranks poorly in the annual <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters without Borders">Reporters without Borders</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Media_City" title="Dubai Media City">Dubai Media City</a> is the UAE's main media zone. The UAE is home to some pan-Arab broadcasters, including the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Broadcasting_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East Broadcasting Centre">Middle East Broadcasting Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orbit_Showtime_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbit Showtime Network">Orbit Showtime Network</a>. In 2007, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum">Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum</a> decreed that journalists can no longer be prosecuted or imprisoned for reasons relating to their work.<a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a> At the same time, the UAE has made it illegal to disseminate online material that can threaten "public order",<a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a> and hands down prison terms for those who "deride or damage" the reputation of the state and "display contempt" for religion. Journalists who are arrested for violating this law are often brutally beaten by the police.<a href="#cite_note-334">[330]</a> According to UAE Year Book 2013, there are seven Arabic newspapers and eight English language newspapers, as well as a Tagalog newspaper produced and published in the UAE. New media, such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> are used widely in the UAE by the government entities and by the public as well.<a href="#cite_note-u.aeb-335">[331]</a> The UAE government avails official social media accounts to communicate with public and hear their needs.<a href="#cite_note-u.aeb-335">[331]</a> In recent years, there has been a notable surge in digital media consumption in the UAE, driven by the widespread use of platforms like Snapchat and TikTok among the younger population.<a href="#cite_note-336">[332]</a> Influencers on these platforms play a significant role in shaping trends and promoting various products and services.<a href="#cite_note-ndtv.com-337">[333]</a> The government has also implemented digital initiatives to enhance e-Government services and promote smart city concepts, further demonstrating the UAE's commitment to technological advancements.<a href="#cite_note-ndtv.com-337">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati cuisine</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luqaimat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Luqaimat.jpg/190px-Luqaimat.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1074"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Luqaimat.jpg/190px-Luqaimat.jpg" data-width="190" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Luqaimat.jpg/285px-Luqaimat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Luqaimat.jpg/380px-Luqaimat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lugaimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugaimat">lugaimat</a>, a traditional Emirati sweet</figcaption></figure> The traditional food of the Emirates has always been rice, fish, and meat. The people of the United Arab Emirates have adopted most of their foods from other West and South Asian countries including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Pakistan, and India. Seafood has been the mainstay of the Emirati diet for centuries. Meat and rice are other staple foods, with <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb and mutton</a> preferred to goat and beef. Popular beverages are coffee and tea, which can be complemented with <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a> to give them a distinctive flavour.<a href="#cite_note-339">[335]</a> Popular cultural Emirati dishes include threed, machboos, khubisa, khameer, and chabab bread among others while <a href="/wiki/Lugaimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugaimat">lugaimat</a> is a famous Emirati dessert.<a href="#cite_note-340">[336]</a> With the influence of western culture, fast food has become very popular among young people, to the extent that campaigns have been held to highlight the dangers of fast food excesses.<a href="#cite_note-341">[337]</a> Alcohol is allowed to be served only in hotel restaurants and bars. All nightclubs are permitted to sell alcohol. Specific supermarkets may sell alcohol, but these products are sold in separate sections. Likewise, pork, which is <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a> (not permitted for Muslims), is sold in separate sections in all major supermarkets. Although alcohol may be consumed, it is illegal to be intoxicated in public or drive a motor vehicle with any trace of alcohol in the blood.<a href="#cite_note-342">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sport in the United Arab Emirates">Sport in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yas_Marina_Circuit,_October_12,_2018_SkySat_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yas_Marina_Circuit%2C_October_12%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Yas_Marina_Circuit%2C_October_12%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2542" data-file-height="1430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yas_Marina_Circuit%2C_October_12%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Yas_Marina_Circuit%2C_October_12%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yas_Marina_Circuit%2C_October_12%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Yas_Marina_Circuit%2C_October_12%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Yas_Marina_Circuit%2C_October_12%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Yas_Marina_Circuit%2C_October_12%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yas_Marina_Circuit" title="Yas Marina Circuit">Yas Marina Circuit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> is particularly popular in the United Arab Emirates, and a Grand Prix is annually held at the <a href="/wiki/Yas_Marina_Circuit" title="Yas Marina Circuit">Yas Marina Circuit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yas_Island" title="Yas Island">Yas Island</a> in Abu Dhabi. The race takes place in the evening, and was the first ever Grand Prix to start in daylight and finish at night.<a href="#cite_note-343">[339]</a> Other popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Camel_racing" title="Camel racing">camel racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">falconry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance riding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[340]</a> The emirate of <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> is also home to two major <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> courses: the Dubai Golf Club and <a href="/wiki/Emirates_Golf_Club" title="Emirates Golf Club">Emirates Golf Club</a>. In the past, child camel jockeys were used, leading to widespread criticism. Eventually, the UAE passed laws banning the use of children for the sport, leading to the prompt removal of almost all child jockeys.<a href="#cite_note-345">[341]</a> Recently robot jockeys have been introduced to overcome the problem of child camel jockeys which was an issue of human rights violations. <a href="/wiki/Ansar_Burney" title="Ansar Burney">Ansar Burney</a> is often praised for the work he has done in this area.<a href="#cite_note-346">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Football">Football</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Football in the United Arab Emirates">Football in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Dhabi_Zayed_Sports_City_Stadium_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Abu_Dhabi_Zayed_Sports_City_Stadium_1.jpg/220px-Abu_Dhabi_Zayed_Sports_City_Stadium_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="798"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Abu_Dhabi_Zayed_Sports_City_Stadium_1.jpg/220px-Abu_Dhabi_Zayed_Sports_City_Stadium_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Abu_Dhabi_Zayed_Sports_City_Stadium_1.jpg/330px-Abu_Dhabi_Zayed_Sports_City_Stadium_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Abu_Dhabi_Zayed_Sports_City_Stadium_1.jpg/440px-Abu_Dhabi_Zayed_Sports_City_Stadium_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zayed_Sports_City_Stadium" title="Zayed Sports City Stadium">Zayed Sports City Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is a popular sport in the UAE. <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasr_Dubai_SC" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nasr Dubai SC">Al Nasr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Ain_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Ain Club">Al Ain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Wasl_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Wasl FC">Al Wasl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharjah_FC" title="Sharjah FC">Sharjah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Wahda_FC" title="Al Wahda FC">Al Wahda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shabab_Al-Ahli_Dubai_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabab Al-Ahli Dubai FC">Shabab Al Ahli</a> are the most popular teams and enjoy the reputation of long-time regional champions.<a href="#cite_note-347">[343]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Football_Association" title="United Arab Emirates Football Association">United Arab Emirates Football Association</a> was established in 1971 and since then has dedicated its time and effort to promoting the game, organising <a href="/wiki/Youth_program" title="Youth program">youth programmes</a>, and improving the abilities of not only its players, but also the officials and coaches involved with its regional teams. The <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_football_team" title="United Arab Emirates national football team">UAE</a> qualified for the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1990 FIFA World Cup">1990</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team" title="Egypt national football team">Egypt</a>. It was the third consecutive World Cup with two Arab nations qualifying, after <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_national_football_team" title="Kuwait national football team">Kuwait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team" title="Algeria national football team">Algeria</a> in <a href="/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1982 FIFA World Cup">1982</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraq_national_football_team" title="Iraq national football team">Iraq</a> and Algeria again in <a href="/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1986 FIFA World Cup">1986</a>. The UAE has won the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cup_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Cup of Nations">Gulf Cup Championship</a> twice: the first cup won in January 2007 held in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> and the second in January 2013, held in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[344]</a> The country hosted the <a href="/wiki/2019_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2019 AFC Asian Cup">2019 AFC Asian Cup</a>. The UAE team went all the way to the