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incognita</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Meloidogyne incognita"> <meta name="keywords" content="Meloidogyne incognita"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Meloidogyne incognita"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 20</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Meloidogyne incognita</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Developing Cucurbitacin a Minimum Inhibition Concentration of Meloidogyne Incognita Using a Computer-Based Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zakheleni%20P.%20Dube">Zakheleni P. Dube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phatu%20W.%20Mashela"> Phatu W. Mashela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of a chemical that brings about significant inhibition of target organism. The conventional method for establishing the MIC for phytonematicides is tedious. The objective of this study was to use the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Data (CARD) to determine the MIC for pure cucurbitacin A on Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) hatch, immobility and mortality. Meloidogyne incognita eggs and freshly hatched J2 were separately exposed to a series of pure cucurbitacin A concentrations of 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.25 and 2.50 μg.mL⁻¹for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h in an incubator set at 25 ± 2°C. Meloidogyne incognita J2 hatch, immobility and mortality counts were determined using a stereomicroscope and the significant means were subjected to the CARD model. The model exhibited density-dependent growth (DDG) patterns of J2 hatch, immobility and mortality to increasing concentrations of cucurbitacin A. The average MIC for cucurbitacin A on M. incognita J2 hatch, immobility and mortality were 2.2, 0.58 and 0.63 µg.mL⁻¹, respectively. Meloidogyne incognita J2 hatch had the highest average MIC value followed by mortality and immobility had the least. In conclusion, the CARD model was able to generate MIC for cucurbitacin A, hence it could serve as a valuable tool in the chemical-nematode bioassay studies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhibition%20concentration" title="inhibition concentration">inhibition concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytonematicide" title=" phytonematicide"> phytonematicide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity%20index" title=" sensitivity index"> sensitivity index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threshold%20stimulation" title=" threshold stimulation"> threshold stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=triterpenoids." title=" triterpenoids."> triterpenoids.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72586/developing-cucurbitacin-a-minimum-inhibition-concentration-of-meloidogyne-incognita-using-a-computer-based-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72586.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Visualization of Interaction between Pochonia Chlamydosporia and Meloidogyne Incognita and Their Impact on Tomato Crop </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saifullah%20K.">Saifullah K.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Naziruddin%20Saifullah"> Muhammad Naziruddin Saifullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20N."> Muhammad N.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The bio control potential and mechanism of P. chlamydosporia against Meloidogyne incognita was evaluated in the present study. Under invitro conditions, P. chlamydosporia was tested for parasitism of eggs and females of M. incognita. The results indicated that this fungus parasitized 87% eggs and 82% females. Culture filtrate (CF) of P. chlamydosporia was tested for its larvicide activity against M. incognita 2nd stage juvenile. The maximum mortality was 97.3% at 100% concentration of the culture filtrate while minimum mortality was 7.3% in 25% concentration after 24 hrs. The result of the pot experiment proved that P. chlamydosporia has reduced the incidence of RKN and improved all tested agronomic growth parameters. The treatment with inoculated M. incognita alone reduced plant height, fresh shoot, and fresh root weight by 44.7%, 29.8%, and 32.8% respectively over uninoculated healthy control. Histopathological studies on the interaction of Pochonia chlamydosporia and Meloidogyne incognita on tomato roots revealed anatomical changes among treatments. Less number of galls with small in size and scarcer abnormalities in the vascular cylinder was observed in plants inoculated with P. chlamydosporia and M. incognita than the plants treated with nematode only. The fungus was seen in in the intercellular spaces of cortical and epidermal cells while the vascular bundles of the plant remain intact, inoculated only with P. chlamydosporia. In the infected roots, many mature females were seen which feed on giant cells. The findings also revealed that control healthy plants were not affected and no histological changes were noted. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histopathology" title="histopathology">histopathology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pochonia%20chlamydosporia" title=" Pochonia chlamydosporia"> Pochonia chlamydosporia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meloidogyne%20incognita" title=" Meloidogyne incognita"> Meloidogyne incognita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato" title=" tomato "> tomato </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121166/visualization-of-interaction-between-pochonia-chlamydosporia-and-meloidogyne-incognita-and-their-impact-on-tomato-crop" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121166.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Effects of Green Walnut Husk and Olive Pomace Extracts on Growth of Tomato Plants and Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasemin%20Kavdir">Yasemin Kavdir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ugur%20Gozel"> Ugur Gozel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted to determine the nematicidal activity of green walnut husk (GWH) and olive pomace (OP) extracts against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Aqueous extracts of GWH and OP were mixed with sandy loam soil at the rates of 0, 6,12,18,24, 60 and 120 ml kg-1. All pots were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times under controlled atmosphere conditions. Tomato seedlings were grown in sterilized soil then they were transplanted to pots. Inoculation was done by pouring the 20 ml suspension including 1000 M. incognita juvenile pot-1 into 3 cm deep hole made around the base of the plant root. Tomato root and shoot growth and nematode populations have been determined. In general, both GWH and OP extracts resulted in better growth parameters compared to the control plants. However, GWH extract was the most effective in improving growth parameters. Applications of 24 ml kg-1 OP extract enhanced plant growth compared to other OP treatments while 60 ml kg-1 application rate had the lowest nematode number and root galling. In this study, applications of GWH and OP extracts reduced the number of Meloidogyne incognita and root galling compared to control soils. Additionally GWH and OP extracts can be used safely for tomato growth. It could be concluded that OP and GWH extracts used as organic amendments showed promising nematicidal activity in the control of M. incognita. This research was supported by TUBİTAK Grant Number 214O422. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=olive%20pomace" title="olive pomace">olive pomace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20walnut%20husk" title=" green walnut husk"> green walnut husk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meloidogyne%20incognita" title=" Meloidogyne incognita"> Meloidogyne incognita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato" title=" tomato"> tomato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil"> soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extract" title=" extract"> extract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74902/effects-of-green-walnut-husk-and-olive-pomace-extracts-on-growth-of-tomato-plants-and-root-knot-nematode-meloidogyne-incognita" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74902.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Comparison of Overall Sensitivity of Meloidogyne incognita to Pure Cucurbitacins and Cucurbitacin-Containing Crude Extracts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zakheleni%20P.%20Dube">Zakheleni P. Dube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phatu%20W.%20Mashela"> Phatu W. Mashela </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Data (CARD) model had been adopted as a valuable tool in enhancing the understanding of the efficacy of cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides on the suppression of nematodes. In most cases, for registration purposes, the active ingredients should be in purified form. Evidence in other phytonematicides suggested that purified active ingredients were less effective in suppression of nematodes. The objective of this study was to use CARD model to compare the overall sensitivities of Meloidogyne incognita J2 hatch, mobility and mortality to Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides, cucurbitacin A, Nemafric-BL phytonematicide and cucurbitacin B. Meloidogyne incognita eggs and J2 were exposed to 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50, 4.00, 4.50 and 5.00% of each phytonematicide, whereas in purified form the concentrations were 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.25 and 2.50 μg.mL⁻¹. The exposure period to each concentration was 24-, 48- and 72-h. The overall sensitivities of J2 hatch to Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, cucurbitacin A, Nemafric-BL phytonematicide and cucurbitacin B were 1, 30, 5 and 2 units, respectively, whereas J2 mobiltity were 3, 17, 3 and 6 units, respectively. For J2 mortality overall sensitivities to Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, cucurbitacin A, Nemafric-BL phytonematicide and cucurbitacin B were 2, 4, 1 and 4 units, respectively. In conclusion, the two crude extracts, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were generally more potent to M. incognita compared to their pure active ingredients. The crude plant extract preparation is easy, and they could be an ideal tactic for the management of nematodes in resource poor farming communities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Botanicals" title="Botanicals">Botanicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucumin" title=" cucumin"> cucumin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leptodermin" title=" leptodermin"> leptodermin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20extracts" title=" plant extracts"> plant extracts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=triterpenoids" title=" triterpenoids"> triterpenoids</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72585/comparison-of-overall-sensitivity-of-meloidogyne-incognita-to-pure-cucurbitacins-and-cucurbitacin-containing-crude-extracts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72585.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">209</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Host Status of Pitaya Genotypes Fruit to Meloidogyne enterolobii and M. incognita</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Freitas%20Vania%20Moreira">Freitas Vania Moreira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rodrigues%20B.%20B."> Rodrigues B. B.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Araujo%20M.B."> Araujo M.B.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silva%20D.%20R."> Silva D. R.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sousa%20A.%20C."> Sousa A. C.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Araujo%20K.%20P."> Araujo K. P.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pimentel%20R.%20R."> Pimentel R. R.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cares%20J.%20E."> Cares J. E.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junqueira%20N.%20T.%20V."> Junqueira N. T. V. </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Pitahayas are cactus native from America and abundant in arid regions. The cultivation is based mainly on the following species: Hylocereus undatus, H. polyrhizus, H. setaceus and H. megalanthus, being H. undatus the most cultivated in Brazil. The pitahaya cultivation is recent in Brazil and is concentrated in São Paulo. Meloidogyne enterolobii is of unknown origin being distributed in several countries. This nematode has recently been detected in Brazil causing damage in several crops. Similarly, M. incognita is a widely distributed pathogen in Brazil. The objective of this study is to evaluate the following accesses of pitahaya to M. enterolobii: CPAC- Py H. hundatus 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07 and 08; CPAC - Py H. costaricense 8A; CPAC - Py Selenicereus setaceus 17 and CPAC - Py S. megalantus 22. And the following accesses to M. incognita: CPAC- Py H. hundatus 05; CPAC - Py H. costaricense 8A; CPAC - Py S. setaceus 17 and CPAC - Py S. megalantus 22. According to the results, CPAC – Py H. hundatus 01, 02, 03, 04 and 07 were considered resistant. While CPAC - Py 05 and 08 was susceptible. CPAC-Py 06 also was considered susceptible, because there was the reaction of susceptibility in one of the trials. Given this wide diversity in H. hundatus and being this species the most cultivated in Brazil it is suggested to work more with this material in Embrapa Cerrados. CPAC - Py H. costaricense 8A behaved as susceptible in one of the trials. CPAC - Py S. setaceus 17 and CPAC – Py S. megalantus 22 were considered highly susceptible. The susceptibility of S. megalantus is widely described in the literature. In relation to M. incognita, there were differences between the results in both experiments, but all behaved as susceptible in at least one of the tests. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pitaya" title="pitaya">pitaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meloidogyne" title=" meloidogyne"> meloidogyne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fruit" title=" fruit"> fruit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance" title=" resistance"> resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94504/host-status-of-pitaya-genotypes-fruit-to-meloidogyne-enterolobii-and-m-incognita" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94504.