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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>AEDGE: Atomic experiment for dark matter and gravity exploration in space | Experimental Astronomy </title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="AEDGE: Atomic experiment for dark matter and gravity exploration in space"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Experimental Astronomy - This article contains a summary of the White Paper submitted in 2019 to the ESA Voyage 2050 process, which was subsequently published in EPJ Quantum Technology (AEDGE..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10686-021-09701-3/MediaObjects/10686_2021_9701_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="10686"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="AEDGE: Atomic experiment for dark matter and gravity exploration in space"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Experimental Astronomy 2021 51:3"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2021-03-12"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2021 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2021 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="This article contains a summary of the White Paper submitted in 2019 to the ESA Voyage 2050 process, which was subsequently published in EPJ Quantum Technology (AEDGE Collaboration et al. EPJ Quant. Technol. 7,6 2020). We propose in this White Paper a concept for a space experiment using cold atoms to search for ultra-light dark matter, and to detect gravitational waves in the frequency range between the most sensitive ranges of LISA and the terrestrial LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA/INDIGO experiments. This interdisciplinary experiment, called Atomic Experiment for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration (AEDGE), will also complement other planned searches for dark matter, and exploit synergies with other gravitational wave detectors. We give examples of the extended range of sensitivity to ultra-light dark matter offered by AEDGE, and how its gravitational-wave measurements could explore the assembly of super-massive black holes, first-order phase transitions in the early universe and cosmic strings. 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name="citation_author_institution" content="National Institute of Chemical Physics & Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zhan, Ming-Sheng"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2021/06/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="AEDGE: Atomic experiment for dark matter and gravity exploration in space - Experimental Astronomy"/> <meta property="og:description" content="This article contains a summary of the White Paper submitted in 2019 to the ESA Voyage 2050 process, which was subsequently published in EPJ Quantum Technology (AEDGE Collaboration et al. EPJ Quant. Technol. 7,6 2020). We propose in this White Paper a concept for a space experiment using cold atoms to search for ultra-light dark matter, and to detect gravitational waves in the frequency range between the most sensitive ranges of LISA and the terrestrial LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA/INDIGO experiments. This interdisciplinary experiment, called Atomic Experiment for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration (AEDGE), will also complement other planned searches for dark matter, and exploit synergies with other gravitational wave detectors. We give examples of the extended range of sensitivity to ultra-light dark matter offered by AEDGE, and how its gravitational-wave measurements could explore the assembly of super-massive black holes, first-order phase transitions in the early universe and cosmic strings. 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data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Wolf-Klitzing-Aff15" data-author-popup="auth-Wolf-Klitzing-Aff15" data-author-search="von Klitzing, Wolf">Wolf von Klitzing</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff15">15</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Markus-Krutzik-Aff16" data-author-popup="auth-Markus-Krutzik-Aff16" data-author-search="Krutzik, Markus">Markus Krutzik</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff16">16</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Marek-Lewicki-Aff9-Aff17" data-author-popup="auth-Marek-Lewicki-Aff9-Aff17" data-author-search="Lewicki, Marek">Marek Lewicki</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff9">9</a>,<a 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class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 30 authors for this article" title="Show all 30 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Ming_Sheng-Zhan-Aff24" data-author-popup="auth-Ming_Sheng-Zhan-Aff24" data-author-search="Zhan, Ming-Sheng">Ming-Sheng Zhan</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff24">24</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon 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xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>This article contains a summary of the White Paper submitted in 2019 to the ESA Voyage 2050 process, which was subsequently published in EPJ Quantum Technology (AEDGE Collaboration et al. EPJ Quant. Technol. <b>7</b>,6 <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2020" title="AEDGE Collaboration, El-Neaj, Y.A., et al.: AEDGE: Atomic experiment for dark matter and gravity exploration in space. EPJ Quant. Technol. 7, 6 (2020). arXiv:
 1908.00802
