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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_typeface_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_typeface_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Experimental typeface uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_typeface_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_typefaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_typefaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Text typefaces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Text_typefaces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Text typefaces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Text_typefaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles_of_the_typographic_craft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_of_the_typographic_craft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Principles of the typographic craft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles_of_the_typographic_craft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_graphics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_graphics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Display graphics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Display_graphics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Display graphics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Display_graphics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptional_and_architectural_lettering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptional_and_architectural_lettering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Inscriptional and architectural lettering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptional_and_architectural_lettering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_typography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_typography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Digital typography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_typography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>By writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supporting_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporting_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Supporting organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporting_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Typography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="طباعة المحارف المنضدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طباعة المحارف المنضدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-kang" title="Ìn-kang – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-kang" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тыпаграфіка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыпаграфіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тыпаграфіка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тыпаграфіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Типография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Типография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografija" title="Tipografija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tipografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenna%C3%B1" title="Lizherennañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherennañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografia" title="Tipografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tipografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografie" title="Typografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Typografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teipograffeg" title="Teipograffeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teipograffeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografi" title="Typografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Typografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografie" title="Typografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Typografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCpograafia" title="Tüpograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tüpograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipograf%C3%ACa" title="Tipografìa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tipografìa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipograf%C3%ADa" title="Tipografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tipografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografio" title="Tipografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tipografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografia" title="Tipografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tipografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="تایپوگرافی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تایپوگرافی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographie" title="Typographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Typographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografy" title="Typografy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Typografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3ghrafa%C3%ADocht" title="Clóghrafaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clóghrafaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipograf%C3%ADa" title="Tipografía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tipografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%8F%AC%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BC" title="타이포그래피 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타이포그래피" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Տիպոգրաֆիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիպոգրաֆիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अक्षर कला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अक्षर कला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografija" title="Tipografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tipografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographia" title="Typographia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Typographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leturfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Leturfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leturfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografia" title="Tipografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tipografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="טיפוגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיפוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಮುದ್ರಣಕಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುದ್ರಣಕಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ტიპოგრაფიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიპოგრაფიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographia" title="Typographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Typographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipogr%C4%81fija" title="Tipogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tipogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografika" title="Tipografika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tipografika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipogr%C3%A1fia" title="Tipográfia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tipográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2" title="അച്ചടിവേല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അച്ചടിവേല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografie" title="Typografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Typografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3" title="タイポグラフィ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイポグラフィ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografi" title="Typografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Typografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografi" title="Typografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Typografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE" title="ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅକ୍ଷର କଳା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="ٹائپو گرافی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹائپو گرافی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografia" title="Typografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Typografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografia" title="Tipografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tipografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografie" title="Tipografie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tipografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Типографика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Типографика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografie" title="Typografie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Typografie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtypshkrimi" title="Shtypshkrimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtypshkrimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipugraf%C3%ACa" title="Tipugrafìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tipugrafìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography" title="Typography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Typography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografia_(umenie)" title="Typografia (umenie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Typografia (umenie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografija" title="Tipografija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tipografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="تایپۆگرافی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تایپۆگرافی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografija" title="Tipografija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tipografija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografia" title="Typografia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Typografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografi" title="Typografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Typografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipograpiya" title="Tipograpiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tipograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="அச்சுக்கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அச்சுக்கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C" title="ศิลปะการใช้ตัวพิมพ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลปะการใช้ตัวพิมพ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tipografi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Типографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Типографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="ٹائپو گرافی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹائپو گرافی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typography" title="Typography – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Typography" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipograpiya" title="Tipograpiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tipograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8E%92%E5%8D%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="字体排印学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="字体排印学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8E%92%E5%8D%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="字体排印学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="字体排印学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on <i>19 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art of arranging type</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Typographer" redirects here. For the typewriter, see <a href="/wiki/Typographer_(typewriter)" title="Typographer (typewriter)">Typographer (typewriter)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typology_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Typology (disambiguation)">Typology</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">Topology</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_typeface_specimen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Trajan_typeface_specimen.svg/225px-Trajan_typeface_specimen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Trajan_typeface_specimen.svg/338px-Trajan_typeface_specimen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Trajan_typeface_specimen.svg/450px-Trajan_typeface_specimen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>A specimen sheet of the <a href="/wiki/Trajan_(typeface)" title="Trajan (typeface)">Trajan</a> typeface, which is based on the letter forms of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">capitalis monumentalis</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Roman square capitals</a> used for the inscription at the base of <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>, from which the typeface takes its name</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metal_movable_type.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Metal_movable_type.jpg/225px-Metal_movable_type.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Metal_movable_type.jpg/338px-Metal_movable_type.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Metal_movable_type.jpg/450px-Metal_movable_type.