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Resistance to the South African Root-Knot Nematode Population Densities in Artemisia annua: An Anti-Malaria Ethnomedicinal Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kgabo%20Pofu">Kgabo Pofu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hintsa%20Araya"> Hintsa Araya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dean%20Oelofse"> Dean Oelofse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonja%20Venter"> Sonja Venter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20Du%20Plooy"> Christian Du Plooy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phatu%20Mashela"> Phatu Mashela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nematode resistance to the tropical root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes is one of the most preferred nematode management strategies in development of smallholder resource-poor farming systems. Due to its pharmacological and ethnomedicinal applications, Artemisia annua is one of the underutilised crops that have attracted attention of policy-makers in rural agrarian development in South Africa. However, the successful introduction of this crop in smallholder resource-poor farming systems could be upset by the widespread aggressive Meloidogyne species, which have limited management options. The objective of this study therefore was to determine the degree of nematode resistance to the South African M. incognita and M. javanica population densities on A. annua seedlings. Uniform three-week-old seedlings in pots containing pasteurised growing medium under greenhouse conditions were inoculated using a series of eggs and second-stage juveniles of two Meloidogyne species in separate trials. At 56 days after inoculation, treatments were highly significant on reproductive factor (RF) for M. incognita and M. javanica on A. annua, contributing 87 and 89% in total treatment variation of the variables, respectively. At all levels of inoculation, RF values for M. incognita (0.17-0.79) and M. javanica (0.02-0.29) were below unity, without any noticeable root galls. Infection of A. annua by both Meloidogyne species had no significant effects on growth variables. In conclusion, A. annua seedlings are resistant to the South African M. incognita and M. javanica population densities and could therefore be explored further for use in smallholder resource-poor farming systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnomedicial%20plants" title="ethnomedicial plants">ethnomedicial plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal%20plants" title=" medicinal plants"> medicinal plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underutilised%20crops" title=" underutilised crops"> underutilised crops</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20parasitic%20nematodes" title=" plant parasitic nematodes"> plant parasitic nematodes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72643/resistance-to-the-south-african-root-knot-nematode-population-densities-in-artemisia-annua-an-anti-malaria-ethnomedicinal-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72643.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Evaluation of the Predatory Mites' Manner against Root-Knot Nematode Using Water Agar Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelrady%20K.%20Nasr">Abdelrady K. Nasr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ezzat%20M.%20A.%20Noweer"> Ezzat M. A. Noweer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20M.%20Ramadan"> Mahmoud M. Ramadan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and White (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae), is one of the most important plant-parasitic nematodes attacking large numbers of vegetable and fruit plants in Egypt. Moreover, the soil predatory mites (Protogamasellopsisdenticus (Nasr), Gaeolaelaps longus (Hafez, El-Badry and Nasr) and Cosmolaelapskeni(Hafez, El-Badry and Nasr) are one of the excellent agents for biocontrol, this study was designed to evaluate the predation of the root-knot nematode (M. incognita) using water agar technique. The water agar medium was used as an experimental medium to rear both the mentioned mites and egg masses; these media allowed observe the development and predacious manner. The present study revealed that the predatory mites successfully developed and reproduced their egg masses. The mean life cycle of the tested mites P. denticus, G. longus, and C.keni were 10.33, 12.00, and 9.77 days, respectively. The mean total life span of the female of P. denticus, G. longus, and C. keni on egg-mases of M. incognita were obtained 63.44, 77.55 and 70.11 days, respectively, and the mean total fecundity of predatory mites, P. denticus, G.longus, and C. keni on egg-mases nematode were observed 62.66, 31.61 and 11.83 eggs, respectively. The mean total number of eggs laid by female P. denticus was significantly higher than other predatory mites, G. longus and C. keni. According to the obtained results, the tested predacious mites can be applied to combat the spreading of M. incognita in the agriculture field as a safe and effective biological control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20control" title="biological control">biological control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant-parasitic%20nematodes" title=" plant-parasitic nematodes"> plant-parasitic nematodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predaceous%20mites" title=" predaceous mites"> predaceous mites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20agar" title=" water agar"> water agar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174142/evaluation-of-the-predatory-mites-manner-against-root-knot-nematode-using-water-agar-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174142.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Efficacy of Nemafric-BL Phytonematicide on Suppression of Root-Knot Nematodes and Growth of Tomato Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pontsho%20E.%20Tseke">Pontsho E. Tseke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phatu%20W.%20Mashela"> Phatu W. Mashela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides had been consistent in suppressing root-knot (Meloidogyne species) when used in dried crude form, with limited evidence whether the efficacy could be affected when fresh fruits were used during fermentation. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide prepared using fermented crude extracts of fresh fruit from wild watermelon (Cucumis africanus) on the growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants and suppression of Meloidogyne species. Seedlings of tomato cultivar ‘Floradade’ were inoculated with 3 000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita race 2 in pot trials, with treatments comprising 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 % Nemafric-BL phytonematicide. At 56 days after inoculation, the phytonematicide reduced eggs and J2 in roots by 84-97%, J2 in soil by 49-96% and total nematodes by 70-97%. Plant variables and concentrations of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations, with 74-98% associations. In conclusion, fresh fruit of C. africanus could be used for the preparation of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide, particularly in cases where the dry infrastructure is not available. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cucurbitacin%20B" title="Cucurbitacin B">Cucurbitacin B</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=density-dependent%20growth" title=" density-dependent growth"> density-dependent growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20microorganisms" title=" effective microorganisms"> effective microorganisms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quadratic%20relations" title=" quadratic relations"> quadratic relations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72583/efficacy-of-nemafric-bl-phytonematicide-on-suppression-of-root-knot-nematodes-and-growth-of-tomato-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72583.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Inactivation of Root-Knot Nematode Eggs Meloidogyne enterolobii in Irrigation Water Treated with Ozone</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20A.