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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam_wagons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Steam wagons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam_wagons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_combustion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_combustion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Internal combustion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_combustion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diesel_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diesel_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Diesel engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diesel_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_motors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_motors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Electric motors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_motors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_variance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_variance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>International variance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_variance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_by_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_by_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types by size</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_by_size-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types by size subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_by_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ultra_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultra_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ultra light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultra_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Very_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Very_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Very light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Very_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Medium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Heavy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Off-road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Off-road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Off-road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Off-road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maximum_sizes_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maximum_sizes_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Maximum sizes by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maximum_sizes_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engines_and_motors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engines_and_motors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Engines and motors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engines_and_motors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drivetrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drivetrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Drivetrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drivetrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Frame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Body types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales_and_sales_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales_and_sales_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sales and sales issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sales_and_sales_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sales and sales issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sales_and_sales_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Truck_market_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truck_market_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Truck market worldwide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truck_market_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Driving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Driving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Driving</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Driving-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Driving subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Driving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operator_health_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operator_health_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Operator health and safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operator_health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Operations issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operations issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operations_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Taxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damage_to_pavement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damage_to_pavement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Damage to pavement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damage_to_pavement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trucking_accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trucking_accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Trucking accidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trucking_accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HGV_safety_in_the_EU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HGV_safety_in_the_EU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>HGV safety in the EU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HGV_safety_in_the_EU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Truck</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vragmotor" title="Vragmotor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vragmotor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastkraftwagen" title="Lastkraftwagen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lastkraftwagen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hl%C3%A6stw%C3%A6gn" title="Hlæstwægn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hlæstwægn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A9" title="شاحنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شاحنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambi%C3%B3n" title="Cambión – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cambión" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cami%C3%B3n" title="Camión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Camión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCk_ma%C5%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Yük maşını – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yük maşını" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ট্রাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্রাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tho%CD%98-l%C3%A1-kuh" title="Tho͘-lá-kuh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tho͘-lá-kuh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Грузавы аўтамабіль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грузавы аўтамабіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Цяжкавік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цяжкавік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="ट्रक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ट्रक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Камион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Камион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamion" title="Kamion – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kamion" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karr-samm" title="Karr-samm – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karr-samm" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cami%C3%B3" title="Camió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Тиев автомобилĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тиев автомобилĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamion" title="Kamion – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kamion" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonyeti" title="Gonyeti – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gonyeti" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori" title="Lori – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lori" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastbil" title="Lastbil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lastbil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastkraftwagen" title="Lastkraftwagen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lastkraftwagen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chid%C3%ADtsoh" title="Chidítsoh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chidítsoh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veoauto" title="Veoauto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veoauto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C" title="Φορτηγό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φορτηγό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cami%C3%B3n" title="Camión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Camión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamiono" title="Kamiono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kamiono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambi%C3%B3n" title="Cambión – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cambión" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamioi" title="Kamioi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kamioi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="کامیون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کامیون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camion" title="Camion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frachtwein" title="Frachtwein – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Frachtwein" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucail" title="Trucail – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Trucail" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorree" title="Lorree – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lorree" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cami%C3%B3n" title="Camión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Camión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%AD" title="트럭 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트럭" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_mota" title="Babban mota – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Babban mota" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="ट्रक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamion" title="Kamion – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kamion" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamiono" title="Kamiono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kamiono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truk" title="Truk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Truk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camion" title="Camion – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Camion" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6rub%C3%ADll" title="Vörubíll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vörubíll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocarro" title="Autocarro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autocarro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="משאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahoto" title="Prahoto – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prahoto" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Жүк автомобилі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жүк автомобилі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori" title="Lori – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lori" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamyon" title="Kamyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kamyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamyon" title="Kamyon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kamyon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocinetum_onerarium" title="Autocinetum onerarium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Autocinetum onerarium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravas_automa%C5%A1%C4%ABna" title="Kravas automašīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kravas automašīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunkve%C5%BEimis" title="Sunkvežimis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sunkvežimis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaminy%C9%94" title="Kaminyɔ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kaminyɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camios" title="Camios – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Camios" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teherg%C3%A9pkocsi" title="Tehergépkocsi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tehergépkocsi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Камион – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камион" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ട്രക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="ट्रक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ट्रक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%87" title="شاحنه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شاحنه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori" title="Lori – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lori" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto_prah" title="Oto prah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Oto prah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ထရပ်ကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထရပ်ကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrachtauto" title="Vrachtauto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrachtauto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="ट्रक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ट्रक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E7%89%A9%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A" title="貨物自動車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貨物自動車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastebil" title="Lastebil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lastebil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastebil" title="Lastebil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lastebil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camion" title="Camion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Camion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuk_mashinasi" title="Yuk mashinasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yuk mashinasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95" title="ਟਰੱਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਰੱਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="ٹرک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹرک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastkraftwagen" title="Lastkraftwagen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lastkraftwagen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoch%C3%B3d_ci%C4%99%C5%BCarowy" title="Samochód ciężarowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samochód ciężarowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cami%C3%A3o" title="Camião – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camião" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocamion" title="Autocamion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Autocamion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaqna_antawa" title="Chaqna antawa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chaqna antawa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Грузовой автомобиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грузовой автомобиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0miu" title="Càmiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Càmiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrie" title="Larrie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Larrie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamioni" title="Kamioni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kamioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck" title="Truck – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Truck" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D8%B1%DA%AA" title="ٽرڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽرڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami%C3%B3n" title="Kamión – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kamión" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovornjak" title="Tovornjak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tovornjak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_%C4%87yn%C5%BCarowe" title="Auto ćynżarowe – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Auto ćynżarowe" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Камион – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Камион" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamion" title="Kamion – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kamion" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuorma-auto" title="Kuorma-auto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuorma-auto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastbil" title="Lastbil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lastbil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trak" title="Trak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="சுமையுந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுமையுந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81" title="รถบรรทุก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รถบรรทุก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27xeam%C3%B3v%C3%B4ht%C3%B3%27hest%C3%B4tse" title="Ma'xeamóvôhtó'hestôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'xeamóvôhtó'hestôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamyon" title="Kamyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Грузовик – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Грузовик" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Вантажний автомобіль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вантажний автомобіль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCguavto" title="Jüguavto – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jüguavto" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xe_t%E1%BA%A3i" title="Xe tải – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xe tải" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemion" title="Kemion – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Kemion" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%BD%E8%B4%A7%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6" title="载货汽车 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="载货汽车" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90" title="לאסטאויטא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאסטאויטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E8%BB%8A" title="貨車 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貨車" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qamyonci" title="Qamyonci – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qamyonci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E8%BD%A6" title="货车 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="货车" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luri" title="Luri – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Luri" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil_wahon" title="Mobil wahon – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mobil wahon" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43193#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Commercial or utilitarian motor vehicle</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Trucks" and "Lorry" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Truck_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Truck (disambiguation)">Truck (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lorry (disambiguation)">Lorry (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freightliner_M2_106_6x4_2014_(14240376744).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Freightliner_M2_106_6x4_2014_%2814240376744%29.jpg/330px-Freightliner_M2_106_6x4_2014_%2814240376744%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Freightliner_M2_106_6x4_2014_%2814240376744%29.jpg/500px-Freightliner_M2_106_6x4_2014_%2814240376744%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Freightliner_M2_106_6x4_2014_%2814240376744%29.jpg/960px-Freightliner_M2_106_6x4_2014_%2814240376744%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Trucks" title="Freightliner Trucks">Freightliner</a> M2 dump truck</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>truck</b> or <b>lorry</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a> designed to transport <a href="/wiki/Freight" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight">freight</a>, carry specialized payloads, or perform other utilitarian work. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, but the vast majority feature <a href="/wiki/Body-on-frame" title="Body-on-frame">body-on-frame</a> construction, with a cabin that is independent of the payload portion of the vehicle. Smaller varieties may be mechanically similar to some <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>. Commercial trucks can be very large and powerful and may be configured to be mounted with specialized equipment, such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Refuse_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuse truck">refuse trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire truck">fire trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concrete_mixer" title="Concrete mixer">concrete mixers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suction_excavator" title="Suction excavator">suction excavators</a>. In American English, a commercial vehicle without a trailer or other articulation is formally a "straight truck" while one designed specifically to pull a trailer is not a truck but a "<a href="/wiki/Tractor_unit" title="Tractor unit">tractor</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of trucks currently in use are powered by <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>, although small- to medium-size trucks with <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline engine">gasoline engines</a> exist in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electrically powered trucks</a> are more popular in China and Europe than elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, vehicles with a <a href="/wiki/Gross_combination_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross combination mass">gross combination mass</a> of up to 3.5 t (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons) are defined as <a href="/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle" title="Light commercial vehicle">light commercial vehicles</a>, and those over as <a href="/wiki/Large_goods_vehicle" title="Large goods vehicle">large goods vehicles</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam_wagons">Steam wagons</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1924-Super-Sentinel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1924-Super-Sentinel.jpg/250px-1924-Super-Sentinel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1924-Super-Sentinel.jpg/330px-1924-Super-Sentinel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1924-Super-Sentinel.jpg/500px-1924-Super-Sentinel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works" title="Sentinel Waggon Works">Sentinel</a> steam wagon</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Steam_wagon" title="Steam wagon">Steam wagon</a></div> <p>Trucks and cars have a common ancestor: the steam-powered <i>fardier</i> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot" title="Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot">Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot</a> built in 1769.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Steam_wagon" title="Steam wagon">steam wagons</a> were not common until the mid-19th century. The roads of the time, built for horse and carriages, limited these vehicles to very short hauls, usually from a factory to the nearest railway station. The first <a href="/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck" title="Semi-trailer truck">semi-trailer</a> appeared in 1881,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> towed by a <a href="/wiki/Steam_tractor" title="Steam tractor">steam tractor</a> manufactured by <a href="/wiki/De_Dion-Bouton" title="De Dion-Bouton">De Dion-Bouton</a>. Steam-powered wagons were sold in France and the United States until the eve of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and 1935 in the United Kingdom, when a change in road tax rules made them uneconomic against the new diesel lorries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_combustion">Internal combustion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DMG-Lastwagen_von_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/DMG-Lastwagen_von_1896.jpg/250px-DMG-Lastwagen_von_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/DMG-Lastwagen_von_1896.jpg/330px-DMG-Lastwagen_von_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/DMG-Lastwagen_von_1896.jpg/500px-DMG-Lastwagen_von_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7025" data-file-height="3003" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daimler_Motor_Lastwagen" title="Daimler Motor Lastwagen">Daimler Motor-Lastwagen</a> from 1898</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1903EldridgeTruck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1903EldridgeTruck.jpg/250px-1903EldridgeTruck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1903EldridgeTruck.jpg/330px-1903EldridgeTruck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1903EldridgeTruck.jpg/500px-1903EldridgeTruck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>1903 Eldridge truck on display at the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_80" title="Iowa 80">Iowa 80</a> Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1895, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a> designed and built the first <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion">internal combustion</a> truck. Later that year some of Benz's trucks were modified to become busses by <i>Netphener</i>. A year later, in 1896, another internal combustion engine truck was built by <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Daimler_Motoren_Gesellschaft" title="Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft">Daimler Motor</a> <a href="/wiki/Daimler_Motor_Lastwagen" title="Daimler Motor Lastwagen">Lastwagen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCssing" title="Büssing">Büssing</a>, also built their own versions. The first truck in the United States was built by <a href="/wiki/Autocar_Company" title="Autocar Company">Autocar</a> in 1899 and was available with 5 or 8 horsepower (4 or 6 kW) engines.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early American truck was built by George Eldridge of Des Moines, Iowa, in 1903. It was powered by an engine with two opposed cylinders, and had a chain drive<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1903 Eldridge truck is displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_80" title="Iowa 80">Iowa 80</a> Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa. Trucks of the era mostly used <a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">two-cylinder</a> engines and had a carrying capacity of 1.5 to 2 t (3,300 to 4,400 lb). After World War I, several advances were made: <a href="/wiki/Starter_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Starter motor">electric starters</a>, and 4, 6, and 8 cylinder engines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diesel_engines">Diesel engines</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foden_Diesel_Truck_(40746179963).