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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A2%80#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:墀">墀</a></span>; 793 – March 23, 851<sup id="cite_ref-epitaph_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epitaph-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Desheng</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">德升</span>), formally the <b>Baron of Ru'nan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">汝南男</span>), was an official of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, serving as a <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">chancellor</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xu%C4%81nzong_of_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Xuānzong of Tang">Emperor Xuānzong</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Chi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhou Chi was born in 792, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Dezong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Dezong of Tang">Emperor Dezong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epitaph_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epitaph-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family was originally from Ru'nan (汝南, in modern <a href="/wiki/Zhumadian" title="Zhumadian">Zhumadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-BT176_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT176-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and claimed ancestry from the royal family of <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, although the traceable part of Zhou Chi's male-line ancestry only went back to the <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a> official Zhou Lingchao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">周靈超</span></span>). Subsequent ancestors of Zhou Chi's served as officials of <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. Zhou Chi's grandfather Zhou Pei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">周沛</span></span>) served as an advisory official in the Tang imperial government, while his father Zhou Ting (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">周頲</span></span>) served as an imperial guard officer.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhou Chi lost his father early and was said to have served his mother piously.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT182_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT182-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He passed the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examinations</a> in the <i>Jinshi</i> class in 822, during the reign of Emperor Dezong's great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Muzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Muzong of Tang">Emperor Muzong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BT176_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT176-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, he served as a traveling review officer at Hunan Circuit (湖南, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NBT182_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT182-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_Emperor_Wenzong's_reign"><span id="During_Emperor_Wenzong.27s_reign"></span>During Emperor Wenzong's reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Chi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: During Emperor Wenzong's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At some point, probably during the reign of Emperor Muzong's son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wenzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Wenzong of Tang">Emperor Wenzong</a>, Zhou Chi was recalled to the capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> to serve as an imperial censor with the title <i>Jiancha Yushi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">監察御史</span></span>), as well as an imperial scholar at Jianxian Hall (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">集賢殿</span></span>). As Zhou was knowledgeable in history and was capable of writing in ancient styles, Emperor Wenzong respected him. When the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Zongmin" title="Li Zongmin">Li Zongmin</a> was sent out to Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>) to serve as its military governor (<i><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">jiedushi</a></i>), Li invited Zhou to serve as his military commander; Zhou was recalled to Chang'an about a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT182_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT182-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, when Emperor Wenzong's associates <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhongyan" title="Li Zhongyan">Li Xun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhu" title="Zheng Zhu">Zheng Zhu</a> became powerful, they had Li Zongmin and another chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Li_Deyu" title="Li Deyu">Li Deyu</a>, exiled, and had officials they considered friendly to either expelled from government as well, but it was said that as they could find no fault in Zhou, they could not find an excuse to expel him. Zhou was subsequently made a chief imperial chronicler (起居舍人, <i>Qiju Sheren</i>), and then made <i>Kaogong Yuanwailang</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">考功員外郎</span></span>), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, <i>Libu</i>), but continued to serve as <i>Qiju Sheren</i> as well. It was said that Emperor Wenzong, after consulting with chancellors on policy issues, often consulted his attendants for their suggestions, and Zhou was one whose opinions that Emperor Wenzong valued greatly. He was subsequently made an imperial scholar with the title <i>Hanlin Xueshi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">翰林學士</span></span>), and was put in charge of drafting edicts.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT182_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT182-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 839, there was an occasion when Emperor Wenzong, who was already ill at that point, asked Zhou was his opinion was about which ancient rulers Emperor Wenzong could be compared with. Zhou, in order to flatter Emperor Wenzong, responded that he could be compared to the mythical <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">Emperor Yao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun" title="Emperor Shun">Emperor Shun</a>. However, Emperor Wenzong, distressed at the control that the <a href="/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuch (court official)">eunuchs</a> had over his governance at that point, compared himself to <a href="/wiki/King_Nan_of_Zhou" title="King Nan of Zhou">King Nan of Zhou</a> (the last king of Zhou dynasty) and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Han" title="Emperor Xian of Han">Emperor Xian of Han</a> (the last emperor of <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>), much to Zhou Chi's shock.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ246_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ246-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_Emperor_Wuzong's_reign"><span id="During_Emperor_Wuzong.27s_reign"></span>During Emperor Wuzong's reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Chi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: During Emperor Wuzong's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Emperor Wenzong died in 840 and was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wuzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Wuzong of Tang">Emperor Wuzong</a>, Zhou Chi was sent out of Chang'an to serve as the prefect of Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Weinan" title="Weinan">Weinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>), as well as the defender of <a href="/wiki/Tong_Pass" title="Tong Pass">Tong Pass</a>. He was later made the governor (觀察使, <i>Guanchashi</i>) of Eyue Circuit (鄂岳, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>), as well as the prefect of Eyue's capital E Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鄂州</span></span>). In 846, he was made the governor of Jiangxi Circuit (江西, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>), as well as the prefect of its capital Hong Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">洪州</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-BT176_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT176-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While serving there, he carefully supervised the prefects under him, and also stationed troops at <a href="/wiki/Poyang_Lake" title="Poyang Lake">Poyang Lake</a> to curtail the banditry that was common there.