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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Protein structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protein_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Normal_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normal_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Normal function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normal_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CDK_dependent_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CDK_dependent_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>CDK dependent functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CDK_dependent_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CDK_independent_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CDK_independent_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>CDK independent functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CDK_independent_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis_and_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis_and_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Deregulation in cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deregulation_in_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_target_in_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_target_in_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Therapeutic target in cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_target_in_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclin D1</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protein found in humans</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cyclin_D" title="Cyclin D">Cyclin D</a></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">CCND1</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protein_CCND1_PDB_2W96.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Protein_CCND1_PDB_2W96.png/250px-Protein_CCND1_PDB_2W96.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Protein_CCND1_PDB_2W96.png/375px-Protein_CCND1_PDB_2W96.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Protein_CCND1_PDB_2W96.png/500px-Protein_CCND1_PDB_2W96.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit">Ortholog search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P25322%20or%20P24385">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P25322,P24385">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="text-align:center"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2W96">2W96</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2W99">2W99</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2W9F">2W9F</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2W9Z">2W9Z</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/1582">CCND1</a></span>, BCL1, D11S287E, PRAD1, U21B31, cyclin D1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/168461">168461</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:88313">88313</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=1334">1334</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CCND1">CCND1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000110092">CCND1 - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 11 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 11 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 11 (human)">Chromosome 11 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 11 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 11 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 146.24887829498px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CCND1"><img alt="Genomic location for CCND1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 152.2px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CCND1"><img alt="Genomic location for CCND1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">11q13.3</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Start</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">69,641,156 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">End</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">69,654,474 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 7 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 7 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 7 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 7 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 7 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 286.80631924614px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CCND1"><img alt="Genomic location for CCND1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 292.8px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CCND1"><img alt="Genomic location for CCND1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">7 F5|7 88.92 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Start</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">144,483,668 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">End</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">144,493,662 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000110092">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">stromal cell of endometrium</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">skin of arm</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">skin of thigh</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">mucosa of paranasal sinus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">sural nerve</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gingival epithelium</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">nipple</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">tibia</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">hair follicle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">skin of abdomen</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000070348">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">calvaria</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">superior cervical ganglion</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">seminal vesicula</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">tail of embryo</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">stroma of bone marrow</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">otic vesicle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">mandibular prominence</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">genital tubercle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">human fetus</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000110092">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_CCND1_208712_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/PBB_GE_CCND1_208712_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_CCND1_208712_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/PBB_GE_CCND1_208712_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_CCND1_208712_at_fs.png 1.5x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_CCND1_208711_s_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/PBB_GE_CCND1_208711_s_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_CCND1_208711_s_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/PBB_GE_CCND1_208711_s_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_CCND1_208711_s_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/PBB_GE_CCND1_208711_s_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_CCND1_208711_s_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/595/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004672">protein kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003714">transcription corepressor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008134">transcription factor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042826">histone deacetylase binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016301">kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016538">cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019899">enzyme binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070064">proline-rich region binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019901">protein kinase binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004693">cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0044877">protein-containing complex binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737">cytoplasm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005829">cytosol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000307">cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020">membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005923">bicellular tight junction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0017053">transcription repressor complex</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005622">intracellular anatomical structure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005654">nucleoplasm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005634">nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071310">cellular response to organic substance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033598">mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033601">positive regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032355">response to estradiol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001934">positive regulation of protein phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033327">Leydig cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006355">regulation of transcription, DNA-templated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0014070">response to organic cyclic compound</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048545">response to steroid hormone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051412">response to corticosterone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030178">negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032026">response to magnesium ion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051384">response to glucocorticoid</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000320">re-entry into mitotic cell cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000122">negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016055">Wnt signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060749">mammary gland alveolus