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Waiver - Wikipedia

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id="toc-Illegal_waiver_or_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_health_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_health_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>State health programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_health_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%BAncia" title="Renúncia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Renúncia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCcktritt" title="Rücktritt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rücktritt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renuncia" title="Renuncia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Renuncia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demisio" title="Demisio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Demisio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimisio" title="Dimisio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dimisio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezign%C3%A1cia" title="Rezignácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rezignácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_t%E1%BB%AB_ch%E1%BB%A9c" title="Văn hóa từ chức – Vietnamese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Surrender of a right or privilege</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Waivers_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Waivers (disambiguation)">Waivers (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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When the right to hold a person liable through a lawsuit is waived, the waiver may be called an <a href="/wiki/Exculpation" class="mw-redirect" title="Exculpation">exculpatory clause</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liability_waiver" title="Liability waiver">liability waiver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legal_release" title="Legal release">legal release</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hold_harmless" class="mw-redirect" title="Hold harmless">hold harmless</a> clause. </p><p>In some cases, parties may sign a "non-waiver" contract which specifies that no rights are waived, particularly if a person's actions may suggest that rights are being waived. This is particularly common in insurance. Sometimes the elements of "voluntary" and "known" are established by a <a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">legal fiction</a>. In this case, one is presumed to know one's rights and that those rights are voluntarily relinquished if not asserted at the time. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, regulatory agencies of state departments or the federal government may issue waivers to exempt companies from certain regulations. For example, a 2010 law restricted the size of banks, but when banks exceeded these sizes, they obtained waivers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">civil procedure</a>, certain arguments must be raised in the first objection that a party submits to the <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a>, or else they will be deemed waived. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enforceability">Enforceability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waiver&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Enforceability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following represent a general overview of considerations; specifics may vary dramatically depending on the jurisdiction. </p><p>Key factors that some courts (depending on jurisdiction) may look at while determining the applicability of a waiver:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <ul><li>In some jurisdictions, one may not prospectively waive liability for some or all intentional activities</li> <li>Waivers generally must be made voluntarily and with the full knowledge (or the ability to know) of the right being waived</li> <li>The waiver should be unambiguous and clear to a reasonable person</li> <li>In some jurisdictions (not including the United States), it may be necessary that the parties to the waiver have equal bargaining power</li> <li>A waiver may have limited application where one contracts for an "essential service" such that it may violate public policy for liability to be waived</li> <li>A waiver that the courts will not enforce because the purpose of the agreement is to achieve an illegal end constitutes an <a href="/wiki/Illegal_agreement" title="Illegal agreement">illegal agreement</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waiver&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_jurisdiction">Personal jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waiver&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Personal jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of <i>Insurance Corp. of Ireland v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee</i>, 456 U.S. 694 (1982) the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> decided that when a court orders a party to produce proof on a certain point, and that party refuses to comply with the court's order, the court may deem that refusal to be a waiver of the right to contest that point and assume that the proof would show whatever the opposing party claims that it would. </p><p>In that court case, the <a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendant</a> had argued that the court lacked <a href="/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction" title="Personal jurisdiction">personal jurisdiction</a> over it but refused a court order to produce evidence of this lack of jurisdiction. The defendant argued that, because the court lacked jurisdiction, the court had no authority to issue an order to show proof of the lack of jurisdiction. The Supreme Court rejected that argument and determined that the defendant's refusal to comply waived the right to contest jurisdiction, just as if it had never contested jurisdiction at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal_waiver_or_agreement">Illegal waiver or agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waiver&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Illegal waiver or agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In US states such as <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, a waiver is not lawful when it is contrary to an express provision of law, its implicit policy, or good morals.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Furthermore, one cannot waive responsibility for violation of law, willful injury to a person or property of another, for fraud, or waive their residential tenant rights.