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Foden_Diesel_Truck_%2840746179963%29.jpg/250px-Foden_Diesel_Truck_%2840746179963%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Foden_Diesel_Truck_%2840746179963%29.jpg/330px-Foden_Diesel_Truck_%2840746179963%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Foden_Diesel_Truck_%2840746179963%29.jpg/500px-Foden_Diesel_Truck_%2840746179963%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Foden_Trucks" title="Foden Trucks">Foden</a> diesel truck from 1931</figcaption></figure> <p>Although it had been invented in 1897, the <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a> did not appear in production trucks until Benz introduced it in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diesel engine was not common in trucks in Europe until the 1930s. In the United States, Autocar introduced diesel engines for heavy applications in the mid-1930s. Demand was high enough that Autocar launched the "DC" model (diesel conventional) in 1939. However, it took much longer for diesel engines to be broadly accepted in the US: gasoline engines were still in use on heavy trucks in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_motors">Electric motors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1911WalkerElectricTruck-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1911WalkerElectricTruck-2.jpg/250px-1911WalkerElectricTruck-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1911WalkerElectricTruck-2.jpg/330px-1911WalkerElectricTruck-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1911WalkerElectricTruck-2.jpg/500px-1911WalkerElectricTruck-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1843" /></a><figcaption>1911 Walker Electric truck on display at the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_80" title="Iowa 80">Iowa 80</a> Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Biden_Ford_F150_Lightning_05_20_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/President_Biden_Ford_F150_Lightning_05_20_2021.jpg/250px-President_Biden_Ford_F150_Lightning_05_20_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/President_Biden_Ford_F150_Lightning_05_20_2021.jpg/330px-President_Biden_Ford_F150_Lightning_05_20_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/President_Biden_Ford_F150_Lightning_05_20_2021.jpg/500px-President_Biden_Ford_F150_Lightning_05_20_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_Joe_Biden" class="mw-redirect" title="President Joe Biden">President Joe Biden</a> test driving the Ford F-150 Lightning all-electric pick up at Ford's <a href="/wiki/Ford_River_Rouge_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford River Rouge Complex">Rouge Electric Vehicle Center</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electrically powered trucks</a> predate internal combustion ones and have been continuously available since the mid-19th-century. In the 1920s <a href="/wiki/Autocar_Company" title="Autocar Company">Autocar Trucks</a> was the first of the major truck manufacturers to offer a range of electric trucks for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electric trucks were successful for urban delivery roles and as specialized work vehicles like <a href="/wiki/Forklift#Battery-electric" title="Forklift">forklifts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ground_support_equipment#Pushback_tugs_and_tractors" title="Ground support equipment">pushback tugs</a>. The higher energy density of liquid fuels soon led to the decline of electric-powered trucks in favor of, first, gasoline, and then diesel and CNG-fueled engines until battery technology advanced in the 2000s when new <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery#Electric_vehicle_battery_types" title="Electric vehicle battery">chemistries</a> and higher-volume production broadened the range of applicability of electric propulsion to trucks in many more roles. Today, manufacturers are electrifying all trucks ahead of national regulatory requirements, with long-range over-the-road trucks being the most challenging.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truck&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finlaysonin_Mannesmann_Mulag-auto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Finlaysonin_Mannesmann_Mulag-auto.jpg/220px-Finlaysonin_Mannesmann_Mulag-auto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Finlaysonin_Mannesmann_Mulag-auto.jpg/330px-Finlaysonin_Mannesmann_Mulag-auto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Finlaysonin_Mannesmann_Mulag-auto.jpg/440px-Finlaysonin_Mannesmann_Mulag-auto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4008" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mannesmann" title="Mannesmann">Mannesmann Mulag</a> truck at the <a href="/wiki/Finlayson_(company)" title="Finlayson (company)">Finlayson factory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> in 1921</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Truck</i> is used in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>; the <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> equivalent is lorry. </p><p>The first known usage of "truck" was in 1611 when it referred to the small strong wheels on ships' cannon carriages, and comes from "Trokhos" (Greek) = "wheel". In its extended usage, it came to refer to carts for carrying heavy loads, a meaning known since 1771. Its expanded application to "motor-powered load carrier" has been in usage since 1930, shortened from "motor truck", which dates back to 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Lorry" has a more uncertain origin, but probably has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a> industry, where the word is known to have been used in 1838 to refer to a type of truck (a <a href="/wiki/Goods_wagon" title="Goods wagon">goods wagon</a> as in British usage, not a <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogie</a> as in the American), specifically a large flat wagon. It might derive from the verb <i>lurry</i> (to carry or drag along, or to lug) which was in use as early as 1664, but that association is not definitive.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expanded meaning of <i>lorry</i>, "self-propelled vehicle for carrying goods", has been in usage since 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_variance">International variance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_truck_types" title="List of truck types">List of truck types</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trucks_parked_in_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Trucks_parked_in_USA.jpg/250px-Trucks_parked_in_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Trucks_parked_in_USA.jpg/330px-Trucks_parked_in_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Trucks_parked_in_USA.jpg/500px-Trucks_parked_in_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3578" /></a><figcaption>Trucks parked near Plaza, by the side of Highway in USA</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truck_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Truck_Pakistan.jpg/220px-Truck_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Truck_Pakistan.jpg/330px-Truck_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Truck_Pakistan.jpg/440px-Truck_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>In Pakistan and India the majority of trucks are colorful and decorated.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, Canada, and the Philippines, "truck" is usually reserved for commercial vehicles larger than regular passenger cars, but includes large SUVs, pickups, and other vehicles with an open load bed. </p><p>In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the word "truck" is mostly reserved for larger vehicles. In Australia and New Zealand, a pickup truck is frequently called a <a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)"><i>ute</i></a> (short for "utility" vehicle),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in South Africa it is called a <i>bakkie</i> (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>: "small open container"). </p><p>In the United Kingdom, India, Malaysia, Singapore, Ireland, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <i>lorry</i> is used instead of <i>truck</i>, but only for the medium and heavy types, while <i>truck</i> is used almost exclusively to refer to <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickups</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_by_size">Types by size</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Truck_classification" title="Truck classification">Truck classification</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_truck_types" title="List of truck types">List of truck types</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultra_light">Ultra light</h3></div> <p>Often produced as variations of <a href="/wiki/Golf_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Golf car">golf cars</a>, with internal combustion or <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric drive</a>, these are used typically for off-highway use on estates, golf courses, and parks. While not suitable for highway use some variations may be licensed as slow speed vehicles for operation on streets, generally as a body variation of a <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood electric vehicle">neighborhood electric vehicle</a>. A few manufactures produce specialized chassis for this type of vehicle, while <a href="/wiki/Zap_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Zap Motors">Zap Motors</a> markets a version of their Xebra electric tricycle (licensable in the U.S. as a motorcycle). </p> <table style="margin: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Might-E_Truck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Might-E_Truck.jpg/250px-Might-E_Truck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Might-E_Truck.jpg/330px-Might-E_Truck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Might-E_Truck.jpg/500px-Might-E_Truck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Might-E_Truck" title="Might-E Truck">Might-E Truck</a> from <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Electric_Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Electric Vehicles">Canadian Electric Vehicles</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitsubishi_Motors_Minicab_MiEV_Truck_(Prototype).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mitsubishi_Motors_Minicab_MiEV_Truck_%28Prototype%29.jpg/220px-Mitsubishi_Motors_Minicab_MiEV_Truck_%28Prototype%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mitsubishi_Motors_Minicab_MiEV_Truck_%28Prototype%29.jpg/330px-Mitsubishi_Motors_Minicab_MiEV_Truck_%28Prototype%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mitsubishi_Motors_Minicab_MiEV_Truck_%28Prototype%29.jpg/440px-Mitsubishi_Motors_Minicab_MiEV_Truck_%28Prototype%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Minicab#Minicab_MiEV" title="Mitsubishi Minicab">Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">battery-electric</a> truck</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dairy_Crest_milk_float_(modified).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dairy_Crest_milk_float_%28modified%29.jpg/250px-Dairy_Crest_milk_float_%28modified%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dairy_Crest_milk_float_%28modified%29.jpg/330px-Dairy_Crest_milk_float_%28modified%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dairy_Crest_milk_float_%28modified%29.jpg/500px-Dairy_Crest_milk_float_%28modified%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dairy_Crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy Crest">Dairy Crest</a> electric milk float truck</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Very_light">Very light</h3></div> <p>Popular in Europe and Asia, many mini-trucks are factory redesigns of light automobiles, usually with <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> bodies. Specialized designs with substantial frames such as the Italian Piaggio shown here are based upon Japanese designs (in this case by <a href="/wiki/Daihatsu" title="Daihatsu">Daihatsu</a>) and are popular for use in "old town" sections of European cities that often have very narrow alleyways. </p><p>Regardless of name, these small trucks serve a wide range of uses. In Japan, they are regulated under the <a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">Kei car</a> laws, which allow vehicle owners a break in taxes for buying a smaller and less-powerful vehicle (currently, the engine is limited to 660 cc displacement). These vehicles are used as on-road utility vehicles in Japan. These Japanese-made mini-trucks that were manufactured for on-road use are competing with off-road ATVs in the United States, and import regulations require that these mini-trucks have a 25 mph (40 km/h) speed governor as they are classified as low-speed vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vehicles have found uses in construction, large campuses (government, university, and industrial), agriculture, cattle ranches, amusement parks, and replacements for golf carts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major mini-truck manufacturers and their brands include: <a href="/wiki/Daihatsu_Hijet" title="Daihatsu Hijet">Daihatsu Hijet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_Acty" title="Honda Acty">Honda Acty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Ace" title="Tata Ace">Tata Ace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazda_Scrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazda Scrum">Mazda Scrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Minicab" title="Mitsubishi Minicab">Mitsubishi Minicab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Sambar" title="Subaru Sambar">Subaru Sambar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Carry" title="Suzuki Carry">Suzuki Carry</a>. </p> <table style="margin: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palermo_3352.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Palermo_3352.jpg/220px-Palermo_3352.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Palermo_3352.jpg/330px-Palermo_3352.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Palermo_3352.jpg/440px-Palermo_3352.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piaggio_Porter" title="Piaggio Porter">Piaggio Porter</a> in Palmero</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B1%A0%E8%A2%8B_(16203352225).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E6%B1%A0%E8%A2%8B_%2816203352225%29.jpg/250px-%E6%B1%A0%E8%A2%8B_%2816203352225%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E6%B1%A0%E8%A2%8B_%2816203352225%29.jpg/330px-%E6%B1%A0%E8%A2%8B_%2816203352225%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E6%B1%A0%E8%A2%8B_%2816203352225%29.jpg/500px-%E6%B1%A0%E8%A2%8B_%2816203352225%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Carry" title="Suzuki Carry">Suzuki Carry</a> in Taiwan</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tata_Super_Ace_DLS_(front),_Denpasar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tata_Super_Ace_DLS_%28front%29%2C_Denpasar.jpg/220px-Tata_Super_Ace_DLS_%28front%29%2C_Denpasar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tata_Super_Ace_DLS_%28front%29%2C_Denpasar.jpg/330px-Tata_Super_Ace_DLS_%28front%29%2C_Denpasar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tata_Super_Ace_DLS_%28front%29%2C_Denpasar.jpg/440px-Tata_Super_Ace_DLS_%28front%29%2C_Denpasar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tata_Super_Ace" title="Tata Super Ace">Tata Super Ace</a> in Indonesia</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light">Light</h3></div> <p>Light trucks are car-sized (in the US, no more than 13,900 lb (6.3 t)) and are used by individuals and businesses alike. In the EU they may not weigh more than 3.5 t (7,700 lb) and are allowed to be driven with a <a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">driving licence</a> for cars. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup trucks</a>, called <i>utes</i> in Australia and New Zealand, are common in North America and some regions of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, but not so in Europe, where this size of commercial vehicle is most often made as vans. </p> <table style="margin: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Ford_Ranger_(PX)_XLT_4WD_4-door_utility_(2018-10-22)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2018_Ford_Ranger_%28PX%29_XLT_4WD_4-door_utility_%282018-10-22%29_01.jpg/250px-2018_Ford_Ranger_%28PX%29_XLT_4WD_4-door_utility_%282018-10-22%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2018_Ford_Ranger_%28PX%29_XLT_4WD_4-door_utility_%282018-10-22%29_01.jpg/330px-2018_Ford_Ranger_%28PX%29_XLT_4WD_4-door_utility_%282018-10-22%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/2018_Ford_Ranger_%28PX%29_XLT_4WD_4-door_utility_%282018-10-22%29_01.jpg/500px-2018_Ford_Ranger_%28PX%29_XLT_4WD_4-door_utility_%282018-10-22%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3917" data-file-height="2358" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ford_Ranger" title="Ford Ranger">Ford Ranger</a> <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickup truck</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lindner_Unitrac_95L_in_Versam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lindner_Unitrac_95L_in_Versam.jpg/250px-Lindner_Unitrac_95L_in_Versam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lindner_Unitrac_95L_in_Versam.jpg/330px-Lindner_Unitrac_95L_in_Versam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lindner_Unitrac_95L_in_Versam.jpg/500px-Lindner_Unitrac_95L_in_Versam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2857" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lindner_(agricultural_machinery_manufacturer)" title="Lindner (agricultural machinery manufacturer)">Lindner</a> Unitrac 95L truck harvesting hay in Switzerland</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Holden_Ute_(VF_MY14)_SV6_utility_(2018-10-01)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2014_Holden_Ute_%28VF_MY14%29_SV6_utility_%282018-10-01%29_01.jpg/220px-2014_Holden_Ute_%28VF_MY14%29_SV6_utility_%282018-10-01%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2014_Holden_Ute_%28VF_MY14%29_SV6_utility_%282018-10-01%29_01.jpg/330px-2014_Holden_Ute_%28VF_MY14%29_SV6_utility_%282018-10-01%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2014_Holden_Ute_%28VF_MY14%29_SV6_utility_%282018-10-01%29_01.jpg/440px-2014_Holden_Ute_%28VF_MY14%29_SV6_utility_%282018-10-01%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4459" data-file-height="2329" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holden_Ute#VF" title="Holden Ute">Holden Ute (VF)</a> in Australia</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medium">Medium</h3></div> <p>Medium trucks are larger than light but smaller than heavy trucks. In the US, they are defined as weighing between 13,000 and 33,000 lb (5.9 and 15.0 t). For the UK and the EU the weight is between 3.5 and 7.5 t (7,700 and 16,500 lb). Local delivery and public service (<a href="/wiki/Dump_truck" title="Dump truck">dump trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garbage_truck" title="Garbage truck">garbage trucks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire apparatus">fire-fighting trucks</a>) are normally around this size. </p> <table style="margin: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEPTC_ATM-1273_20190113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DEPTC_ATM-1273_20190113.jpg/250px-DEPTC_ATM-1273_20190113.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DEPTC_ATM-1273_20190113.jpg/330px-DEPTC_ATM-1273_20190113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/DEPTC_ATM-1273_20190113.jpg/500px-DEPTC_ATM-1273_20190113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Canter" title="Mitsubishi Fuso Canter">Fuso Canter</a> (8th gen) in Taiwan</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20-02-08_OFWA_Photowalk-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/20-02-08_OFWA_Photowalk-.jpg/220px-20-02-08_OFWA_Photowalk-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/20-02-08_OFWA_Photowalk-.jpg/330px-20-02-08_OFWA_Photowalk-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/20-02-08_OFWA_Photowalk-.jpg/440px-20-02-08_OFWA_Photowalk-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SML_Isuzu" title="SML Isuzu">SML Isuzu</a> in Ghana</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapperswil_-_Seestrasse_Feuerwehr_Rapperswil-Jona_2011-06-19_15-24-18_ShiftN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rapperswil_-_Seestrasse_Feuerwehr_Rapperswil-Jona_2011-06-19_15-24-18_ShiftN.jpg/220px-Rapperswil_-_Seestrasse_Feuerwehr_Rapperswil-Jona_2011-06-19_15-24-18_ShiftN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rapperswil_-_Seestrasse_Feuerwehr_Rapperswil-Jona_2011-06-19_15-24-18_ShiftN.jpg/330px-Rapperswil_-_Seestrasse_Feuerwehr_Rapperswil-Jona_2011-06-19_15-24-18_ShiftN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rapperswil_-_Seestrasse_Feuerwehr_Rapperswil-Jona_2011-06-19_15-24-18_ShiftN.jpg/440px-Rapperswil_-_Seestrasse_Feuerwehr_Rapperswil-Jona_2011-06-19_15-24-18_ShiftN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4164" data-file-height="2776" /></a><figcaption>Fire-fighting truck in Switzerland</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy">Heavy</h3></div> <p>Heavy trucks are the largest on-road trucks, <a href="/wiki/Class_8_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Class 8 truck">Class 8</a>. These include vocational applications such as heavy dump trucks, concrete pump trucks, and refuse hauling, as well as ubiquitous long-haul 4x2 and <a href="/wiki/6x4_(drivetrain)" class="mw-redirect" title="6x4 (drivetrain)">6×4</a> <a href="/wiki/Tractor_unit" title="Tractor unit">tractor units</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Road damage and wear increase very rapidly with the axle weight. The number of steering axles and the suspension type also influence the amount of the road wear. In many countries with good roads a six-axle truck may have a maximum weight of 44 t (97,000 lb) or more. </p> <table style="margin: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:34th_St_2nd_Av_td_(2018-11-20)_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/34th_St_2nd_Av_td_%282018-11-20%29_07.jpg/250px-34th_St_2nd_Av_td_%282018-11-20%29_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/34th_St_2nd_Av_td_%282018-11-20%29_07.jpg/330px-34th_St_2nd_Av_td_%282018-11-20%29_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/34th_St_2nd_Av_td_%282018-11-20%29_07.jpg/500px-34th_St_2nd_Av_td_%282018-11-20%29_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cement_mixer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cement mixer">cement mixer</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walmart%E2%80%99s_Hybrid_Assist_Truck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Walmart%E2%80%99s_Hybrid_Assist_Truck.jpg/250px-Walmart%E2%80%99s_Hybrid_Assist_Truck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Walmart%E2%80%99s_Hybrid_Assist_Truck.jpg/330px-Walmart%E2%80%99s_Hybrid_Assist_Truck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Walmart%E2%80%99s_Hybrid_Assist_Truck.jpg/500px-Walmart%E2%80%99s_Hybrid_Assist_Truck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/6x4_(drivetrain)" class="mw-redirect" title="6x4 (drivetrain)">6×4</a> truck hauling a Walmart container</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borough_of_Hackney_Seddon_Atkinson_Strato_325_8x4_Rubbish_compactor,_Apr_2009_-_Flickr_-_sludgegulper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Borough_of_Hackney_Seddon_Atkinson_Strato_325_8x4_Rubbish_compactor%2C_Apr_2009_-_Flickr_-_sludgegulper.jpg/220px-Borough_of_Hackney_Seddon_Atkinson_Strato_325_8x4_Rubbish_compactor%2C_Apr_2009_-_Flickr_-_sludgegulper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Borough_of_Hackney_Seddon_Atkinson_Strato_325_8x4_Rubbish_compactor%2C_Apr_2009_-_Flickr_-_sludgegulper.jpg/330px-Borough_of_Hackney_Seddon_Atkinson_Strato_325_8x4_Rubbish_compactor%2C_Apr_2009_-_Flickr_-_sludgegulper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Borough_of_Hackney_Seddon_Atkinson_Strato_325_8x4_Rubbish_compactor%2C_Apr_2009_-_Flickr_-_sludgegulper.jpg/440px-Borough_of_Hackney_Seddon_Atkinson_Strato_325_8x4_Rubbish_compactor%2C_Apr_2009_-_Flickr_-_sludgegulper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seddon_Atkinson" title="Seddon Atkinson">Seddon Atkinson</a> Stratos refuse compactor</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Off-road">Off-road</h3></div> <p>Off-road trucks include standard, extra heavy-duty highway-legal trucks, typically outfitted with off-road features such as a front driving axle and special tires for applications such as logging and construction, and purpose-built off-road vehicles unconstrained by weight limits, such as the <a href="/wiki/Liebherr_T_282B" class="mw-redirect" title="Liebherr T 282B">Liebherr T 282B</a> mining truck. </p> <table style="margin: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alma_antenna_in_transit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alma_antenna_in_transit.jpg/250px-Alma_antenna_in_transit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alma_antenna_in_transit.jpg/330px-Alma_antenna_in_transit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Alma_antenna_in_transit.jpg/500px-Alma_antenna_in_transit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">ALMA</a> antenna transporter with 28 tires<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liebherr_T282.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Liebherr_T282.jpg/250px-Liebherr_T282.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Liebherr_T282.jpg/330px-Liebherr_T282.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Liebherr_T282.jpg/500px-Liebherr_T282.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liebherr_T_282B" class="mw-redirect" title="Liebherr T 282B">Liebherr T 282B</a> <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_powertrain" title="Diesel–electric powertrain">diesel-electric</a> mining truck</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maximum_sizes_by_country">Maximum sizes by country</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_train-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Road_train-cropped.jpg/330px-Road_train-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Road_train-cropped.jpg/500px-Road_train-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Road_train-cropped.jpg/580px-Road_train-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mack_Titan" title="Mack Titan">Mack Titan</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">road train</a> in Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>Australia has complex regulations over weight and length, including axle spacing, type of axle/axle group, rear overhang, kingpin to rear of trailer, drawbar length, ground clearance, as well as height and width laws. These limits are some of the highest in the world, a B-double can weigh 62.5 t (61.5 long tons; 68.9 short tons) and be 25 m (82 ft) long, and <a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">road trains</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">outback</a> can weigh 172 t (169.3 long tons; 189.6 short tons) and be 53.5 m (176 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-aus1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aus1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aus6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aus6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Union also has complex regulations. The number and spacing of axles, steering, single or dual tires, and suspension type all affect maximum weights. Length of a truck, of a trailer, from axle to hitch point, kingpin to rear of trailer, and turning radius are all regulated. In additions, there are special rules for carrying containers, and countries can set their own rules for local traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-eurlex_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurlex-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States Federal Bridge Law deals with the relation between the gross weight of the truck, the number of axles, the weight on and the spacing between the axles that the truck can have on the Interstate highway system.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each State determines the maximum permissible <a href="/wiki/Gross_vehicle_weight_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross vehicle weight rating">vehicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gross_combined_weight_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross combined weight rating">combination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gross_axle_weight_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross axle weight rating">axle</a> weight on state and local roads. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Maximum<br />with three axles</th> <th>With one trailer</th> <th>Maximum combination </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 125px;">Australia<sup id="cite_ref-aus1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aus1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aus6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aus6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width: 125px; vertical-align:top;">23 t (22.6 long tons; 25.4 short tons)</td> <td style="width: 125px; vertical-align:bottom;">12 m (39 ft)</td> <td style="width: 150px;">172 t (169.3 long tons; 189.6 short tons)<br />53.5 m (176 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>China<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>25 t (24.6 long tons; 27.6 short tons)<br />12 m (39 ft)</td> <td>49 t (48.2 long tons; 54.0 short tons)<br />16.5 m (54 ft)</td> <td>55 t (54.1 long tons; 60.6 short tons)<br />18.75 m (62 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>EU<sup id="cite_ref-eurlex_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurlex-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>26 t (25.6 long tons; 28.7 short tons) <br />12 m (39 ft)</td> <td style="vertical-align:bottom;">16.5 m (54 ft)</td> <td>44 t (43.3 long tons; 48.5 short tons)<br />18.75 m (62 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finland<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>28 t (27.6 long tons; 30.9 short tons)<br />13 m (43 ft)</td> <td>76 t (74.8 long tons; 83.8 short tons)<br />34.5 m (113 ft 2 in)</td> <td>76 t (74.8 long tons; 83.8 short tons)<br />34.5 m (113 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>26 t (25.6 long tons; 28.7 short tons)<br />12 m (39 ft)</td> <td>30 t (29.5 long tons; 33.1 short tons)<br />16.5 m (54 ft 2 in)</td> <td>44 t (43.3 long tons; 48.5 short tons)<br />22 m (72 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>26 t (25.6 long tons; 28.7 short tons)<br />24 m (79 ft)</td> <td>74 t (72.8 long tons; 81.6 short tons)<br />25.25 m (82 ft 10 in)</td> <td>74 t (72.8 long tons; 81.6 short tons)<br />34.5 m (113 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>UK<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>26 t (25.6 long tons; 28.7 short tons)<br />12 m (39 ft)</td> <td>44 t (43.3 long tons; 48.5 short tons)<br />16.5 m (54 ft)</td> <td>44 t (43.3 long tons; 48.5 short tons)<br />18.75 m (62 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td>USA<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(Interstate)</td> <td>54,000 lb (24 t)<br />45 ft (13.7 m)</td> <td>80,000 lb (36 t)<br />none</td> <td>80,000 lb (36 t) <br />none </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Uniquely, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Michigan">State of Michigan</a> has a gross vehicle weight limit of 164,000 lb (74 t), which is twice the U.S. federal limit.