semi-finals, where they were defeated by the eventual champions, <a href="/wiki/Qatar_national_football_team" title="Qatar national football team">Qatar</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cricket">Cricket</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cricket in the United Arab Emirates">Cricket in the United Arab Emirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cricket_grounds_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="List of cricket grounds in the United Arab Emirates">List of cricket grounds in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Zayed_Cricket_Stadium-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sheikh_Zayed_Cricket_Stadium-01.jpg/220px-Sheikh_Zayed_Cricket_Stadium-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sheikh_Zayed_Cricket_Stadium-01.jpg/220px-Sheikh_Zayed_Cricket_Stadium-01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sheikh_Zayed_Cricket_Stadium-01.jpg/330px-Sheikh_Zayed_Cricket_Stadium-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sheikh_Zayed_Cricket_Stadium-01.jpg/440px-Sheikh_Zayed_Cricket_Stadium-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_Cricket_Stadium" title="Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium">Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium</a> in Abu Dhabi</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is one of the most popular sports in the UAE, largely because of the expatriate population from the <a href="/wiki/SAARC" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC">SAARC</a> countries, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">International Cricket Council</a> (ICC) have been located in the <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Sports_City" title="Dubai Sports City">Dubai Sports City</a> complex since 2005, including the <a href="/wiki/ICC_Academy" title="ICC Academy">ICC Academy</a> which was established in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-349">[345]</a> There are a number of international cricket venues in the UAE, which are frequently used for international tournaments and "neutral" bilateral series due to the local climate and Dubai's status as a transport hub. Notable international tournaments hosted by the UAE have included the <a href="/wiki/2014_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup">2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2021_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup">2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup</a>, and three editions of the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Cup" title="Asia Cup">Asia Cup</a> (1984, 1995, and 2018). Notable grounds include the <a href="/wiki/Sharjah_Cricket_Association_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium">Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-350">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_Cricket_Stadium" title="Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium">Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dubai_International_Cricket_Stadium" title="Dubai International Cricket Stadium">Dubai International Cricket Stadium</a> in Dubai.<a href="#cite_note-351">[347]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Emirates_Cricket_Board" title="Emirates Cricket Board">Emirates Cricket Board</a> (ECB) became a member of the ICC in 1990. The <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_cricket_team" title="United Arab Emirates national cricket team">UAE national cricket team</a> has qualified for the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup" title="Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cup</a> on two occasions (<a href="/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1996 Cricket World Cup">1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/2015_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2015 Cricket World Cup">2015</a>)<a href="#cite_note-352">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[349]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC Men's T20 World Cup">ICC Men's T20 World Cup</a> on two occasions (<a href="/wiki/2014_ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 ICC World Twenty20">2014</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup">2022</a>). The <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_women%27s_national_cricket_team" title="United Arab Emirates women's national cricket team">national women's team</a> is similarly one of the strongest associate teams in Asia, notably participating in the <a href="/wiki/2018_ICC_Women%27s_World_Twenty20_Qualifier" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier">2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/2009_attack_on_the_Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team" title="2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team">2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team</a>, the UAE served as the de facto home of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team" title="Pakistan national cricket team">Pakistan national cricket team</a> for nearly a decade, as well as hosting the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Super_League" title="Pakistan Super League">Pakistan Super League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[351]</a> The UAE has also hosted one full edition of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a> (IPL) in 2020 and two partial editions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a> (IPL) in 2014 and 2021.<a href="#cite_note-356">[352]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Arab_Emirates" title="Portal:United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Arab_Emirates%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of United Arab Emirates–related topics">List of United Arab Emirates–related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Outline of the United Arab Emirates">Outline of the United Arab Emirates</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> English is the most commonly spoken language in the UAE.<a href="#cite_note-Siemund-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-visitdubai-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The UAE government uses the <a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a> format, <abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr>-<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>-<abbr title="day">dd</abbr> for machine-readable dates and times.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الإمارات العربيّة المتّحدة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabiyya l-Muttaḥida <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a>: al-Imārāt al-ʻArabīyah al-Muttaḥidah </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Arabic: الإمارات, romanized: al-ʾImārāt </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 19 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=United+Arab+Emirates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Funited-arab-emirates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/#people-and-society">"United Arab Emirates"</a>. 14 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Arab+Emirates&rft.date=2024-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Funited-arab-emirates%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldFactbook-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldFactbook_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldFactbook_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/">"United Arab Emirates"</a>. 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United Nations. 5 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219210314/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/03/1086582">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN.org&rft.atitle=Proportion+of+women+parliamentarians+worldwide+reaches+%27all-time+high%27&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2021%2F03%2F1086582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302752575">"UAE's tolerance model has 'potential to become a global movement for good': Sheikh Nahyan"</a>. Emirates News Agency. 4 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411010142/http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302752575">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UAE%27s+tolerance+model+has+%27potential+to+become+a+global+movement+for+good%27%3A+Sheikh+Nahyan&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwam.ae%2Fen%2Fdetails%2F1395302752575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2016/02/10/uae-minister-happiness/">"This Country Just Appointed a Minister Of Happiness"</a>. 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U.AE. 24 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208032123/https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/ministry-of-possibilities">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Possibilities&rft.pub=U.AE&rft.date=2019-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fu.ae%2Fen%2Fabout-the-uae%2Fthe-uae-government%2Fministry-of-possibilities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uaecabinet.ae/en/details/news/mohammed-bin-rashid-launches-ministry-of-possibilities-to-develop-radical-solutions-for-governments-key-challenges">"Mohammed bin Rashid Launches 'Ministry of Possibilities' to Develop Radical Solutions for Government's Key Challenges"</a>. UAE Cabinet. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727143056/https://uaecabinet.ae/en/details/news/mohammed-bin-rashid-launches-ministry-of-possibilities-to-develop-radical-solutions-for-governments-key-challenges">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mohammed+bin+Rashid+Launches+%27Ministry+of+Possibilities%27+to+Develop+Radical+Solutions+for+Government%27s+Key+Challenges&rft.pub=UAE+Cabinet&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuaecabinet.ae%2Fen%2Fdetails%2Fnews%2Fmohammed-bin-rashid-launches-ministry-of-possibilities-to-develop-radical-solutions-for-governments-key-challenges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/government/shaikh-mohammed-to-announce-new-cabinet-today">"Women shining in new UAE Cabinet – Khaleej Times"</a>. www.khaleejtimes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160211095401/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/government/shaikh-mohammed-to-announce-new-cabinet-today">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government.ae/gov/en/gov/federal/politics.jsp">the original</a> on 27 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UAE+Federal+e-Government+Portal&rft.pub=Government.ae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.ae%2Fgov%2Fen%2Fgov%2Ffederal%2Fpolitics.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/sheikh-khalifa-uae-s-federal-national-council-to-be-50-per-cent-women-1.800357">Sheikh Khalifa: UAE's Federal National Council to be 50 per cent women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410140306/https://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/sheikh-khalifa-uae-s-federal-national-council-to-be-50-per-cent-women-1.800357">Archived</a> 10 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The National, 8 December 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-123"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerb2009" class="citation journal cs1">Herb, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/nation-of-bureaucrats-political-participation-and-economic-diversification-in-kuwait-and-the-united-arab-emirates/E3527822940D0E8A2BCD98A320002C3E">"A Nation of Bureaucrats: Political Participation and Economic Diversification in Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates"</a>. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 41 (3): 375–395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743809091119">10.1017/S0020743809091119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6380">1471-6380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154366494">154366494</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526174658/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/nation-of-bureaucrats-political-participation-and-economic-diversification-in-kuwait-and-the-united-arab-emirates/E3527822940D0E8A2BCD98A320002C3E">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Nation+of+Bureaucrats%3A+Political+Participation+and+Economic+Diversification+in+Kuwait+and+the+United+Arab+Emirates&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=375-395&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154366494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1471-6380&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743809091119&rft.aulast=Herb&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fnation-of-bureaucrats-political-participation-and-economic-diversification-in-kuwait-and-the-united-arab-emirates%2FE3527822940D0E8A2BCD98A320002C3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-124"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedstrup2019" class="citation book cs1">Ledstrup, Martin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-91653-8">Nationalism and Nationhood in the United Arab Emirates</a>. Palgrave. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-91653-8">10.1007/978-3-319-91653-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-91652-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-91652-1"><bdi>978-3-319-91652-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158959849">158959849</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526133319/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-91653-8">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021. 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Human Rights Watch. 14 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418003418/https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/11/14/hypocrisy-dubais-world-tolerance-summit">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Hypocrisy+of+Dubai%27s+World+Tolerance+Summit&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2018%2F11%2F14%2Fhypocrisy-dubais-world-tolerance-summit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-126"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/dubai-united-arab-emirates-abu-dhabi-coronavirus-pandemic-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-708c588985bad97230b458b435cbfbc2">"United Arab Emirates says it will offer citizenship to some"</a>. Associated Press. 30 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429135542/https://apnews.com/article/dubai-united-arab-emirates-abu-dhabi-coronavirus-pandemic-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-708c588985bad97230b458b435cbfbc2">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=United+Arab+Emirates+says+it+will+offer+citizenship+to+some&rft.date=2021-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fdubai-united-arab-emirates-abu-dhabi-coronavirus-pandemic-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-708c588985bad97230b458b435cbfbc2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzetti,_Mark_and_Hager,_Emily_B.2011" class="citation news cs1">Mazzetti, Mark and Hager, Emily B. (14 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/15/world/middleeast/15prince.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&">"Secret Desert Force Set Up by Blackwater's Founder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404064810/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/15/world/middleeast/15prince.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024. <q>The United Arab Emirates – an autocracy with the sheen of a progressive, modern state – are closely allied with the United States, and American officials indicated that the battalion program had some support in Washington.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Secret+Desert+Force+Set+Up+by+Blackwater%27s+Founder&rft.date=2011-05-14&rft.au=Mazzetti%2C+Mark+and+Hager%2C+Emily+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F15%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F15prince.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D1%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-128"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrane2009" class="citation book cs1">Krane, Jim (15 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJWrVWZuUJEC">City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism</a>. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-1899-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-1899-2"><bdi>978-1-4299-1899-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219202257/https://books.google.com/books?id=mJWrVWZuUJEC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Gold%3A+Dubai+and+the+Dream+of+Capitalism&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-1899-2&rft.aulast=Krane&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmJWrVWZuUJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStack2017" class="citation news cs1">Stack, Liam (30 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/30/world/middleeast/dubai-introduces-its-own-font-lauding-free-expression-it-does-not-permit.html">"Dubai Introduces Its Own Font, Lauding Free Expression It Does Not Permit"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525033202/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/30/world/middleeast/dubai-introduces-its-own-font-lauding-free-expression-it-does-not-permit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dubai+Introduces+Its+Own+Font%2C+Lauding+Free+Expression+It+Does+Not+Permit&rft.date=2017-04-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F04%2F30%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fdubai-introduces-its-own-font-lauding-free-expression-it-does-not-permit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_Arab_Emirates_Reports-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-United_Arab_Emirates_Reports_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_Arab_Emirates_Reports_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513050714/https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/united-arab-emirates">"United Arab Emirates Reports"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BTI+2022&rft.atitle=BTI+2022%3A+United+Arab+Emirates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbti-project.org%2Fen%2Freports%2Fcountry-dashboard%3Fisocode%3DARE%26cHash%3D98c3237aa3b3bd62d4a082e9b709a514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdem_dataset-132"><a href="#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023" class="citation web cs1">V-Dem Institute (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">"The V-Dem Dataset"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022. 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SciencesPo. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127095009/https://www.sciencespo.fr/kuwait-program/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Shahrour-Karam-The-evolution-of-Emirati-foreign-policy-1971-2020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2023. 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Saudi Gazette. 3 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926055700/https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/609429/World/Mena/King-Hamad-hails-strong-Bahrain-UAE-ties-in-meeting-with-Abu-Dhabi-crown-prince">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023. 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The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130122411/https://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/strong-bilateral-relations-serve-the-strategic-interests-of-both-china-and-the-uae-1.749584">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Strong+bilateral+relations+serve+the+strategic+interests+of+both+China+and+the+UAE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fopinion%2Fcomment%2Fstrong-bilateral-relations-serve-the-strategic-interests-of-both-china-and-the-uae-1.749584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109153827/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Foreign/EArab/U.A.E/040306030000000002.htm">"Egypt and U.A.E. Relations"</a>. Egypt State Information Service Sis.gov.eg. 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The National. 19 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329092558/https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/france-strengthens-its-bond-with-uae-1.543500">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+strengthens+its+bond+with+UAE&rft.pub=The+National&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fuae%2Ffrance-strengthens-its-bond-with-uae-1.543500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/india-uae-relations-poised-climb-new-heights">"India-UAE Relations: Poised to Climb to New Heights"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UAE+FM+terms+ties+with+Pakistan+%22unique+case+in+Arab-Asian+relations%22&rft.pub=Tribune&rft.date=2020-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F2276704%2Fuae-fm-terms-ties-with-pakistan-unique-case-in-arab-asian-relations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2020/01/24/why-the-relationship-between-russia-and-the-united-arab-emirates-is-strengthening/">"Why the Relationship Between Russia and the United Arab Emirates is Strengthening"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=US+states+play+%27critical%27+role+in+widening+bilateral+ties+with+the+UAE&rft.date=2021-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fpolitics-economics%2F463351-us-states-playing-critical-role-in-widening-uae-bilateral-ties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229133058/http://www.hiik.de/konfliktbarometer/pdf/Konfliktbarometer_2001.pdf">"Konfliktbarometer 2001"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 13 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=With+President+Trump%27s+help%2C+Israel+and+the+United+Arab+Emirates+reach+historic+deal+to+normalize+relations&rft.date=2020-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-israel-emirates-trump-idUSKCN25926W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToi_Staff2020" class="citation news cs1">Toi Staff (16 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-text-of-the-abraham-accords-signed-by-israel-the-uae-and-bahrain/">"Full text of the Abraham Accords signed by Israel, the UAE and Bahrain"</a>. The Times of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013235112/https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-text-of-the-abraham-accords-signed-by-israel-the-uae-and-bahrain/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Full+text+of+the+Abraham+Accords+signed+by+Israel%2C+the+UAE+and+Bahrain&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.au=Toi+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Ffull-text-of-the-abraham-accords-signed-by-israel-the-uae-and-bahrain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf">"2024 Global Peace Index"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024+Global+Peace+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economicsandpeace.