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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stempel" title="Stempel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stempel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85" title="ميسم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميسم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDig_tu%C4%8Dka" title="Žig tučka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Žig tučka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma" title="Estigma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estigma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Ама тунин сăмси – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ама тунин сăмси" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizna" title="Blizna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Blizna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narbe_(Botanik)" title="Narbe (Botanik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Narbe (Botanik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emakasuue" title="Emakasuue – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Emakasuue" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Estigma (botánica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estigma (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmo" title="Stigmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stigmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma_(botanika)" title="Estigma (botanika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estigma (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="کلاله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلاله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmate_(botanique)" title="Stigmate (botanique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stigmate (botanique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiogma" title="Stiogma – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stiogma" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Estigma (botánica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estigma (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepala_putik" title="Kepala putik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepala putik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A6ni" title="Fræni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fræni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(botanica)" title="Stigma (botanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stigma (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%AA_(%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="צלקת (בוטניקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צלקת (בוטניקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(botanice)" title="Stigma (botanice) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stigma (botanice)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C4%ABksna" title="Drīksna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Drīksna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%ACgma" title="Stìgma – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stìgma" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibe" title="Bibe – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bibe" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="പരാഗണസ്ഥലം (സസ്യശാസ്ത്രം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പരാഗണസ്ഥലം (സസ്യശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stempel_(plant)" title="Stempel (plant) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stempel (plant)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B1%E9%A0%AD_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="柱頭 (植物学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="柱頭 (植物学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arr_(botanikk)" title="Arr (botanikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arr (botanikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arr_i_botanikk" title="Arr i botanikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arr i botanikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znami%C4%99_(botanika)" title="Znamię (botanika) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Znamię (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estigma" title="Estigma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estigma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmat_(botanic%C4%83)" title="Stigmat (botanică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stigmat (botanică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Рыльце – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рыльце" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stigma (botany)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B3_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Жиг (биологија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жиг (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Гардгирак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гардгирак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepecik_(bitki)" title="Tepecik (bitki) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tepecik (bitki)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Приймочка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Приймочка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A7u_nh%E1%BB%A5y" title="Đầu nhụy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đầu nhụy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B1%E9%A0%AD_(%E8%8A%B1)" title="柱頭 (花) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="柱頭 (花)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1427245#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of a flower</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stigma_PSFen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Stigma_PSFen.svg/290px-Stigma_PSFen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Stigma_PSFen.svg/435px-Stigma_PSFen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Stigma_PSFen.svg/580px-Stigma_PSFen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing the <i>stigma-style-ovary</i> system of the female reproductive organ of a plant. The <i>stigma</i> is fixed to the apex of the <i>style</i>, a narrow upward extension of the <i>ovary</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>stigma</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>stigmas</b> or <b>stigmata</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the receptive tip of a <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium#Carpels" title="Gynoecium">carpel</a>, or of several fused carpels, in the <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">gynoecium</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigma_(botany)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-05-10_17-37-15-tulipe-44f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2013-05-10_17-37-15-tulipe-44f.jpg/220px-2013-05-10_17-37-15-tulipe-44f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2013-05-10_17-37-15-tulipe-44f.jpg/330px-2013-05-10_17-37-15-tulipe-44f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/2013-05-10_17-37-15-tulipe-44f.jpg/440px-2013-05-10_17-37-15-tulipe-44f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Stigma of a <i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa">Tulipa</a></i> species, with pollen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closeup_of_Stamen_and_stigma_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_(the_%27Stargazer_lily%27).