<sup id="cite_ref-Egan_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A measure to change the law was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Senate" title="Michigan Senate">Michigan Senate</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chatti_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatti-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FHA_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FHA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Egan1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egan1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Egan2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egan2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div> <p>Almost all trucks share a common construction: they are made of a <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a>, a <a href="#Cab">cab</a>, an area for placing <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> or equipment, <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">roadwheels</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Powertrain" title="Powertrain">drivetrain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">Pneumatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine cooling">water</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical">electrical</a> systems may also be present. Many also tow one or more <a href="/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)" title="Trailer (vehicle)">trailers</a> or semi-trailers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cab">Cab</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg/250px-Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg/330px-Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg/500px-Fuso_Super_Great_471-AJ_20181024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="1845" /></a><figcaption>A cabover truck</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenworth_T2000,_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame,_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG/220px-Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG/330px-Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG/440px-Kenworth_T2000%2C_Kenworth_Dealer_Hall_of_Fame%2C_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3127" data-file-height="3126" /></a><figcaption>Streamlined conventional cab</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azeri_%22Smerch%22,_parade_in_Baku,_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Azeri_%22Smerch%22%2C_parade_in_Baku%2C_2013.JPG/250px-Azeri_%22Smerch%22%2C_parade_in_Baku%2C_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Azeri_%22Smerch%22%2C_parade_in_Baku%2C_2013.JPG/330px-Azeri_%22Smerch%22%2C_parade_in_Baku%2C_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Azeri_%22Smerch%22%2C_parade_in_Baku%2C_2013.JPG/500px-Azeri_%22Smerch%22%2C_parade_in_Baku%2C_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Cab beside engine</figcaption></figure> <p>The "cab", or "cabin" is an enclosed space where the driver is seated. A "<a href="/wiki/Truck_sleeper" title="Truck sleeper">sleeper</a>" is a compartment attached to or integral with the cab where the driver can rest while not driving, sometimes seen in semi-trailer trucks. </p><p>There are several cab configurations: </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a> engine" (COE) or "flat nose"; where the driver is seated above the front axle and the <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">engine</a>. This design is almost ubiquitous in Europe, where overall truck lengths are strictly regulated, and is widely used in the rest of the world. They were common in North American heavy-duty trucks but lost prominence when permitted length was extended in the early 1980s. Nevertheless, this design is still popular in North America among medium- and light-duty trucks. To reach the engine, the whole cab tilts forward, earning this design the name of "tilt-cab". This type of cab is especially suited to the delivery conditions in Europe where many roads require the short turning radius afforded by the shorter wheelbase of the cab over engine layout.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200058–61_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200058–61-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Cab-under" is where the driver is positioned at the front at the lowest point possible as means for maximum cargo space as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples were made by Hunslet, Leyland, Bussing, Strick<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Steinwinter.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Conventional" cabs seated the driver behind the engine, as in most passenger cars or pickup trucks. Many new cabs are very <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/wikt:streamline" class="extiw" title="m:wikt:streamline">streamlined</a>, with a sloped hood (bonnet) and other features to lower drag. Conventional cabs are the most common in North America, Australia, and China, and are known in the UK as "American cabs"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and in the Netherlands as "torpedo cabs".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>"Cab beside engine" designs are used for <a href="/wiki/Terminal_tractor" title="Terminal tractor">terminal tractors</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">shipping yards</a> and for other specialist vehicles carrying long loads such as pipes. This type is often made by replacing the passenger side of a cab-over truck with an extended section of the load bed.</li></ul> <p>A further step from this is the side loading <a href="/wiki/Forklift" title="Forklift">forklift</a> that can be described as a specially fabricated vehicle with the same properties as a truck of this type, in addition to the ability to pick up its own load. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engines_and_motors">Engines and motors</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cummins_Engine_(LKW).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg/250px-Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg/330px-Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg/500px-Cummins_Engine_%28LKW%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2171" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cummins_B_Series_engine#6.7_ISB" title="Cummins B Series engine">Cummins ISB</a> 6.7L medium-duty truck diesel engine</figcaption></figure> <p>Most small trucks such as <a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">sport utility vehicles</a> (SUVs), <a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">vans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickups</a>, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America, China, and Russia use <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline engine">gasoline engines</a> (petrol engines), but many <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engined</a> models are now being produced. Most of the heavier trucks use <a href="/wiki/Four_stroke_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stroke cycle">four-stroke</a> diesel engines with a <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbocharger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">intercooler</a>. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a <a href="/wiki/V12_engine" title="V12 engine">V12</a> <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Diesel" title="Detroit Diesel">Detroit Diesel</a> <a href="/wiki/Two_stroke_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Two stroke cycle">two stroke</a> engine. A large proportion of refuse trucks in the United States employ <a href="/wiki/CNG" class="mw-redirect" title="CNG">CNG</a> (compressed natural gas) engines for their low fuel cost and reduced carbon emissions. </p><p>A significant proportion of North American manufactured trucks use an engine built by the last remaining major independent engine manufacturer (<a href="/wiki/Cummins_(corporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cummins (corporation)">Cummins</a>) but most global OEMs such as <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Trucks" title="Volvo Trucks">Volvo Trucks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a> promote their own "captive" engines.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the European Union, all new truck engines must comply with <a href="/wiki/European_emission_standards" title="European emission standards">Euro VI</a> emission regulations,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Euro 7 from the late 2020s has stricter exhaust limits and also limits <a href="/wiki/Non-exhaust_emissions" title="Non-exhaust emissions">air pollution from brakes and tires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truck&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> several alternative technologies are competing to displace the use of diesel engines in heavy trucks. CNG engines are widely used in the US refuse industry and in concrete mixers, among other short-range vocations, but range limitations have prevented their broader uptake in freight hauling applications. Heavy <a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">electric trucks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle#Heavy_trucks" title="Hydrogen vehicle">hydrogen-powered trucks</a> are new to the market in 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but major freight haulers are interested.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although cars will be first the <a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles" title="Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles">phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles</a> includes trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> magazine "Electric lorries will probably run on hydrogen, not batteries, which are too expensive."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers say that once faster <a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">chargers</a> are available batteries will become competitive against diesel for all, except perhaps the heaviest, trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drivetrain">Drivetrain</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear_axles_tandem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rear_axles_tandem.jpg/250px-Rear_axles_tandem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rear_axles_tandem.jpg/330px-Rear_axles_tandem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rear_axles_tandem.jpg/500px-Rear_axles_tandem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>A truck rear suspension and drive axles overview</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eaton_Autoshift.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Eaton_Autoshift.jpg/250px-Eaton_Autoshift.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Eaton_Autoshift.jpg/330px-Eaton_Autoshift.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Eaton_Autoshift.jpg/500px-Eaton_Autoshift.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Eaton Roadranger 18 speed "crash box" with automated gearshift</figcaption></figure> <p>Small trucks use the same type of <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmissions</a> as almost all cars, having either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission with <a href="/wiki/Synchromesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchromesh">synchromesh</a> (synchronizers). Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronizers, saving bulk and weight, although synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well. Transmissions without synchronizers, known as "crash boxes", require <a href="/wiki/Double-clutching" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-clutching">double-clutching</a> for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries), or a technique known colloquially as "floating", a method of changing gears which does not use the clutch, except for starts and stops, due to the physical effort of double-clutching, especially with non-power-assisted clutches, faster shifts, and less clutch wear. </p><p>Double-clutching allows the driver to control the engine and transmission revolutions to synchronize so that a smooth shift can be made; for example, when upshifting, the accelerator pedal is released and the clutch pedal is depressed while the gear lever is moved into neutral, the clutch pedal is then released and quickly pushed down again while the gear lever is moved to the next higher gear. Finally, the clutch pedal is released and the accelerator pedal pushed down to obtain the required engine speed. Although this is a relatively fast movement, perhaps a second or so while the transmission is in neutral, it allows the engine speed to drop and synchronize engine and transmission revolutions relative to the road speed. Downshifting is performed in a similar fashion, except the engine speed is now required to increase (while the transmission is in neutral) just the right amount in order to achieve the synchronization for a smooth, non-collision gear change. "Skip changing" is also widely used; in principle, the operation is the same as double-clutching, but it requires neutral be held slightly longer than a single-gear change. </p><p>Common North American setups include 9, 10, 13, 15, and 18 speeds. <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">Automatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission" title="Automated manual transmission">automated manual transmissions</a> for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In Europe, 8, 10, 12, and 16 gears are common on larger trucks with a manual transmission, while conventional automatic or automated manual transmissions would have anything from 5 to 12 gears. Almost all heavy truck transmissions are of the "range and split" (double H shift pattern) type, where range change and so‑called half gears or splits are air operated and always preselected before the main gear selection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frame">Frame</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_truck_chassis_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/A_truck_chassis_section.jpg/250px-A_truck_chassis_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/A_truck_chassis_section.jpg/330px-A_truck_chassis_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/A_truck_chassis_section.jpg/500px-A_truck_chassis_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A truck rear frame (chassis) section view</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg/220px-ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg/330px-ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg/440px-ToyotaTundraChassis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Pickup truck frame (right rear view)</figcaption></figure> <p>A truck <a href="/wiki/Frame_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (vehicle)">frame</a> consists of two parallel boxed (tubular) or C‑shaped rails, or beams, held together by <a href="/wiki/Crossmember" title="Crossmember">crossmembers</a>. These frames are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ladder_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladder frame">ladder frames</a> due to their resemblance to a ladder if tipped on end. The rails consist of a tall vertical section (two if boxed) and two shorter horizontal flanges. The height of the vertical section provides opposition to vertical flex when weight is applied to the top of the frame (beam resistance). Though typically flat the whole length on heavy-duty trucks, the rails may sometimes be tapered or arched for clearance around the engine or over the axles. The holes in rails are used either for mounting vehicle components and running wires and hoses or measuring and adjusting the orientation of the rails at the factory or repair shop. </p><p>The frame is usually made of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, but can be made (whole or in part) of <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> for a lighter weight. A <a href="/wiki/Drawbar_(haulage)" title="Drawbar (haulage)">tow bar</a> may be found attached at one or both ends, but heavy tractors almost always make use of a <a href="/wiki/Fifth_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth wheel">fifth wheel</a> hitch.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_types">Body types</h3></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Box_truck" title="Box truck">Box trucks</a></b> have walls and a roof, making an enclosed load space. The rear has doors for unloading; a side door is sometimes fitted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200030–31_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200030–31-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Chassis_cab" title="Chassis cab">Chassis cab</a></b> trucks have a fully enclosed cab at the front, with bare <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a> frame-rails behind, suitable for subsequent permanent attachment of a specialized payload, like a <a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">fire-truck</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ambulance#Design_and_construction" title="Ambulance">ambulance</a> body. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Concrete_mixer" title="Concrete mixer">Concrete mixers</a></b> have a rotating drum on an inclined axis, rotating in one direction to mix, and in the other to discharge the concrete down chutes. Because of the weight and power requirements of the drum body and rough construction sites, mixers have to be very heavy duty.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Dual drive/Steer trucks</b> are vehicles used to steer the rear of <a href="/wiki/Semi-trailer" title="Semi-trailer">trailers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Dump_truck" title="Dump truck">Dump trucks</a></b> ("tippers" in the UK) transport loose material such as sand, gravel, or dirt for construction. A typical dump truck has an open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear and lifts at the front, allowing the material in the bed to be unloaded ("dumped") on the ground behind the truck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200034–35_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200034–35-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Flatbed_truck" title="Flatbed truck">Flatbed trucks</a></b> have an entirely flat, level platform body. This allows for quick and easy loading but has no protection for the load. Hanging or removable sides are sometimes fitted,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200028–29_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200028–29-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often in the form of a <b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stakebody" class="extiw" title="wikt:stakebody">stakebody</a></b>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator_truck" title="Refrigerator truck">Refrigerator trucks</a></b> have insulated panels as walls and a roof and floor, used for transporting fresh and frozen cargo such as ice cream, food, vegetables, and prescription drugs. They are mostly equipped with double-wing rear doors, but a side door is sometimes fitted. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Garbage_truck" title="Garbage truck">Refuse trucks</a></b> have a specialized body for collecting and, often, compacting trash collected from municipal, commercial, and industrial sites. This application has the widest use of the <a href="/wiki/Cab-over" class="mw-redirect" title="Cab-over">cab-over</a> configuration in North America, to provide better maneuverability in tight situations. They are also among the most severe-duty and highest <a href="/wiki/GVWR" class="mw-redirect" title="GVWR">GVWR</a> trucks on public roads. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Tractor_unit" title="Tractor unit">Semi-tractors</a></b> ("artics" in the UK) have a fifth wheel for towing a semi-trailer instead of a body. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Tank_truck" title="Tank truck">Tank trucks</a></b> ("tankers" in the UK) are designed to carry <a href="/wiki/Liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquids">liquids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a>. They usually have a cylindrical tank lying horizontally on the chassis. Many variants exist due to the wide variety of liquids and gases that can be transported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200032–33_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200032–33-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Wreckers</a></b> ("recovery lorries" in the UK) are used to recover and/or tow disabled vehicles. They are normally equipped with a boom with a cable; wheel/chassis lifts are becoming common on newer trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200046–47_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200046–47-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sales_and_sales_issues">Sales and sales issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_truck_manufacturers" title="List of truck manufacturers">List of truck manufacturers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Truck_market_worldwide">Truck market worldwide</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"> <caption>Largest truck manufacturers in the world as of 2015. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pos.</th> <th>Make</th> <th>Units </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freightliner_Trucks" title="Freightliner Trucks">Freightliner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unimog" title="Unimog">Unimog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Star_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Star (company)">Western Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Truck_and_Bus_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation">Fuso</a>, <a href="/wiki/BharatBenz" title="BharatBenz">BharatBenz</a>)</td> <td>506,663<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Navistar_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Navistar International">Navistar International</a></td> <td>359,000<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dongfeng_Motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongfeng Motor">Dongfeng</a></td> <td>336,869<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tata_Motors" title="Tata Motors">Tata</a></td> <td>317,780<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Volvo_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo Group">Volvo Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volvo_Trucks" title="Volvo Trucks">Volvo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mack_Trucks" title="Mack Trucks">Mack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks">Renault</a>, <a href="/wiki/UD_Trucks" title="UD Trucks">UD Nissan</a>)</td> <td style="width: 90px;">207,475<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/MAN_Truck_%26_Bus" title="MAN Truck & Bus">MAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scania_AB" title="Scania AB">Scania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Caminh%C3%B5es_e_%C3%94nibus" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus">Caminhões e Ônibus</a>)</td> <td>179,035<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hino_Motors" title="Hino Motors">Hino</a></td> <td>162,870<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Paccar" title="Paccar">Paccar</a> (<a href="/wiki/DAF_Trucks" title="DAF Trucks">DAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenworth" title="Kenworth">Kenworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peterbilt" title="Peterbilt">Peterbilt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leyland_Trucks" title="Leyland Trucks">Leyland</a>)</td> <td>154,700<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Iveco" title="Iveco">Iveco</a></td> <td>140,200<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Driving">Driving</h2></div> <p>In many countries, driving a truck requires a special driving license. The requirements and limitations vary with each different jurisdiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG/220px-Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG/330px-Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG/440px-Inside_Mack_Granite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Inside a Mack truck</figcaption></figure> <p>In Australia, a <a href="/wiki/Truck_driver" title="Truck driver">truck driver</a>'s license is required for any motor vehicle with a <a href="/wiki/Gross_Vehicle_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Vehicle Mass">Gross Vehicle Mass</a> (GVM) exceeding 4.5 t (4.4 long tons; 5.0 short tons). The motor vehicles classes are further expanded as: </p> <dl><dt>Combination</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>HC</b>: Heavy Combination, a typical prime mover plus semi-trailer combination.</li> <li><b>MC</b>: Multi Combination, e.g., B Doubles/road trains</li></ul> <dl><dt>Rigid</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>LR</b>: Light rigid: a rigid vehicle with a GVM of more than 4.5 t (4.4 long tons; 5.0 short tons) but not more than 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons). Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons) GVM.</li> <li><b>MR</b>: Medium rigid: a rigid vehicle with 2 axles and a GVM of more than 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons). Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons) GVM. Also includes vehicles in class <i>LR</i>.</li> <li><b>HR</b>: Heavy Rigid: a rigid vehicle with three or more axles and a GVM of more than 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons). Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 t (8.9 long tons; 9.9 short tons) GVM. Also includes articulated buses and vehicles in class <i>MR</i>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Heavy vehicle transmission</dt></dl> <p>There is also a heavy vehicle transmission condition for a license class <i>HC</i>, <i>HR</i>, or <i>MC</i> test passed in a vehicle fitted with an automatic or synchromesh transmission; a driver's license will be restricted to vehicles of that class fitted with a synchromesh or automatic transmission. To have the condition removed, a person needs to pass a practical driving test in a vehicle with non-synchromesh transmission (constant mesh or crash box).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg/250px-Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg/330px-Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg/500px-Mercedes-Benz_LKW_Lenkrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Inside a Mercedes-Benz truck</figcaption></figure> <p>Driving licensing has been harmonized throughout the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a> (and practically all European non-member states), so that common rules apply within Europe (see <a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">European driving licence</a>). As an overview, to drive a vehicle weighing more than 7.5 t (7.4 long tons; 8.3 short tons) for commercial purposes requires a specialist license (the type varies depending on the use of the vehicle and number of seats). For licenses first acquired after 1997, that weight was reduced to 3.5 t (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons), not including trailers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since 2013, the C1 license category allows driving vehicles over 3.5 and up to 7.5 tonnes. The C license category allows driving vehicles over 3.5 tonnes with a trailer up to 750 kg, and the CE category allows driving category C vehicles with a trailer over 750 kg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3></div> <p>To drive any vehicle with a GVM exceeding 3.5 t (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons), a code C1 drivers license is required. Furthermore, if the vehicle exceeds 16 t (15.7 long tons; 17.6 short tons) a code C license becomes necessary. </p><p>To drive any vehicle in South Africa towing a trailer with a GVM more than 7.5 t (7.4 long tons; 8.3 short tons), further restrictions apply and the driver must possess a license suitable for the GVM of the total combination as well as an articulated endorsement. This is indicated with the letter "E" prefixing the license code. </p><p>In addition, any vehicle designed to carry goods or passengers may only be driven by a driver possessing a Public Driver's Permit, (or PrDP) of the applicable type. This is an additional license that is added to the DL card of the operator and subject to annual renewal unlike the five-year renewal period of a normal license. </p><p>The requirements for obtaining the different classes are below. </p> <ul><li>"G": Required for the transport of general goods, requires a criminal record check and a fee on issuing and renewal.