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F06%2FGPI-2024-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iiss2023-151"><a href="#cite_ref-iiss2023_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIISS2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">IISS</a> (2023). 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CIA World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates#military-and-security">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=United+Arab+Emirates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Funited-arab-emirates%2F%23military-and-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509014605/http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1200074664706&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews">"UAE confirms discussions with France on purchase of Rafale aircraft"</a>. Emirates News Agency. 5 June 2008. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818041917/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-the-uae-the-united-states-has-a-quiet-potent-ally-nicknamed-little-sparta/2014/11/08/3fc6a50c-643a-11e4-836c-83bc4f26eb67_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+the+UAE%2C+the+United+States+has+a+quiet%2C+potent+ally+nicknamed+%27Little+Sparta%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fin-the-uae-the-united-states-has-a-quiet-potent-ally-nicknamed-little-sparta%2F2014%2F11%2F08%2F3fc6a50c-643a-11e4-836c-83bc4f26eb67_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/26/united-arab-emirates-bombing-raids-libyan-militias">"UAE and Egypt behind bombing raids against Libyan militias, say US officials"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UAE+and+Egypt+behind+bombing+raids+against+Libyan+militias%2C+say+US+officials&rft.date=2014-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Faug%2F26%2Funited-arab-emirates-bombing-raids-libyan-militias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50302602">"Libya migrant attack: UN investigators suspect foreign jet bombed centre"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Homeless+migrants+sleep+rough+beneath+Dubai%27s+skyscrapers+as+Covid+employment+crisis+bites&rft.date=2020-10-09&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Ashleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2020%2F10%2F09%2Fhomeless-migrants-sleep-rough-beneath-dubais-skyscrapers-covid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210507-german-company-using-uae-firm-with-record-of-migrant-worker-abuse-rights-group-says/">"German company using UAE firm with record of migrant worker abuse, rights group says"</a>. 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(1994). 'English on Khalifa Street'. The Journal of the College of Education. UAE University 10, 25–51.</li> <li>Bianco, C. (2020a). "The GCC monarchies: Perceptions of the Iranian threat amid shifting geopolitics". The International Spectator, 55(2), 92–107.</li> <li>Bianco, C. (February 2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecfr.eu/archive/page/-/a_gulf_apart_how_europe_can_gain_influence_with_gulf_cooperation_council.pdf">A Gulf apart: How Europe can gain influence with the Gulf Cooperation Council</a>". European Council on Foreign Relations.</li> <li>Bianco, C. (March 2021). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/70351/PB_2021_10-MED.pdf?sequence=1">Can Europe Choreograph a Saudi-Iranian Détente?</a>", European University Institute, Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies, Middle East Directions.</li> <li>Bianco, C., and Stansfield, G. (2018). "The intra-GCC crises: Mapping GCC fragmentation after 2011". International Affairs, 94(3), 613–635.</li> <li>Miniaoui, Héla, ed. "Economic Development in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: From Rentier States to Diversified Economies". Vol. 1. Springer Nature, 2020.</li> <li>Guzansky, Y., and Even, S. (1 June 2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inss.org.il/publication/gulf-states-economy/?offset=7&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky">The economic crisis in the Gulf States: A challenge to the "contract" between rulers and ruled</a>". INSS Insight No. 1327.</li> <li>Guzansky, Y., and Marshall, Z. A. (2020). "The Abraham accords: Immediate significance and long-term implications". Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 1–11.</li> <li>Guzansky, Y., and Segal, E. (30 August 2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inss.org.il/publication/gulf-royal-families/?offset=1&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky">All in the family: Leadership changes in the Gulf</a>". INSS Insight No. 1378.</li> <li>Guzansky, Y., and Winter, O. (8 June 2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inss.org.il/publication/judaism-in-the-arab-world/?offset=5&posts=201&outher=Yoel%20Guzansky">Apolitical Normalization: A New Approach to Jews in Arab States</a>". INSS Insight No. 1332.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard-Bey1996" class="citation book cs1">Heard-Bey, Frauke (1996). From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates: A society in transition. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-27728-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-27728-1"><bdi>978-0-582-27728-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38355501">38355501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Trucial+States+to+United+Arab+Emirates%3A+A+society+in+transition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38355501&rft.isbn=978-0-582-27728-1&rft.aulast=Heard-Bey&rft.aufirst=Frauke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Arab+Emirates" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Swan, M. (26 April 2012). "Arabic school aims to boost the popularity of the language". 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Springer Nature, 2020.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" class="extiw" title="voy:United Arab Emirates">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.government.ae/">Government portal of the United Arab Emirates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200224133814/https://government.ae/">Archived</a> 24 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://u.ae/">U.AE)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldgovernmentsummit.org/">The World Government Summit – UAE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://expo2020dubai.ae/">The 2020 World Exposition in UAE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/">United Arab Emirates</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=uae">United Arab Emirates</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14703998">United Arab Emirates profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_United_Arab_Emirates" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of United Arab Emirates">Wikimedia Atlas of United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ARE/Year/2011/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010164537/http://www.poiresources.com/info/history-of-united-arab-emirates/">Timeline of the United Arab Emirates History from Bronze Age to present day</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_Arab_Emirates&params=24_N_54_E_">24°N 54°E / 24°N 54°E / 24; 54</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Arab_Emirates&oldid=1259846927">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Arab_Emirates&oldid=1259846927</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Arab_Emirates&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 27 November 2024, at 11:34 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imarat_Arab_Meusaboh" title="Imarat Arab Meusaboh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Imarat Arab Meusaboh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D3%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Хьарып Ӏэмирэт Зэгуэтхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хьарып Ӏэмирэт Зэгуэтхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Араб Эмират Зэхэтхэр – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Араб Эмират Зэхэтхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Arabiese_Emirate" title="Verenigde Arabiese Emirate – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verenigde Arabiese Emirate" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigte_Arabische_Emirate" title="Vereinigte Arabische Emirate – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vereinigte Arabische Emirate" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A0%E1%88%A9%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%93%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%B6%E1%89%BD" title="የተባበሩት የዓረብ ግዛቶች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የተባበሩት የዓረብ ግዛቶች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovt%C3%A2stum_arabiemiirikodeh" title="Ovtâstum arabiemiirikodeh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ovtâstum arabiemiirikodeh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="संयुक्त अरब अमीरात – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="संयुक्त अरब अमीरात" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C4%81nedu_Arabisc_Bregor%C4%ABcu" title="Geānedu Arabisc Bregorīcu – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Geānedu Arabisc Bregorīcu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Еиду Арабтә Емиратқәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Еиду Арабтә Емиратқәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الإمارات العربية المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمارات العربية المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratos_Arabes_Unius" title="Emiratos Arabes Unius – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Emiratos Arabes Unius" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%A5%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%A1%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܐܡܝܪܘܬܐ ܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܡܝܪܘܬܐ ܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B7%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արաբական Միացեալ Էմիրութիւններ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արաբական Միացեալ Էմիրութիւններ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88mirats_arabos_unis" title="Èmirats arabos unis – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Èmirats arabos unis" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B1_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="সংযুক্ত আৰৱ আমিৰাত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংযুক্ত আৰৱ আমিৰাত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratos_%C3%81rabes_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Emiratos Árabes Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Emiratos Árabes Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1via_Emir%C3%A1to_Joapyku%C3%A9ra" title="Arávia Emiráto Joapykuéra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arávia Emiráto Joapykuéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Цолъарал ГӀараб Имаратал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Цолъарал