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Closeup_of_Stamen_and_stigma_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_%28the_%27Stargazer_lily%27%29.jpg/220px-Closeup_of_Stamen_and_stigma_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_%28the_%27Stargazer_lily%27%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Closeup_of_Stamen_and_stigma_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_%28the_%27Stargazer_lily%27%29.jpg/330px-Closeup_of_Stamen_and_stigma_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_%28the_%27Stargazer_lily%27%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Closeup_of_Stamen_and_stigma_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_%28the_%27Stargazer_lily%27%29.jpg/440px-Closeup_of_Stamen_and_stigma_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_%28the_%27Stargazer_lily%27%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4051" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of stigma surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> of <i>Lilium</i> 'Stargazer')</figcaption></figure> <p>The stigma, together with the <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a> (typically called the <b>stigma-style-ovary</b> system) comprises the <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistil</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">gynoecium</a> or female reproductive organ of a plant. The stigma itself forms the distal portion of the style, or stylodia, and is composed of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="stigmatic_papillae"></span><span class="vanchor-text">stigmatic papillae</span></span>, the cells of which are receptive to pollen. These may be restricted to the apex of the style or, especially in wind pollinated species, cover a wide surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlgren_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlgren-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stigma receives <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> and it is on the stigma that the pollen grain <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germinates</a>. Often sticky, the stigma is adapted in various ways to catch and trap pollen with various hairs, flaps, or sculpturings.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pollen may be captured from the air (wind-borne pollen, <a href="/wiki/Anemophily" title="Anemophily">anemophily</a>), from visiting insects or other animals (<a href="/wiki/Pollination_syndrome#Biotic" title="Pollination syndrome">biotic pollination</a>), or in rare cases from surrounding water (<a href="/wiki/Hydrophily" title="Hydrophily">hydrophily</a>). Stigma can vary from long and slender to globe shaped to feathery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pollen is typically highly desiccated when it leaves an anther. Stigma have been shown to assist in the rehydration of pollen and in promoting germination of the pollen tube.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdlundSwansonPreuss2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundSwansonPreuss2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stigma also ensure proper adhesion of the correct species of pollen. Stigma can play an active role in pollen discrimination and some <a href="/wiki/Self-incompatibility_in_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-incompatibility in plants">self-incompatibility reactions</a>, that reject pollen from the same or genetically similar plants, involve interaction between the stigma and the surface of the pollen grain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shape">Shape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigma_(botany)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stigma is often split into lobes, e.g. trifid (three lobed), and may resemble the head of a pin (capitate), or come to a point (punctiform). The shape of the stigma may vary considerably:<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlgren_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlgren-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornsilk_7091.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cornsilk_7091.jpg/250px-Cornsilk_7091.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cornsilk_7091.jpg/330px-Cornsilk_7091.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cornsilk_7091.jpg/500px-Cornsilk_7091.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> stigmas, collectively called "silk"</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Stigma shapes</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stigma_shapes_(Capitate_and_simple).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Stigma_shapes_%28Capitate_and_simple%29.svg/200px-Stigma_shapes_%28Capitate_and_simple%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Stigma_shapes_%28Capitate_and_simple%29.svg/300px-Stigma_shapes_%28Capitate_and_simple%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Stigma_shapes_%28Capitate_and_simple%29.svg/400px-Stigma_shapes_%28Capitate_and_simple%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Capitate and simple</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trifid_Stigma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Trifid_Stigma.jpg/200px-Trifid_Stigma.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Trifid_Stigma.jpg/300px-Trifid_Stigma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Trifid_Stigma.jpg/400px-Trifid_Stigma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Trifid</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigma_(botany)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style (botany)</a></div> <p>The style is a narrow upward extension of the ovary, connecting it to the stigmatic papillae. Occasionally, it may be absent, in which case the stigma is described as <a href="/wiki/Sessile_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessile (botany)">sessile</a>. Styles are generally tube-like—either long or short.