%20Landa-Fernandez">I. A. Landa-Fernandez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Monje-Ramirez"> I. Monje-Ramirez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20T.%20Orta-Ledesma"> M. T. Orta-Ledesma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Every year plant-parasitic nematodes diminish the yield of high-value crops worldwide causing important economic losses. Currently, Meloidogyne enterolobii has increased its importance due to its high aggressiveness, increasing geographical distribution and host range. Root-knot nematodes inhabit the rhizosphere soil around plant roots. However, they can come into contact with irrigation water. Thus, plant-parasitic nematodes can be transported by water, as eggs or juveniles. Due to their high resistance, common water disinfection methods are not effective for inactivating these parasites. Ozone is the most effective disinfectant for microbial inactivation. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that ozone treatment is an alternative method control in irrigation water of the root-knot nematode M. enterolobii. It has been shown that ozonation is an effective treatment for the inactivation of protozoan cysts and oocysts (Giardia and Cryptosporidium) and for other species of the genus Meloidogyne (M. incognita), but not for the enterolobii specie. In this study, the strain of M. enterolobii was isolated from tomatoes roots. For the tests, eggs were used and were inoculated in water with similar characteristics of irrigation water. Subsequently, the disinfection process was carried out in an ozonation unit. The performance of the treatments was evaluated through the egg's viability by assessing its structure by optical microscopy. As a result of exposure to ozone, the viability of the nematode eggs was reduced practically in its entirety; with dissolved ozone levels in water close to the standard concentration (equal to 0.4 mgO₃/L), but with high contact times (greater than 4 min): 0.2 mgO₃/L for 15 minutes or 0.55 mgO₃/L for 10 minutes. Additionally, the effect of temperature, alkalinity and organic matter of the water was evaluated. Ozonation is effective and a promising alternative for the inactivation of nematodes in irrigation water, which could contribute to diminish the agricultural losses caused by these organisms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inactivation%20process" title="inactivation process">inactivation process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigation%20water%20treatment" title=" irrigation water treatment"> irrigation water treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ozonation" title=" ozonation"> ozonation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant-parasite%20nematodes" title=" plant-parasite nematodes"> plant-parasite nematodes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92871/inactivation-of-root-knot-nematode-eggs-meloidogyne-enterolobii-in-irrigation-water-treated-with-ozone" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92871.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Application of Metarhizium anisopliae against Meloidogyne javanica in Soil Amended with Oak Debris</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Abdollahi">Mohammad Abdollahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tomato (<em>Lycopersicon esculentum</em> Mill.) is one of the most popular, widely grown and the second most important vegetable crop, after potatoes. Nematodes have been identified as one of the major pests affecting tomato production throughout the world. The most destructive nematodes are the genus <em>Meloidogyne</em>. Most widespread and devastating species of this genus are <em>M. incognita</em>, <em>M. javanica</em>, and <em>M. arenaria</em>. These species can cause complete crop loss under adverse growing conditions. There are several potential methods for management of the root knot nematodes. Although the chemicals are widely used against the phytonematodes, because of hazardous effects of these compounds on non-target organisms and on the environment, there is a need to develop other control strategies. Nowadays, non-chemical measures are widely used to control the plant parasitic nematodes. Biocontrol of phytonematodes is an important method among environment-friendly measures of nematode management. There are some soil-inhabiting fungi that have biocontrol potential on phytonematodes, which can be used in nematode management program. The fungus <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em>, originally is an entomopathogenic bioagent. Biocontrol potential of this fungus on some phytonematodes has been reported earlier. Recently, use of organic soil amendments as well as the use of bioagents is under special attention in sustainable agriculture. This research aimed to reduce the pesticide use in control of root-knot nematode, <em>Meloidogyne javanica</em> in tomato. The effects of <em>M. anisopliae</em> IMI 330189 and different levels of oak tree debris on <em>M. javanica </em>were determined. The combination effect of the fungus as well as the different rates of soil amendments was determined. Pots were filled with steam pasteurized soil mixture and the six leaf tomato seedlings were inoculated with 3000 second stage larvae of <em>M. javanica</em>/kg of soil. After eight weeks, plant growth parameters and nematode reproduction factors were compared. Based on the results of our experiment, combination of <em>M. anisopliae</em> IMI 330189 and oak debris caused more than 90% reduction in reproduction factor of nematode, at the rates of 100 and 150 g/kg soil (P ≤ 0.05). As compared to control, the reduction in number of galls was 76%. It was 86% for nematode reproduction factor, showing the significance of combined effect of both tested agents. Our results showed that plant debris can increase the biological activity of the tested bioagent. It was also proved that there was no adverse effect of oak debris, which potentially has antimicrobial activity, on antagonistic power of applied bioagent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20control" title="biological control">biological control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nematode%20management" title=" nematode management"> nematode management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20soil" title=" organic soil"> organic soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Quercus%20branti" title=" Quercus branti"> Quercus branti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=root%20knot%20nematode" title=" root knot nematode"> root knot nematode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20amendment" title=" soil amendment"> soil amendment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82033/application-of-metarhizium-anisopliae-against-meloidogyne-javanica-in-soil-amended-with-oak-debris" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82033.