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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transitional charter</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transitional_charter-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transitional charter subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transitional_charter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Part_I:_democratic_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_I:_democratic_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Part I: democratic Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_I:_democratic_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_II:_Principles_guiding_foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_II:_Principles_guiding_foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Part II: Principles guiding foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_II:_Principles_guiding_foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_III:_Structure_and_Composition_of_the_Transitional_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_III:_Structure_and_Composition_of_the_Transitional_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Part III: Structure and Composition of the Transitional Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_III:_Structure_and_Composition_of_the_Transitional_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_IV:_Transitional_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_IV:_Transitional_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Part IV: Transitional programme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_IV:_Transitional_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_V:_Legality_of_the_charter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_V:_Legality_of_the_charter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Part V: Legality of the charter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_V:_Legality_of_the_charter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_federalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_federalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ethnic federalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_federalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_abuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_abuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human rights abuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_abuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%96" title="Пераходны ўрад Эфіопіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пераходны ўрад Эфіопіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cbergangsregierung_%C3%84thiopiens" title="Übergangsregierung Äthiopiens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Übergangsregierung Äthiopiens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_de_transici%C3%B3n_de_Etiop%C3%ADa" title="Gobierno de transición de Etiopía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno de transición de Etiopía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_de_transition_d%27%C3%89thiopie" title="Gouvernement de transition d'Éthiopie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement de transition d'Éthiopie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Transisi_Etiopia" title="Pemerintahan Transisi Etiopia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerintahan Transisi Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_di_transizione_dell%27Etiopia" title="Governo di transizione dell'Etiopia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Governo di transizione dell'Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ממשלת המעבר האתיופית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממשלת המעבר האתיופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E6%9A%AB%E5%AE%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="エチオピア暫定政府 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エチオピア暫定政府" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_de_transi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Eti%C3%B3pia_(1991-1995)" title="Governo de transição da Etiópia (1991-1995) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governo de transição da Etiópia (1991-1995)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Переходное Правительство Эфиопии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Переходное Правительство Эфиопии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopiens_%C3%B6verg%C3%A5ngsregering" title="Etiopiens övergångsregering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Etiopiens övergångsregering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="รัฐบาลเปลี่ยนผ่านเอธิโอเปีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐบาลเปลี่ยนผ่านเอธิโอเปีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D0%95%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%97" title="Перехідний уряд Ефіопії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перехідний уряд Ефіопії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="埃塞俄比亚过渡政府 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃塞俄比亚过渡政府" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q332071#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia&params=9_1.8_N_38_44.4_E_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°1.8′N</span> <span class="longitude">38°44.4′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.0300°N 38.7400°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.0300; 38.7400</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1991–1995 provisional government of Ethiopia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Ethiopia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="Amharic-language text"><span lang="am">ኢትዮጵያ</span></span></li> <li><span title="Amharic-language text"><i lang="am">Ītyōṗṗyā</i></span></li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1991–1995</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1991%E2%80%931996).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ethiopia"><img alt="Flag of Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Ethiopia"><img alt="Emblem of Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg/70px-Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg/105px-Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg/140px-Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Ethiopia" title="Emblem of Ethiopia"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ethiopia,_Ethiopia,_Ethiopia_be_first" title="Ethiopia, Ethiopia, Ethiopia be first">Ethiopia, Ethiopia, Ethiopia be first</a>" (1991–1992)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="66" data-mwtitle="Ethiopia,_Ethiopia,_Ethiopia_be_first_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Ethiopia%2C_Ethiopia%2C_Ethiopia_be_first_%28instrumental%29.ogg/Ethiopia%2C_Ethiopia%2C_Ethiopia_be_first_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Ethiopia%2C_Ethiopia%2C_Ethiopia_be_first_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/March_Forward,_Dear_Mother_Ethiopia" title="March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia">March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia</a>" (1992–1995)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="84" data-mwtitle="Wedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Wedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/Wedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg/Wedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg&lang=aeb-arab&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="aeb-Arab" label="تونسي ‪(aeb-arab)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg&lang=am&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="am" label="አማርኛ ‪(am)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg&lang=ang&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ang" label="Ænglisc ‪(ang)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg&lang=ceb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ceb" label="Cebuano ‪(ceb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg&lang=ch&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ch" label="Chamoru ‪(ch)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg&lang=mn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mn" label="монгол ‪(mn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg&lang=om&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="om" label="Oromoo ‪(om)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg&lang=ti&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ti" label="ትግርኛ ‪(ti)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWedefit_Gesgeshi_Widd_Innat_Ittyoppya.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia_in_its_region_(before_1993).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Territory of Ethiopia until May 24, 1993"><img alt="Territory of Ethiopia until May 24, 1993" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethiopia_in_its_region_%28before_1993%29.svg/250px-Ethiopia_in_its_region_%28before_1993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethiopia_in_its_region_%28before_1993%29.svg/375px-Ethiopia_in_its_region_%28before_1993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ethiopia_in_its_region_%28before_1993%29.svg/500px-Ethiopia_in_its_region_%28before_1993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="315" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory of Ethiopia until May 24, 1993</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ethiopia" title="Politics of Ethiopia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Ethiopia">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1991–1995 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Ethiopia" title="List of heads of government of Ethiopia">Prime minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1991–1995 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamrat_Layne" title="Tamrat Layne">Tamrat Layne</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Representatives_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of Representatives of Ethiopia (page does not exist)">Council of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data">Post–Cold War</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Civil war</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_independence_referendum,_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean independence referendum, 1993">Eritrean referendum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23–25 April 1993</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Eritrean secession </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 1993</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Constituent_Assembly_election,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Constituent Assembly election, 1994">Constituent election</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 June 1994</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_general_election,_1995" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian general election, 1995">General election</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">May–June 1995</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1995_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1995 Constitution of Ethiopia">Constitution adopted</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1995</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1991<sup id="cite_ref-CIA1991_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA1991-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,221,900 km<sup>2</sup> (471,800 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1993<sup id="cite_ref-CIA1993_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,127,127 km<sup>2</sup> (435,186 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1995<sup id="cite_ref-CIA1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,127,127 km<sup>2</sup> (435,186 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1991<sup id="cite_ref-CIA1991_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA1991-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">53,191,127</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1993<sup id="cite_ref-CIA1993_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">53,278,446</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1995<sup id="cite_ref-CIA1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">55,979,018</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Ethiopian birr</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ETB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ethiopia" title="Telephone numbers in Ethiopia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">251</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ET" title="ISO 3166-2:ET">ET</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">State of Eritrea</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Eritrea_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Eritrea_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Eritrea_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Eritrea_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Eritrea_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Eritrea_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:auto; max-width:30em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed;"><div class="fn org">Provisional Government of Ethiopia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1991%E2%80%931996).