<sup id="cite_ref-Estiloyestigma_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estiloyestigma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style can be open (containing few or no cells in the central portion) with a central canal which may be filled with <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilage</a>. Alternatively the style may be closed (densely packed with cells throughout). Most <a href="/wiki/Syncarpous" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncarpous">syncarpous</a> <a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">monocots</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">eudicots</a> have open styles, while many syncarpous eudicots and grasses have closed (solid) styles containing specialised secretory transmitting tissue, linking the stigma to the centre of the ovary. This forms a nutrient rich tract for pollen tube growth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where there are more than one carpel to the pistil, each may have a separate style-like stylodium, or share a common style. In <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">irises</a> and others in the family <a href="/wiki/Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a>, the style divides into three petal-like (petaloid) <i>style branches</i> (sometimes also referred to as 'stylodia'<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), almost to the base of the style and is called a tribrachiate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeberling1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-ZlOAAAAIAAJpgPA182_pp.&nbsp;182-186]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeberling1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-ZlOAAAAIAAJpgPA182_pp.&nbsp;182-186]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are flaps of tissue, running from the perianth tube above the sepal. The stigma is a rim or edge on the underside of the branch, near the end lobes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Style branches also appear on <i><a href="/wiki/Dietes" title="Dietes">Dietes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pardanthopsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardanthopsis">Pardanthopsis</a></i> and most species of <i><a href="/wiki/Moraea" title="Moraea">Moraea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-klaus_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klaus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Crocus" title="Crocus">Crocus</a></i>, there are three divided style branches, creating a tube.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Hesperantha" title="Hesperantha">Hesperantha</a></i> has a spreading style branch. Alternatively, the style may be lobed rather than branched. <i><a href="/wiki/Gladiolus" title="Gladiolus">Gladiolus</a></i> has a bi-lobed style branch (bilobate). <i><a href="/wiki/Freesia" title="Freesia">Freesia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lapeirousia" title="Lapeirousia">Lapeirousia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Romulea" title="Romulea">Romulea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Savannosiphon" title="Savannosiphon">Savannosiphon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Watsonia_(plant)" title="Watsonia (plant)">Watsonia</a></i> have bifurcated (two branched) and recurved style branches.<sup id="cite_ref-klaus_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klaus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dahlgren_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlgren-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:793px;max-width:793px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Style morphology</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:294px;max-width:294px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iris_versicolor_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Iris_versicolor_3.jpg/292px-Iris_versicolor_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Iris_versicolor_3.jpg/438px-Iris_versicolor_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Iris_versicolor_3.jpg/584px-Iris_versicolor_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><i><a href="/wiki/Iris_versicolor" title="Iris versicolor">Iris versicolor</a></i> showing three structures with two overlapping lips, an upper petaloid style branch and a lower tepal, enclosing a stamen</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:294px;max-width:294px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iris_missouriensis_(3624887687).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Iris_missouriensis_%283624887687%29.jpg/292px-Iris_missouriensis_%283624887687%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Iris_missouriensis_%283624887687%29.jpg/438px-Iris_missouriensis_%283624887687%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Iris_missouriensis_%283624887687%29.jpg/584px-Iris_missouriensis_%283624887687%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><i><a href="/wiki/Iris_missouriensis" title="Iris missouriensis">Iris missouriensis</a></i> showing the pale blue style branch above the drooping petal</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saffron_stigmas_Crocus_speciosus_corrected_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Saffron_stigmas_Crocus_speciosus_corrected_cropped.jpg/197px-Saffron_stigmas_Crocus_speciosus_corrected_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Saffron_stigmas_Crocus_speciosus_corrected_cropped.jpg/296px-Saffron_stigmas_Crocus_speciosus_corrected_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Saffron_stigmas_Crocus_speciosus_corrected_cropped.jpg/394px-Saffron_stigmas_Crocus_speciosus_corrected_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="1201" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The feathery stigma of <i><a href="/wiki/Crocus_speciosus" title="Crocus speciosus">Crocus speciosus</a></i> has branches corresponding to three carpels</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigma_(botany)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spadix_(botany)" title="Spadix (botany)">Spadix (botany)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigma_(botany)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigma_(botany)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-stigma" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=stigma">"stigma"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=stigma&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dstigma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigma+%28botany%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span> Under 6. <i>Botany</i>: "Plural usually stigmas."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahlgren-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlgren_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlgren_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahlgren_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985">Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YLuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">Gynoecium p. 