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Biocontrol Effectiveness of Indigenous Trichoderma Species against Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici on Tomato </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hajji%20Lobna">Hajji Lobna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chattaoui%20Mayssa"> Chattaoui Mayssa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Regaieg%20Hajer"> Regaieg Hajer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M%27Hamdi-Boughalleb%20Naima"> M'Hamdi-Boughalleb Naima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rhouma%20Ali"> Rhouma Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Horrigue-Raouani%20Najet"> Horrigue-Raouani Najet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, three local isolates of <em>Trichoderma</em> (Tr1: <em>T. viride</em>, Tr2: <em>T. harzianum</em> and Tr3: <em>T. asperellum</em>) were isolated and evaluated for their biocontrol effectiveness under <em>in vitro</em> conditions and in greenhouse. <em>In vitro</em> bioassay revealed a biopotential control against <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> f. sp. <em>radicis lycopersici</em> and <em>Meloidogyne javanica </em>(RKN) separately. All species of <em>Trichoderma</em> exhibited biocontrol performance and (Tr1) <em>Trichoderma viride</em> was the most efficient. In fact, growth rate inhibition of <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> f. sp. <em>radicis lycopersici</em> (FORL) was reached 75.5% with Tr1. Parasitism rate of root-knot nematode was 60% for juveniles and 75% for eggs with the same one. Pots experiment results showed that Tr1 and Tr2, compared to chemical treatment, enhanced the plant growth and exhibited better antagonism against root-knot nematode and root-rot fungi separated or combined. All <em>Trichoderma</em> isolates revealed a bioprotection potential against <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> f. sp. <em>radicis lycopersici</em>. When pathogen fungi inoculated alone, Fusarium wilt index and browning vascular rate were reduced significantly with Tr1 (0.91, 2.38%) and Tr2 (1.5, 5.5%), respectively. In the case of combined infection with Fusarium and nematode, the same isolate of <em>Trichoderma</em> Tr1 and Tr2 decreased Fusarium wilt index at 1.1 and 0.83 and reduced the browning vascular rate at 6.5% and 6%, respectively. Similarly, the isolate Tr1 and Tr2 caused maximum inhibition of nematode multiplication. Multiplication rate was declined at 4% with both isolates either tomato infected by nematode separately or concomitantly with Fusarium. The chemical treatment was moderate in activity against <em>Meloidogyne javanica</em> and <em>Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. </em><em>radicis lycopersici</em> alone and combined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trichoderma%20spp." title="trichoderma spp.">trichoderma spp.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meloidogyne%20javanica" title=" meloidogyne javanica"> meloidogyne javanica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fusarium%20oxysporum%20f.sp.radicis%20lycopersici" title=" Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.radicis lycopersici"> Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.radicis lycopersici</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocontrol" title=" biocontrol"> biocontrol</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50717/biocontrol-effectiveness-of-indigenous-trichoderma-species-against-meloidogyne-javanica-and-fusarium-oxysporum-f-sp-radicis-lycopersici-on-tomato" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50717.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Evaluation of Nematicidal Action of Some Botanicals on Plant-Parasitic Nematode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yakshita%20Awasthi"> Yakshita Awasthi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepika"> Deepika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lovleen%20Jha"> Lovleen Jha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Archna%20Kumar"> Archna Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> From the back of centuries, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) have been recognized as a major threat to agriculturalists globally. It causes 21.3% global food loss annually. The utilization of harmful chemical pesticides to minimize the nematode population may cause acute and delayed health hazards and harmful impacts on human health. In recent years, a variety of plants have been evaluated for their nematicidal properties and efficacy in the management of plant-parasitic nematodes. Several Phyto-nematicides are available, but most of them are incapable of sustainable management of PPN, especially Meloidogyne spp. Thus, there is a great need for a new eco-friendly, highly efficient, sustainable control measure for this nematode species. Keeping all these facts and after reviewing the literature, aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus, Tagetes erecta, and Azadirachta indica were prepared by adding distilled water (1 g sample mixed with 10ml of water). In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacious nature of targeted botanicals against PPN Meloidogyne spp. The mortality status of PPN was recorded by counting the live and dead individuals after applying 100μl of selected extract. The impact was observed at different time durations, i.e., 24h and 48h. The result showed that the highest 100% mortality was at 48h in all three extracts. Thus, these extracts, with the addition of a suitable shelf-life enhancer, may be exploited in different nematode control programs as an economical, sustainable measure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meloidogyne" title="Meloidogyne">Meloidogyne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cymbopogon%20citratus" title=" Cymbopogon citratus"> Cymbopogon citratus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tagetes%20erecta" title=" Tagetes erecta"> Tagetes erecta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azadirachta%20indica" title=" Azadirachta indica"> Azadirachta indica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nematicidal" title=" nematicidal"> nematicidal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149073/evaluation-of-nematicidal-action-of-some-botanicals-on-plant-parasitic-nematode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149073.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Effect of Active Compounds Extracted From Tagetes Erecta Against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepika">Deepika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kashika%20Kapoor"> Kashika Kapoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nistha%20Khanna"> Nistha Khanna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lakshmi"> Lakshmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Archna%20Kumar"> Archna Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Plant-parasitic nematodes cause major loss in global food production and destroying at least 21.3% of food annually. About 4100 species of plant-parasitic nematodes are reported, out of this, Meloidogyne species is prominent and worldwide in distribution. Observing the harmful effects of chemical based nematicides, there is a great need for an eco-friendly, highly efficient, sustainable control measure for Meloidogyne. Therefore, In vitro study was carried out to observe the impact of volatile cues obtained from the Tagetes erecta leaves on plant parasitic nematodes. Volatile cues were collected from marigold leaves. For chemical characterization, GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) profiling was conducted. VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) profile of marigold indicated the presence of several types of alkanes, alkenes varying in number and quantity. Status of nematodes population by counting the live and dead individuals after applying a definite volume (100µl) of extract was recorded at different concentrations (100%, 50%, 25%) with contrast of control (hexane) during different time durations i.e.,24hr, 48hr and 72hr. Result indicated that mortality increases with increasing time (72hr) and concentration (100%) i.e., 50%. Thus, application of prominent compound present in Marigold in pure form may be tested individually or in combination to find out the most efficient active compound/s, which may be highly useful in eco-friendly management of targeted plant parasitic nematode. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant-parasitic%20nematode" title="plant-parasitic nematode">plant-parasitic nematode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meloidogyne" title=" meloidogyne"> meloidogyne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tagetes%20erecta" title=" tagetes erecta"> tagetes erecta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volatile%20organic%20compounds" title=" volatile organic compounds"> volatile organic compounds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149074/effect-of-active-compounds-extracted-from-tagetes-erecta-against-plant-parasitic-nematodes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149074.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Interaction of Cucurbitacin-Containing Phytonematicides and Biocontrol Agents on Cultivated Tomato Plants and Nematode Numbers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacqueline%20T.%20Madaure">Jacqueline T. Madaure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phatu%20W.%20Mashela"> Phatu W. Mashela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Interactive effects of cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides and biocontrol agents on growth and nematode suppression on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) had not been documented. The objective of this study was to determine the interactive effects of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide, Trichoderma harzianum and Steinernema feltiae on growth of tomato plants and suppression of root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes. A 2x2x2 trial was conducted using tomato cv. ‘HTX’ on a field infested with Meloidogyne species. The treatments were applied at commercial rates. At 56 days after treatments, interactions were significant (P ≤ 0.05) for selected plant variables, without significant interactions on nematode variables. In conclusion, results of the current study did not support the combination of the test products for nematode suppression, except that some combinations improved plant growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucumis%20africanus" title="cucumis africanus">cucumis africanus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucurbitacin%20b" title=" cucurbitacin b"> cucurbitacin b</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnobotanicals" title=" ethnobotanicals"> ethnobotanicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20nematodes" title=" entomopathogenic nematodes"> entomopathogenic nematodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20enemies" title=" natural enemies"> natural enemies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20extracts" title=" plant extracts"> plant extracts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72591/interaction-of-cucurbitacin-containing-phytonematicides-and-biocontrol-agents-on-cultivated-tomato-plants-and-nematode-numbers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Egg Hatching Inhibition Activity of Volatile Oils Extracted from Some Medicinal and Aromatic Plants against Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne hapla</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anil%20F.%20Felek">Anil F. Felek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehmet%20M.%20Ozcan"> Mehmet M. Ozcan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faruk%20Akyazi"> Faruk Akyazi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Volatile oils of medicinal and aromatic plants are important for managing nematological problems in agriculture. In present study, volatile oils extracted from five medicinal and aromatic plants including Origanum onites (flower+steam+leaf), Salvia officinalis (leaf), Lippia citriodora (leaf+seed), Mentha spicata (leaf) and Mentha longifolia (leaf) were tested for egg hatching inhibition activity against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla under laboratory conditions. The essential oils were extracted using water distillation method with a Clevenger system. For the homogenisation process of the oils, 2% gum arabic solution was used and 4 µl oils was added into 1ml filtered gum arabic solution to prepare the last stock solution. 5 ml of stock solution and 1 ml of M. hapla egg suspension (about 100 eggs) were added into petri dishes. Gum arabic solution was used as control. Seven days after exposure to oils at room temperature (26±2 °C), the cumulative hatched and unhatched eggs were counted under 40X inverted light microscope and Abbott’s formula was used to calculate egg hatching inhibition rates. As a result, the highest inhibition rate was found as 54% for O. onites. In addition, the other inhibition rates varied as 31.4%, 21.6%, 23.8%, 25.67% for the other plants, S. officinalis, M. longifolia, M. spicata and L. citriodora, respectively. Carvacrol was found as the main component (68.8%) of O. onites followed by Thujone 27.77% for S. officinalis, I-Menthone 76.92% for M. longifolia, Carvone 27.05% for M. spicata and Citral 19.32% for L. citriodora. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=egg%20hatching" title="egg hatching">egg hatching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meloidogyne%20hapla" title=" Meloidogyne hapla"> Meloidogyne hapla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal%20and%20aromatic%20plants" title=" medicinal and aromatic plants"> medicinal and aromatic plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=root-knot%20nematodes" title=" root-knot nematodes"> root-knot nematodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volatile%20oils" title=" volatile oils"> volatile oils</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69105/egg-hatching-inhibition-activity-of-volatile-oils-extracted-from-some-medicinal-and-aromatic-plants-against-root-knot-nematode-meloidogyne-hapla" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69105.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Impact of Water Deficit and Nematode Infection Stress on Growth and Physiological Responses of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Areej%20A.%20Alzarqaa">Areej A. Alzarqaa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahira%20S.%20Roushdy"> Shahira S. Roushdy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20A.%20Alderfasi"> Ali A. Alderfasi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fahad%20A.%20AL-Yahya"> Fahad A. AL-Yahya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20Dawaba"> Ahmed A. Dawaba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The resistance of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczeck) and its physiological responses to drought stress was studied in a greenhouse pot experiment. A randomized complete block Design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement having three replications of each treatment was used. Treatments included three water deficit samples (80%, 40% and 20% of field capacity), two mungbean genotypes (Kawmay-1 and VC2010) and two root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) infection levels (infected and non-infected). Results showed that water deficit stress significantly hampered most of the studied parameters, except for the shoot water content, whereas genotypes showed highly significant differences for stomatal conductance, shoot dry weight and leaf area. Shoot water content was found to be non-significant in relation to chlorophyll b, shoot dry weight and leaf area, whereas highly significant but negatively correlated with chlorophyll a and stomatal conductance. However, all other possible correlations among studied parameters were found to be highly