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281991%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><br />Cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg/300px-Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg/400px-Emblem_of_Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date formed</th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991-05-28</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1995-08-21</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">People and organisations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Head of government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamrat_Layne" title="Tamrat Layne">Tamrat Layne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Member parties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_People%27s_Liberation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigrayan People's Liberation Front">Tigrayan People's Liberation Front</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oromo_People%27s_Democratic_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo People's Democratic Organization">Oromo People's Democratic Organization</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amhara_National_Democratic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara National Democratic Movement">Amhara National Democratic Movement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ethiopian_People%27s_Democratic_Movement" title="Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement">Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status in legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zenawi_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenawi cabinet">Zenawi cabinet</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>Transitional Government of Ethiopia</b> (<b>TGE</b>) was an era established immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front</a> (EPRDF) seized power from the Marxist-Leninist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a> (PDRE) in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the transitional period, <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a> served as the president of the TGE while <a href="/wiki/Tamrat_Layne" title="Tamrat Layne">Tamrat Layne</a> was prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other major shifts in the country's political institutions, it was under the authority of the TGE that the realignment of provincial boundaries on the basis of ethnolinguistic identity occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TGE was in power until 1995, when it transitioned into the reconstituted <a href="/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a> that remains today.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Derg">Fall of the Derg</a></div> <p>In May 1991, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">PDRE</a> (1987-1991) was <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Derg">overthrown</a> by forces consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">TPLF</a> and the TPLF-controlled <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">EPRDF</a> with the promise that a recognition of human rights, democracy, the liberalization of the economic sector, and political rehabilitation were soon to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PDRE, the country's newest civilian regime, was actually dominated by leaders of the preceding <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> (1974-1987) a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> that seized power by overthrowing the long-ruling <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Emperor Haile Selassie I</a> in 1974. The Derg (meaning "committee" or "council") and its leaders were known for dramatically restructuring the country's political and economic institutions, often through the use of suppression and fear, while transforming the central government's role in domestic affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programs such as the extensive <a href="/wiki/Villagization_(Ethiopia)" title="Villagization (Ethiopia)">villagization</a> schemes carried out in various parts of the country further served as a testament to the regime's commitment to radical reform measures.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once in power, the leaders of the PDRE continued pursuing their aims as former Derg leaders, such as by resuming forced resettlement programs that were deemed nonviable by many and were ultimately met with a considerable amount of international criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have noted that the fall of the PDRE was largely made possible by the loss of both financial and military support from the dwindling Soviet Union, which had previously backed the Derg following their seizure of power in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EPRDF capitalized on the mismanaged PDRE's weakening state and general unpopularity when rebel forces officially seized power from the PRDE in May 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the EPRDF secured the nation's capital, a "National Conference on Peace and Reconciliation" was called in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Held in July 1991, the conference was intended to outline a transitional framework for the period following the newest regime change.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> Some notable ethnicity-based political movements that were present include the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_Liberation_Front" title="Oromo Liberation Front">Oromo Liberation Front</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Afar_Liberation_Front" title="Afar Liberation Front">Afar Liberation Front</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">Western Somali Liberation Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any political organizations that wanted to attend was required to be centered around ethnic identity; thus, several organizations were quickly created for that purpose, resulting in the rapid development of urban elite-led ethnicity-based movements.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> Any person or political organization that had been associated with Mengistu Haile Mariam's <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Ethiopia" title="Workers' Party of Ethiopia">Workers' Party of Ethiopia</a> was also not permitted to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transitional_charter">Transitional charter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transitional charter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1991 conference ultimately resulted in the adoption of the "Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia" and the official establishment of a transitional government.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much to the relief of the international community, the conference attendees agreed on major transformations of the country's political and economic systems that would usher in liberal institutions that were purportedly intended to guarantee fair representation, encourage plurality, and demand transparency at the executive level.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p><p>This and other key initiatives of the TGE were outlined in the Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, which was divided into five parts: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_I:_democratic_Rights">Part I: democratic Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Part I: democratic Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Explicitly drawing from the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, Article One of the Charter declares that every individual is entitled to the following:</p><blockquote><p>"a. The freedom of conscience, expression, association, and peaceable assembly; b. The right to engage in unrestricted political activity and to organize political parties, provided the exercise of such right does not infringe upon the rights of others."