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1281">2020</a>). We propose in this White Paper a concept for a space experiment using cold atoms to search for ultra-light dark matter, and to detect gravitational waves in the frequency range between the most sensitive ranges of LISA and the terrestrial LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA/INDIGO experiments. This interdisciplinary experiment, called Atomic Experiment for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration (AEDGE), will also complement other planned searches for dark matter, and exploit synergies with other gravitational wave detectors. We give examples of the extended range of sensitivity to ultra-light dark matter offered by AEDGE, and how its gravitational-wave measurements could explore the assembly of super-massive black holes, first-order phase transitions in the early universe and cosmic strings. AEDGE will be based upon technologies now being developed for terrestrial experiments using cold atoms, and will benefit from the space experience obtained with, e.g., LISA and cold atom experiments in microgravity.</p></div></div></section> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjqt%2Fs40507-020-0080-0/MediaObjects/40507_2020_80_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-020-0080-0?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1140/epjqt/s40507-020-0080-0">AEDGE: Atomic Experiment for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration in Space </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">04 March 2020</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1140%2Fepjd%2Fe2019-100324-6/MediaObjects/10053_2019_10324_Fig1_HTML.jpg" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjd/e2019-100324-6?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1140/epjd/e2019-100324-6">SAGE: A proposal for a space atomic gravity explorer </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">15 November 2019</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41567-018-0205-x/MediaObjects/41567_2018_205_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1038/s41567-018-0205-x?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1038/s41567-018-0205-x">Acoustic Rabi oscillations between gravitational quantum states and impact on symmetron dark energy </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">23 July 2018</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1742034816, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=10686" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Preface"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">1 </span>Preface</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>This article contains a summary of the White Paper submitted in 2019 by the same authors to the ESA Voyage 2050 process, and also mentions a few subsequent scientific and technical developments. The paper was published in EPJ Quantum Technology [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="AEDGE Collaboration, El-Neaj, Y.A., et al.: AEDGE: Atomic experiment for dark matter and gravity exploration in space. EPJ Quant. Technol. 7, 6 (2020). arXiv:
 1908.00802
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1308">1</a>], where we have welcomed as supporting authors participants in the Workshop on Atomic Experiments for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration held at CERN [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="CERN: Workshop on atomic experiments for dark matter and gravity exploration. 
 https://www.indico.cern.ch/event/830432/
 
 (2019)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1311">2</a>], as well as other interested scientists.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Science case"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2 </span>Science case</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><p>Two of the most important issues in fundamental physics, astrophysics and cosmology are the nature of dark matter (DM) and the exploration of the gravitational wave (GW) spectrum.</p><p>Multiple observations from the dynamics of galaxies and clusters to the spectrum of the cosmological microwave background (CMB) radiation measured by ESA’s Planck satellite and other [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Planck Collaboration, Aghanim, N., et al.: Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, arXiv:
 1807.06209
 
 (2018)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1325">3</a>] experiments indicate that there is far more DM than conventional matter in the Universe, but its physical composition remains a complete mystery. The two most popular classes of DM scenario invoke either coherent waves of ultra-light bosonic fields, or weakly-interacting massive particles (WIMPs). In the absence so far of any positive indications for WIMPs from accelerator and other laboratory experiments, there is increasing interest in ultra-light bosonic candidates, many of which appear in theories that address other problems in fundamental physics. <i>Such bosons are among the priority targets for AEDGE.</i></p><p>The discovery of GWs by the LIGO [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Aasi, J., et al.: Advanced LIGO. Class. Quant. Grav. 32, 074001 (2015). arXiv:
 1411.4547
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1333">4</a>] and Virgo [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="VIRGO Collaboration, Acernese, F., et al.: Advanced Virgo: a second-generation interferometric gravitational wave detector. Class. Quant. Grav. 32, 024001 (2015). arXiv:
 1408.3978
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1336">5</a>] laser interferometer experiments has opened a new window on the Universe, through which waves over a wide range of frequencies can provide new information about high-energy astrophysics and cosmology. Just as astronomical observations at different wavelengths provide complementary information about electromagnetic sources, measurements of GWs in different frequency bands are complementary and synergistic. In addition to the ongoing LIGO and Virgo experiments at relatively high frequencies <span class="mathjax-tex">\(\gtrsim 10\)</span> Hz, which will soon be joined by the KAGRA [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 6" title="KAGRA Collaboration, Somiya, K.: Detector configuration of KAGRA: The Japanese cryogenic gravitational-wave detector. Class. Quant. Grav. 29, 124007 (2012). arXiv:
 1111.7185
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1358">6</a>] detector in Japan and the INDIGO project [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Unnikrishnan, C.S.: IndIGO and LIGO-India: Scope and plans for gravitational wave research and precision metrology in India. Int. J. Mod. Phys. D22, 1341010 (2013). arXiv:
 1510.06059
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1361">7</a>] to build a LIGO detector in India, with the Einstein Telescope (ET) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Punturo, M., et al.: The Einstein Telescope: A third-generation gravitational wave observatory. Class. Quant. Grav. 27, 194002 (2010)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1365">8</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Sathyaprakash, B., et al.: Scientific objectives of einstein telescope. Class. Quant. Grav. 29, 124013 (2012). arXiv:
 1206.0331
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1368">9</a>] and Cosmic Explorer (CE) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="Reitze, D., et al.: Cosmic Explorer: The U.S. Contribution to Gravitational-Wave Astronomy beyond LIGO. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 51, 035 (2019). arXiv:
 1907.04833
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1371">10</a>] experiments being planned for similar frequency ranges, ESA has approved for launch before the period being considered for Voyage 2050 missions the LISA mission, which will be most sensitive at frequencies <span class="mathjax-tex">\(\lesssim 10^{-1}\)</span> Hz, and the Taiji [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Ruan, W.-H., Guo, Z.-K., Cai, R.-G., Zhang, Y.-Z.: Taiji program: Gravitational-wave sources. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 35, 2050075 (2020). arXiv:
 1807.09495
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1408">11</a>] and TianQin [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Luo, J., Chen, L.-S., Duan, H.-Z., Gong, Y.-G., Hu, S., Ji, J., et al.: TianQin: A space-borne gravitational wave detector. Classic. Quantum Grav. 33, 035010 (2016)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1411">12</a>] missions proposed in China will have similar sensitivity to LISA. AEDGE is optimized for the mid-frequency range between LISA/Taiji/TianQin and LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA/INDIGO/ET/CE <sup><a href="#Fn1"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>1</a></sup>. This range is ideal for probing the formation of the super-massive black holes known to be present in many galaxies. Also, AEDGE’s observations of astrophysical sources will complement those by other GW experiments at lower and higher frequencies, completing sets of measurements from inspiral to merger and ringdown, yielding important synergies as we illustrate below. <i>GWs are the other priority targets for AEDGE.</i></p><p>In addition to these primary scientific objectives, several other potential objectives for cold atom experiments in space are under study. These may include constraining possible variations in fundamental constants, probing dark energy, and probing basic physical principles such as Lorentz invariance and quantum mechanics. Cold quantum gases provide powerful technologies that are already mature for the AEDGE goals, while also developing rapidly [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 18" title="Pezzè, L., Smerzi, A., Oberthaler, M.K., Schmied, R., Treutlein, P.: Quantum metrology with nonclassical states of atomic ensembles. Rev. Mod. Phys. 90, 035005 (2018). arXiv:
 1609.01609
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1441">18</a>]. The developments of these technologies can be expected to offer AEDGE more possibilities on the Voyage 2050 time scale. <i>AEDGE is a uniquely interdiscplinary and versatile mission.</i></p></div></div></section><section data-title="Experimental considerations"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec3"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3 </span>Experimental considerations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec3-content"><p>The design of AEDGE requires two satellites operating along a single line-of-sight and separated by a long distance. The payload of each satellite will consist of cold atom technology as developed for state-of-the-art atom interferometry and atomic clocks. As two satellites are needed to accomplish its science goals, the AEDGE mission planning costs are estimated to be in the range of an L-class mission. However, in view of the international interest in the AEDGE science goals, the possibility of international cooperation and co-funding of the mission may be investigated.</p><p>There are several cold atom projects based on various technologies that are currently under construction, planned or proposed, which address the principal technical challenges and could be considered in a detailed design for a mission proposal and corresponding satellite payload. However, all of these options require the same basic detector and mission configuration outlined above. For the option presented in the White Paper we chose to base our discussion on the concept outlined in in [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Graham, P.W., Hogan, J.M., Kasevich, M.A., Rajendran, S.: A new method for gravitational wave detection with atomic sensors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 171102 (2013). arXiv:
 1206.0818
 