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT182_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT182-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_Emperor_Xuānzong's_reign"><span id="During_Emperor_Xu.C4.81nzong.27s_reign"></span>During Emperor Xuānzong's reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Chi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: During Emperor Xuānzong's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the <i>Dazhong</i> era (847–860) of Emperor Wuzong's successor and uncle <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xu%C4%81nzong_of_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Xuānzong of Tang">Emperor Xuānzong</a>, Zhou Chi was made the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>) as well as the prefect of its capital Hua Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">滑州</span></span>); he was also given the honorary titles of minister of rites (禮部尚書, <i>Libu Shangshu</i>) and <i>Shang Zhuguo</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">上柱國</span></span>), and created the Baron of Ru'nan. He was thereafter recalled to Chang'an to serve as the deputy minister of defense (兵部侍郎, <i>Bingbu Shilang</i>) and the acting director of finances.<sup id="cite_ref-BT176_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT176-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 848, Zhou was made a chancellor <i>de facto</i> with the designation <i>Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">同中書門下平章事</span></span>), while retaining his offices as the deputy minister of defense and director of finances. When he took office, he stated to the official Wei Ao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">韋澳</span></span>), who had previously served as his staff member, "I am personally weak but have great responsibility. What suggestions do you have for me?" Wei responded, "I hope you are powerless" – a response that shocked Zhou. Wei then explained that because, as chancellor, he was to be fair and acting in the best interest of the people, without regard for personal likes or dislikes, he would thus be powerless, if he were serving properly. Zhou agreed with Wei.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ248_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, he was made, in addition to his chancellor responsibilities, minister of justice (刑部尚書, <i>Xingbu Shangshu</i>) and <i>Zhongshu Shilang</i> (中書侍郎, the deputy head of the legislative bureau of government (中書省, <i>Zhongshu Sheng</i>)), and given the honorary title <i>Yinqing Guanglu Daifu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">銀青光祿大夫</span></span>). He was also put in charge of editing the imperial history.<sup id="cite_ref-BT176_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT176-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 849, when Emperor Xuānzong wanted to know who, in the chancellors' opinions, were capable officials during the reign of his (and Emperor Muzong's) father <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xianzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xianzong of Tang">Emperor Xianzong</a>, Zhou opined that one of his predecessors as governor of Jiangxi Circuit, Wei Dan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">韋丹</span></span>), was capable and missed by the Jiangxi people long after his term. As a result, Emperor Xuānzong had the scholar <a href="/wiki/Du_Mu" title="Du Mu">Du Mu</a> author text for a monument dedicated to Wei, and promoted Wei's son Wei Zhou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">韋宙</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ248_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, though, Zhou was steadfast in his unwillingness to bow to the power of others – including his refusal to transfer the military governor <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zai" title="Wang Zai">Wang Zai</a> from Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>) to Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>) and give Wang an honorary chancellor title, as Wang had hoped; his refusal to let Emperor Xuānzong's brother-in-law Wei Rang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">韋讓</span></span>) become the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region) on the basis that Wei was not capable; and his disagreement with Emperor Xuānzong, who wanted to mobilize the army to recapture lands lost decades ago to <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tufan</a>. Emperor Xuānzong was offended, and later in 849 made Zhou the military governor of Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Mianyang" title="Mianyang">Mianyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>). After Zhou's commission was announced, Emperor Xuānzong's son-in-law, the imperial scholar Zheng Hao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">鄭顥</span></span>) commented, "Zhou Chi became chancellor due to his honest words, and also was removed from chancellorship due to his honest words." After Zheng's comment, Emperor Xuānzong, while not relenting in his order, bestowed Zhou the honorific title of <i>You Pushe</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">右僕射</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ248_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ248-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Zhou served there for a year, he considered retiring and returning to his home at the eastern capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, but he then grew ill, and decided against retiring until he grew better. He never did, however, and he died in 851. He was given posthumous honors. He had been predeceased by his wife Lady Jiang, but was survived by two sons, Zhou Kuanrao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">周寬饒</span></span>) and Zhou Xianxi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">周咸喜</span></span>), both of whom served as imperial officials, as well as a daughter who married the official Xue Meng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">薛蒙</span></span>). His casket was returned to and buried in Luoyang in 851.<sup id="cite_ref-epitaph_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epitaph-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Chi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That Zhou Chi's grandfather was named Zhou Pei and father named Zhou Ting are based on the table of the chancellors' family trees in the <i>New Book of Tang</i>; Zhou's biography in the <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i> had the names reversed. Compare <i>New Book of Tang</i>, vol. 74 with <i>Old Book of Tang</i>, vol. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Li Zongmin served as the military governor of Shannan West from 833 to 834, Zhou's service under him must have been during that time, and the timeframe would imply that he was recalled when Li was. See <i>Old Book of Tang</i>, vol. 176.