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a> being assembled on a <a href="/wiki/Composing_stick" title="Composing stick">composing stick</a> using pieces that are stored in the <a href="/wiki/Type_case" title="Type case">type case</a> shown below it</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Typography</b> is the art and technique of <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">arranging type</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> <a href="/wiki/Legibility" title="Legibility">legible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Readability" title="Readability">readable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">appealing</a> when displayed. The arrangement of type involves selecting <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">point sizes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_length" title="Line length">line lengths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Line spacing">line spacing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letter_spacing" title="Letter spacing">letter spacing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">spaces between pairs of letters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringhurst200432_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringhurst200432-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>typography</i> is also applied to the style, arrangement, and appearance of the letters, numbers, and symbols created by the process. <a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a> is a closely related craft, sometimes considered part of typography; most typographers do not design typefaces, and some type designers do not consider themselves typographers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berry,_J_2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry,_J_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typography also may be used as an ornamental and decorative device, unrelated to the communication of information. </p><p>Typography is also the work of <a href="/wiki/Graphic_designer" title="Graphic designer">graphic designers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_director" title="Art director">art directors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manga_artist" title="Manga artist">manga artists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comic_book_artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic book artists">comic book artists</a>, and, now, anyone who arranges words, letters, numbers, and symbols for publication, display, or distribution, from <a href="/wiki/Clerical_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerical worker">clerical workers</a> and newsletter writers to anyone self-publishing materials. Until the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Age">Digital Age</a>, typography was a specialized occupation. <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computers</a> opened up typography to new generations of previously unrelated designers and lay users. As the capability to create typography has become ubiquitous, the application of principles and best practices developed over generations of skilled workers and professionals has diminished.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>typography</i> in English derives from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> roots <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">týpos</i></span> 'type' + <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">-graphía</i></span> 'writing'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History of Western typography</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_typography_in_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of typography in East Asia">History of typography in East Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png/220px-Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png/330px-Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png/440px-Chinese_movable_type_1313-ce.png 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>A revolving type case for <a href="/wiki/Wood_type" title="Wood type">wooden type</a> in China, an illustration shown in a book published in 1313 by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Zhen (official)">Wang Zhen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JikjiType.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/JikjiType.gif/220px-JikjiType.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/JikjiType.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>Korean movable type from 1377 used for the <a href="/wiki/Jikji" title="Jikji">Jikji</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although typically applied to printed, published, broadcast, and reproduced materials in contemporary times, all words, letters, symbols, and numbers written alongside the earliest naturalistic drawings by humans may be called typography. The word, <i>typography</i>, is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words τύπος <i>typos</i> 'form' or "impression" and γράφειν <i>graphein</i> 'to write', traces its origins to the first <a href="/wiki/Punch_(numismatics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punch (numismatics)">punches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">dies</a> used to make <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient times">ancient times</a>, which ties the concept to printing. The uneven spacing of the impressions on brick stamps found in the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian">Mesopotamian</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Second_millennium_B.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Second millennium B.C.">second millennium B.C.</a>, may be evidence of type, wherein the reuse of identical characters was applied to create cuneiform text.<sup id="cite_ref-brickstamps_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brickstamps-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a> were used to create an impression on a surface by rolling the seal on wet clay.<sup id="cite_ref-Clair_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clair-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typography was also implemented in the <a href="/wiki/Phaistos_Disc" title="Phaistos Disc">Phaistos Disc</a>, an enigmatic <a href="/wiki/Minoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan">Minoan</a> printed item from <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, which dates to between 1850 and 1600 B.C.<sup id="cite_ref-Brekle1997_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brekle1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diamond1997_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond1997-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that <a href="/wiki/Roman_lead_pipe_inscription" title="Roman lead pipe inscription">Roman lead pipe inscriptions</a> were created with movable type printing,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but German typographer <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brekle" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Brekle">Herbert Brekle</a> recently dismissed this view.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The essential criterion of <a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">type identity</a> was met by <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> print artifacts such as the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Pruefening_Abbey_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruefening Abbey inscription">Pruefening Abbey inscription</a> of 1119 that was created by the same technique as the Phaistos Disc.<sup id="cite_ref-Brekle1997_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brekle1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lehmann-Haupt1940_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann-Haupt1940-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The silver <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece_of_Pellegrino_II" title="Altarpiece of Pellegrino II">altarpiece of patriarch Pellegrinus II</a> (1195–1204) in the cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Cividale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cividale">Cividale</a> was printed with individual letter punches.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipinsky1986_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipinsky1986-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koch1994_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch1994-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently, the same printing technique may be found in tenth to twelfth century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Reliquaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliquaries">reliquaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipinsky1986_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipinsky1986-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koch1994_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch1994-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early examples include <a href="/wiki/Individual_letter_tile" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual letter tile">individual letter tiles</a> where the words are formed by assembling single letter tiles in the desired order, which were reasonably widespread in medieval Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Brekle1997_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brekle1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lehmann-Haupt1940_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann-Haupt1940-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typography with <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> was invented during the eleventh-century <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> in China by <a href="/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> (990–1051).<sup id="cite_ref-needham_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His movable type system was manufactured from ceramic materials, and clay type printing continued to be practiced in China until the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Zhen (official)">Wang Zhen</a> was one of the pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Wood_type" title="Wood type">wooden movable type</a>. Although the wooden type was more durable under the mechanical rigors of handling, repeated printing wore the character faces down and the types could be replaced only by carving new pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-ts_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metal movable type was first invented in Korea during the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Goryeo Dynasty">Goryeo Dynasty</a>, approximately 1230. <a href="/wiki/Hua_Sui" title="Hua Sui">Hua Sui</a> introduced bronze type printing to China in 1490 AD. The diffusion of both movable-type systems was limited and the technology did not spread beyond East and Central Asia, however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECh'on199319_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECh'on199319-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pressing-16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pressing-16th_century.jpg/220px-Pressing-16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pressing-16th_century.jpg/330px-Pressing-16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pressing-16th_century.jpg/440px-Pressing-16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>A sixteenth century workshop in Germany showing a printing press and many of the activities involved in the process of printing</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern lead-based movable type, along with the mechanical <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, is most often attributed to the goldsmith <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> in 1439.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His type pieces, made from a <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a>, suited printing purposes so well that the alloy is still used today.<sup id="cite_ref-EB:_Printing_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB:_Printing-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gutenberg developed specialized techniques for casting and combining cheap copies of <a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">letter punches</a> in the vast quantities required to print multiple copies of texts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technical breakthrough was instrumental in starting the <a href="/wiki/Printing_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing Revolution">Printing Revolution</a> and the first book printed with lead-based movable type was the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a>. </p><p>Rapidly advancing technology revolutionized typography in the latter twentieth century. During the 1960s some camera-ready typesetting could be produced in any office or workshop with stand-alone machines such as those introduced by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> (see: <a href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric_typewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Selectric typewriter">IBM Selectric typewriter</a>). During the same period <a href="/wiki/Letraset" title="Letraset">Letraset</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Dry_transfer" title="Dry transfer">dry transfer</a> technology that allowed designers to transfer types instantly.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The famous Lorem Ipsum gained popularity due to its usage in <a href="/wiki/Letraset" title="Letraset">Letraset</a>. During the mid-1980s <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> allowed type designers to create typefaces digitally using commercial graphic design software such as <a href="/wiki/Fontographer" title="Fontographer">Fontographer</a>. Digital technology also enabled designers to create more experimental typefaces as well as the practical typefaces of traditional typography. Designs for typefaces could be created faster with the new technology, and for more specific functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Clair_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clair-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost for developing typefaces was drastically lowered, becoming widely available to the masses. The change has been called the "democratization of type" and has given new designers more opportunities to enter the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothenberg1990_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothenberg1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The design of typefaces has developed alongside the development of <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although typography has evolved significantly from its origins, it is a largely conservative art that tends to cleave closely to tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Crystal_Reference_Encyclopedia_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Crystal_Reference_Encyclopedia-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because <a href="/wiki/Legibility" title="Legibility">legibility</a> is paramount, and so the typefaces that are the most readable usually are retained. In addition, the evolution of typography is inextricably intertwined with <a href="/wiki/Lettering" title="Lettering">lettering</a> by hand and related art forms, especially formal styles, which thrived for centuries preceding typography,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Crystal_Reference_Encyclopedia_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Crystal_Reference_Encyclopedia-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so the evolution of typography must be discussed with reference to this relationship. </p><p>In the nascent stages of European <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, the typeface (<a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a>, or Gothic) was designed in imitation of the popular hand-lettering styles of <a href="/wiki/Scribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribes">scribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Columbia_Encyclopedia_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Columbia_Encyclopedia-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, this typeface was difficult to read, because each letter was set in place individually and made to fit tightly into the allocated space.