ГӀараб Имаратал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birl%C9%99%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_%C6%8Fmirlikl%C9%99ri" title="Birləşmiş Ərəb Əmirlikləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birləşmiş Ərəb Əmirlikləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بیرلشمیش عرب امیرلیکلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرلشمیش عرب امیرلیکلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_%C3%89mirat_Arab" title="Uni Émirat Arab – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Uni Émirat Arab" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="সংযুক্ত আরব আমিরাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংযুক্ত আরব আমিরাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syarikat_Amiriah_Arab" title="Syarikat Amiriah Arab – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Syarikat Amiriah Arab" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-la-pek_Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp_Th%C3%A2u-l%C3%A2ng-kok" title="A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BD_%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D3%98%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Берләшкән Ғәрәп Әмирлектәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Берләшкән Ғәрәп Әмирлектәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Аб’яднаныя Арабскія Эміраты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аб’яднаныя Арабскія Эміраты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Аб’яднаныя Арабскія Эміраты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аб’яднаныя Арабскія Эміраты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="यूनाइटेड अरब अमीरात – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूनाइटेड अरब अमीरात" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratong_Arabe_Unidos" title="Emiratong Arabe Unidos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Emiratong Arabe Unidos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaeted_Arab_Emirets" title="Yunaeted Arab Emirets – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Yunaeted Arab Emirets" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Обединени арабски емирства – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обединени арабски емирства" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaoanigte_Arabische_Emirate" title="Vaoanigte Arabische Emirate – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vaoanigte Arabische Emirate" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡི་ནེ་ཁྲེ་ཀྲི་ཨ་རབ་ཨེ་མེ་རེ་ཁྲི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡི་ནེ་ཁྲེ་ཀྲི་ཨ་རབ་ཨེ་མེ་རེ་ཁྲི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeni_Arapski_Emirati" title="Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirelezhio%C3%B9_Arab_Unanet" title="Emirelezhioù Arab Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emirelezhioù Arab Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Арабай Нэгэдэһэн Эмиртэ Улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Арабай Нэгэдэһэн Эмиртэ Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirats_%C3%80rabs_Units" title="Emirats Àrabs Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emirats Àrabs Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%97%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D3%97%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%97_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D3%97%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Пӗрлешӗннӗ Арап Эмирачӗсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пӗрлешӗннӗ Арап Эмирачӗсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiniusang_Emiratong_Arabo" title="Hiniusang Emiratong Arabo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hiniusang Emiratong Arabo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_arabsk%C3%A9_emir%C3%A1ty" title="Spojené arabské emiráty – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spojené arabské emiráty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratos_Unidos_del_Arabo" title="Emiratos Unidos del Arabo – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Emiratos Unidos del Arabo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="United Arab Emirates" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="United Arab Emirates" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="United Arab Emirates" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Emiradau_Arabaidd_Unedig" title="Yr Emiradau Arabaidd Unedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Emiradau Arabaidd Unedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="United Arab Emirates" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forenede_Arabiske_Emirater" title="Forenede Arabiske Emirater – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forenede Arabiske Emirater" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لإمارات – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لإمارات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovttastuvvan_ar%C3%A1baemir%C3%A1htat" title="Ovttastuvvan arábaemiráhtat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ovttastuvvan arábaemiráhtat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigte_Arabische_Emirate" title="Vereinigte Arabische Emirate – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vereinigte Arabische Emirate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A8_%DE%A2%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%A8_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="އެކުވެރި ޢަރަބި އިމާރާތު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެކުވެރި ޢަރަބި އިމާރާތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah_Y%C3%A1zh%C3%AD_A%C5%82hidadiidzoo%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah Yázhí Ałhidadiidzooígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah Yázhí Ałhidadiidzooígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjadno%C5%9Bone_arabske_emiraty" title="Zjadnośone arabske emiraty – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Zjadnośone arabske emiraty" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%8A%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="ཡུ་ནའི་ཊེཊ་ཨ་རབ་ཨེ་མི་རེཊསི་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཡུ་ནའི་ཊེཊ་ཨ་རབ་ཨེ་མི་རེཊསི་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia_%C3%9Chendemiraadid" title="Araabia Ühendemiraadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Araabia Ühendemiraadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%95%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Ηνωμένα Αραβικά Εμιράτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηνωμένα Αραβικά Εμιράτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratos_%C3%81rabes_Unidos" title="Emiratos Árabes Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emiratos Árabes Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unui%C4%9Dintaj_Arabaj_Emirlandoj" title="Unuiĝintaj Arabaj Emirlandoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unuiĝintaj Arabaj Emirlandoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratus_%C3%81rabis_Un%C3%ADus" title="Emiratus Árabis Uníus – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Emiratus Árabis Uníus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiar_Emirerri_Batuak" title="Arabiar Emirerri Batuak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiar Emirerri Batuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="امارات متحده عربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امارات متحده عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="United Arab Emirates" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameindu_Emirr%C3%ADkini" title="Sameindu Emirríkini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sameindu Emirríkini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mirats_arabes_unis" title="Émirats arabes unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émirats arabes unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriene_Arabyske_Emiraten" title="Feriene Arabyske Emiraten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Feriene Arabyske Emiraten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaaraatuuji_Aarabe_Dentu%C9%97i" title="Imaaraatuuji Aarabe Dentuɗi – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Imaaraatuuji Aarabe Dentuɗi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir%C3%A2ts_Arabs_Un%C3%AEts" title="Emirâts Arabs Unîts – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Emirâts Arabs Unîts" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aontas_na_n%C3%89im%C3%ADr%C3%ADochta%C3%AD_Arabacha" title="Aontas na nÉimíríochtaí Arabacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aontas na nÉimíríochtaí Arabacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_h-Emmiraidyn_Arabagh_Unnaneysit" title="Ny h-Emmiraidyn Arabagh Unnaneysit – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ny h-Emmiraidyn Arabagh Unnaneysit" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fik_Arab_Emirlikleri" title="Birleşik Arab Emirlikleri – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Birleşik Arab Emirlikleri" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_h-Iomaratan_Arabach_Aonaichte" title="Na h-Iomaratan Arabach Aonaichte – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na h-Iomaratan Arabach Aonaichte" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratos_%C3%81rabes_Unidos" title="Emiratos Árabes Unidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Emiratos Árabes Unidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="United Arab Emirates" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AC_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4" title="સંયુક્ત આરબ અમીરાત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંયુક્ત આરબ અમીરાત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="संयुक्त अरब अमीरात – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="संयुक्त अरब अमीरात" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82-l%C3%A2-pak_Li%C3%A8n-ha%CC%8Dp_Thai-k%C3%BBng-koet" title="Â-lâ-pak Lièn-ha̍p Thai-kûng-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Â-lâ-pak Lièn-ha̍p Thai-kûng-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D%EC%97%90%EB%AF%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8" title="아랍에미리트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍에미리트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C9%97a%C9%97%C9%97iyar_Daular_Larabawa" title="Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aupuni_%CA%BBEmira_%CA%BBAlapia_Hui_P%C5%AB_%CA%BBia" title="Aupuni ʻEmira ʻAlapia Hui Pū ʻia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Aupuni ʻEmira ʻAlapia Hui Pū ʻia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B7%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արաբական Միացյալ Էմիրություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբական Միացյալ Էմիրություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="संयुक्त अरब अमीरात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त अरब अमीरात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjedno%C4%87ene_arabske_emiraty" title="Zjednoćene arabske emiraty – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zjednoćene arabske emiraty" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeni_Arapski_Emirati" title="Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionita_Araba_Emirii" title="Unionita