 " href="#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1457">19</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Graham, P.W., Hogan, J.M., Kasevich, M.A., Rajendran, S.: Resonant mode for gravitational wave detectors based on atom interferometry. Phys. Rev. D94, 104022 (2016). arXiv:
 1606.01860
 
 " href="#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1457_1">20</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="MAGIS Collaboration, Graham, P.W., Hogan, J.M., Kasevich, M.A., Rajendran, S., Romani, R. W.: Mid-band gravitational wave detection with precision atomic sensors. arXiv:
 1711.02225
 
 (2017)" href="#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1457_2">21</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 22" title="Tino, G.M., et al.: SAGE: A proposal for a space atomic gravity explorer Eur. Phys. J. D Topical Issue on Quantum Technologies for Gravitational Physics. Eur. Phys. J. D 73, 228 (2019). arXiv:
 1907.03867
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1460">22</a>], which is currently the most advanced design for a space mission (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#Fig1">1</a>). </p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10686-021-09701-3/MediaObjects/10686_2021_9701_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10686-021-09701-3/MediaObjects/10686_2021_9701_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="685" height="554"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>Space-time diagram of the operation of a pair of cold-atom interferometers based on single-photon transitions between the ground state (blue) and the excited state (red dashed). The laser pulses (wavy lines) travelling across the baseline from opposite sides are used to divide, redirect, and recombine the atomic de Broglie waves, yielding interference patterns that are sensitive to the modulation of the light travel time caused by DM or GWs (from [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 19" title="Graham, P.W., Hogan, J.M., Kasevich, M.A., Rajendran, S.: A new method for gravitational wave detection with atomic sensors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 171102 (2013). arXiv:
 1206.0818
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1476">19</a>]). For clarity, the sizes of the atom interferometers are shown on an exaggerated scale</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>This concept links clouds of cold atomic strontium in a pair of satellites in medium earth orbit (MEO) via pulsed continuous-wave lasers that induce the 698 nm atomic clock transition, and detect momentum transfers from the electromagnetic field to the strontium atoms, which act as test masses in a double atom interferometer scheme.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Technological readiness"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec4-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec4"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4 </span>Technological readiness</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec4-content"><p>AEDGE will benefit from the experience gained with LISA Pathfinder in free-fall control and LISA itself in operating laser interferometers over large distances. We have identified the following three additional high-level technical requirements that are critical for AEDGE: </p><ul class="u-list-style-bullet"> <li> <p>Demonstrate reliable functioning of atom interferometry on a large terrestrial scale <span class="mathjax-tex">\(\gtrsim 100\)</span>m;</p> </li> <li> <p>Demonstrate that the design parameters assumed here, such as the LMT enhancement, phase noise control, interrogation time, etc., can be achieved;</p> </li> <li> <p>Demonstrate the robustness of cold atom technology in the space environment.</p> </li> </ul><p>Several terrestrial atom interferometer projects that would serve as demonstrators for different technologies are under construction, planned or proposed.</p><p>These include three large-scale prototype projects at the 100-m scale that are funded and currently under construction, namely MAGIS-100 in the US [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 21" title="MAGIS Collaboration, Graham, P.W., Hogan, J.M., Kasevich, M.A., Rajendran, S., Romani, R. W.: Mid-band gravitational wave detection with precision atomic sensors. arXiv:
 1711.02225
 
 (2017)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1541">21</a>], MIGA in France [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 23" title="Canuel, B., et al.: Exploring gravity with the MIGA large scale atom interferometer. Sci. Rep. 8, 14064 (2018). arXiv:
 1703.02490
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1544">23</a>], ZAIGA in China [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 24" title="Zhan, M.-S., et al.: ZAIGA: Zhaoshan long-baseline atom interferometer gravitation antenna. Int. J. Mod. Phys. D28, 1940005 (2019). arXiv:
 1903.09288
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1547">24</a>] and now the first stage of AION in the UK [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 25" title="Badurina, L., et al.: AION: An atom interferometer observatory and network. JCAP 05, 011 (2020). arXiv:
 1911.11755
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1550">25</a>], and there are projects to build one or several more km-scale detectors in the US (at the Sanford Underground Research facility, SURF), in Europe (MAGIA-advanced [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 26" title="Rosi, G., Sorrentino, F., Cacciapuoti, L., Prevedelli, M., Tino, G.M.: Precision measurement of the newtonian gravitational constant using cold atoms. Nature 510, 518 (2014). arXiv:
 1412.7954
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1553">26</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 27" title="Tino, G.M., et al.: Ultracold atoms and precision measurements. 