and positively significant. Results also showed that VC 2010 surpassed Kawmay-1 in most of studied characteristics. In the present study, genotypic variation was observed for these parameters and can be used as a basis for selection of the most promising variety under drought conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drought%20stress" title="drought stress">drought stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meloidogyne%20javanica" title=" Meloidogyne javanica"> Meloidogyne javanica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mungbean" title=" mungbean"> mungbean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stomatal%20conductivity" title=" stomatal conductivity"> stomatal conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaf%20area" title=" leaf area"> leaf area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=root-knot%20nematode" title=" root-knot nematode"> root-knot nematode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shoot%20water%20content" title=" shoot water content"> shoot water content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5146/impact-of-water-deficit-and-nematode-infection-stress-on-growth-and-physiological-responses-of-mungbean-vigna-radiata-l" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5146.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Influence of Cucurbitacin-Containing Phytonematicides on Nematode Biocontrol Agent: Trichoderma harzianum</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacqueline%20T.%20Madaure">Jacqueline T. Madaure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phatu%20W.%20Mashela"> Phatu W. Mashela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides consistently suppress root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematode population densities. However, the impact of these products on nematode biocontrol agents is not documented. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides on growth of Trichoderma harzianum under in vitro conditions. The two phytonematicides were separately prepared to concentrations of 3% and used in poison plate assays. After exposure at different times from 0 to 72 h, there was 100% mycelial growth of T. harzianum. In conclusion, at the recommended concentrations of phytonematicides used in managing nematode population densities, there was no evidence of suppressive effects on growth of T. harzianum by the two phytonematicides. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=botanicals" title="botanicals">botanicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crude%20extracts" title=" crude extracts"> crude extracts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucumis%20africanus" title=" cucumis africanus"> cucumis africanus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucumis%20myriocarpus" title=" cucumis myriocarpus"> cucumis myriocarpus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucurbitacin%20a" title=" cucurbitacin a"> cucurbitacin a</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucurbitacin%20b" title=" cucurbitacin b"> cucurbitacin b</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnomedicinal%20plants" title=" ethnomedicinal plants"> ethnomedicinal plants</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72590/influence-of-cucurbitacin-containing-phytonematicides-on-nematode-biocontrol-agent-trichoderma-harzianum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72590.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Introduction of a New and Efficient Nematicide, Abamectin by Gyah Corporation, Iran, for Root-knot Nematodes Management Planning Programs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiva%20Mardani">Shiva Mardani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Nasr-Esfahani"> Mehdi Nasr-Esfahani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majid%20Olia"> Majid Olia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Molahosseini"> Hamid Molahosseini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Hassanzadeh%20Khankahdani"> Hamed Hassanzadeh Khankahdani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Plant-parasitic nematodes cause serious diseases on plants and effectively reduce food production in quality and quantity worldwide, with at least 17 nematode species in the three important and major genera, including Meloidogyne, Heterodera, and Pratylenchus. Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp. with the dominant species, Meloidogynejavanica, are considered as the important plant pathogens of agricultural products globally. The hosts range can be vegetables, bedding plants, grasses, shrubs, numerous weeds, and trees, including forests. In this study, chemical management was carried out on RKN, M. javanica, to investigate the efficacy of Iranian Abamectin insecticide product [acaricide Abamectin (Vermectin® 2% EC, Gyah Corp., Iran)] verses imported normal Abamectin available in the Iran markets [acaricide Abamectin (Vermectin® 1.8% EC, Cropstar Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.)] each of which at the rate of 8 L./ha, on Tomatoes, Solanumlycopersicum L., (No. 29-41, Dutch company Siemens) as a test plant, and the controls (infested to RKN and without any chemical pesticides treatments); and (sterile soil without any RKN and chemical pesticides treatments) at the greenhouse in Isfahan, Iran. The trails were repeated thrice. The results indicated a highly significant reduction in RKN population and an increase in biomass parameters at 1% level of significance, respectively. Relatively similar results were obtained in all the three experiments conducted on tomato root-knot nematodes. The treatments of Gyah-Abamectin (51.6%) and external Abamectin (40.4%) had the highest to least effect on reducing the number of larvae in the soil compared to the infected controls, respectively. Gyah-Abamectin by 44.1% and then external one by 31.9% had the highest effect on reducing the number of larvae and eggs in the root and 31.4% and 24.1% reduction in the number of galls compared to the infected controls, respectively. Based on priority, Gyah-Abamectin (47.4 % ) and external Abamectin (31.1 %) treatments had the highest effect on reducing the number of egg- masses in the root compared to the infected controls, with no significant difference between Gyah-Abamectin and external Abamectin. The highest reproduction of larvae and egg in the root was observed in the infected controls (75.5%) and the lowest in the healthy controls (0.0%). The highest reduction in the larval and egg reproduction in the roots compared to the infected controls was observed in Gyah-Abamectin and the lowest in the external one. Based on preference, Gyah-Abamectin (37.6%) and external Abamectin (26.9%) had the highest effect on the reduction of the larvae and egg reproduction in the root compared to the infected controls, respectively. Regarding growth parameters factors, the lowest stem length was observed in external Abamectin (51.9 cm), with nosignificantly different from Gyah-Abamectin and healthy controls. The highest root fresh weight was recorded in the infected controls (19.81 gr.) and the lowest in the healthy ones (9.81 gr.); the highest root length in the healthy controls (22.4 cm), and the lowest in the infected controls and external Abamectin (12.6 and 11.9 cm), respectively. Conclusively, the results of these three tests on tomato plants revealed that Gyah-Abamectin 2% compared to external Abamectin 1.8% is competitive in the chemical management of the root nematodes of these types of products and is a suitable alternative in this regard. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solanum%20lycopersicum" title="solanum lycopersicum">solanum lycopersicum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vermectin" title=" vermectin"> vermectin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title=" biomass"> biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato" title=" tomato"> tomato</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158434/introduction-of-a-new-and-efficient-nematicide-abamectin-by-gyah-corporation-iran-for-root-knot-nematodes-management-planning-programs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158434.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Field Application of Trichoderma Harzianum for Biological Control of Root-Knot Nematodes in Summer Tomatoes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baharullah%20Khattak">Baharullah Khattak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saifullah"> Saifullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To study the efficacy of the selected Trichoderma isolates, field trials were conducted in the root-knot nematode-infested areas of Dargai and Swat, Pakistan. Four isolates of T. harzianum viz, Th-1, Th-2, Th-9 and Th-15 were tested against root knot nematodes on summer tomatoes under field conditions. The T. harzianum isolates, grown on wheat grains substrate, were applied @ 8 g plant-1, either alone or in different combinations. Root weight of tomato plants was reduced Th-9 as compared to 26.37 g in untreated control. Isolate Th-1 was found to enhance shoot and root lengths to the maximum levels of 78.76 cm and 19.59 cm, respectively. Tomato shoot weight was significantly increased (65.36g) in Th-1-treated plots as compared to 49.66 g in control. Maximum (156) number of flowers plant-1 and highest (48.18%) fruit set plant-1 was observed in Th-1 treated plots, while there were 87 flowers and 35.50% fruit set in the untreated control. Maximum fruit weight (70.97 g) plant-1 and highest (17.99 t ha-1) marketable yield were recorded in the treatments where T. harzianum isolate Th-1 was used, in comparison to 51.33 g tomato fruit weight and 9.90 t ha-1 yield was noted in the control plots. It was observed that T. harzianum isolates significantly reduced the nematode populations. The fungus enhanced plant growth and yield in all the treated plots. Jabban isolate (Th-1) was found as the most effective in nematode suppression followed by Shamozai (Th-9) isolate. It was concluded from the present findings that T. harzianum has a potential bio control capability against root-knot nematodes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20control" title="biological control">biological control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trichoderma%20harzianum" title=" Trichoderma harzianum"> Trichoderma harzianum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=root-knot%20nematode" title=" root-knot nematode"> root-knot nematode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meloidogyne" title=" meloidogyne"> meloidogyne</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22204/field-application-of-trichoderma-harzianum-for-biological-control-of-root-knot-nematodes-in-summer-tomatoes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22204.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">497</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Academia as Creator of Emerging, Innovative Communities of Practice and Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20Julio%20Batle%20Lorente">Francisco Julio Batle Lorente</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present paper aims at presenting a new category of role for academia: proactive creator/promoter of communities of practice in emerging areas of innovation. It is based in research among practitioners in three different areas: social entrepreneurship, alumni engaged in entrepreneurship and innovation, and digital nomads. The concept of CoP is related to an intentionally created space to share experiences and collectively reflect on the cases arising from practice. Such an endeavour is not contemplated in the literature on academic roles in an explicit way. The goal of the paper is providing a framework for this function and throw some light on the perception and priorities of members of emerging communities (78 alumni, 154 social entrepreneurs, and 231 digital nomads) regarding community, learning, engagement, and networking, areas in which the university can help and, by doing so, contributing to signal the emerging area and creating new opportunities for the academia. The research methodology was based in Survey research. It is a specific type of field study that involves the collection of data from a sample of elements drawn from a well-defined population through the use of a questionnaire. It was considered that survey research might be valuable to the present project and help outline the utility of various study designs and future projects with the emerging communities that are the object of the investigation. Open questions were used for different topics, as well as critical incident technique. It was used a standard technique for survey sampling and questionnaire design. Finally, it was defined a procedure for pretesting questionnaires and for data collection. The questionnaire was channelled by means of google forms. The results indicate that the members of emerging, innovative CoPs and learning such the ones that were selected for this investigation lack cohesion, inspiration, networking, opportunities for creation of social capital, opportunities for collaboration beyond their existing and close network. The opportunity that arises for the academia from proactively helping articulate CoP (and Communities of learning) are related to key elements of any CoP/ CoL: community construction approaches, technological infrastructure, benefits, participation issues and urgent challenges, trust, networking, technical ability/training/development and collaboration. Beyond training, other three areas (networking, collaboration and urgent challenges) were the ones in which the contribution of universities to the communities were considered more interesting and workable to practitioners. The analysis of the responses for the open questions related to perception of the universities offer options for terra incognita to be explored for universities (signalling new areas, establishing broader collaborations with research, government, media and corporations, attracting investment). Based on the findings from this research, there is some evidence that CoPs can offer a formal and informal method of professional and interprofessional development for member of any emerging and innovative community and can decrease social and professional isolation. The opportunity that it offers to academia can increase the entrepreneurial and engaged university identity. It also moves to academia into a realm of civic confrontation of present and future challenges in a more proactive way. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20innovation" title="social innovation">social innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20roles%20of%20academia" title=" new roles of academia"> new roles of academia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20of%20learning" title=" community of learning"> community of learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20of%20practice" title=" community of practice"> community of practice</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164812/academia-as-creator-of-emerging-innovative-communities-of-practice-and-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164812.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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