Araba Emirii – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Unionita Araba Emirii" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="United Arab Emirates" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagiti_Nagkaykaysa_nga_Emirato_nga_Arabo" title="Dagiti Nagkaykaysa nga Emirato nga Arabo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dagiti Nagkaykaysa nga Emirato nga Arabo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="তিলপা আরব আমিরাত – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তিলপা আরব আমিরাত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Uni Emirat Arab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uni Emirat Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratos_Arabe_Unite" title="Emiratos Arabe Unite – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Emiratos Arabe Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_Arabic_Emiratus" title="Unit Arabic Emiratus – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Unit Arabic Emiratus" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannapta_Arapiit_Nunaat" title="Tannapta Arapiit Nunaat – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tannapta Arapiit Nunaat" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Араббы Иугонд Эмираттæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Араббы Иугонд Эмираттæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameinu%C3%B0u_arab%C3%ADsku_furstad%C3%A6min" title="Sameinuðu arabísku furstadæmin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sameinuðu arabísku furstadæmin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirati_Arabi_Uniti" title="Emirati Arabi Uniti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emirati Arabi Uniti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="איחוד האמירויות הערביות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איחוד האמירויות הערביות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaamiran_Arab_Manunggal" title="Kaamiran Arab Manunggal – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kaamiran Arab Manunggal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiraat%C9%A9-Araab%CA%8A_Unii" title="Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಅರಬ್ ಎಮಿರೇಟ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಅರಬ್ ಎಮಿರೇಟ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratos_Arabes_Unidos" title="Emiratos Arabes Unidos – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Emiratos Arabes Unidos" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="არაბთა გაერთიანებული საამიროები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბთა გაერთიანებული საამიროები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D3%98%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Біріккен Араб Әмірліктері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Біріккен Араб Әмірліктері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emireythow_Unys_Arabek" title="Emireythow Unys Arabek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emireythow Unys Arabek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyarabu_Zunze_Ubumwe" title="Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Nyarabu Zunze Ubumwe" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falme_za_Kiarabu" title="Falme za Kiarabu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Falme za Kiarabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A6%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%87%D3%A7%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Ӧтувтчӧм Араб Эмиратъяс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ӧтувтчӧм Араб Эмиратъяс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="United Arab Emirates" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emira_Arab_Ini" title="Emira Arab Ini – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Emira Arab Ini" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mirat_arab_ini" title="Émirat arab ini – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Émirat arab ini" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AErgeh%C3%AAn_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE_y%C3%AAn_Ereban" title="Mîrgehên Yekbûyî yên Ereban – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mîrgehên Yekbûyî yên Ereban" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бириккен Араб Эмирликтери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бириккен Араб Эмирликтери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirac_Arabs_Unii" title="Emirac Arabs Unii – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Emirac Arabs Unii" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratos_Arabos_Unidos" title="Emiratos Arabos Unidos – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Emiratos Arabos Unidos" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%87%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83" title="ЦачӀунхьу Аьрабнал Эмиратру – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЦачӀунхьу Аьрабнал Эмиратру" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratus_Arabici_Coniuncti" title="Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Emiratus Arabici Coniuncti" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apvienotie_Ar%C4%81bu_Emir%C4%81ti" title="Apvienotie Arābu Emirāti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apvienotie Arābu Emirāti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenegt_Arabesch_Emirater" title="Vereenegt Arabesch Emirater – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vereenegt Arabesch Emirater" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Арабрин Садхьанвай Эмиратар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Арабрин Садхьанвай Эмиратар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtiniai_Arab%C5%B3_Emyratai" title="Jungtiniai Arabų Emyratai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtiniai Arabų Emyratai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirati_%C3%80rabi_Un%C3%AFi" title="Emirati Àrabi Unïi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Emirati Àrabi Unïi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinegde_Arabische_Emiraote" title="Vereinegde Arabische Emiraote – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vereinegde Arabische Emiraote" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisang%C3%A1_lya_Emira_ya_Arabi" title="Lisangá lya Emira ya Arabi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lisangá lya Emira ya Arabi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amirias_Arabi_Unida" title="Amirias Arabi Unida – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Amirias Arabi Unida" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhtis_Arabiemiruatat" title="Yhtis Arabiemiruatat – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Yhtis Arabiemiruatat" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiraa_Arab_%C3%9Cnii" title="Emiraa Arab Ünii – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Emiraa Arab Ünii" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyes%C3%BClt_Arab_Em%C3%ADrs%C3%A9gek" title="Egyesült Arab Emírségek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyesült Arab Emírségek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Uni Emirat Arab – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Uni Emirat Arab" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Обединети Арапски Емирати – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обединети Арапски Емирати" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirata_Arabo_Mitambatra" title="Emirata Arabo Mitambatra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Emirata Arabo Mitambatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഐക്യ അറബ് എമിറേറ്റുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐക്യ അറബ് എമിറേറ്റുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirati_G%C4%A7arab_Mag%C4%A7quda" title="Emirati Għarab Magħquda – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Emirati Għarab Magħquda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotahitanga_o_ng%C4%81_Whenua_%C4%80rapi" title="Kotahitanga o ngā Whenua Ārapi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kotahitanga o ngā Whenua Ārapi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="संयुक्त अरब अमिराती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संयुक्त अरब अमिराती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="არაბეფიშ გოართოიანაფილი საამიროეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არაბეფიშ გოართოიანაფილი საამიროეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="الامارات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الامارات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="متحده عربی امارات – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="متحده عربی امارات" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiriah_Arab_Bersatu" title="Emiriah Arab Bersatu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Emiriah Arab Bersatu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯑꯥꯔꯕ ꯑꯦꯃꯤꯔꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯑꯥꯔꯕ ꯑꯦꯃꯤꯔꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80-l%C3%A1-b%C3%A1ik_Li%C3%A8ng-h%C4%83k_D%C3%A2i-g%C5%ADng-gu%C3%B3k" title="Ā-lá-báik Lièng-hăk Dâi-gŭng-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ā-lá-báik Lièng-hăk Dâi-gŭng-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimirados_%C3%81rabes_Ounidos" title="Eimirados Árabes Ounidos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eimirados Árabes Ounidos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Арабын Нэгдсэн Эмират Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арабын Нэгдсэн Эмират Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အာရပ်စော်ဘွားများပြည်ထောင်စုနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာရပ်စော်ဘွားများပြည်ထောင်စုနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Arabische_Emiraten" title="Verenigde Arabische Emiraten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verenigde Arabische Emiraten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereynigde_Arabiske_Emiraten" title="Vereynigde Arabiske Emiraten – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vereynigde Arabiske Emiraten" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E9%A6%96%E9%95%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6" title="アラブ首長国連邦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラブ首長国連邦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Ӏаьрбийн Цхьаьнатоьхна Эмираташ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьрбийн Цхьаьнатоьхна Эмираташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferianagt_Araabisk_Emiraaten" title="Ferianagt Araabisk Emiraaten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ferianagt Araabisk Emiraaten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_forente_arabiske_emirater" title="De forente arabiske emirater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De forente arabiske emirater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_sameinte_arabiske_emirata" title="Dei sameinte arabiske emirata – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei sameinte arabiske emirata" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionati_Arabi_Emirates" title="Unionati Arabi Emirates – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Unionati Arabi Emirates" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirats_Arabis_Units" title="Emirats Arabis Units – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Emirats Arabis Units" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ушымо Араб Эмират-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ушымо Араб Эмират-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaayitid_Arab_Imireetis" title="Yunaayitid Arab Imireetis – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Yunaayitid Arab Imireetis" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlashgan_Arab_Amirliklari" title="Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਅਰਬ ਅਮੀਰਾਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਅਰਬ ਅਮੀਰਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratos_diad_Unido_ya_Arabo" title="Emiratos diad Unido ya Arabo – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Emiratos diad Unido ya Arabo" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_arab_emirates" title="United arab emirates – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="United arab emirates" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="متحدہ عرب امارات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="متحدہ عرب امارات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%97%E1%80%B0%E1%82%8F%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အာရပ်စဝ်းဖားခမ်းပေါင်ꩻဗူႏခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အာရပ်စဝ်းဖားခမ်းပေါင်ꩻဗူႏခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratonan_Arabe_Un%C3%AD" title="Emiratonan Arabe Uní – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Emiratonan Arabe Uní" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="متحده عرب امارات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="متحده عرب امارات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaitid_Arab_Emiret" title="Yunaitid Arab Emiret – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yunaitid Arab Emiret" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%98" title="អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir%C3%A0_%C3%80rabo_Un%C3%AC" title="Emirà Àrabo Unì – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Emirà Àrabo Unì" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="United Arab Emirates" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenigte_Araabsche_Emiraten" title="Vereenigte Araabsche Emiraten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vereenigte Araabsche Emiraten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjednoczone_Emiraty_Arabskie" title="Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirados_%C3%81rabes_Unidos" title="Emirados Árabes Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emirados Árabes Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlesken_Arab_%C3%81mirlikleri" title="Birlesken Arab Ámirlikleri – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Birlesken Arab Ámirlikleri" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fken_Arap_Emirlikleri" title="Birleşken Arap Emirlikleri – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Birleşken Arap Emirlikleri" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratele_Arabe_Unite" title="Emiratele Arabe Unite – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Emiratele Arabe Unite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukllachasqa_Arapya_Imiratukuna" title="Hukllachasqa Arapya Imiratukuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hukllachasqa Arapya Imiratukuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Споєны Арабскы Еміраты – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Споєны Арабскы Еміраты" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Объединённые Арабские Эмираты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Объединённые Арабские Эмираты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BEh%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Холбоhуктаах Арааб Эмираттара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Холбоhуктаах Арааб Эмираттара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="United Arab Emirates" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Alapi_Lotogatasi" title="Malo Alapi Lotogatasi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Malo Alapi Lotogatasi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%85%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%85%E0%A5%B0)" title="संयुक्त अरब अमीरियराज्यानि (सं॰अ॰अ॰) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="संयुक्त अरब अमीरियराज्यानि (सं॰अ॰अ॰)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱢᱤᱨᱟᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="متحدہ عرب امارات – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="متحدہ عرب امارات" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirados_%C3%80rabos_Unidos" title="Emirados Àrabos Unidos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Emirados Àrabos Unidos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitit_Arab_Emirates" title="Unitit Arab Emirates – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unitit Arab Emirates" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="United Arab Emirates" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fereende_Arabiske_Emiroate" title="Fereende Arabiske Emiroate – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fereende Arabiske Emiroate" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratet_e_Bashkuara_Arabe" title="Emiratet e Bashkuara Arabe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Emiratet e Bashkuara Arabe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirati_%C3%80rabbi_Uniti" title="Emirati Àrabbi Uniti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Emirati Àrabbi Uniti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United Arab Emirates" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%8F%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="گڏيل عرب اماراتون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گڏيل عرب اماراتون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunye_bema-Arabhu" title="Bunye bema-Arabhu – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Bunye bema-Arabhu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_arabsk%C3%A9_emir%C3%A1ty" title="Spojené arabské emiráty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spojené arabské emiráty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdru%C5%BEeni_arabski_emirati" title="Združeni arabski emirati – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Združeni arabski emirati" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A4%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%A5%D0%BD%EA%99%91_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%EA%99%91_%D0%84%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%EA%99%91" title="Ѥдьнѥнꙑ Аравьскꙑ Ємиратꙑ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ѥдьнѥнꙑ Аравьскꙑ Ємиратꙑ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjednocz%C5%AFne_Arabske_Ymiraty" title="Zjednoczůne Arabske Ymiraty – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Zjednoczůne Arabske Ymiraty" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaaraatka_Carabta" title="Imaaraatka Carabta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Imaaraatka Carabta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="میرنشینە یەکگرتووە عەرەبییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میرنشینە یەکگرتووە عەرەبییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Уједињени Арапски Емирати – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уједињени Арапски Емирати" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeni_Arapski_Emirati" title="Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_%C3%89mirat_Arab" title="Uni Émirat Arab – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Uni Émirat Arab" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdistyneet_arabiemiraatit" title="Yhdistyneet arabiemiraatit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdistyneet arabiemiraatit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6renade_arabemiraten" title="Förenade arabemiraten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förenade arabemiraten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratos_Arabes_Unidos" title="Emiratos Arabes Unidos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Emiratos Arabes Unidos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limarat_Ta%C9%9Brabin_Yeddukklen" title="Limarat Taɛrabin Yeddukklen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Limarat Taɛrabin Yeddukklen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_Arabe_Aun%C3%ACte" title="Emirate Arabe Aunìte – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Emirate Arabe Aunìte" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D3%98%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Берләшкән Гарәп Әмирлекләре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Берләшкән Гарәп Әмирлекләре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%81%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%BE%E1%82%83%E1%82%89_%E1%80%A2%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%81%A2%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းႁူမ်ႈတုမ် ၸဝ်ႈၾႃႉ ဢႃႇရၢပ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းႁူမ်ႈတုမ် ၸဝ်ႈၾႃႉ ဢႃႇရၢပ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_arab_emirates" title="United arab emirates – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="United arab emirates" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="యునైటెడ్ అరబ్ ఎమిరేట్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యునైటెడ్ అరబ్ ఎమిరేట్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratu_Arabi_Naklibur_Sira" title="Emiratu Arabi Naklibur Sira – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Emiratu Arabi Naklibur Sira" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="สหรัฐอาหรับเอมิเรตส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหรัฐอาหรับเอมิเรตส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Имороти Муттаҳидаи Арабӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Имороти Муттаҳидаи Арабӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAlepea_Fakatahataha" title="ʻAlepea Fakatahataha – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAlepea Fakatahataha" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fik_Arap_Emirlikleri" title="Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fen_Arap_Emirlikleri" title="Birleşen Arap Emirlikleri – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Birleşen Arap Emirlikleri" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%91%D1%81" title="Огазеяськем Араб Эмиратъёс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Огазеяськем Араб Эмиратъёс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiriyah_Arab_Bersatu" title="Emiriyah Arab Bersatu – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Emiriyah Arab Bersatu" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Об'єднані Арабські Емірати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Об'єднані Арабські Емірати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="متحدہ عرب امارات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="متحدہ عرب امارات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="بىرلەشمە ئەرەب ئەمىرلىكلىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بىرلەشمە ئەرەب ئەمىرلىكلىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouxdaeuzgoz_Ahlazbwz_Lienzhab" title="Bouxdaeuzgoz Ahlazbwz Lienzhab – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bouxdaeuzgoz