<sup id="cite_ref-Infoamerica_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infoamerica-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art of manuscript writing, the origin of which was during Hellenistic and Roman bookmaking, reached its zenith in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages. Metal typefaces notably altered the style, making it "crisp and uncompromising", and also brought about "new standards of composition".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Crystal_Reference_Encyclopedia_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Crystal_Reference_Encyclopedia-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period in France, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Garamond" title="Claude Garamond">Claude Garamond</a> was partially responsible for the adoption of Roman typeface that eventually supplanted the more commonly used Gothic (blackletter).<sup id="cite_ref-Haley_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haley-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> Roman typeface also was based on hand-lettering styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Roman_type_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman_type-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of Roman typeface can be traced back to Greek lapidary letters. Greek lapidary letters were carved into stone and "one of the first formal uses of Western <a href="/wiki/Letterforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Letterforms">letterforms</a>"; after that, Roman lapidary letterforms evolved into the monumental capitals, which laid the foundation for Western typographical design, especially <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> typefaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Haley_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haley-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> There are two styles of Roman typefaces: the old style, and the modern. The former is characterized by its similarly weighted lines, while the latter is distinguished by its contrast of light and heavy lines.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Columbia_Encyclopedia_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Columbia_Encyclopedia-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, these styles are combined. </p><p>In relation to the international graphics of the 1920s - 1930s, the term "International Typographic Style" is used.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s - 1960s, such a phenomenon as "Swiss style" was formed in typography.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the twentieth century, computers turned typeface design into a rather simplified process. This has allowed the number of typefaces and styles to proliferate exponentially, as there now are thousands available.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Columbia_Encyclopedia_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Columbia_Encyclopedia-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confusion between <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a> and <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a> (the various styles of a single typeface) occurred in 1984 when <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> mislabeled typefaces as fonts for Apple computers and his error has been perpetuated throughout the computer industry, leading to common misuse by the public of the term <i>font</i> when <i>typeface</i> is the proper term.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental_typeface_uses">Experimental typeface uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Experimental typeface uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Experimental typography" is defined as the unconventional and more artistic approach to typeface selection. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> pioneer of this practice in the early twentieth century. <a href="/wiki/David_Carson_(graphic_designer)" title="David Carson (graphic designer)">David Carson</a> is often associated with this movement, particularly for his work in <i><a href="/wiki/Ray_Gun_(magazine)" title="Ray Gun (magazine)">Ray Gun</a></i> magazine in the 1990s. His work caused an uproar in the design community due to his abandonment of standard practices in typeface selection, layout, and design. Experimental typography is said to place emphasis on expressing emotion, rather than having a concern for legibility while communicating ideas, hence considered bordering on being art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Techniques">Techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many facets to the expressive use of typography, and with those come many different techniques to help with visual aid and the graphic design. Spacing and kerning, size-specific spacing, x-height and vertical proportions, character variation, width, weight, and contrast,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are several techniques that are necessary to be taken into consideration when thinking about the appropriateness of specific typefaces or creating them. When placing two or more differing and/or contrasting fonts together, these techniques come into play for organizational strategies and demanding attractive qualities. For example, if the bulk of a title has a more unfamiliar or unusual font, simpler sans-serif fonts will help complement the title while attracting more attention to the piece as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope">Scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contemporary use, the practice and study of typography include a broad range, covering all aspects of letter design and application, both mechanical (<a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">type design</a>, and typefaces) and manual (<a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwriting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>). Typographical elements may appear in a wide variety of situations, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">Documents</a></li> <li>Presentations</li> <li>Display typography (described below)</li> <li>Clothing</li> <li>Maps and <a href="/wiki/Labeling_(map_design)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labeling (map design)">labels</a></li> <li>Vehicle instrument panels</li> <li>As a component of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a>—type on household appliances, pens, and wristwatches, for example</li> <li>As a component in modern poetry (for example, the poetry of <a href="/wiki/E._e._cummings" class="mw-redirect" title="E. e. cummings">e. e. cummings</a>)</li></ul> <p>Since digitization, typographical uses have spread to a wider range of applications, appearing on web pages, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCDs</a> mobile phone screens, and hand-held video games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text_typefaces">Text typefaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Text typefaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg/220px-A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg/330px-A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg/440px-A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="3807" /></a><figcaption>A specimen sheet by <a href="/wiki/William_Caslon" title="William Caslon">William Caslon</a> shows printed examples of Roman typefaces.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, text is <i>composed</i> to create a readable, coherent, and visually satisfying block of type that works invisibly, without the awareness of the reader. Even distribution of typeset material, with a minimum of distractions and anomalies, aims to produce clarity and transparency. </p><p>Choice of typefaces is the primary aspect of text typography—<a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a>, editorial, educational, religious, scientific, spiritual, and commercial writing all have differing characteristics and requirements of appropriate typefaces (and their fonts or styles). For historic material, established text typefaces frequently are chosen according to a scheme of historical <i>genre</i> acquired by a long process of accretion, with considerable overlap among historical periods. </p><p>Contemporary books are more likely to be set with state-of-the-art "text romans" or "book romans" typefaces with serifs and design values echoing present-day design arts, which are closely based on traditional models such as those of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Jenson" title="Nicolas Jenson">Nicolas Jenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Griffo" title="Francesco Griffo">Francesco Griffo</a> (a punchcutter who created the model for Aldine typefaces), and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Garamond" title="Claude Garamond">Claude Garamond</a>. With their more specialized requirements, newspapers and magazines rely on compact, tightly fitted styles of text typefaces with serifs specially designed for the task, which offer maximum flexibility, readability, legibility, and efficient use of page space. Sans serif text typefaces (without serifs) often are used for introductory paragraphs, incidental text, and whole short articles. A fashion at the end of the twentieth century was to pair a sans-serif typeface for headings with a high-performance serif typeface of matching style for the text of an article. </p><p>Typesetting conventions are modulated by <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, word structures, word frequencies, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> constructs and linguistic <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>. Typesetting conventions also are subject to specific cultural conventions. For example, in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> it is customary to insert a <a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">non-breaking space</a> before a <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> (:) or <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a> (;) in a sentence, while in English it is not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">Type color</a></div> <p>In typesetting, <i>color</i> is the overall density of the ink on the page, determined mainly by the typeface, but also by the word spacing, <a href="/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">leading</a>, and depth of the margins.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Text layout, tone, or color of the set text, and the interplay of text with the <a href="/wiki/White_space_(visual_arts)" title="White space (visual arts)">white space</a> of the page in combination with other graphic elements impart a "feel" or "resonance" to the subject matter. With <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printed</a> media, typographers also are concerned with binding margins, paper selection, and printing methods when determining the correct color of the page. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principles_of_the_typographic_craft">Principles of the typographic craft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Principles of the typographic craft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three fundamental aspects of typography are <i><a href="/wiki/Legibility" title="Legibility">legibility</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Readability" title="Readability">readability</a></i>, and <i>aesthetics</i>. Although in a non-technical sense "legible" and "readable" are often used synonymously, typographically they are separate but related concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-Tracy1986_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracy1986-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legibility and readability tend to support aesthetic aspects of a product. </p><p><i>Legibility</i> describes how easily individual characters can be distinguished from one another. It is described by Walter Tracy as "the quality of being decipherable and recognisable".<sup id="cite_ref-Tracy1986_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracy1986-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, if a <i>b</i> and an <i>h</i>, or a <i>3</i> and an <i>8</i>, are difficult to distinguish at small sizes, this is a problem of legibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Tracy1986_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracy1986-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typographers are concerned with legibility insofar as it is their job to select the correct font to use. <a href="/wiki/Brush_Script" title="Brush Script">Brush script</a> is an example of a font containing many characters that might be difficult to distinguish. The selection of cases influences the legibility of typography because using only uppercase letters (all-caps) reduces legibility. </p><p><i>Readability</i> refers to how easy it is to read the text as a whole, as opposed to the individual character recognition described by legibility. Use of margins, word and line spacing, and clear document structure all impact readability. Some fonts or font styles, for instance sans-serif fonts, are considered to have low readability and so are unsuited for large quantities of prose.