development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010033">response to organic substance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006351">transcription, DNA-templated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033197">response to vitamin E</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051726">regulation of cell cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010039">response to iron ion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043627">response to estrogen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051592">response to calcium ion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051301">cell division</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006974">cellular response to DNA damage stimulus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030968">endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006468">protein phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2000045">regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097421">liver regeneration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031571">mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031100">animal organ regeneration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010243">response to organonitrogen compound</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008284">positive regulation of cell population proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045737">positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060070">canonical Wnt signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070141">response to UV-A</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007049">cell cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001889">liver development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010971">positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007595">lactation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045471">response to ethanol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0044321">response to leptin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030857">negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045444">fat cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010165">response to X-ray</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045787">positive regulation of cell cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006367">transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000082">G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019221">cytokine-mediated signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050679">positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000079">regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000278">mitotic cell cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007088">regulation of mitotic nuclear division</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1900087">positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=595&rn=1">595</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=12443&rn=1">12443</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000110092;db=core">ENSG00000110092</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000070348;db=core">ENSMUSG00000070348</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P24385">P24385</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P25322">P25322</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_053056">NM_053056</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_007631">NM_007631</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001379248">NM_001379248</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_444284">NP_444284</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_031657">NP_031657</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001366177">NP_001366177</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr11:69641156-69654474">Chr 11: 69.64 – 69.65 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr7:144483668-144493662">Chr 7: 144.48 – 144.49 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15311861" class="extiw" title="d:Q15311861">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15311862" class="extiw" title="d:Q15311862">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cyclin D1</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> that in humans is encoded by the <i>CCND1</i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1826542_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1826542-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid1833066_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1833066-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gene_expression">Gene expression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gene expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CCND1 gene encodes the cyclin D1 protein. The human CCND1 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 11 (band 11q13). It is 13,388 base pairs long, and translates into 295 amino acids.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyclin D1 is expressed in all adult human tissues with the exception of cells derived from bone marrow stem cell lines (both lymphoid and myeloid).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protein_structure">Protein structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protein structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyclin D1 is composed of the following protein domains and motifs:<sup id="cite_ref-Musgrove_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musgrove-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>retinoblastoma protein (pRb) binding motif;</li> <li>cyclin box domain for cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) binding and CDK inhibitor binding;</li> <li>LxxLL binding motif for co-activator recruitment;</li> <li>PEST sequence that may mark the protein for degradation;</li> <li>threonine residue (threonine 286) that controls nuclear export and protein stability.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclins function as regulators of CDKs (<a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase">cyclin-dependent kinase</a>). Different cyclins exhibit distinct expression and degradation patterns which contribute to the temporal coordination of each mitotic event. This cyclin forms a complex with and functions as a regulatory subunit of <a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_4" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 4">CDK4</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_6" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 6">CDK6</a>, whose activity is required for cell cycle G1/S transition. This protein has been shown to interact with tumor suppressor protein <a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein" title="Retinoblastoma protein">Rb</a> and the expression of this gene is regulated positively by <a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein" title="Retinoblastoma protein">Rb</a>. Mutations, amplification and overexpression of this gene, which alters cell cycle progression, are observed frequently in a variety of tumors and may contribute to tumorigenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-entrez_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrez-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mantle_cell_lymphoma_-_intermed_mag_-_cyclin_D1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mantle_cell_lymphoma_-_intermed_mag_-_cyclin_D1.jpg/250px-Mantle_cell_lymphoma_-_intermed_mag_-_cyclin_D1.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of cyclin D1 staining in a <a href="/wiki/Mantle_cell_lymphoma" title="Mantle cell lymphoma">mantle cell lymphoma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Immunohistochemical staining of cyclin D1 antibodies is used to diagnose <a href="/wiki/Mantle_cell_lymphoma" title="Mantle cell lymphoma">mantle cell lymphoma</a>. </p><p>Cyclin D1 has been found to be overexpressed in <a href="/wiki/Breast_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast carcinoma">breast carcinoma</a>. Its potential use as a biomarker was suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid_=_24190141_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_=_24190141-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normal_function">Normal function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Normal function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyclin D1 was originally cloned as a breakpoint rearrangement in parathyroid adenoma<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1826542_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1826542-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was shown to be required for progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle to induce cell migration,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> angiogenesis<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to induce the <a href="/wiki/Warburg_effect_(oncology)" title="Warburg effect (oncology)">Warburg effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyclin D1 is a protein required for progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Baldin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baldin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the G1 phase, it is synthesized rapidly and accumulates in the nucleus, and is degraded as the cell enters the S phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Baldin_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baldin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyclin D1 is a regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. The protein dimerizes with CDK4/6 to regulate the G1/S phase transition and entry into the S-phase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CDK_dependent_functions">CDK dependent functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: CDK dependent functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cyclin D1-CDK4 complex promotes passage through the G1 phase by inhibiting the retinoblastoma protein (pRb).