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Chi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-epitaph-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epitaph_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epitaph_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epitaph_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Du_Mu" title="Du Mu">Du Mu</a>, <i><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%94%90%E6%95%85%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%9D%E7%AF%80%E5%BA%A6%E6%AA%A2%E6%A0%A1%E5%8F%B3%E4%BB%86%E5%B0%84%E5%85%BC%E7%A6%A6%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB%E8%B4%88%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E5%91%A8%E5%85%AC%E5%A2%93%E8%AA%8C%E9%8A%98" class="extiw" title="zh:s:唐故東川節度檢校右仆射兼禦史大夫贈司徒周公墓誌銘">Epitaph of the Tang Deceased <i>Jiedushi</i> of Dongchuan Circuit, Acting <i>You Pushe</i>, <i>Yushi Daifu</i>, Posthumously-Honored <i>Situ</i>, Lord Zhou</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/">Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar Converter</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BT176-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BT176_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT176_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT176_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT176_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BT176_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7176" class="extiw" title="zh:s:舊唐書/卷176">vol. 176</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i>, vol. 74.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417172947/http://www.sidneyluo.net:80/a/a17/074.htm">"漢川草廬-二十四史-新唐書-卷七十四‧表第十四"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/074.htm">the original</a> on April 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%BC%A2%E5%B7%9D%E8%8D%89%E5%BB%AC-%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B2-%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8-%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E2%80%A7%E8%A1%A8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sidneyluo.net%2Fa%2Fa17%2F074.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhou+Chi" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620183503/http://sidneyluo.net/a/a17/table/form85.htm">"新唐書-宰相世系四(周氏)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/table/form85.htm">the original</a> on June 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8-%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8%E4%B8%96%E7%B3%BB%E5%9B%9B%28%E5%91%A8%E6%B0%8F%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sidneyluo.net%2Fa%2Fa17%2Ftable%2Fform85.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhou+Chi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBT182-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBT182_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT182_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT182_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT182_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT182_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Book of Tang</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7182" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新唐書/卷182">vol. 182</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ246-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ246_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7246" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷246">vol. 246</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ248-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ248_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ248_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ248_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7248" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷248">vol. 248</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Chi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang" title="Old Book of Tang">Old Book of Tang</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7176" class="extiw" title="zh:s:舊唐書/卷176">vol. 176</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7182" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新唐書/卷182">vol. 182</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7246" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷246">246</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7248" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷248">248</a>.</li> <li><i>All Tang Texts</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">全唐文</span></span>), vol. 755.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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title="Li Yifu">Li Yifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linghu_Defen" title="Linghu Defen">Linghu Defen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linghu_Tao" title="Linghu Tao">Linghu Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Youqiu" title="Liu Youqiu">Liu Youqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Congyi" title="Liu Congyi">Liu Congyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(historian)" title="Liu Zhi (historian)">Liu Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhiji" title="Liu Zhiji">Liu Zhiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Sui" title="Lu Sui">Lu Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiangxian" title="Lu Xiangxian">Lu Xiangxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu_Sengru" title="Niu Sengru">Niu Sengru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Ji_(Late_Tang)" title="Pei Ji (Late Tang)">Pei Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Xiu_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Pei Xiu (Tang dynasty)">Pei Xiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Yanling" title="Pei Yanling">Pei Yanling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Kang_(official)" title="Qi Kang (official)">Qi Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_Deyu" title="Quan Deyu">Quan Deyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Zhen" title="Sima Zhen">Sima Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Gui" title="Su Gui">Su Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Chengqing" title="Wei Chengqing">Wei Chengqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Chuhou" title="Wei Chuhou">Wei Chuhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Mo" title="Wei Mo">Wei Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Zheng" title="Wei Zheng">Wei Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Zhigu" title="Wei Zhigu">Wei Zhigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Zhiyi" title="Wei Zhiyi">Wei Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Sansi" title="Wu Sansi">Wu Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Hua_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Xiao Hua (Tang dynasty)">Xiao Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Song" title="Xiao Song">Xiao Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Zhizhong" title="Xiao Zhizhong">Xiao Zhizhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jingzong" title="Xu Jingzong">Xu Jingzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yan_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Yang Yan (Tang dynasty)">Yang Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wan" title="Yang Wan">Yang Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Silian" title="Yao Silian">Yao Silian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Zai" title="Yuan Zai">Yuan Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xi_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhang Xi (Tang dynasty)">Zhang Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yanyuan" title="Zhang Yanyuan">Zhang Yanyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhang Yi (Tang dynasty)">Zhang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yue_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhang Yue (Tang dynasty)">Zhang Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Yanzhao" title="Zhao Yanzhao">Zhao Yanzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Lang" title="Zheng Lang">Zheng Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Su" title="Zheng Su">Zheng Su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Tan" title="Zheng Tan">Zheng Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yin_(Middle_Tang)" title="Zheng Yin (Middle Tang)">Zheng Yin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhou Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Jingze" title="Zhu Jingze">Zhu Jingze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Qinming" title="Zhu Qinming">Zhu Qinming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8071008#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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