<sup id="cite_ref-Tracy1986_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracy1986-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_wilde_english_renaissance_of_art_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oscar_wilde_english_renaissance_of_art_2.png/220px-Oscar_wilde_english_renaissance_of_art_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oscar_wilde_english_renaissance_of_art_2.png/330px-Oscar_wilde_english_renaissance_of_art_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oscar_wilde_english_renaissance_of_art_2.png/440px-Oscar_wilde_english_renaissance_of_art_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="2969" /></a><figcaption><i>Text typeset</i> example in Iowan old style roman, italics, and small caps, optimized at approximately ten words per line, typeface sized at 14 <a href="/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">points</a> on 1.4 × <a href="/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">leading</a>, with 0.2 points extra <a href="/wiki/Letter-spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter-spacing">tracking</a> using an extract of a lecture by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> <i>The English Renaissance of Art</i>, 1882</figcaption></figure> <p>Legibility "refers to perception" (being able to see as determined by physical limitations of the eye), and readability "refers to comprehension" (understanding the meaning).<sup id="cite_ref-Tracy1986_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracy1986-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Good typographers and graphic designers aim to achieve excellence in both. </p><p>"The typeface chosen should be legible. That is, it should be read without effort. Sometimes legibility is simply a matter of type size; more often, however, it is a matter of typeface design. Case selection always influences legibility. In general, typefaces that are true to the basic letterforms are more legible than typefaces that have been condensed, expanded, embellished, or abstracted. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>However, even a legible typeface can become unreadable through poor setting and placement, just as a less legible typeface can be made more readable through good design.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig&Scala2006_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig&Scala2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Studies of both legibility and readability have examined a wide range of factors including type size and type design, comparing <span style="font-family:serif">serif</span> vs. sans-serif type, roman type vs. <i><a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique type</a></i> and <span style="font-family:serif"><i><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic type</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Line_length" title="Line length">line length</a>, line spacing, color contrast, the design of right-hand edge (for example, <a href="/wiki/Justification_(typesetting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification (typesetting)">justification</a>, straight right hand edge) vs. ragged right, and whether text is <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphenated</a>. Justified copy must be adjusted tightly during typesetting to prevent loss of readability, something beyond the capabilities of typical personal computers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Legibility research has been published since the late nineteenth century. Although there often are commonalities and agreement on many topics, others often create poignant areas of conflict and variation of opinion. For example, Alex Poole asserts that no one has conclusively answered which typeface style, serif or sans serif, is more legible,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2015)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> although strong opinions exist. Other topics, such as justified vs. unjustified type, use of hyphens, and proper typefaces for people with reading difficulties such as <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>, continue to be debated. </p><p>Legibility is usually measured through the speed of reading, with comprehension scores used to check for effectiveness (that is, not a rushed or careless read). For example, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Tinker" title="Miles Tinker">Miles Tinker</a>, who published numerous studies from the 1930s to the 1960s, used a speed of reading test that required participants to spot incongruous words as an effectiveness filter. </p><p>The <i>Readability of Print Unit</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a> under Professor <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_(graphic_designer)" title="Herbert Spencer (graphic designer)">Herbert Spencer</a> with Brian Coe and Linda Reynolds<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did important work in this area. It was one of the centers that revealed the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Saccadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccadic">saccadic</a> rhythm of eye movement for readability—in particular, the ability to take in (i.e., recognise the meaning of groups of) about three words at once and the physiognomy of the eye, which means the eye tires if the line required more than three or four of these saccadic jumps. More than this is found to introduce strain and errors in reading (e.g., doubling). The use of all-caps renders words indistinguishable as groups, all letters presenting a uniform line to the eye, requiring special effort for separation and understanding. </p><p>Currently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, legibility research tends to be limited to critical issues or the testing of specific design solutions (for example, when new typefaces are developed). Examples of critical issues include typefaces for people with <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">visual impairment</a>, typefaces and case selection for highway and street signs, or for other conditions where legibility may make a key difference. </p><p>Much of the legibility research literature is atheoretical—various factors were tested individually or in combination (inevitably so, as the different factors are interdependent), but many tests lacked a model of reading or visual perception. Some typographers believe that the overall word shape (<a href="/wiki/Bouma" title="Bouma">Bouma</a>) is essential in readability and that the theory of parallel letter recognition is wrong, less important, or not the entire picture. Word shape differs by outline, influenced by ascending and descending elements of lowercase letters and enables reading the entire word without having to parse out each letter. </p><p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latex_example_type.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Latex_example_type.svg/220px-Latex_example_type.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Latex_example_type.svg/330px-Latex_example_type.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Latex_example_type.svg/440px-Latex_example_type.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Text typeset using <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a> typesetting software, often used for academic papers and journals</figcaption></figure> <p>Readability also may be compromised by <a href="/wiki/Letter-spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter-spacing">letter-spacing</a>, word spacing, or leading that is too tight or too loose. It may be improved when generous vertical space separates text lines, making it easier for the eye to distinguish one line from the next, or previous line. Poorly designed typefaces and those that are too tightly or loosely fitted also may be less legible. Underlining also may reduce readability by eliminating the recognition effect contributed by the descending elements of letters. </p><p>Periodical publications, especially newspapers and magazines, use typographical elements to achieve an attractive, distinctive appearance, to aid readers in navigating the publication, and in some cases for dramatic effect. By formulating a <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guide</a>, a publication or periodical standardizes with a relatively small collection of typefaces, each used for specific elements within the publication, and makes consistent use of typefaces, case, type sizes, italic, boldface, colors, and other typographic features such as combining large and small capital letters together. Some publications, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, go so far as to commission a <a href="/wiki/List_of_type_designers" title="List of type designers">type designer</a> to create customized typefaces for their exclusive use. </p><p>Different periodicals design their publications, including their typography, to achieve a particular tone or style. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> uses a bold, colorful, and comparatively modern style through their use of a variety of typefaces and colors; type sizes vary widely, and the newspaper's name is placed on a colored background. In contrast, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> uses a more traditional approach, with fewer colors, less typeface variation, and more <a href="/wiki/Column_(typography)" title="Column (typography)">columns</a>. </p><p>Especially on the front page of newspapers and on magazine covers, <a href="/wiki/Headline" title="Headline">headlines</a> often are set in larger display typefaces to attract attention, and are placed near the <a href="/wiki/Nameplate_(publishing)" title="Nameplate (publishing)">masthead</a>. </p><p><i>Typography utilized to characterize text:</i> Typography is intended to reveal the character of the text. Through the use of typography, a body of text can instantaneously reveal the mood the author intends to convey to its readers. The message that a body of text conveys has a direct relationship with the typeface that is chosen. Therefore, when a person focuses on typography and setting type, they must pay very close attention to the typeface they choose. Choosing the correct typeface for a body of text can only be done after thoroughly reading the text, understanding its context, and understanding what the text is wishing to convey. Once the typographer has an understanding of the text, then they have the responsibility of using the appropriate typeface to honor the writing done by the author of the text. Knowledge required to choose the correct typeface comes with understanding the historical background of typefaces and understanding the reason that typeface was created. For example, if the text is titled "Commercial Real Estate Transactions" and elaborates on the real estate market throughout the body, then the appropriate typeface is a serif typeface, because the author intends to inform his audience on a serious topic and not entertain his audience with an anecdote; a serif typeface would convey a sense of seriousness to the audience instantaneously. The typographer would also employ larger type for the title to convey its importance, which directly informs the reader of the structure in which the text is intended to be read, and increases readability from varying distances.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Typography utilized to make reading practical:</i> Typography not only must honor the tone of the text but also share the responsibility of making the audience commence reading and sustaining the audience's attention throughout the text. Although typography can potentially attract the reader's attention and create a beautiful/attractive piece of text, the craft of typography is not limited to the aesthetic appeal of the text. On the contrary, the object of typography is to make the reading experience practical and useful. Bold colors, multiple typefaces, and colorful backgrounds in a typographic design may be eye-catching; however, it may not be appropriate for all bodies of text and could potentially make text illegible. Overuse of design elements such as colors and typefaces can be unsettling, preventing the text from conveying its message to readers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study from 2020 found that the participating subjects felt music sounded "more pleasant" when the CD cover featured round typeface.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Display_graphics">Display graphics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Display graphics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wilkes_Booth_wanted_poster_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/John_Wilkes_Booth_wanted_poster_new.jpg/220px-John_Wilkes_Booth_wanted_poster_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/John_Wilkes_Booth_wanted_poster_new.jpg/330px-John_Wilkes_Booth_wanted_poster_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/John_Wilkes_Booth_wanted_poster_new.jpg/440px-John_Wilkes_Booth_wanted_poster_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1805" /></a><figcaption>Nineteenth century wanted poster for <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> (the assassin of U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>) printed with lead and woodcut type, and incorporating photography</figcaption></figure> <p>Type may be combined with <a href="/wiki/Negative_space" title="Negative space">negative space</a> and images, forming relationships and dialog between the words and images for special effects. Display designs are a potent element in <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>. Some sign designers exhibit less concern for readability, sacrificing it for an artistic manner. Color and size of type elements may be much more prevalent than in solely text designs. Most display items exploit type at larger sizes, where the details of letter design are magnified. Color is used for its emotional effect in conveying the tone and nature of subject matter. </p><p>Display typography encompasses: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisement">Advertisements</a> in publications, such as newspapers and magazines</li> <li>Magazine and newspaper headline type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign" title="Sign">Signs</a> and other large-scale-letter designs, such as <a href="/wiki/Information_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Information sign">information signs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">billboards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">Posters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brochure" title="Brochure">Brochures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flyer_(pamphlet)" title="Flyer (pamphlet)">flyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li> <li>Business communications and advertising</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Book covers</a></li> <li>Typographic <a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">logos</a>, trademarks, and word marks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li>Inscriptions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural">Architectural</a> lettering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_typography" title="Kinetic typography">Kinetic typography</a> in <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture">motion pictures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending machine</a> displays, online, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer screen">computer screen</a> displays</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advertising">Advertising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typography has long been a vital part of <a href="/wiki/Promotional_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Promotional material">promotional material</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>. Designers often use typefaces to set a theme and mood in an advertisement (for example, using bold, large text to convey a particular message to the reader).