 http://coldatoms.lens.unifi.it
 
 (2016)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1557">27</a>], ELGAR [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 28" title="ELGAR collaboration, Sabulsky, D.: The European Laboratory for Gravitation and Atom- interferometric Research (ELGAR) Project 
 https://indico.cern.ch/event/830432/contributions/3497166/attachments/1883894/3104651/sabulsky_ELGAR_CERN_2019.pdf
 
 (2019)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1560">28</a>]) and in China (advanced ZAIGA) that would serve as the ultimate technology readiness demonstrators for AEDGE. In parallel to these large-scale prototype projects, several other cold atom projects are in progress or planned, demonstrating the general readiness of the technology including the scaling of the basic parameters that are required for AEDGE.</p><p>Moreover, several cold atom experiments (CACES [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 29" title="Liu, L., Lü, D.-S., Chen, W.-B., Li, T., Qu, Q.-Z., Wang, B., et al.: In-orbit operation of an atomic clock based on laser-cooled 87Rb atoms. Nature Communications 1–8 (2018)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1566">29</a>], MAIUS [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 30" title="Becker, D., et al.: Space-borne Bose–einstein condensation for precision interferometry. Nature 562, 391 (2018)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1569">30</a>], CAL [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="Elliott, E.R., Krutzik, M.C., Williams, J.R., Thompson, R.J., Aveline, D.C.: Nasa’s cold atom lab (cal): system development and ground test status. npj Microgravity 4, 16 (2016)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1572">31</a>]) and underlying optical key technologies (FOKUS [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 32" title="Lezius, M., et al.: Space-borne frequency comb metrology. Optica 3, 1381 (2016)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1575">32</a>], KALEXUS [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 33" title="Dinkelaker, A., et al.: Space-borne frequency comb metrology. Appl. Opt. 56, 1388 (2017)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1578">33</a>], JOKARUS [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 34" title="Döringshoff, K., et al.: Iodine frequency reference on a sounding rocket. Phys. Rev. Appl. 11, 054068 (2019)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1582">34</a>]) have already demonstrated reliable operation in space, and much more experience will be gained in the coming years.</p><p>In addition there are ongoing NASA, Chinese, ESA, German and French projects to conduct cold atom experiments in space, some of which have already provided operational experience with cold atoms in space or microgravity environments. These include the Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) experiment on the ISS [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="Elliott, E.R., Krutzik, M.C., Williams, J.R., Thompson, R.J., Aveline, D.C.: Nasa’s cold atom lab (cal): system development and ground test status. npj Microgravity 4, 16 (2016)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1588">31</a>], the Chinese Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (CACES) that has demonstrated in-orbit operation of an atomic clock based on laser-cooled rubidium atoms [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 29" title="Liu, L., Lü, D.-S., Chen, W.-B., Li, T., Qu, Q.-Z., Wang, B., et al.: In-orbit operation of an atomic clock based on laser-cooled 87Rb atoms. Nature Communications 1–8 (2018)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1591">29</a>], the Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES/PHARAO) project led by ESA plans to install ultra-stable atomic cesium clocks on the ISS [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 35" title="Cacciapuoti, L., Salomon, C.: The ACES experiment. European Phys. J. Special Topics 172, 57 (2009)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1594">35</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="Laurent, P., Massonnet, D., Cacciapuoti, L., Salomon, C.: The ACES/PHARAO space mission. Comptes Rendus Physique 16(5), 540 (2015)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1597">36</a>], the Bose-Einstein Condensate and Cold Atom Laboratory (BECCAL) project [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 37" title="BECCAL collaboration, Becker, D., et al.: BECCAL science overview. 
 https://custom.cvent.com/216E523D934443{CA}9F514B796474A210/files/f7a0cce2d06f4e2182eaec7af912d5bf.pdf
 
 (2019)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1600">37</a>], the ICE experiment that recently reported the all-optical formation of a BEC in the microgravity environment obtained on an Einstein elevator [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 38" title="Condon, G., et al.: All-Optical Bose-einstein condensates in microgravity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 240402 (2019). arXiv:
 1906.10063
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1604">38</a>], and the ISS Space Optical Clock (I-SOC) project of ESA [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 39" title="Bongs, K., et al.: Development of a strontium optical lattice clock for the SOC mission on the ISS. Comptes Rendus Physique 16(5), 553 (2015)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1607">39</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 40" title="Origlia, S., et al.: Development of a strontium optical lattice clock for the SOC mission on the ISS. Phys. Rev. A 98, 053443 (2015)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1610">40</a>] to use cold strontium atoms in space to compare and synchronize atomic clocks worldwide.</p><p>Other proposals for atomic experiments in space to probe fundamental physics include STE-QUEST [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 41" title="Aguilera, D., et al.: STE-QUEST - Test of the universality of free fall using cold atom interferometry. Class. Quant. Grav. 31, 115010 (2014). arXiv:
 1312.5980
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1617">41</a>], the Space Atomic Gravity Explorer (SAGE) mission [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 22" title="Tino, G.M., et al.: SAGE: A proposal for a space atomic gravity explorer Eur. Phys. J. D Topical Issue on Quantum Technologies for Gravitational Physics. Eur. Phys. J. D 73, 228 (2019). arXiv:
 1907.03867
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1620">22</a>], the SagnAc interferometer for Gravitational wavE proposal (also called SAGE) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 42" title="Lacour, S., et al.: SAGE: finding IMBH in the black hole desert. Class. Quant. Grav. 36, 195005 (2019). arXiv:
 1811.04743