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_health_programs">State health programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waiver&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: State health programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Section 1115 of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a>, the United States federal government may issue waivers to individual states so that they may provide <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program" title="Children&#39;s Health Insurance Program">Children's Health Insurance Program</a> (CHIP) in different ways from how the law typically mandates provision.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waiver&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, standing orders adopted by <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">local councils</a> typically designate limits on the level of authority delegated to staff to take action without approval by elected members, with provision being made to waive these limits in appropriate circumstances such as urgency or where the requirements for competition in <a href="/wiki/Public_procurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Public procurement">public procurement</a> cannot be engaged.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waiver&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disclaimer" title="Disclaimer">Disclaimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel" title="Estoppel">Estoppel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_agreement" title="Illegal agreement">Illegal agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loan_waiver" title="Loan waiver">Loan waiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort_reform" title="Tort reform">Tort reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiver_and_forfeiture" class="mw-redirect" title="Waiver and forfeiture">Waiver and forfeiture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waiver&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/business/22fail.html?_r=0">Financial Debate Renews Scrutiny on Banks’ Size</a>. New <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/us/politics/those-call">http://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/us/politics/those-call</a> </i> <i>Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/cacode/CIV/5/d3/2/4/s1667">CAL. CIV. CODE § 1667</a>: That is not lawful which is: 1. Contrary to an express provision of law; 2. Contrary to the policy of express law, though not expressly prohibited; or, 3. Otherwise contrary to good morals.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/cacode/CIV/5/d3/2/4/s1668">CAL. CIV. CODE § 1668</a>: All contracts which have for their object, directly or indirectly, to exempt any one from responsibility for his own fraud, or willful injury to the person or property of another, or violation of law, whether willful or negligent, are against the policy of the law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.onecle.com/california/civil/1953.html">CAL. CIV. CODE § 1953</a>: (a) Any provision of a lease or rental agreement of a dwelling by which the lessee agrees to modify or waive any of the following rights shall be void as contrary to public policy: (1) His rights or remedies under Section 1950.5 or 1954. (2) His right to assert a cause of action against the lessor which may arise in the future. (3) His right to a notice or hearing required by law. (4) His procedural rights in litigation in any action involving his rights and obligations as a tenant. (5) His right to have the landlord exercise a duty of care to prevent personal injury or personal property damage where that duty is imposed by law. (b) Any provision of a lease or rental agreement of a dwelling by which the lessee agrees to modify or waive a statutory right, where the modification or waiver is not void under subdivision (a) or under Section 1942.1, 1942.5, or 1954, shall be void as contrary to public policy unless the lease or rental agreement is presented to the lessee before he takes actual possession of the premises. This subdivision does not apply to any provisions modifying or waiving a statutory right in agreements renewing leases or rental agreements where the same provision was also contained in the lease or rental agreement which is being renewed. (c) This section shall apply only to leases and rental agreements executed on or after January 1, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Medicare_%26_Medicaid_Services" title="Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services">Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-Topics/Waivers/Waivers.html">Waivers</a>, accessed 19 August 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Broads_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Broads Authority">Broads Authority</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broads-authority.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/211745/Procedure-for-Waiving-of-Standing-Orders.pdf">Procedure for Waiving of Standing Orders</a>, 7 July 2015, accessed 19 August 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council" title="Brighton and Hove City Council">Brighton and Hove City Council</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Constitution/Part%207.5%20Contract%20Standing%20Orders%20CLEAN%2016.4.21%20v1.pdf">Constitution: Part 7.5 Contract Standing Orders</a>, Standing Order 20, accessed 19 August 2023</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7885d66c88‐fs2mt Cached time: 20250331030146 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.168 seconds Real time usage: 0.230 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 770/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 33296/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9167/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 12738/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.093/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2740020/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 201.824 1 -total 42.84% 86.471 1 Template:Multiple_issues 30.27% 61.096 1 Template:Short_description 29.41% 59.347 1 Template:More_citations_needed 28.61% 57.740 2 Template:Ambox 17.81% 35.944 2 Template:Pagetype 9.90% 19.976 1 Template:Other_uses 9.24% 18.640 1 Template:Citation_needed 7.91% 15.967 1 Template:Fix 7.45% 15.040 5 Template:Main_other --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:1020044:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250331030146 and revision id 1275542286. 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