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choice of typeface is often used to draw attention to a particular advertisement, combined with efficient use of color, shapes, and images.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early twenty-first century, typography in advertising often reflects a company's <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a>. </p><p>A brand may use typography to express its theme, personality, and message.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just by looking at the typeface, viewers can get an idea about the message and personality of the brand, which the brands are fully aware of and are tapping into the power of good typography. </p><p>Typefaces used in advertisements convey different messages to the reader: classical ones are for a strong personality, while more modern ones may convey clean, neutral look. Bold typefaces are used for making statements and attracting attention. In any design, a balance has to be achieved between the visual impact and communication aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital technology in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has enabled the creation of typefaces for advertising that are more experimental than traditional typefaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothenberg1990_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothenberg1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptional_and_architectural_lettering">Inscriptional and architectural lettering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inscriptional and architectural lettering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rydal_Mount_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_895220.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rydal_Mount_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_895220.jpg/170px-Rydal_Mount_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_895220.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rydal_Mount_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_895220.jpg/255px-Rydal_Mount_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_895220.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rydal_Mount_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_895220.jpg/340px-Rydal_Mount_Plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_895220.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Plaque for the <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> Sesquicentenary, Rydal Mount, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Shaw_(stone_carver)" title="John Shaw (stone carver)">John Shaw</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The history of inscriptional lettering is intimately tied to the history of writing, the evolution of letterforms and the craft of the hand. The widespread use of the computer and various etching and <a href="/wiki/Sandblasting" title="Sandblasting">sandblasting</a> techniques today has made the hand carved monument a rarity, and the number of <a href="/wiki/Letter_cutting" title="Letter cutting">letter-carvers</a> left in the <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a> continues to dwindle.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For monumental lettering to be effective, it must be considered carefully in its context. Proportions of letters need to be altered as their size and distance from the viewer increases. An expert monument designer gains understanding of these nuances through much practice and observation of the craft. Letters drawn by hand and for a specific project have the possibility of being richly specific and profoundly beautiful in the hand of a master. Each also may take up to an hour to carve, so it is no wonder that the automated sandblasting process has become the industry standard.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_typography">Digital typography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Digital typography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_font" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital font">Digital font</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Digital_typesetting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital typesetting">Digital typesetting</a>.</div> <p>Whilst the principles of good typography remain into the digital age, new tools are available to the typographer. Digital <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> means that the presentation of text is independent of the meaning of that text; thus the same text can be used readily in different contexts but using different typefaces as appropriate to each context. Typographers have moved beyond the static pages of print books, newspapers, posters and other display materials, into design of dynamic materials such as web pages (see <a href="/wiki/Web_typography" title="Web typography">Web typography</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Typeface_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Typeface design">Typeface designers</a> also have new tools, such as <a href="/wiki/Font_hinting" title="Font hinting">font hinting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Font_rasterization" title="Font rasterization">font rasterization</a>, that enable them to create new typefaces quickly and easily without needing the traditional skills of letter cutters or acceptance by typesetting machine manufacturers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allograph#Typography" title="Allograph">Allograph</a>, different representations of the same grapheme or character in different typefaces have the same meaning</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a> – Page layout using a personal computer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">Letterpress printing</a> – Technique of relief printing using a printing press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a> – Marks to indicate pacing of written text</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a> – Composition of text by means of arranging physical types or digital equivalents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">Typographic alignment</a> – Setting of text flow or image placement relative to a page, column, table cell, or tab</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographic_features" title="List of typographic features">List of typographic features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Typographical_symbols" title="Category:Typographical symbols">Category:Typographical symbols</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_writing_system">By writing system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: By writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_typography" title="Arabic typography">Arabic typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">East Asian typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History of Western typography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supporting_organizations">Supporting organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Supporting organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATypI" title="ATypI">ATypI</a>: Association Typographique Internationale ("International Typographic Association")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Typographic_Designers" title="International Society of Typographic Designers">International Society of Typographic Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Directors_Club" title="Type Directors Club">Type Directors Club</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringhurst200432-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringhurst200432_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBringhurst2004">Bringhurst 2004</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPipes1997" class="citation cs2">Pipes, Alan (1997), <i>Production For Graphic Designers</i> (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Production+For+Graphic+Designers&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berry,_J_2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berry,_J_2004_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2004" class="citation web cs1">Berry, John D. (16 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creativepro.com/article/dot-font-being-a-typographer">"dot-font: Being a Typographer"</a>. <i>CreativePro</i>. Creative Publishing Network and CreativePro<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CreativePro&rft.atitle=dot-font%3A+Being+a+Typographer&rft.date=2004-08-16&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativepro.com%2Farticle%2Fdot-font-being-a-typographer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2012" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, Beth E (2012). "Emotion in Typographic Design: An Empirical Examination". <i>Visible Language</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 208–227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visible+Language&rft.atitle=Emotion+in+Typographic+Design%3A+An+Empirical+Examination&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=208-227&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Beth+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2014" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Sue (2014) [2001]. <i>Typography and language in everyday life: Prescriptions and practices</i>. London, New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582357556" title="Special:BookSources/9780582357556"><bdi>9780582357556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Typography+and+language+in+everyday+life%3A+Prescriptions+and+practices&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780582357556&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Typography". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.271837/page/n969/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>The Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>. Vol. XI (T–U). Oxford University Press. 1933. p. T:560.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Typography&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=T%3A560&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.271837%2Fpage%2Fn969%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brickstamps-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brickstamps_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassMarzahn2010" class="citation book cs1">Sass, Benjamin; Marzahn, Joachim (2010). <i>Aramaic and Figural Stamp Impressions on Bricks of the Sixth Century B.C. from Babylon</i>. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 11, 20, 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06184-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06184-1"><bdi>978-3-447-06184-1</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"the latter has cuneiform signs that look as if made with a movable type, and impressions from Assur display the same phenomenon</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aramaic+and+Figural+Stamp+Impressions+on+Bricks+of+the+Sixth+Century+B.C.+from+Babylon&rft.pages=11%2C+20%2C+160&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06184-1&rft.aulast=Sass&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Marzahn%2C+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clair-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clair_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clair_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClairBusic-Snyder2012" class="citation book cs1">Clair, Kate; Busic-Snyder, Cynthia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf0iDYCr6w0C"><i>A Typographic Workbook: A Primer to History, Techniques, and Artistry</i></a>. 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The commentaries of Frontini around the waters and the aqueducts], <i>Memorie della Reale Accademia dei Lincei</i>, III (in Italian), <b>IV</b>, Quasar: 215–616</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memorie+della+Reale+Accademia+dei+Lincei&rft.atitle=Topografia+di+Roma+antica.+I+commentarii+di+Frontino+intorno+le+acque+e+gli+acquedotti.+Silloge+epigrafica+aquaria&rft.volume=IV&rft.pages=215-616&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Lanciani&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPace1986" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pace, Pietrantonio (1986), <i>Gli acquedotti di Roma e il Aquaeductu di Frontino</i> [<i>The aqueducts of Rome and the aqueduct of Frontino</i>] (in Italian) (2nd ed.), Rome: Art Studio S. Eligio</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+acquedotti+di+Roma+e+il+Aquaeductu+di+Frontino&rft.place=Rome&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Art+Studio+S.+Eligio&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Pietrantonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge1992" class="citation cs2">Hodge, A. Trevor (1992), <i>Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply</i>, London: Duckworth, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-2194-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-2194-3"><bdi>978-0-7156-2194-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Aqueducts+%26+Water+Supply&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-2194-3&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=A.+Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrekle2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Brekle" title="Herbert E. Brekle">Brekle, Herbert E</a> (2010), "Herstellungstechniken von Inschriften auf römischen Wasserleitungsrohren aus Blei", in Hanneforth, Thomas; Fanselow, Gisbert (eds.), <i>Language and Logos. Studies in Theoretical and Computational Linguistics</i>, Studia grammatica, vol. 72, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, pp. 419–37, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004931-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004931-1"><bdi>978-3-05-004931-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herstellungstechniken+von+Inschriften+auf+r%C3%B6mischen+Wasserleitungsrohren+aus+Blei&rft.btitle=Language+and+Logos.+Studies+in+Theoretical+and+Computational+Linguistics&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Studia+grammatica&rft.pages=419-37&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-05-004931-1&rft.aulast=Brekle&rft.aufirst=Herbert+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrekle2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Brekle" title="Herbert E. Brekle">Brekle, Herbert E</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001051756/http://www.typeforum.de/news_308.htm"><i>Die Prüfeninger Weihinschrift von 1119. Eine paläographisch-typographische Untersuchung</i></a> (brief summary) (in German), Regensburg: Scriptorium Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937527-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-937527-06-2"><bdi>978-3-937527-06-2</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typeforum.de/news_308.htm">the original</a> on 1 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Pr%C3%BCfeninger+Weihinschrift+von+1119.+Eine+pal%C3%A4ographisch-typographische+Untersuchung&rft.place=Regensburg&rft.pub=Scriptorium+Verlag+f%C3%BCr+Kultur+und+Wissenschaft&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-937527-06-2&rft.aulast=Brekle&rft.aufirst=Herbert+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typeforum.de%2Fnews_308.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehmann-Haupt1940-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lehmann-Haupt1940_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lehmann-Haupt1940_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann-Haupt1940" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (1940), "Englische Holzstempelalphabete des XIII. Jahrhunderts", <i><a href="/wiki/Gutenberg-Jahrbuch" title="Gutenberg-Jahrbuch">Gutenberg-Jahrbuch</a></i> (in German): 93–97</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gutenberg-Jahrbuch&rft.atitle=Englische+Holzstempelalphabete+des+XIII.+Jahrhunderts&rft.pages=93-97&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Lehmann-Haupt&rft.aufirst=Hellmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHupp1906" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hupp" title="Otto Hupp">Hupp, Otto</a> (1906), "Die Prüfeninger Weiheinschrift von 1119", <i>Studien aus Kunst und Geschichte, Festschrift für Friedrich Schneider</i> (in German), Freiburg i. Br.: Herder</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Pr%C3%BCfeninger+Weiheinschrift+von+1119&rft.btitle=Studien+aus+Kunst+und+Geschichte%2C+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Friedrich+Schneider&rft.place=Freiburg+i.+Br.&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hupp&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipinsky1986-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lipinsky1986_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipinsky1986_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipinsky1986" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lipinsky, Angelo (1986), "La pala argentea del Patriarca Pellegrino nella Collegiata di Cividale e le sue iscrizioni con caratteri mobili", <i>Ateneo Veneto</i> (in Italian), <b>24</b>: 75–80</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ateneo+Veneto&rft.atitle=La+pala+argentea+del+Patriarca+Pellegrino+nella+Collegiata+di+Cividale+e+le+sue+iscrizioni+con+caratteri+mobili&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=75-80&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lipinsky&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch1994-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koch1994_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch1994_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch1994" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koch, Walter (1994), <i>Literaturbericht zur mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Epigraphik (1985–1991)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Monumenta_Germaniae_Historica" title="Monumenta Germaniae Historica">Monumenta Germaniae Historica</a> (in German), vol. 14, München: Hilfsmittel, p. 213, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88612-114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88612-114-4"><bdi>978-3-88612-114-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literaturbericht+zur+mittelalterlichen+und+neuzeitlichen+Epigraphik+%281985%E2%80%931991%29&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.series=Monumenta+Germaniae+Historica&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Hilfsmittel&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-88612-114-4&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrekle2011" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">——— (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epub.uni-regensburg.de/20788/6/Die_typographische_Herstellungstechnik_der_Inschriften_auf_dem_silbernen_Altaraufsatz_im_Dom_von_Cividale.pdf"><i>Die typographische Herstellungstechnik der Inschriften auf dem silbernen Altaraufsatz im Dom von Cividale</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a>: Regensburg</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+typographische+Herstellungstechnik+der+Inschriften+auf+dem+silbernen+Altaraufsatz+im+Dom+von+Cividale&rft.place=DE&rft.pub=Regensburg&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Brekle&rft.aufirst=Herbert+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepub.uni-regensburg.de%2F20788%2F6%2FDie_typographische_Herstellungstechnik_der_Inschriften_auf_dem_silbernen_Altaraufsatz_im_Dom_von_Cividale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (1994). <i>The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32995-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32995-8"><bdi>978-0-521-32995-8</bdi></a>. <q>Bi Sheng... who first devised, about 1045, the art of printing with movable type</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shorter+Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-32995-8&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ts-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ts_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsien1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin</a> (1985). <i>Paper and Printing</i>. Needham, Joseph <i>Science and Civilization in China:</i>. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08690-5"><bdi>978-0-521-08690-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paper+and+Printing&rft.series=Needham%2C+Joseph+%27%27Science+and+Civilization+in+China%3A%27%27&rft.pages=201-217&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08690-5&rft.aulast=Tsien&rft.aufirst=Tsuen-Hsuin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECh'on199319-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECh'on199319_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCh'on1993">Ch'on 1993</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLuhan1962" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan, Marshall</a> (1962), <i>The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man</i> (1st ed.), University of Toronto Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6041-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6041-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-6041-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gutenberg+Galaxy%3A+The+Making+of+Typographic+Man&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6041-9&rft.aulast=McLuhan&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenstein1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_L._Eisenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth L. 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London: Borough Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+a+Compositor+Should+Know.+A+Series+of+Technical+Handbooks&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Borough+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Swanson, Gunnar (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicdesignrea00swan"><i>Graphic Design and Reading: explorations of an uneasy relationship</i></a>, New York: Allworth Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-063-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-063-6"><bdi>978-1-58115-063-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Design+and+Reading%3A+explorations+of+an+uneasy+relationship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Allworth+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-063-6&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraphicdesignrea00swan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold">Tschichold, Jan</a> (1991), <i>The Form of the Book: Essays on the Morality of Good Design</i>, Vancouver: Hartley & Marks, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88179-034-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88179-034-4"><bdi>978-0-88179-034-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Form+of+the+Book%3A+Essays+on+the+Morality+of+Good+Design&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Hartley+%26+Marks&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88179-034-4&rft.aulast=Tschichold&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>. A comprehensive collection of essays on the typographic art. A more classic companion to <a href="#CITEREFBringhurst2004">Bringhurst 2004</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tschichold, Jan (2006) [1928]. <i>The New Typography</i>. Richard Hendel, Robin Kinross, Ruari McLean. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Typography&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Tschichold&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Warde, Beatrice (2000), "The Crystal Goblet, or Printing Should Be Invisible", in Swanson, Gunnar (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicdesignrea00swan"><i>Graphic Design and Reading: explorations of an uneasy relationship</i></a>, New York: Allworth Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-063-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-063-6"><bdi>978-1-58115-063-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Crystal+Goblet%2C+or+Printing+Should+Be+Invisible&rft.btitle=Graphic+Design+and+Reading%3A+explorations+of+an+uneasy+relationship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Allworth+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-063-6&rft.aulast=Warde&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraphicdesignrea00swan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">White, Alex W (1999), <i>Type in Use – Effective typography for electronic publishing</i> (2.0 ed.), New York: W. W. Norton & Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-73034-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-73034-0"><bdi>978-0-393-73034-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Type+in+Use+%E2%80%93+Effective+typography+for+electronic+publishing&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2.0&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-393-73034-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Alex+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale</i> [<i>Lexicography of the typographic rules used at the National press</i>] (in French), Imprimerie nationale, 2002, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7433-0482-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7433-0482-9"><bdi>978-2-7433-0482-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexique+des+r%C3%A8gles+typographiques+en+usage+%C3%A0+l%27Imprimerie+nationale&rft.pub=Imprimerie+nationale&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-7433-0482-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Annenberg, Maurice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1642">"Collection: Maurice Annenberg papers | Archival Collections"</a>. <i>University of Maryland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>Type Foundries of America and Their Catalogues<i> (ISBN 9781884718069) </i>and<i> A Typographical Journey through the Inland Printer, 1883-1900</i> (ISBN 9780916526047)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Maryland&rft.atitle=Collection%3A+Maurice+Annenberg+papers+%7C+Archival+Collections&rft.aulast=Annenberg&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.lib.umd.edu%2Frepositories%2F2%2Fresources%2F1642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Typography&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Typography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Typography">Typography</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/typography" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:typography">typography</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aiga.org/typography">AIGA on typography</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/International/layout">Language enablement</a> – <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> Internationalization (i18n) Activity</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Typography"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Typography">"Typography" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 509–548.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Typography&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=509-548&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2020" class="citation journal cs1">McCarthy, Steven (17 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sheji.2020.08.006">"Digital Typography at Stanford"</a>. <i>She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation</i>. <b>6</b> (4, Winter 2020): 546–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sheji.2020.08.006">10.1016/j.sheji.2020.08.006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230640448">230640448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=She+Ji%3A+The+Journal+of+Design%2C+Economics%2C+and+Innovation&rft.atitle=Digital+Typography+at+Stanford&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4%2C+Winter+2020&rft.pages=546-560&rft.date=2020-12-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sheji.2020.08.006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230640448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.sheji.2020.08.