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1623">42</a>] and the Atomic Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Space Observatory (AIGSO) proposed in China [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 43" title="Gao, D., Wang, J., Zhan, M.: Atomic interferometric Gravitational-Wave space observatory (AIGSO). Commun. Theor. Phys. 69, 37 (2018)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1626">43</a>].</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Summary"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec5-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec5"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">5 </span>Summary</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec5-content"><p>The nature of DM is one of the most important and pressing in particle physics and cosmology, and one of the favoured possibilities is that it is provided by coherent waves of some ultra-light boson. AEDGE will be able to explore large ranges of the parameter spaces of such models, complementing the capabilities of other experiments.</p><p>Experience with electromagnetic waves shows the advantages of making astronomical observations in a range of different frequencies, and the same is expected to hold in the era of gravitational astronomy. There are advanced projects to explore the GW spectrum with maximum sensitivities at frequencies <span class="mathjax-tex">\(\gtrsim 10\)</span> Hz and below <span class="mathjax-tex">\(\lesssim 10^{-2}\)</span> Hz, but no approved project has peak sensitivity in the mid-frequency band between them. AEDGE would be ideal for exploiting the scientific opportunities in the mid-frequency band, complementing other experiments and offering synergies with them.</p><p>Other possible opportunities for AEDGE in fundamental physics, astrophysics and cosmology have been identified, but not yet explored in detail.</p><p>The roadmap towards the AEDGE mission includes the following elements: </p><ul class="u-list-style-bullet"> <li> <p>Today to 2025: Prototype 10-m facilities in the US, Europe and China, being extended to <span class="mathjax-tex">\({\mathcal O}(100)\)</span>m;</p> </li> <li> <p>2025 to 2035: scaling of 100-m facilities to km-scale infrastructures;</p> </li> <li> <p>These experiments will demonstrate the reliability of cold-atom interferometers capable of achieving or surpassing the technical requirements for AEDGE;</p> </li> <li> <p>Operation of LISA will demonstrate the operation of large-scale laser interferometry in space;</p> </li> <li> <p>In parallel, a vigorous technology development programme should be set up, pursued and coordinated on a European-wide level in order to maximize efficiency and avoid duplication.</p> </li> </ul><p>AEDGE is a uniquely interdisciplinary mission that will harness cold atom technologies to address key issues in fundamental physics, astrophysics and cosmology that can be realized within the Voyage 2050 Science Programme of ESA. The worldwide spread of the authors of this article indicate that there could be global interest in participating in this mission.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Recent developments"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec6-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec6"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">6 </span>Recent developments</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec6-content"><p>Following submission of this White Paper, an expanded version with over 100 additional authors was published [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="AEDGE Collaboration, El-Neaj, Y.A., et al.: AEDGE: Atomic experiment for dark matter and gravity exploration in space. EPJ Quant. Technol. 7, 6 (2020). arXiv:
 1908.00802
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1768">1</a>]. This contains a number of refinements of the science arguments, notably a discussion of the synergies to be obtained by including AEDGE in a network of complementary detectors including LISA, LIGO, Virgo et al. The expanded version also stresses the abilities of AEDGE to measure and localize prospective mergers during their early infall phases and predict accurately the times before the mergers themselves, which are of great interest for multi-messenger astronomy. These AEDGE measurements would also provide precise tests of general relativity, e.g., by constraining the gravitino mass [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 44" title="Ellis, J., Vaskonen, V.: Probes of gravitational waves with atom interferometers. Phys. Rev. D 101, 12 (2020). arXiv:
 2003.13480
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1771">44</a>].</p><p>An interesting and exciting new technical development is the possibility of doing data analysis and alert generation on-board using neural networks. On-board data processing can become quite important for overcoming the massive limitations on the speed of data transfer, in order to generate alerts for space or Earth observatories in the context of multi-messenger observations. The proposed solution, making on-board data analysis and processing on space-qualified FPGAs using neural networks, has been already presented to ESA, and its implementation for future missions has been encouraged.</p><p>As mentioned in the White Paper, there is an urgent need to raise the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of cold atom devices for space applications, including but not limited to interferometers. We note in this connection the recent successful observation of Bose-Einstein condensation on the ISS by the BEC Collaboration [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 45" title="Aveline, D., et al.: Observation of Bose–Einstein condensates in an Earth-orbiting research lab. Nature 582, 193–197 (2020)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1780">45</a>], as well as recent progress in the development of technologies for quantum communication [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 46" title="Yin, J., et al.: Entanglement-based secure quantum cryptography over 1,120 kilometres. Nature 582, 501–505 (2020)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1783">46</a>].</p><p>Finally, we also note that the proposal for the AION ground-based atom interferometer project [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 25" title="Badurina, L., et al.: AION: An atom interferometer observatory and network. JCAP 05, 011 (2020). arXiv:
 1911.11755
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1789">25</a>] has recently been approved in the UK, joining the MAGIS project in the US, the MIGA project in France, and the ZAIGA project in China, which had been approved previously.</p></div></div></section> </div> <section data-title="Availability of Data and Materials"><div class="c-article-section" id="availability-of-data-and-materials-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="availability-of-data-and-materials">Availability of Data and Materials</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="availability-of-data-and-materials-content"> <p>For all requests relating to the paper, please contact author Oliver Buchmueller.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Notes"><div class="c-article-section" id="notes-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="notes">Notes</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="notes-content"><ol class="c-article-footnote c-article-footnote--listed"><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn1" data-counter="1."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>The ALIA proposal in Europe [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="Bender, P.L., Begelman, M.C., Gair, J.R.: Possible LISA follow-on mission scientific objectives. Class. Quant. Grav. 30, 165017 (2013)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1419">13</a>] and the DECIGO proposal in Japan [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 14" title="Kawamura, S., et al.: The Japanese space gravitational wave antenna: DECIGO. Class. Quant. Grav. 28, 094011 (2011)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1422">14</a>] have been aimed at a similar frequency range, and the scientific interest of this frequency range has recently been stressed in [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Mandel, I., Sesana, A., Vecchio, A.: The astrophysical science case for a decihertz gravitational-wave detector. Class. Quant. Grav. 35, 054004 (2018). arXiv:
 1710.11187
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1425">15</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 16" title="Baker, J., et al.: Space Based Gravitational Wave Astronomy Beyond LISA (Astro2020 APC White Paper), arXiv:
 1907.11305
 
 (2019)" href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1428">16</a>] and [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="Kuns, K.A., Yu, H., Chen, Y., Adhikari, R.X.: Astrophysics and cosmology with a decihertz gravitational-wave detector: TianGO. Phys. Rev. D 102, 043001 (2020). arXiv:
 1908.06004
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d250933025e1431">17</a>].</p></div></li></ol></div></div></section><section data-title="Abbreviations"><div class="c-article-section" id="abbreviations-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="abbreviations">Abbreviations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="abbreviations-content"><dl class="c-abbreviation_list"><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ACES/PHARAO:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space/Projet d’Horloge à Refroidissement d’Atomes en Orbite</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>AIGSO:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Atomic Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Space Observatory</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ALIA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Advanced Laser Interferometer Antenna</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ALP:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Axion-like particle</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>BEC:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Bose-Einsten Condensate</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>BECCAL:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Bose–Einstein Condensate and Cold Atom Laboratory</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>BS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Beam splitter</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CACES:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Cold Atom Clock Experiment in Space</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CAL:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Cold Atom Laboratory</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CERN:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Conseil Européen pour le Recherche Nucléaire</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CMB:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Cosmic Microwave Background</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>DECIGO:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Deci-Hertz Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>DLR:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>DM:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Dark Matter</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ESA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>European Space Agency</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>FOKUS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Faserlaserbasierter Optischer Kammgenerator unter Schwerelosigkeit</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>INFN:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica Nucleare</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ICE:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>atomique à sources Cohérentes pour l’Espace</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ISO:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>International Organization for Standardization</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>I-SOC:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>ISS space optical clock</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ISS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>International Space Station</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>JOKARUS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Jod Kamm Resonator unter Schwerelosigkeit</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>KALEXUS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Kalium-Laserexperimente unter Schwerelosigkeit</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>LMT:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Large momentum transfer</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>MAGIA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Misura Accurata di G mediante Interferometria Atomica</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>MAIUS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Materiewellen Interferometer Unter Schwerelosigkeit</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>MEO:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Medium earth orbit</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>MICROSCOPE:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Micro-Satellite à traînée Compensée pour l’Observation du Principe d’Equivalence</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NASA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>National Aeronautics and Space Agency</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>QUANTUS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Quantengase Unter Schwerelosigkeit</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>SAGAS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Search for Anomalous Gravitation using Atomic Sensors</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>SAGE:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Space Atomic Gravity Explorer, Sagnac interferometer for gravitational wave</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>SAI:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Space Atom Interferometer</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>STE-QUEST:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Space-Time Explorer and QUantum Equivalence Principle Space Test</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>SURF:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Sanford underground research facility</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>TRL:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Technology readiness level</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>TTM:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Tip-tilt mirror</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>WIMP:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Weakly-Interacting Massive Particle ——</p> </dd></dl></div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">AEDGE Collaboration, El-Neaj, Y.A., et al.: AEDGE: Atomic experiment for dark matter and gravity exploration in space. 