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Penguin Dictionary of Botany</i>, edited by Elizabeth Toothill, Penguin Books 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051126-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051126-1">0-14-051126-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudall2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall2007_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudall2007_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudall2007">Rudall 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdlundSwansonPreuss2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdlundSwansonPreuss2004_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdlundSwansonPreuss2004">Edlund, Swanson & Preuss 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estiloyestigma-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Estiloyestigma_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzálezArbo2016">González & Arbo 2016</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologia.edu.ar/botanica/tema4/4_10estilo.htm">Estilo y estigma</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Kubitzki (Editor) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKzwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208">Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales and Ericales</a></i>, p. 208, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeberling1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-ZlOAAAAIAAJpgPA182_pp.&nbsp;182-186]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeberling1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-ZlOAAAAIAAJpgPA182_pp.&nbsp;182-186]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeberling1989">Weberling 1989</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZlOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA182">pp. 182-186</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herbs2000.com/flowers/i_anatomy.htm">"The Anatomy Of Irises"</a>. herbs2000.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+Of+Irises&rft.pub=herbs2000.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herbs2000.com%2Fflowers%2Fi_anatomy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigma+%28botany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klaus-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klaus_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klaus_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Kubitzki (Editor) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSfrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA305">Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)</a></i>, p. 305, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Hickey, Clive King <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LDh7fz9uToMC&pg=PA562">100 Families of Flowering Plants</a></i>, p. 562, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigma_(botany)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgren" title="Rolf Dahlgren">Dahlgren, R.M.</a>; Clifford, H.T.; Yeo, P.F. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC"><i>The families of the monocotyledons</i></a>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64903-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64903-5"><bdi>978-3-642-64903-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+families+of+the+monocotyledons&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-642-64903-5&rft.aulast=Dahlgren&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft.au=Clifford%2C+H.T.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+P.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3iGndTFY0skC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigma+%28botany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdlundSwansonPreuss2004" class="citation journal cs1">Edlund, Anna F.; Swanson, Robert; Preuss, Daphne (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/suppl_1/S84.full">"Pollen and stigma structure and function: the role of diversity in pollination"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Plant_Cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Cell">Plant Cell</a></i>. <b>16</b> (Supplement): <span class="nowrap">84–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PlanC..16S..84E">2004PlanC..16S..84E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1105%2Ftpc.015800">10.1105/tpc.015800</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643401">2643401</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15075396">15075396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Cell&rft.atitle=Pollen+and+stigma+structure+and+function%3A+the+role+of+diversity+in+pollination&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=Supplement&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2643401%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15075396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1105%2Ftpc.015800&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PlanC..16S..84E&rft.aulast=Edlund&rft.aufirst=Anna+F.&rft.au=Swanson%2C+Robert&rft.au=Preuss%2C+Daphne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantcell.org%2Fcontent%2F16%2Fsuppl_1%2FS84.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigma+%28botany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudall2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Rudall" title="Paula Rudall">Rudall, Paula J.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSO8HOKyabgC"><i>Anatomy of flowering plants: an introduction to structure and development</i></a> (3rd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521692458" title="Special:BookSources/9780521692458"><bdi>9780521692458</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+flowering+plants%3A+an+introduction+to+structure+and+development&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780521692458&rft.aulast=Rudall&rft.aufirst=Paula+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSO8HOKyabgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigma+%28botany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2011" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Michael G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC"><i>Plant Systematics</i></a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051404-8"><bdi>978-0-08-051404-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Systematics&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-08-051404-8&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIa2eIPVksMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigma+%28botany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzálezArbo2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González, A.M.; Arbo, M.M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologia.edu.ar/botanica/index.html">"Botánica Morfológica: Morfología de Plantas Vasculares"</a> (in Spanish). Corrientes, Argentina: Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphologie+der+Bl%C3%BCten+und+der+Bl%C3%BCtenst%C3%A4nde&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-43832-2&rft.aulast=Weberling&rft.aufirst=Focko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ZlOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStigma+%28botany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stigma_(botany)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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