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Article Two concerns the rights of "nations, nationalities, and peoples" in Ethiopia, referring to the various ethnolinguistic groups in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only does the Charter protect nationalities' right to exercise their autonomy, but it also allows them to secede ("self-determination of independence") if they so wish.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_II:_Principles_guiding_foreign_policy">Part II: Principles guiding foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Part II: Principles guiding foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section briefly affirms the TGE's authority to "abide by all mutual agreements that respect the sovereignty of Ethiopia and are not contrary to the interests of the People."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it grants subnational governments the right to form their own relationships with foreign organizations if it is for the purpose of humanitarian or relief efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_III:_Structure_and_Composition_of_the_Transitional_Government">Part III: Structure and Composition of the Transitional Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Part III: Structure and Composition of the Transitional Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section outlines the structure of the Transitional Government, starting with the establishment of a Council of Representatives, which "shall be composed of representatives of national liberation movements, other political organizations and prominent individuals, to make-up a total of no more than 87 members."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council of Representatives was also responsible for supporting the work of the unelected Council of Ministers, which primarily consisted of members selected by the heads of state (president, prime minister, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_IV:_Transitional_programme">Part IV: Transitional programme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Part IV: Transitional programme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part IV provides a general outline of the remaining actions to be taken during the transitional period. It assigns the Council of Representatives with the responsibility to oversee the creation of a draft constitution that would eventually be presented to the Constituent Assembly before being formally adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article twelve briefly mandates that elections for a National Assembly, must be held within the following two years; the Transitional Government was expected to hand over power to the parties who make up a majority of the Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The second section of Part IV expresses the Transitional Government's commitment to relief efforts supporting those whose lives had been severely impacted by armed conflict, violence on behalf of the previous regime, and to "the rehabilitation of those forceably [sic] uprooted by the previous regime's policy of villagisation and resettlement."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article Seventeen makes an additional reference to the state of inter-ethnic relations in the country"</p><blockquote><p>"[The Transitional Government] shall make special efforts to dispel ethnic mistrust and eradicate the ethnic hatred that have been fostered by the previous regimes."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_V:_Legality_of_the_charter">Part V: Legality of the charter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Part V: Legality of the charter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part V proclaims the Charter's authority as "the supreme law of the land for the duration of the transitional period," effective 22 July 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) was a coalition of various ethnically-based political movement created by the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), a guerrilla movement formed in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a> region of northern Ethiopia in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> The TPLF was at the core of the EPRDF, although other political movements in the coalition included the Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (which later became the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Democratic_Party" title="Amhara Democratic Party">Amhara National Democratic Movement</a>, representing those from what is now known as the Amhara region of the country) and the Oromo People's Democratic Organisation (OPDO), representing those from the Oromia region of Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p><p>1992 marked the first elections of the transitional period, which were held to select representatives for 14 new regional assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> The main political movements competing for power were the EPRDF, the All Amhara People's Organisation, and the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF). During the campaign cycle, various opposition movements (including the OLF) publicly withdrew from the races, complaining that the threats and intimidation tactics allegedly used by the EPRDF would make it impossible for the elections to be free and fair.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meles_Zenawi_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Meles_Zenawi_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg/170px-Meles_Zenawi_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Meles_Zenawi_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg/254px-Meles_Zenawi_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Meles_Zenawi_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg/339px-Meles_Zenawi_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="3043" /></a><figcaption>Meles Zenawi in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>The potential for the EPRDF to assume total power in the Transitional Government was suspected by many from the beginning. At the 1991 National Conference on Peace and Reconciliation, one foreign onlooker commented that "[although the 1991 conference may not have resulted in a one party government[,] its convention reflects to a large degree a one party dynamic."<sup id="cite_ref-:22_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> The terms of the resulting charter were likewise mainly drawn from the key ideals of the EPRDF (particularly those of the TPLF).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the president of the TGE was <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a>, chairman of the TPLF; his colleague, fellow EPRDF leader <a href="/wiki/Tamrat_Layne" title="Tamrat Layne">Tamrat Layne</a>, became the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> Thirty-two of the eighty-seven seats in the Council of Representatives were filled by EPRDF members as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TGE also took steps to cleanse the government of any traces of the previous regime, such as removing and replacing the occupants of almost all senior government posts, reorganizing all state agencies and institutions, and disbanding the Derg's large military force.