Ahlazbwz Lienzhab" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirai_%C3%80rabi_Unii" title="Emirai Àrabi Unii – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Emirai Àrabi Unii" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araban_%C3%9Chtenzoittud_Emiratad" title="Araban Ühtenzoittud Emiratad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Araban Ühtenzoittud Emiratad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_Ti%E1%BB%83u_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_Th%E1%BB%91ng_nh%E1%BA%A5t" title="Các Tiểu vương quốc Ả Rập Thống nhất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Các Tiểu vương quốc Ả Rập Thống nhất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemir%C3%A4ns_Larabik_Pebal%C3%B6ls" title="Lemiräns Larabik Pebalöls – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lemiräns Larabik Pebalöls" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabia_%C3%9Ctisemiraadiq" title="Araabia Ütisemiraadiq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Araabia Ütisemiraadiq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="阿拉伯聯合酋長國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿拉伯聯合酋長國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiratos_Arabes_Unidos" title="Emiratos Arabes Unidos – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Emiratos Arabes Unidos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaaraat_yu_Araab_yu_Bennoo_yi" title="Imaaraat yu Araab yu Bennoo yi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Imaaraat yu Araab yu Bennoo yi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯联合酋长国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿拉伯联合酋长国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9F" title="פאראייניגטע אראבישע עמיראטן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאראייניגטע אראבישע עמיראטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%E1%BA%B8%CC%81m%C3%ADr%C3%A9t%C3%AC_%C3%81r%C3%A1b%C3%B9_A%E1%B9%A3%E1%BB%8D%CC%80kan" title="Àwọn Ẹ́mírétì Árábù Aṣọ̀kan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Ẹ́mírétì Árábù Aṣọ̀kan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="阿拉伯聯合酋長國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿拉伯聯合酋長國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewiya_Emiran%C3%AA_Erebi" title="Yewiya Emiranê Erebi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Yewiya Emiranê Erebi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vere%C3%AAnigde_Araobische_Emiraoten" title="Vereênigde Araobische Emiraoten – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Vereênigde Araobische Emiraoten" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongt%C4%97n%C4%93_Arabu_Em%C4%ABrat%C4%81" title="Jongtėnē Arabu Emīratā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jongtėnē Arabu Emīratā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯联合酋长国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯联合酋长国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido_Emiret_Arabu" title="Ido Emiret Arabu – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ido Emiret Arabu" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imarat_Arab_Rempug" title="Imarat Arab Rempug – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Imarat Arab Rempug" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiriah_Arab_Miiso" title="Emiriah Arab Miiso – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Emiriah Arab Miiso" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Uni Emirat Arab – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Uni Emirat Arab" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iby%C9%99_%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_%C6%8Fmirvon%C9%99ti" title="Ibyə Ərəb Əmirvonəti – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ibyə Ərəb Əmirvonəti" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 11:34 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-jv6hq","wgBackendResponseTime":308,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_7f71d5302cbd468246b845891e9eb1487ae4b689":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q878","properties":{"stroke-width":1,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"UAE"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.692","walltime":"4.266","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28966,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1076115,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":105675,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":76,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1346487,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3542.874 1 -total"," 42.80% 1516.503 3 Template:Reflist"," 21.53% 762.708 202 Template:Cite_web"," 12.65% 448.133 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 7.92% 280.761 74 Template:Cite_news"," 5.35% 189.700 1 Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization"," 4.66% 165.029 5 Template:Sfnp"," 4.59% 162.721 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.35% 154.098 34 Template:Cite_book"," 4.28% 151.642 1 Template:United_Arab_Emirates_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.322","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25875549,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbdulla\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl_Gumma1874\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl_Nowais2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl_Qasimi1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatrawy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatty2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiral2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosciaWhale2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinkmannGarren2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrumfield,_BenFaraj,_CarolineAbedine,_Saad2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButti_Sultan_Butti_Ali_Al-Muhairi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCousteau1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Avanzo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Butts1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDetrie,_Megan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodd2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubai_FAQs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDudley2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl_Shammaa,_Dina2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmam2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanack\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoley,_Sean1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaley2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGornall,_Jonathan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammondChaudharyHilotin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeard-Bey1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeard2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHearst,_David2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellyer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerb2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerschlag\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurriez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusain2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIISS2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_Ruzaiq1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim_AbedPeter_Hellyer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrish,_John_and_Walid,_Tamara2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamel2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhaleej_Times2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrane2009\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLancasterLancaster2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLedstrup2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorimer1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazzetti,_Mark_and_Hager,_Emily_B.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcintosh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirfendereski2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayar,_K.R.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNazzal,_Gando2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParmar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennington2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrados,_Alfred_B.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSambidge,_Andy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamtani2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandıkcıRice2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulzHorovitzRauschMichelsen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebugwaawo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiemundAl-IssaLeimgruber2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith,_Simon_C.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStack2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTausch2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTauschHeshmatiKaroui2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_National2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_New_Yorker2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToi_Staff2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopping,_Alexandra2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUAE_federal_eGovernment\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV-Dem_Institute2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitson,_Sarah_Leah2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittell,_Giles2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWigglesworth2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolley1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"Flora_and_fauna\"] = 1,\n [\"Political_divisions\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 12,\n [\"ALA-LC\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 6,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Arab League\"] = 1,\n [\"Arabian Plate\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Ayn\"] = 1,\n [\"BRICS\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 6,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 74,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 202,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 24,\n [\"Coord\"] = 3,\n [\"Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries bordering the Persian Gulf\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Emirates of the United Arab Emirates\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Gulf Cooperation Council\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 22,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Middle East\"] = 1,\n [\"Monarchies\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"NPOV language\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OPEC\"] = 1,\n [\"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Quantify\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 5,\n [\"Shanghai Cooperation Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 2,\n [\"UAE midsize imagemap with emirate names\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"United Arab Emirates topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"User-generated inline\"] = 1,\n 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