</li> <li>"P": Required for the transport of paying passengers, requires a more stringent criminal record check, additionally the driver must be over the age of 21 at time of issue. A G class PrDP will be issued at the same time.</li> <li>"D": Required for the transport of dangerous materials, requires all of the same checks as class P., and in addition the driver must be over 25 at time of issue.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truck_cab.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Truck_cab.JPG/250px-Truck_cab.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Truck_cab.JPG/330px-Truck_cab.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Truck_cab.JPG/500px-Truck_cab.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Inside a Navistar 9000</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, a <a href="/wiki/Commercial_driver%27s_license" title="Commercial driver's license">commercial driver's license</a> is required to drive any type of commercial vehicle weighing 26,001 lb (11,794 kg) or more.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal government regulates how many hours a driver may be on the clock, how much rest and sleep time is required (e.g., 11 hours driving/14 hours on-duty followed by 10 hours off, with a maximum of 70 hours/8 days or 60 hours/7 days, 34 hours restart )<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violations are often subject to significant penalties. Instruments to track each driver's hours must sometimes be fitted. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">US trucking industry</a> employed 1.8 million drivers of heavy trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a shortage of willing trained long-distance truck drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the reason for this is the economic fallout from <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> of the trucking industry. <a href="/wiki/Michael_H._Belzer" title="Michael H. Belzer">Michael H. Belzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">associate professor</a>, in the economics department at <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a> and co-author of <i>Sweatshops on Wheels: Winners and Losers in Trucking Deregulation</i>, argues that low pay, bad working conditions and unsafe conditions have been a direct result of deregulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book cites poor working conditions and an unfair pay system as responsible for high annual employee turnover in the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-USNews_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNews-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Post_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, in the US, 5,096 large trucks and buses were involved in fatal crashes: </p> <ul><li>The number of large trucks involved in fatal crashes is 4,862,</li> <li>The number of large trucks involved in injury crashes is 112,000,</li> <li>The number of large trucks involved in property damage only crashes is 414,000.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Environmental effects of transport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_Exhaust_fumes_Pollution_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Traffic_Exhaust_fumes_Pollution_1.jpg/250px-Traffic_Exhaust_fumes_Pollution_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Traffic_Exhaust_fumes_Pollution_1.jpg/330px-Traffic_Exhaust_fumes_Pollution_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Traffic_Exhaust_fumes_Pollution_1.jpg/500px-Traffic_Exhaust_fumes_Pollution_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Exhaust fumes from a small truck</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1975-_US_vehicle_production_share,_by_vehicle_type.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg/250px-1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg/330px-1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg/500px-1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward trucks has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reductions in pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Like cars, trucks contribute to air, noise, and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike cars, as of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truck&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, most trucks run on diesel, and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">diesel exhaust</a> is especially dangerous for health.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries outside the EU have different vehicle emission standards for trucks and cars.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particulate_pollution" title="Particulate pollution">particulates</a> emitted by trucks are very dangerous to health,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing thousands of early deaths annually in the US alone.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As older trucks are usually the worst,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many cities have banned 20th century trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air pollution also threatens professional truck drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over a quarter of global transport <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions</a> are from road freight,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2021 over 1700 million tonnes from medium and heavy trucks,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so many countries are further restricting truck CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions to help <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">limit climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many environmental organizations favor laws and incentives to encourage the switch from road to rail, especially in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several countries have pledged that 30% of sales of trucks and buses will be zero emission by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With respect to <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a>, trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical cars; this contrast is particularly strong with heavy-duty trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several aspects of truck operations that contribute to the overall sound that is emitted. Continuous sounds are those from <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a> rolling on the roadway and the constant hum of their diesel engines at highway speeds. Less frequent noises, but perhaps more noticeable, are things like the repeated sharp-pitched whistle of a <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbocharger</a> on acceleration, or the abrupt blare of an <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_brake" title="Exhaust brake">exhaust brake</a> <a href="/wiki/Retarder_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Retarder (mechanical engineering)">retarder</a> when traversing a downgrade. There has been <a href="/wiki/Noise_regulation" title="Noise regulation">noise regulation</a> put in place to help control where and when the use of <a href="/wiki/Engine_braking" title="Engine braking">engine braking</a> retarders are allowed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operator_health_and_safety">Operator health and safety</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truck_cab_filters.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An orange metal housing with an open panel containing three horizontal stacked filters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Truck_cab_filters.png/250px-Truck_cab_filters.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Truck_cab_filters.png/330px-Truck_cab_filters.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Truck_cab_filters.png/500px-Truck_cab_filters.png 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Truck cab filter housing using a contiguous series of pre-, HEPA, and charcoal panel filters</figcaption></figure> <p>A truck cab is a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">hazard control</a> that protects the truck operator from hazardous airborne pollutants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Don’t you mean SOME pollutants? NOx and ozone would get in the cab I guess? (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As an enclosure, it is an example of an <a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">engineering control</a>. Enclosed operator cabs have been used on agriculture, mining, and construction vehicles for several decades. Most modern-day enclosed cabs have <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a> (HVAC) systems for primarily maintaining a comfortable temperature and providing breathable air for their occupants. Various levels of filtration can be incorporated into the HVAC system to remove airborne pollutants such as <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dusts</a>, diesel particulate matter (DPM), and other <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two key elements of an effective environmental enclosure are a good filtration system and an enclosure with good integrity (sealed isolation from the outside environment). It is recommended that a filtration system filter out at least 95% or greater of airborne respirable aerosols from the intake airflow, with an additional recirculation filtering component for the inside air. Good enclosure integrity is also needed to achieve <a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure" title="Positive pressure">positive pressure</a> to prevent wind-driven aerosol penetration into the enclosure<i>,</i> as well as to minimize air leakage around the filtration system. Test methods and mathematical modeling of environmental enclosures are also beneficial for quantifying and optimizing filtration system designs, as well as maintaining optimum protection factor performance for enclosure occupants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations_issues">Operations issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxes">Taxes</h3></div> <p>Commercial trucks in the US pay higher road use taxes on a state level than other road vehicles and are subject to extensive regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few reasons commercial trucks pay higher road use taxes: they are bigger and heavier than most other vehicles, and cause more wear and tear per hour on roadways; and trucks and their drivers are on the road for more hours per day. Rules on use taxes differ among jurisdictions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damage_to_pavement">Damage to pavement</h3></div> <p>The life of a pavement is measured by the number of passes of a vehicle axle. It may be evaluated using the Load Equivalency Factor,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which states that the damage by the pass of a vehicle axle is proportional to the 4th power of the weight, so a ten-ton axle consumes 10,000 times the life of the pavement as a one-ton axle. For that reason, loaded trucks cost the same as thousands of cars in pavement costs, and are subject to higher taxes and highway tolls.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatti_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatti-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FHA_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FHA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and Europe and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truck&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Truck" title="Talk:Truck">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trucking_accidents">Trucking accidents</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elst_(Overbetuwe)_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG/220px-Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG/330px-Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG/440px-Elst_%28Overbetuwe%29_2012-03-23_Trucking_accident_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Trucking accident</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2002 and 2004, there were over 5,000 fatalities related to trucking accidents in the United States. The trucking industry has since made significant efforts in increasing safety regulations. In 2008, the industry had successfully lowered the fatality rate to just over 4,000 deaths, but trucking accidents are still an issue that causes thousands of deaths and injuries each year. Approximately 6,000 trucking accident fatalities occur annually in the United States. Fatalities are not the only issue caused by trucking accidents. Here are some of the environmental issues that arise with trucking accidents: </p> <ul><li>14.4% of trucking accidents cause cargo to spill</li> <li>6.5% cause open flames</li></ul> <p>Following increased pressure from <i>The Times</i> "Cities Fit For Cycling" campaign and from other media in Spring 2012, warning signs are now displayed on the backs of many <a href="/wiki/Large_goods_vehicle" title="Large goods vehicle">heavy goods vehicles</a> (HGV). These signs are directed against a common type of accident that occurs when the large vehicle turns left at a junction: a cyclist trying to pass on the nearside can be crushed against the HGV's wheels, especially if the driver cannot see the <a href="/wiki/Cyclist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclist">cyclist</a>. The signs, such as the winning design of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120320044750/http://www.intandemcompetition.com/">InTANDEM road safety competition</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> launched in March 2012, advocate extra care when passing a large vehicle on the nearside. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HGV_safety_in_the_EU">HGV safety in the EU</h3></div> <p>In-vehicle speed limitation is required applying a 90 km/h limit to commercial vehicles over 3.5 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-EU_Safety_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU_Safety-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Front, side, and rear underrun protection is required on commercial vehicles over 3.5 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-EU_Safety_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU_Safety-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trucks must be fitted with blind-spot mirrors that give drivers a wider field of vision than conventional mirrors.