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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_lamp_street_lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_lamp_street_lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Oil lamp street lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_lamp_street_lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_street_lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_street_lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gas street lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_street_lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_street_lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_street_lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Electric street lighting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electric_street_lighting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electric street lighting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electric_street_lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arc_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arc_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arc lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arc_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incandescent_lights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incandescent_lights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Incandescent lights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incandescent_lights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercury_vapor_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercury_vapor_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mercury vapor lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercury_vapor_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sodium_vapor_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sodium_vapor_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sodium vapor lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sodium_vapor_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_emitting_diodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_emitting_diodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Light emitting diodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_emitting_diodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_electric_light_generation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_electric_light_generation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other electric light generation methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_electric_light_generation_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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href="#Urban_Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Urban Light</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_West,_English_(born_America)_-_Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Benjamin_West%2C_English_%28born_America%29_-_Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Benjamin_West%2C_English_%28born_America%29_-_Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Benjamin_West%2C_English_%28born_America%29_-_Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Benjamin_West%2C_English_%28born_America%29_-_Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Benjamin_West%2C_English_%28born_America%29_-_Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Benjamin_West%2C_English_%28born_America%29_-_Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4039" data-file-height="5413" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky" title="Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky">Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a> (c. 1816, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>) portrays <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s interest in harnessing nature to improve the lives of his fellow human beings.</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>history of street lighting in the United States</b> is closely linked to the <a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_the_United_States" title="Urbanization in the United States">urbanization of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Artificial illumination</a> has stimulated commercial activity at night, and has been tied to the country's economic development, including major innovations in transportation, particularly the growth in automobile use.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the two and a half centuries before LED lighting emerged as the new "gold standard",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cities and towns across America relied on oil, coal gas, carbon arc, incandescent, and high-intensity gas discharge lamps for street lighting. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oil_lamp_street_lighting">Oil lamp street lighting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Oil lamp street lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">Oil lamp</a></div> <p>The earliest street lights in the colonial America were oil lamps burning <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Greenland or Arctic right whales</a> of the North Atlantic, or from <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a> of the South Atlantic, South Pacific, and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lamplighter" title="Lamplighter">Lamplighters</a> were responsible for igniting the lamps and maintaining them.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as the 1750s, inventor <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> of Philadelphia introduced innovations in oil lamp design, such as using two woven wicks to siphon oil from a reservoir, and flat panes of glass which could be easily replaced and were cheaper than blown glass bowls.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, a citizens' committee led by <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> installed more than 300 oil lamps from England in 1773.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year before, a newspaper editorial had called for a system of public lamps to prevent crime and protect citizens at night. The glass globes were placed on posts ten feet high and spaced fifty feet apart along the street, following the system used in London. These early street lights were "more suggestive than real"; in practice, pedestrians moved from one pool of light to another, walking through shadow in between.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, more than 1,600 oil lamps were in use as city street lights in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city had started using <a href="/wiki/Sperm_oil" title="Sperm oil">spermaceti oil</a>, which burned more brightly than candles, in its street lamps from as early as 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> was close behind during this period, with 1,100 street lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gas_street_lighting">Gas street lighting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gas street lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GasLight-Large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GasLight-Large.jpg/220px-GasLight-Large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GasLight-Large.jpg/330px-GasLight-Large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/GasLight-Large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the first public gas street lamp in America, first lit by the Gas Light Company of Baltimore on February 7, 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_manufactured_fuel_gases" title="History of manufactured fuel gases">History of manufactured fuel gases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lamps</a> gradually started replacing oil street lamps in the United States, beginning in the first quarter of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first street in the world to be illuminated by gaslight was <a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall,_London" title="Pall Mall, London">Pall Mall</a> in London, starting in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first US city to use gas street lights was <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, starting in 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1816, artist <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_Peale" title="Rembrandt Peale">Rembrandt Peale</a> had demonstrated the use of gas lamps to light exhibits at the <a href="/wiki/Peale_Museum" title="Peale Museum">Peale Museum</a> in Baltimore, displaying what <i>The Federal Gazette and Daily Advertiser</i> called "the beautiful and most brilliant light".