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigelowDay1983" class="citation journal cs1">Bigelow, Charles; Day, Donald (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24968970">"Digital Typography"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>249</b> (2 (August 1983)): 106–119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983SciAm.249b.106B">1983SciAm.249b.106B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0883-106">10.1038/scientificamerican0883-106</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24968970">24968970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Digital+Typography&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=2+%28August+1983%29&rft.pages=106-119&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24968970%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0883-106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983SciAm.249b.106B&rft.aulast=Bigelow&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Day%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24968970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaples2000" class="citation journal cs1">Staples, Loretta (2000). "Typography and the Screen: A Technical Chronology of Digital Typography, 1984–1997". <i>Design Issues</i>. <b>16</b> (3 (Autumn, 2000)): 19–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F07479360052053306">10.1162/07479360052053306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57565647">57565647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Design+Issues&rft.atitle=Typography+and+the+Screen%3A+A+Technical+Chronology+of+Digital+Typography%2C+1984%E2%80%931997&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3+%28Autumn%2C+2000%29&rft.pages=19-34&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F07479360052053306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57565647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Staples&rft.aufirst=Loretta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATypography" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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(typography)">Margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_numbering" title="Page numbering">Page numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagination" title="Pagination">Pagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Recto and verso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionally_blank_page" title="Intentionally blank page">Intentionally blank page</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paragraph" title="Paragraph">Paragraph</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">Leading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_length" title="Line length">Line length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_(typography)" title="River (typography)">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaround_(typography)" title="Runaround (typography)">Runaround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widows_and_orphans" title="Widows and orphans">Widows and orphans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runt_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runt (typography)">runt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Typeface_anatomy" title="Typeface anatomy">Typeface anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(typography)" title="Counter (typography)">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Glyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_trap" title="Ink trap">Ink trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotated_letter" title="Rotated letter">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">Subscript and superscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_figures" title="Text figures">Text figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">Tittle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">Capitalization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">All caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_case" title="Camel case">Camel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Letter case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">Small caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_case" title="Snake case">Snake case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">Title case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Visual distinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackboard_bold" title="Blackboard bold">Blackboard bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">Italics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">Underline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Horizontal aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_space" title="Figure space">Figure space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">Kerning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter-spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter-spacing">Letter-spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(typewriter)" title="Pitch (typewriter)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_spacing" title="Sentence spacing">Sentence spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">Thin space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_spacing" title="Word spacing">Word spacing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Vertical aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">Ascender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">Baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_height_(typography)" title="Body height (typography)">Body height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_height" title="Cap height">Cap height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">Descender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_line" title="Mean line">Mean line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(typography)" title="Overshoot (typography)">Overshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-height" title="X-height">x-height</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface<br /> classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(script)" title="Rotunda (script)">Rotunda</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwabacher" title="Schwabacher">Schwabacher</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">Uncial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Specialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Record_type" title="Record type">Record type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_typeface" title="Display typeface">Display typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Script_typeface" title="Script typeface">script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse-contrast_typefaces" title="Reverse-contrast typefaces">reverse-contrast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">Bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_punctuation" title="Hanging punctuation">Hanging punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">minus sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">Interpunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">Vertical bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etaoin_shrdlu" title="Etaoin shrdlu">Etaoin shrdlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Font</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_catalog" title="Font catalog">Font catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_position_only" title="For position only">For position only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">Letterpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorem_ipsum" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprinting" title="Microprinting">Microprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtypography" title="Microtypography">Microtypography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">Pangram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">Phototypesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">Punchcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_type" title="Reversing type">Reversing type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">Sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">Type color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces" title="List of typefaces">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_unit" title="Typographic unit">Typographic units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate_(typography)" title="Agate (typography)">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(typography)" title="Cicero (typography)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_typographic_units" title="Metric typographic units">Metric units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(typography)" title="Pica (typography)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">Point</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_point-size_names" title="Traditional point-size names">traditional point-size names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twip" title="Twip">Twip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital typography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_hinting" title="Font hinting">Hinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_rasterization" title="Font rasterization">Rasterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographic_features" title="List of typographic features">Typographic features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_typography" title="Web typography">Web typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve#Fonts" title="Bézier curve">Bézier curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typography in other<br />writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_typography" title="Arabic typography">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_typography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic typography">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PT_Fonts" title="PT Fonts">PT Fonts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_typography" title="Thai typography">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fonts" title="National Fonts">National Fonts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">Penmanship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_script" title="Handwriting script">Handwriting script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_foundry" title="Type foundry">Type foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History of Western typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_typefaces" title="Intellectual property protection of typefaces">Intellectual property protection of typefaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_lettering" title="Technical lettering">Technical lettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox-ATypI_classification" title="Vox-ATypI classification">Vox-ATypI classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related template</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation">Punctuation and other typographic symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Typography" title="Category:Typography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Design" title="Template:Design"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Design" title="Template talk:Design"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Design" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Design"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_design" title="Outline of design">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">Designer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disciplines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disciplines</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Brand design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">Exhibit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_title_design" title="Film title design">Film title design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphic_design" title="Motion graphic design">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_design" title="Postage stamp design">Postage stamp design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_design" title="Print design">Print design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_design" title="News design">News design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_design" title="Retail design">Retail design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signage" title="Signage">Signage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign_design" title="Traffic sign design">Traffic sign design</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Typography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_lighting_design" title="Architectural lighting design">Architectural lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_design" title="Building design">Building design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">Computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_design" title="Hotel design">Hotel design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_interior_design" title="Experiential interior design">EID</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">Keyline design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">Landscape design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_design" title="Spatial design">Spatial design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Industrial<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_suspension_design_process" title="Automotive suspension design process">Automotive suspension design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMF_design" title="CMF design">CMF design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar_design" title="Electric guitar design">Electric guitar design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_furniture_design" title="Sustainable furniture design">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_design" title="Motorcycle design">Motorcycle design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens_design" title="Photographic lens design">Photographic lens design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_design" title="Sensory design">Sensory design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">EED</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Video game