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyclin D1-CDK4 inhibits pRb through phosphorylation, allowing E2F transcription factors to transcribe genes required for entry into the S phase. Inactive pRb allows cell cycle progression through the G1/S transition and allows for DNA synthesis. Cyclin D1-CDK4 also enables the activation of cyclin E-CDK2 complex by sequestering Cip/Kip family CDK inhibitory proteins p21 and p27, allowing entry into the S phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Diehl_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diehl-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyclin D1-CDK4 also associates with several transcription factors and transcriptional co-regulators.<sup id="cite_ref-Musgrove_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musgrove-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CDK_independent_functions">CDK independent functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: CDK independent functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Independent of CDK, cyclin D1 binds to nuclear receptors (including estrogen receptor α,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9039267_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9039267-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thyroid hormone receptor, PPARγ<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and AR<sup id="cite_ref-Reutens_AT_p300_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reutens_AT_p300-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ) to regulate cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation. Cyclin D1 also binds to histone acetylases and histone deacetylases to regulate cell proliferation and cell differentiation genes <sup id="cite_ref-Fu_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reutens_AT_p300_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reutens_AT_p300-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fu_2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu_2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the early to mid-G1 phase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis_and_degradation">Synthesis and degradation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Synthesis and degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Increasing cyclin D1 levels during the G1 phase is induced by mitogenic growth factors <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily through Ras-mediated pathways,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-Fu_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Ras-mediated pathways lead to the increase in transcription of cyclin D1, and inhibit its proteolysis and export from the nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-Alao_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alao-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyclin D1 is degraded by the <a href="/wiki/Proteasome" title="Proteasome">proteasome</a> upon phosphorylation of threonine 286 and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin" title="Ubiquitin">ubiquitylation</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Cullin-RING_ligases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullin-RING ligases">CRL4</a>-AMBRA1 <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin_ligase" title="Ubiquitin ligase">E3</a> ubiquitin ligase complex.<sup id="cite_ref-a12460907_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a12460907-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deregulation_in_cancer">Deregulation in cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D1&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deregulation in cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyclin D1 overexpression has been shown to correlate with early cancer onset and tumor progression <sup id="cite_ref-Diehl_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diehl-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it can lead to oncogenesis by increasing anchorage-independent growth and angiogenesis via VEGF production.<sup id="cite_ref-a12014632_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a12014632-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyclin D1 overexpression can also down-regulate Fas expression, leading to increased chemotherapeutic resistance and protection from apoptosis.<sup id="cite_ref-a12014632_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a12014632-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An abundance of cyclin D1 can be caused by various types of deregulation, including: </p> <ul><li>amplification of the CCND1 gene / overexpression of cyclin D1;</li> <li>chromosomal translocation of the CCND1 gene;</li> <li>mutations in the degradation motif recognized by the CRL4-AMBRA1 E3 ubiquitin ligase;<sup id="cite_ref-a12460907_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a12460907-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>disruption of nuclear export<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proteolysis of cyclin D1;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>induction of transcription by oncogenic Ras, Src, ErbB2 and STATs;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Cyclin D1 overexpression is correlated with shorter cancer patient survival and increased metastasis.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amplification of the CCND1 gene is present in: </p> <ul><li>non-small cell lung cancers (30–46%)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (30–50%)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>pancreatic carcinomas (25%)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>bladder cancer (15%)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>pituitary adenomas (49–54%) <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>breast carcinoma (13%)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a15961768_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a15961768-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Cyclin D1 overexpression is strongly correlated to ER+ breast cancer<sup id="cite_ref-a15961768_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a15961768-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and deregulation of cyclin D1 is associated with hormone therapy resistance in breast cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-a12460907_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a12460907-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overexpression of Cyclin D1b, an isoform, is also present in breast and prostate cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chromosomal translocation around the cyclin D1 gene locus is often seen in B mantle cell lymphoma. In mantle cell lymphoma, cyclin D1 is translocated to the IgH promoter<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to cyclin D1 overexpression. Chromosomal translocation of the cyclin D1 gene locus is also observed in 15–20% of multiple myelomas.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therapeutic_target_in_cancer">Therapeutic target in cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D1&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Therapeutic target in cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyclin D1 and the mechanisms it regulates have the potential to be a therapeutic target for cancer drugs: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Target </th> <th>Methods of Inhibition </th></tr> <tr> <td>Inhibition of cyclin D1 </td> <td>Inhibiting translation of cyclin D1 mRNA via mTOR inhibitors <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and RXR activators.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inducing Cyclin D1 degradation <sup id="cite_ref-Alao_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alao-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Retinoid mediated cyclin D1 degradation via the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) induced ubiquitin-dependent degradation;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inhibition of cyclin D1 protein synthesis <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inducing nuclear export of Cyclin D1 </td> <td>Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) to induce nuclear export of Cyclin D1 <sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inhibition of cyclin D1-CDK4/6 </td> <td>Small molecule CDK inhibitors <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D1&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyclin D1 has been shown to <a href="/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein-protein interaction">interact</a> with: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">NR3C4</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Reutens_AT_p300_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reutens_AT_p300-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15558026_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15558026-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10344732_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10344732-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRCA1" title="BRCA1">BRCA1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16061635_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16061635-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23864650_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23864650-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCNDBP1" title="CCNDBP1">CCNDBP1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10801854_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10801854-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_4" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 4">CDK4</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10580009_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10580009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8259215_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8259215-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11360184_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11360184-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9837900_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9837900-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10908655_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10908655-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9228064_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9228064-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_6" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 