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="Truck stop">Truck stop</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129105447/https://www.trucking.org/ATA%20Docs/What%20We%20Do/Image%20and%20Outreach%20Programs/STR/Trucking%20Glossary.pdf">"Glossary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>trucking.org</i>. 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Autocar, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022113254/https://www.autocartruck.com/history">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autocar%2C+Always+up%2C+Our+History&rft.pub=Autocar%2C+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autocartruck.com%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATruck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"D.M.'s Eldridge Beat Henry Ford." 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debut+of+diesel+engines+in+tractors+and+trucks&rft.pub=Daimler+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.daimler.com%2FmarsMediaSite%2Fen%2Finstance%2Fko%2FDebut-of-diesel-engines-in-tractors-and-trucks.xhtml%3Foid%3D9361501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATruck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies2000" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Peter J. (2000). <i>The World Encyclopedia of Trucks</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AutoCar+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chuckstoyland.com%2Fcategory%2Fautomotive%2Fearly-electric-cars%2Ftrucks%2Ftruck-auto-car%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATruck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProfita2020" class="citation news cs1">Profita, Cassandra (26 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/06/26/883634480/californias-landmark-electric-truck-rule-targets-diesel-death-zone#:~:text=Victoria%20says%20California%27s%20electric%20truck%20mandate%20could%20help,tons%20of%20climate-warming%20carbon%20dioxide%20from%20the%20atmosphere.">"California's Landmark Electric Truck Rule Targets 'Diesel Death Zone'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609093456/https://www.npr.org/2020/06/26/883634480/californias-landmark-electric-truck-rule-targets-diesel-death-zone#:~:text=Victoria%20says%20California%27s%20electric%20truck%20mandate%20could%20help,tons%20of%20climate-warming%20carbon%20dioxide%20from%20the%20atmosphere.">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>California will require automakers to sell more electric trucks starting in 2024. The measure, approved unanimously Thursday by the California Air Resources Board, says that by 2045 all new trucks sold in the state should be zero-emissions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=California%27s+Landmark+Electric+Truck+Rule+Targets+%27Diesel+Death+Zone%27&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft.aulast=Profita&rft.aufirst=Cassandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F06%2F26%2F883634480%2Fcalifornias-landmark-electric-truck-rule-targets-diesel-death-zone%23%3A~%3Atext%3DVictoria%2520says%2520California%2527s%2520electric%2520truck%2520mandate%2520could%2520help%2Ctons%2520of%2520climate-warming%2520carbon%2520dioxide%2520from%2520the%2520atmosphere.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATruck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShephardsonGroom2020" class="citation news cs1">Shephardson, David; Groom, Nichola (25 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-trucks-electric-idUSKBN23W31N">"California passes landmark mandate for zero emission trucks"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614121013/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-california-trucks-electric-idUSKBN23W31N">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>The mandate, which applies to medium-duty and large trucks, will put an estimated 300,000 zero-emission trucks on the road by 2035. The mandate will start in the 2024 model year and initially require 5%–9% zero emission vehicles (ZEV) based on class, rising to 30%–50% by 2030. By 2045, all vehicles should be ZEVs. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweatshops+on+Wheels&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcatalog%2Fgeneral%2Fsubject%2FBusiness%2FManagement%2FOrganizationalBehavior%2F%3Fview%3Dusa%26ci%3D9780195128864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATruck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelzer2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_H._Belzer" title="Michael H. 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Jr. (January 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv--PfedzLAC&pg=PA268">"Motor Trucks – The New Freighters: Quicker and More Reliable Service, Cleaner and Less Congested Cities, Concrete Examples of Saving"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a></i>. <b>XXIII</b>: <span class="nowrap">268–</span>187<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Egypt" title="Automotive industry in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Kenya" title="Automotive industry in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Morocco" title="Automotive industry in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Automotive industry in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Automotive industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Africa" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Africa">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_China" title="List of automobile manufacturers of China">manufacturers list</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automobile_manufacturers_and_brands_of_China" title="Automobile manufacturers and brands of China">manufacturers detailed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_India" title="List of automobile manufacturers of India">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Japan" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Japan">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Malaysia" title="Automotive industry in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Malaysia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Malaysia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_North_Korea" title="Automotive industry in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_South_Korea" title="List of automobile manufacturers of South Korea">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Automotive industry in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_automakers" title="List of Taiwanese automakers">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Uzbekistan" title="Automotive industry in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Vietnam" title="Automotive industry in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Asia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Asia">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Belarus" title="Automotive industry in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bulgaria" title="Automotive industry in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Croatia" title="Automotive industry in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Automotive industry in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of automobile manufacturers of the Czech Republic">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_France" title="List of automobile manufacturers of France">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Germany" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Germany">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Hungary" title="Automotive industry in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Ireland" title="Automotive industry in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Italy" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Italy">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Poland" title="Automotive industry in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Poland" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Poland">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Romania" title="Automotive industry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Russia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Russia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Serbia" title="Automotive industry in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Slovakia" title="Automotive industry in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_automobiles" title="List of Spanish automobiles">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Automotive industry in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Sweden" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Sweden">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Ukraine" title="Automotive industry in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_car_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Europe" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Europe">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Canada" title="Automotive industry in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Canada" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Canada">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_United_States" title="List of automobile manufacturers of the United States">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Argentina" title="Automotive industry in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_Argentina" title="List of automobiles manufactured in Argentina">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_Brazil" title="List of automobiles manufactured in Brazil">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Australia" title="Automotive industry in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Australia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Australia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Automotive industry in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_sales_by_model" title="List of automobile sales by model">Automobile sales by model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_automobiles" title="List of best-selling automobiles">Best-selling automobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">Countries by motor vehicle production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by vehicles per capita">Countries by vehicles per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manufacturers_by_motor_vehicle_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production">Top manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010">Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">History of the automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine" title="History of the internal combustion engine">History of the internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_motorcycle" title="History of the motorcycle">History of the motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_motor_vehicle_brands" title="Timeline of motor vehicle brands">Timeline of motor vehicle brands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers" title="List of automobile manufacturers">Automobile manufacturers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_car_brands" title="List of car brands">marques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_by_parent_company" title="List of automobile manufacturers by parent company">by parent company</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bus_manufacturers" title="Category:Bus manufacturers">Bus manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motorcycle_manufacturers" title="List of motorcycle manufacturers">Motorcycle manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_truck_manufacturers" title="List of truck manufacturers">Truck manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_automotive_manufacturing_groups" title="Minor automotive manufacturing groups">Minor automotive manufacturing groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Standardisation_of_Automation_and_Measuring_Systems" title="Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems">Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association" title="European Automobile Manufacturers Association">European Automobile Manufacturers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_des_Constructeurs_d%27Automobiles" title="Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles">Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_shows_and_motor_shows_by_continent" title="List of auto shows and motor shows by continent">Auto and motor shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_time" title="Drive time">Drive time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facelift_(automotive)" title="Facelift (automotive)">Facelift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebadging" title="Rebadging">Rebadging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_badge-engineered_vehicles" title="List of badge-engineered vehicles">list of vehicles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debadging" title="Debadging">Debadging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_automotive_terms" title="Glossary of automotive terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="hlist"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry" title="Category:Automotive industry">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_automobile-related_articles" title="Lists of automobile-related articles">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43193#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43193#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43193#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lastkraftwagen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4034649-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85138148">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Camions"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931102p">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Camions"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931102p">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573289">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007553526205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641044">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truck&oldid=1279457469">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truck&oldid=1279457469</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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