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href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Entanglement-based%20secure%20quantum%20cryptography%20over%201%2C120%20kilometres&journal=Nature&doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2401-y&volume=582&pages=501-505&publication_year=2020&author=Yin%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li></ol><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgments"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgments</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>We thank CERN for kindly hosting the workshop where the concept for this proposed experiment was developed.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Funding"><div class="c-article-section" id="Fun-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Fun">Funding</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Fun-content"><p>The project proposed in this paper is not yet funded.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, F-33400, Talence, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Andrea Bertoldi, Philippe Bouyer, Benjamin Canuel & Dylan Sabulsky</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Kai Bongs & Yeshpal Singh</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">High Energy Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Oliver Buchmueller</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of Space Science, 409, Atomistilor Street Magurele, 077125, Ilfov, Romania</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Laurentiu-Ioan Caramete</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Dipartimento di Fisica “Enrico Fermi”, Universià di Pisa and INFN, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56126, Pisa, Italy</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Maria Luisa Chiofalo & Carla Signorini</p></li><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jonathon Coleman</p></li><li id="Aff7"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Antwerp University, B 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Albert De Roeck</p></li><li id="Aff8"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Experimental Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Geneva, Switzerland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Albert De Roeck</p></li><li id="Aff9"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, WC2R 2LS, London, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">John Ellis, Marek Lewicki, Christopher McCabe & Ville Vaskonen</p></li><li id="Aff10"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">National Institute of Chemical Physics & Biophysics, Rävala 10, 10143, Tallinn, Estonia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">John Ellis & Ville Vaskonen</p></li><li id="Aff11"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Geneva, Switzerland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">John Ellis</p></li><li id="Aff12"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Peter W. Graham & Jason Hogan</p></li><li id="Aff13"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Kavli Institute for Cosmology and Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Martin G. Haehnelt</p></li><li id="Aff14"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Univesité, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014, Paris, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Aurélien Hees</p></li><li id="Aff15"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, 70013, Greece</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Wolf von Klitzing</p></li><li id="Aff16"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Physics, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Markus Krutzik & Achim Peters</p></li><li id="Aff17"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Marek Lewicki</p></li><li id="Aff18"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institut fuür Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167, Hannover, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Ernst Rasel & Christian Schubert</p></li><li id="Aff19"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of Quantum Technologies, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Söflinger Str. 100, 89077, Ulm, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Albert Roura</p></li><li id="Aff20"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institut für Experimentalphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Stephan Schiller</p></li><li id="Aff21"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, Genova, Italy</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Fiodor Sorrentino</p></li><li id="Aff22"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Guglielmo Maria Tino</p></li><li id="Aff23"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, via Sansone 1, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Guglielmo Maria Tino</p></li><li id="Aff24"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Ming-Sheng Zhan</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Andrea-Bertoldi-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Andrea Bertoldi</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?sortBy=newestFirst&dc.creator=Andrea%20Bertoldi" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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The following authors are the original proponents of a submission in response to the Call for White Papers for the Voyage 2050 long-term plan in the ESA Science Programme: Andrea Bertoldi, Kai Bongs, Philippe Bouyer, Oliver Buchmueller, Benjamin Canuel, Laurentiu-Ioan Caramete, Maria Luisa Chiofalo, Jonathon Coleman, Albert De Roeck, John Ellis, Peter W. Graham, Martin G. Haehnelt, Aurelien Hees, Jason Hogan, Wolf von Klitzing, Markus Krutzik, Marek Lewicki, Chris McCabe, Achim Peters, Ernst Rasel, Albert Roura, D. O. Sabulsky, Stephan Schiller, Christian Schubert, Carla Signorini, Fiodor Sorrentino, Yeshpal Singh, Guglielmo Tino, Ville Vaskonen, Ming-Sheng Zhan. All authors discussed the content of the paper and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:o.buchmueller@imperial.ac.uk">Oliver Buchmueller</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1"> <b>Conflict of Interests</b> </h3> <p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Publisher’s note</h3><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"> <p><b>Open Access</b> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Bertoldi, A., Bongs, K., Bouyer, P. <i>et al.</i> AEDGE: Atomic experiment for dark matter and gravity exploration in space. <i>Exp Astron</i> <b>51</b>, 1417–1426 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s10686-021-09701-3?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2020-12-03">03 December 2020</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2021-01-27">27 January 2021</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2021-03-12">12 March 2021</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2021-06">June 2021</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: 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