Association of Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption with Health Outcomes in Nutrition Students: A Post-COVID-19 Analysis

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Association of Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption with Health Outcomes in Nutrition Students: A Post-COVID-19 Analysis</title> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/public/journals/123/favicon_en_US.jpg"> <meta name="generator" content="Open Journal Systems 3.3.0.11"> <script id="MathJax-script" async src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3.0.1/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js"></script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=AW-11045438243"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'AW-11045438243'); </script> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow"> <meta name="Googlebot" content="index, follow"> <script type="text/javascript"> function googleTranslateElementInit() { new google.translate.TranslateElement( {pageLanguage: 'en'}, 'google_translate_element' ); } </script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit"> </script> <meta name="gs_meta_revision" content="1.1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="J. Adv. Med. Med. Res."/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2456-8899"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kamilla A. Silva"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição– Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil."/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Maria Thereza O. Figueiró"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde - Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil."/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Maria de Lourdes R. Santos"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Departamento de Nutrição - Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil."/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Marina A. Assunção"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde - Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil."/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Regina E. S. Pereira"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde - Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil."/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Carina S. Santos"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde – Universidade Federal de Grande Dourados, Dourados-MS, Brazil."/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Elizabethe A. Esteves"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição– Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde - Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil and Departamento de Nutrição - Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil."/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Association of Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption with Health Outcomes in Nutrition Students: A Post-COVID-19 Analysis"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="2024/11/23"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="36"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="12"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="37"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="47"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i125652"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article/view/5652"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Ultra-processed foods"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="students"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="nutrition"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="overweight"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="eating practices"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="COVID-19"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article/download/5652/11384"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/gateway/plugin/WebFeedGatewayPlugin/atom"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/gateway/plugin/WebFeedGatewayPlugin/rss"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/gateway/plugin/WebFeedGatewayPlugin/rss2"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Noto+Sans:wght@300;400;500;600;700;800&display=swap" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/plugins/themes/gopher/css/fa_all.min.css?v=3.3.0.11" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/plugins/themes/gopher/css/v4-font-face.css?v=3.3.0.11" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/plugins/themes/gopher/css/bootstrap.min.css?v=3.3.0.11" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/plugins/themes/gopher/css/custom.css?v=3.3.0.11" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">:root { --color-primary: #113383;}</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/public/journals/123/styleSheet.css?d=2023-02-16+12%3A36%3A20" type="text/css" /> </head> <body> <section class="header container-fluid py-4"> <div class="container px-3 px-md-4"> <div class="row align-items-center align-items-md-start">  <div class="col-sm-7 text-end right-col pe-0 pe-md-2 mt-sm-0 mt-4"> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="container shadow p-0"> <div class="container page-header py-3 py-lg-4 px-4"> <h1> <a class="heading-link" href=" https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/index "}> Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research </a> </h1> </div> <div class="container border-bottom menu-row px-xl-4 px-2 position-relative"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-xl navbar-dark"> <div class="container-fluid p-0"> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapsibleNavbar" aria-controls="collapsibleNavbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation" > <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="collapsibleNavbar"> <ul id="" class="navbar-nav"> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a id="0" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" role="button" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/about" > About </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="0"> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/about" > About the Journal </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/about/submissions" > Author Guideline </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/articles-press" > Accepted Papers </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/editorial-policy" > Editorial Policy </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/about/editorialTeam" > Editorial Board Members </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/Reviewers" > Reviewers </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article-reprints" > Printed Hard copy </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/about/privacy" > Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/digital-archiving" > Digital Archiving </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/about/contact" > Contact </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/issue/archive"> Archives </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/abstracting-indexing"> Indexing </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/publication-charge"> Price </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/manuscript-submission"> Submission </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://bit.ly/sdi-testimonial"> Testimonials </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/announcement"> Announcements </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/recommended-journal"> Similar Journals </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/search" class="btn btn-primary small">Search</a> </div> <script async src="https://badge.dimensions.ai/badge.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js'></script> <div class="container px-4 pt-4"> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="You are here:"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/index"> Home </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/issue/archive"> Archives </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/issue/view/480"> 2024 - Volume 36 [Issue 12] </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page"> <span aria-current="page"> Original Research Article </span> </li> </ol> </nav> </div> <article class="container mt-4 mt-md-5 px-4"> <div class="row flex-column-reverse flex-md-row g-md-5"> <div class="col-xxl-3 col-md-4 sidebar-left"> <div class="mob-hid"> <a class="btn btn-primary small article-btn w-100 mt-2" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article/view/5652/11384"> <i class="fa-solid fa-file-pdf"></i> Full Article - PDF </a> <a class="btn btn-primary small article-btn w-100 mt-2" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article/view/5652/11385"> Review History </a> <a class="btn btn-primary small article-btn w-100 mt-2" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article/view/5652/11386"> Discussion </a> <div class="container px-0 mt-4"> <div class="container px-0 mt-4"> <p><b><span style="color:black">Published:</span></b> 2024-11-23 </p> </div> <p> <span style="color:black" class="bold"> DOI: </span> <a style="text-decoration:none" href="https://doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i125652"> 10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i125652 </a> </p> <p style="color:black"><b>Page:</b> 37-47</p> </div> <div class="container px-0 mt-4"> <p><b><span style="color:black">Issue:</span></b> <a style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/issue/view/480"> 2024 - Volume 36 [Issue 12] </a></br><hr> <span class="__dimensions_badge_embed__" data-doi="10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i125652" data-legend="always" data-style="small_circle"></span> </br><hr> <div data-badge-type='donut' class='altmetric-embed' data-badge-details='right' data-doi='10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i125652'></div> </p> </div> </div>  <div class="container px-0 mt-4"> </div> </div> <div class="col-xxl-9 col-md-8 ps-md-4 mb-4 mb-md-0"> <h2 style="color:#113383"> Association of Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption with Health Outcomes in Nutrition Students: A Post-COVID-19 Analysis </h2>  <div class="com-hid"> <a class="btn btn-primary small article-btn w-100 mt-2" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article/view/5652/11384"> <i class="fa-solid fa-file-pdf"></i> Full Article - PDF </a> <a class="btn btn-primary small article-btn w-100 mt-2" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article/view/5652/11385"> Review History </a> <a class="btn btn-primary small article-btn w-100 mt-2" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article/view/5652/11386"> Discussion </a> <div class="container px-0 mt-4"> <div class="container px-0 mt-4"> <p><b><span style="color:black">Published:</span></b> 2024-11-23 </p> </div> <p> <span style="color:black" class="bold"> DOI: </span> <a style="text-decoration:none" href="https://doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i125652"> 10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i125652 </a> </p> <p style="color:black"><b>Page:</b> 37-47</p> </div> <div class="container px-0 mt-4"> <p><b><span style="color:black">Issue:</span></b> <a style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/issue/view/480"> 2024 - Volume 36 [Issue 12] </a> </p> </div> <hr class="mt-5"> </div>  <p style="color:black"class="bold mb-0"> Kamilla A. Silva </p> <p> Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição– Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil. </p> <p style="color:black"class="bold mb-0"> Maria Thereza O. Figueiró </p> <p> Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde - Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil. </p> <p style="color:black"class="bold mb-0"> Maria de Lourdes R. Santos </p> <p> Departamento de Nutrição - Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil. </p> <p style="color:black"class="bold mb-0"> Marina A. Assunção </p> <p> Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde - Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil. </p> <p style="color:black"class="bold mb-0"> Regina E. S. Pereira </p> <p> Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde - Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil. </p> <p style="color:black"class="bold mb-0"> Carina S. Santos </p> <p> Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde – Universidade Federal de Grande Dourados, Dourados-MS, Brazil. </p> <p style="color:black"class="bold mb-0"> Elizabethe A. Esteves <span>*</span> <span onclick="window.open('mailto:elizabethe.esteves@ufvjm.edu.br')"><i class="fas fa-envelope" style="position: relative; width: 14px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 14px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;" ></i></span> </p> <p> Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição– Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde - Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil and Departamento de Nutrição - Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil. </p> <p style="font-size:15px;">*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.