design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon_design" title="Icon design">Icon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_design" title="Immersive design">Immersive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_interaction_design" title="Sonic interaction design">Sonic interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /><a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Stage/set lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Textile design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />design<br />& <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">Behavioural design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_design" title="Boiler design">Boiler design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">Drug design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_system_design" title="Electrical system design">Electrical system design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Experimental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_design" title="Filter design">Filter design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_design" title="Geometric design">Geometric design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_design" title="Work design">Work design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Circuit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_design_(electronics)" title="Physical design (electronics)">Physical design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_network_design_(IC)" title="Power network design (IC)">Power network design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_design" title="Nucleic acid design">Nucleic acid design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Organization design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">Protein design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_design" title="Social design">Social design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_design" title="Strategic design">Strategic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Approaches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Approaches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity-centered_design" title="Activity-centered design">Activity-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_web_design" title="Adaptive web design">Adaptive web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_design" title="Affective design">Affective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">By committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">By contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-K_theory" title="C-K theory">C-K theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_closure" title="Design closure">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Co-design</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concept-oriented_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concept-oriented design (page does not exist)">Concept-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_design" title="Contextual design">Contextual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_design" title="Continuous design">Continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_problem-solving" title="Creative problem-solving">Creative problem-solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">Design fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_design" title="Defensive design">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect-led_design%E2%80%93build" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect-led design–build">architect-led</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_design" title="Diffuse design">Diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_neutral_design" title="Energy neutral design">Energy neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error-tolerant_design" title="Error-tolerant design">Error-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant design">Fault-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework-oriented_design" title="Framework-oriented design">Framework-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_assembly" title="Design for assembly">For assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">For behaviour change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_manufacturability" title="Design for manufacturability">For manufacturability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_Six_Sigma" title="Design for Six Sigma">For Six Sigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_testing" title="Design for testing">For testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_X" title="Design for X">For X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_design" title="Functional design">Functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_design" title="Generative design">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-centered_design" title="Human-centered design">HCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_design" title="Integrated design">Integrated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_topside_design" title="Integrated topside design">Integrated topside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence-based_design" title="Intelligence-based design">Intelligence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_design" title="Low-level design">Low-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadesign" title="Metadesign">Metadesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(design)" title="New Wave (design)">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented design">Object-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_design" title="Parametric design">Parametric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform-based_design" title="Platform-based design">Platform-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy-based_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy-based design">Policy-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process-centered_design" title="Process-centered design">Process-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_design" title="Rational design">Rational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_design" title="Regenerative design">Regenerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research-based_design" title="Research-based design">Research-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility-driven_design" title="Responsibility-driven design">Responsibility-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">RWD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe-life_design" title="Safe-life design">Safe-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">Systemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems-oriented_design" title="Systems-oriented design">SOD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableless_web_design" title="Tableless web design">Tableless web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">Theory of constraints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">Top-down and bottom-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_design" title="Transformation design">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIZ" title="TRIZ">TRIZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-centered_design" title="Usage-centered design">Usage-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use-centered_design" title="Use-centered design">Use-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empathic_design" title="Empathic design">Empathic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_innovation" title="User innovation">User innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-driven_design" title="Value-driven design">Value-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_sensitive_design" title="Value sensitive design">Value sensitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_by_design" title="Privacy by design">Privacy by</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_choice" title="Design choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_computing" title="Design computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_controls" title="Design controls">controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_culture" title="Design culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)" title="Design flow (EDA)">flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_leadership" title="Design leadership">leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_management" title="Design management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_marker" title="Design marker">marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_methods" title="Design methods">methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_pattern" title="Design pattern">pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_research" title="Design research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_science" title="Design science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_sprint" title="Design sprint">sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Design strategy">strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_theory" title="Design theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">thinking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ToolsIntellectual_propertyOrganizationsAwards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Intellectual property</li><li>Organizations</li><li>Awards</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Design_tool" title="Design tool">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithms-Aided_Design" title="Algorithms-Aided Design">AAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">Architectural model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_layout" title="Comprehensive layout">Comprehensive layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_industrial_design" title="Computer-aided industrial design">CAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_home_design_software" title="Virtual home design software">Virtual home design software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-automated_design" title="Computer-automated design">CAutoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_quality_indicator" title="Design quality indicator">Design quality indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">Mockup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">Design specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_wireframe" title="Website wireframe">Website wireframe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual<br />property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_design" title="Community design">Community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_around" title="Design around">Design around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_infringement" title="Design infringement">Design infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">Design patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright" title="Fashion design copyright">Fashion design copyright</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geschmacksmuster" title="Geschmacksmuster">Geschmacksmuster</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Society_of_Designers" title="Chartered Society of Designers">Chartered Society of Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_and_Industries_Association" title="Design and Industries Association">Design and Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Council" title="Design Council">Design Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Forum_Design" title="International Forum Design">International Forum Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Research_Society" title="Design Research Society">Design Research Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Design_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="European Design Award">European Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Design_Award" title="German Design Award">German Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Museum_of_Modern_Art)" title="Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)">Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Chicago_Athenaeum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)">Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphex" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphex">Graphex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IF_Product_Design_Award" title="IF Product Design Award">IF Product Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dyson_Award" title="James Dyson Award">James Dyson Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip_Designers_Prize" title="Prince Philip Designers Prize">Prince Philip Designers Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_art" title="Concept art">Concept art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_design" title="Conceptual design">Conceptual design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.design" title=".design">.design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_startup" title="Lean startup">Lean startup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">New product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OODA_loop" title="OODA loop">OODA loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_simulation" title="Process simulation">Process simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow design">Slow design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEAM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Unintelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_brief" title="Design brief">brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_change" title="Design change">change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_classic" title="Design classic">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_competition" title="Design competition">competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_design_competition" title="Student design competition">student</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_director" title="Design director">director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_education" title="Design education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_elements" title="Design elements">elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Design firm">firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_history" title="Design 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