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_federalism">Ethnic federalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethnic federalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> One of the most dramatic political changes overseen by the Transitional Government was the realignment of provincial boundaries on the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">basis of ethnolinguistic identity.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the beginning of Ethiopia's first federal administrative structure, made up of nine <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">regional states</a> (singular: ክልል <i>kilil; plural: kililoch</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 157">: 157 </span></sup> Article Two of the Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia formally proclaims the rights of ethnic groups within the country, which are officially referred to as nations or nationalities<sup id="cite_ref-:52_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:</p><blockquote><p>"The right of nations, nationalities and peoples to self-determination is affirmed. to this end, each nation, nationality and people is guaranteed the right to: </p><p>a./ Preserve its identity and have it respected, promote its culture and history and use and develop its language; </p><p>b./ Administer its own affairs within its own defined territory and effectively participate in the central government on the basis of freedom, and fair and proper representation; </p><p> c./ Exercise its right to self determination of independence, when the concerned, nation/nationality and people is convinced that the above rights are denied, abridged or abrogated."</p></blockquote><p>As such, one of the TGE's main aims was to establish a devolution of political power down to ethnic divisions, arguing that it was an essential move if the country wanted to lessen conflicts across ethnic lines, ensure a fairer distribution of resources across the country, and increase efficiency within the public sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 159">: 159 </span></sup> By 1994, the ethnically-based regions of <a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_Region" title="Benishangul-Gumuz Region">Benishangul-Gumuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oromia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia Region">Oromia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harari_Region" title="Harari Region">Harari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gambela_Region" title="Gambela Region">Gambela</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nations,_Nationalities,_and_Peoples%27_Region" title="Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region">Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)</a>, a diverse region inhabited by at least 40 different ethnic groups, were formally established.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163">: 163 </span></sup> Addis Ababa, defined as a federal district, and later <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a> were declared to be ethnically diverse chartered cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg/301px-Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="301" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg/452px-Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg/602px-Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary political boundaries of Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <p>It is commonly suggested by scholars that the EPRDF's decision to establish a federal administrative structure along ethnic lines was a move towards reinforcing its political dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-:34_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:34-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:43_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By dividing the country and facilitating the creation of accompanying ethnically-based parties under the government's control, the TPLF (which represented less than 10% of the country's population) could intensify its hold on power.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> Dissatisfied opposition parties argued that this form of federalization was not appropriate for the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> For instance, the All Amhara People's Organisation (AAPO) and the Ethiopian Democratic Union Party expressed in 2000 that they preferred a strong unitary state with representation of the country's nationalities at the core.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> Other groups, such as the Oromo National Congress (ONC) and the Ethiopia Democratic Party (EDP), were not opposed to the idea of establishing a federal system, arguing that it set the foundation for regional autonomy, but believed that it was a mistake for it to conducted along ethnic lines.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_abuses">Human rights abuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Human rights abuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the transitional period, the Transitional Government of Ethiopia was criticized by various human rights organizations for abuses ranging from extrajudicial executions to unlawful detentions.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the establishment of the TGE in 1991, when the EPRDF first took power, human rights organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> expressed optimism about the future of the state of human rights in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the previous regime under Mengistu, human rights groups could not exist; following May 1991, however, human rights watchdogs such as the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Human_Rights_Council" title="Ethiopian Human Rights Council">Ethiopian Human Rights Council</a>, the Ethiopian Congress for Democrats, and the human rights committee of the Committee of Eleven were established.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, hopes were quickly dashed following a pattern of rights violations aimed at political dissidents across the country. </p><p>For instance, at least ten demonstrators in Addis Ababa were killed while protesting the EPRDF in their early days of power.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115">: 115 </span></sup> In addition, an estimated 5,000-100,000+ members (including jailed former soldiers) of the previous PDRE were swiftly imprisoned under the TGE.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some were later released, many others were held without being officially charged or having a trial.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115">: 115 </span></sup> Members of Mengistu's Workers' Party of Ethiopia were also not permitted to travel abroad or go back to work if they were previously detained by the EPRDF for the duration of the year, but generally found themselves able to do so in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From May 1991 to the end of the year, the EPRDF is suspected to have committed dozens of <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> despite the government's lack of information surrounding state-sanctioned executions.