6">CDK6</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10580009_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10580009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11360184_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11360184-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_alpha" title="Estrogen receptor alpha">ESR1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16061635_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16061635-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23864650_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23864650-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9271411_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9271411-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9039267_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9039267-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC3" title="HDAC3">HDAC3</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15558026_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15558026-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12048199_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12048199-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HDACs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HDACs (page does not exist)">HDACs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fu_2005_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu_2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEUROD1" title="NEUROD1">NEUROD1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11788592_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11788592-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_coactivator_1" title="Nuclear receptor coactivator 1">NCOA1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9832502_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9832502-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRF1" title="NRF1">NRF1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16864783_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16864783-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P300-CBP_coactivator_family" title="P300-CBP coactivator family">p300</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15951563_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15951563-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACSIN2" title="PACSIN2">PACSIN2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21200149_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21200149-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCNA" class="mw-redirect" title="PCNA">PCNA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7908906_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7908906-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8101826_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8101826-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPARG" class="mw-redirect" title="PPARG">PPARG</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12917338_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12917338-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAD51" title="RAD51">RAD51</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20940395_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20940395-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein" title="Retinoblastoma protein">RB1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11126356_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11126356-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8490963_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8490963-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAF1" title="TAF1">TAF1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11126356_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11126356-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9926939_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9926939-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_beta" title="Thyroid hormone receptor beta">NR1A2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12048199_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12048199-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D1&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_adenoma" title="Parathyroid adenoma">Parathyroid adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_cell_lymphoma" title="Mantle cell lymphoma">Mantle cell lymphoma</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclin_D1&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000110092">GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000110092</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000070348">GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000070348</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Cyclin_A1" title="Cyclin A1">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclin_A2" title="Cyclin A2">A2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin_B" title="Cyclin B">B</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyclin_B1" title="Cyclin B1">B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclin_B2" title="Cyclin B2">B2</a>, B3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin_D" title="Cyclin D">D</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">D1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclin_D2" title="Cyclin D2">D2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclin_D3" title="Cyclin D3">D3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin_E" title="Cyclin E">E</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyclin_E1" title="Cyclin E1">E1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclin_E2" title="Cyclin E2">E2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase">CDK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_1" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_2" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_3" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_4" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_5" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_6" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_7" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_8" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_9" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_10" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC2L2" title="CDC2L2">11A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC2L1" title="CDC2L1">11B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDK12" title="CDK12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDK13" title="CDK13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PFTK1" title="PFTK1">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDK-activating_kinase" title="CDK-activating kinase">CDK-activating kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_inhibitor_protein" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein">CDK inhibitor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INK4" title="INK4">INK4a/ARF</a> (<a href="/wiki/P14arf" title="P14arf">p14arf</a>/<a href="/wiki/P16" title="P16">p16</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDKN2B" title="CDKN2B">p15</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDKN2C" title="CDKN2C">p18</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDKN2D" title="CDKN2D">p19</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle#Inhibitors" title="Cell cycle">cip/kip</a> (<a href="/wiki/P21" title="P21">p21</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDKN1B" title="CDKN1B">p27</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_inhibitor_1C" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C">p57</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P53_p63_p73_family" title="P53 p63 p73 family">P53 p63 p73 family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TP63" title="TP63">p63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P73" title="P73">p73</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cdk1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cdk1">Cdc2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cdc25" title="Cdc25">Cdc25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC42" title="CDC42">Cdc42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_apoptosis_susceptibility_protein" title="Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein">Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F" title="E2F">E2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturation_promoting_factor" title="Maturation promoting factor">Maturation promoting factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wee1" title="Wee1">Wee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullin" title="Cullin">Cullin</a> (<a href="/wiki/CUL7" title="CUL7">CUL7</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phases and<br />checkpoints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interphase" title="Interphase">Interphase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G1_phase" title="G1 phase">G<sub>1</sub> phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_phase" title="S phase">S phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G2_phase" title="G2 phase">G<sub>2</sub> phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">M phase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Preprophase" title="Preprophase">Preprophase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophase" title="Prophase">Prophase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometaphase" title="Prometaphase">Prometaphase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphase" title="Metaphase">Metaphase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphase" title="Anaphase">Anaphase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telophase" title="Telophase">Telophase</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytokinesis" title="Cytokinesis">Cytokinesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle_checkpoint" title="Cell cycle checkpoint">Cell cycle checkpoints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_point" title="Restriction point">Restriction point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_checkpoint" title="Spindle checkpoint">Spindle checkpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postreplication_checkpoint" title="Postreplication checkpoint">Postreplication checkpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cellular phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" 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