</p> <hr class="mt-5"> <h3 style="color:#113383">Abstract</h3> <span style="text-align: justify" ><p>The consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been associated with increased disease risk. The COVID-19 pandemic affected eating practices, favoring university students' consumption of these foods. Nutrition students could have been less influenced. Therefore, we evaluated associations between the consumption of UPF items and markers of health status in nutrition students one year after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was a cross-sectional study with nutrition students from a public university. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, physical activity, sleep quality, eating practices, and body image data were collected through a self-answered questionnaire using an online platform. Food items consumed on the previous day were obtained through individual interviews on two days of the same week. They were classified according to the NOVA classification. Almost 50% of the foods reported were in-natura/minimally processed (37 items out of 80); 40% of the participants consumed less than half of these food items. Almost 15% of all food items were UPF, and the number of food items in more than 85% was up to 4.5. The consumption was higher in students with poor eating practices and overweighted males, younger and under the first half of the major. The greater UPF items consumption, the greater the prevalence ratios of overweight (≥1=35%; ≥2=44%; ≥3=66%) or inadequate eating practices (≥1=32%; ≥2=40%; ≥3=52%). The participation of one UPF item in the diet was associated with the prevalence of overweight or poor eating practices; the higher the UPF item participation, the higher the prevalence.</p> </span> <p> <span style="color:#113383" class="bold"> Keywords: </span> Ultra-processed foods, students, nutrition, overweight, eating practices, COVID-19 </p> <hr class="mt-5"> <div class="container px-0 mt-4"> <h4><b>How to Cite</b></h4> <div id="citationOutput" role="region" aria-live="polite"> <div class="csl-bib-body"> <div class="csl-entry">Silva, Kamilla A., Maria Thereza O. Figueiró, Maria de Lourdes R. Santos, Marina A. Assunção, Regina E. S. Pereira, Carina S. Santos, and Elizabethe A. Esteves. 2024. “Association of Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption With Health Outcomes in Nutrition Students: A Post-COVID-19 Analysis”. <i>Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research</i> 36 (12):37-47. https://doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2024/v36i125652.</div> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown my-3"> <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle" id="citationFormatsDropdown" aria-controls="cslCitationFormats" aria-expanded="false" data-csl-dropdown="true" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" type="button" > More Citation Formats </button> <ul class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="citationFormatsDropdown"> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879&return=json" > ACM </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/acs-nano?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/acs-nano?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879&return=json" > ACS </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/apa?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/apa?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879&return=json" > APA </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879&return=json" > ABNT </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/chicago-author-date?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/chicago-author-date?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879&return=json" > Chicago </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/harvard-cite-them-right?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/harvard-cite-them-right?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879&return=json" > Harvard </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/ieee?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/ieee?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879&return=json" > IEEE </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/modern-language-association?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/modern-language-association?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879&return=json" > MLA </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/turabian-fullnote-bibliography?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/turabian-fullnote-bibliography?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879&return=json" > Turabian </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/vancouver?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/get/vancouver?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879&return=json" > Vancouver </a> </li> <li><hr class="dropdown-divider"></li> <li><span class="dropdown-item">Download Citation</span></li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/download/ris?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879" > <span class="fa fa-download"></span> Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) </a> </li> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/citationstylelanguage/download/bibtex?submissionId=5652&publicationId=8879" > <span class="fa fa-download"></span> BibTeX </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <hr class="mt-5">  </div> </div> </article> <div class="container mt-5 px-4 pb-4"> </div> </section> <section class="footer container-fluid"> <div class="container py-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p>© Copyright 2010-Till Date, Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research. All rights reserved.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row bottom-bar py-3"></div> </section> <script src="https://www.journaljammr.com/plugins/themes/gopher/js/jquery.js?v=3.3.0.11" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://www.journaljammr.com/plugins/themes/gopher/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js?v=3.3.0.11" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://www.journaljammr.com/plugins/themes/gopher/js/custom.js?v=3.3.0.11" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://www.journaljammr.com/plugins/generic/citationStyleLanguage/js/articleCitation.js?v=3.3.0.11" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-135347278-40', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Association of Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption with Health Outcomes in Nutrition Students: A Post-COVID-19 Analysis