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup> </p><p>The 1992 elections for 14 new regional assemblies were widely criticized by international observers who asserted that instances of fraud and the arrests of opposition leaders rendered the elections' results, which overwhelmingly favored the EPRDF, meaningless.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127">: 127 </span></sup> For instance, in many cases, candidates representing the All-Amhara People's Organization were prevented from registering themselves in various constituencies.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, candidates representing the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) were threatened, harassed, and detained by the EPRDF.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a law that lifted nearly all of the censorship restrictions enacted by the PDRE, much of the media was still controlled by the government and many journalists were still reluctant to risk challenging the TGE or raising awareness of the regime's abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the TGE created a Special Prosecutor's Office to begin investigating government personnel associated with the previous regime or Mengistu's <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Ethiopia" title="Workers' Party of Ethiopia">Worker's Party of Ethiopia</a>, deciding to formally suspend <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> from August 1992 to the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 123">: 123 </span></sup> By the end of the year, however, none of the detainees had been charged with any crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 128">: 128 </span></sup> Nearly 20,000 suspected armed OLF members, some of which were believed to be unarmed civilians (including children) were forcibly held in military camps in three different regions for the purpose of disarming and "re-educat[ing]" them, although very few had been released by the end of 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 128">: 128 </span></sup> Throughout this time, the country's judiciary had failed to adequately adjudicate cases or to hold the TGE and its forces accountable for rights abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was largely due to disruptions such as the looming threat of a possible suspension of all judges who were associated with the former Workers' Party of Ethiopia, the abrupt resignation of the Minister of Justice, a lack of an operating police force.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These types of abuses persisted throughout the remainder of the transitional period. Freedom of the press was limited; in the first half of 1994, at least twenty journalists were fined or jailed as a result of publishing content that challenged the government, a situation exacerbated by the fact that the contemporary press laws were vague and improperly implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human rights organizations including the Ethiopian Human Rights Council were denied formal registration from the government but continued to process complaints and report abuses; the government accused <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Human_Rights_Council" title="Ethiopian Human Rights Council">EHRCO</a> of being a politically-motivated group with a hidden agenda that favored opposition groups and reported false information.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals suspected to have been previously associated with the OLF were treated particularly harshly once they were detained in secret detention centers across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 132">: 132 </span></sup> In areas ranging from the Hararghe region in eastern Ethiopia to the Wollega region in the west, detainees reported experiencing beatings, food deprivation, death threats, and rape as a result of being suspected to be sympathetic with the OLF's cause.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 132">: 132 </span></sup> Government forces also continued to employ lethal force during confrontations with demonstrators until the end of the TGE's hold on power, with numerous civilians killed by police at demonstrations and student protests.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 132">: 132 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Watch+World+Report+1992%3A+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1992%2FWR92%2Findex.htm%23TopOfPage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransitional+Government+of+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1000011992ENGLISH.PDF">"Amnesty International Report 1992: Ethiopia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+Report+1992%3A+Ethiopia&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fdownload%2FDocuments%2FPOL1000011992ENGLISH.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransitional+Government+of+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-01.htm#P47_21729">"Human Rights Watch World Report 1993: Ethiopia"</a>. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Watch+World+Report+1993%3A+Ethiopia&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1993%2FWR93%2FAfw-01.htm%23P47_21729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransitional+Government+of+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1000011993ENGLISH.PDF">"Amnesty International Report 1993: Ethiopia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+Report+1993%3A+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fdownload%2FDocuments%2FPOL1000011993ENGLISH.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransitional+Government+of+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1000021994ENGLISH.PDF">"Amnesty International Report 1994: Ethiopia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+Report+1994%3A+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fdownload%2FDocuments%2FPOL1000021994ENGLISH.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransitional+Government+of+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/WR95/AFRICA-03.htm#P128_45653">"Human Rights Watch World Report 1995: Ethiopia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Watch+World+Report+1995%3A+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1995%2FWR95%2FAFRICA-03.htm%23P128_45653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransitional+Government+of+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1000011995ENGLISH.PDF">"Amnesty International Report 1995: Ethiopia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+Report+1995%3A+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fdownload%2FDocuments%2FPOL1000011995ENGLISH.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransitional+Government+of+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a 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