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, a group of investors formed the Gas Light Company of Baltimore, which was authorized by the municipal government to lay pipes to use coal gas to light public streets.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although both New York and Philadelphia experimented with gas street lighting around this time, the sophistication of their existing oil-based lighting systems meant that those cities were slower to replace the street lamps they already had with technology that was still unproven.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1835, New York, Philadelphia, and Boston had also built the requisite infrastructure of piped networks connected to manufacturing gas plants (MGPs) to supply gas light to shopping boulevards, wealthy residential neighborhoods, and major thoroughfares.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, only 384 of New York City's 5,660 street lamps were gaslights.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chicago turned on its first hundred-odd gaslights on September 4, 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gas light was up to ten times brighter than light from oil lamps,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by present-day standards, the lights appeared "distinctly yellow and not very bright".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1841, British author <a href="/wiki/James_Silk_Buckingham" title="James Silk Buckingham">James Silk Buckingham</a> observed that New York City's street lights were inadequate: “The lamps are so far apart and so scantily supplied with light that it is impossible to distinguish names or numbers on the doors from carriages or even on foot without ascending the steps."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1893, New York City had 26,500 gas street lights and only 1,500 electrical lights.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electric_street_lighting">Electric street lighting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electric street lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enclosed_arc_lamps_on_Baltimore_Street_(1909).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Enclosed_arc_lamps_on_Baltimore_Street_%281909%29.png/220px-Enclosed_arc_lamps_on_Baltimore_Street_%281909%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Enclosed_arc_lamps_on_Baltimore_Street_%281909%29.png/330px-Enclosed_arc_lamps_on_Baltimore_Street_%281909%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Enclosed_arc_lamps_on_Baltimore_Street_%281909%29.png/440px-Enclosed_arc_lamps_on_Baltimore_Street_%281909%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>Arc lamps illuminating Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arc_lamps">Arc lamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arc lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Arc lamp</a></div> <p>The first public demonstration of outdoor electrical lighting in the US was in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, on April 29, 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inventor <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brush" title="Charles F. Brush">Charles F. Brush</a> had been perfecting the <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">dynamo arc light</a>, which could produce a glow equivalent to 4,000 candles in a single lamp.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the demonstration, which drew a crowd of thousands, Brush positioned twelve 2,000-<a href="/wiki/Candlepower" title="Candlepower">candlepower</a> lamps on towers around <a href="/wiki/Public_Square,_Cleveland" title="Public Square, Cleveland">Cleveland's Public Square</a> (then known as Monumental Park), and fully illuminated it with electric light.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first municipal government to purchase and install the Brush arc lighting system was the city of <a href="/wiki/Wabash,_Indiana" title="Wabash, Indiana">Wabash, Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 31, 1880, Wabash became "the first town in the world generally lighted by electricity," as four 3,000-candlepower Brush lights suspended from the flagstaff on top of the Wabash County Courthouse were switched on, flooding the neighborhood with light.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an eyewitness, "The people, almost with bated breath, stood overwhelmed with awe."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journalist reported that he had been able to read a newspaper, held up to the light, from one street away; from two blocks away, he could still read the headlines; from four blocks away he could make out the advertisements.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demand for the Brush street lighting system grew quickly, as it provided higher-quality light for one-third the cost of gas lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, Brush conducted a demonstration in New York City, erecting 23 arc lamps along <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Brush won several city contracts including contracts for lighting <a href="/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan" title="Union Square, Manhattan">Union Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_and_Madison_Square_Park" title="Madison Square and Madison Square Park">Madison Square</a>, where towers were erected for the arc lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On major thoroughfares such as Broadway, arc lamps were placed on lampposts at 250-foot intervals; by 1886, approximately 30 miles of thoroughfares in New York City were lit by arc lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a>, however, arc lamps were dismantled after residents complained that the wires connecting the fixtures were "unsightly", and most of the street "returned to the gloom of gas."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1893, New York City had 1,535 electric arc street lights.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, arc lamps were used for street lighting starting in 1881. In 1882, the New Orleans Brush Lighting Company installed one hundred 2,000-candlepower arc lamps along five miles of wharf and riverfront; by 1885, New Orleans had 655 arc lights.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, arc lamps were used in public street lighting starting in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, arc lamps were only used on <a href="/wiki/Chicago_River" title="Chicago River">Chicago River bridges</a>, but by 1910, they were used more widely on major Chicago streets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incandescent_lights">Incandescent lights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Incandescent lights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-12-26_17_01_34_Incandescent_street_light_just_after_turning_on_for_the_night_on_Fireside_Avenue_at_Meridan_Avenue_in_Ewing,_New_Jersey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2014-12-26_17_01_34_Incandescent_street_light_just_after_turning_on_for_the_night_on_Fireside_Avenue_at_Meridan_Avenue_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/220px-2014-12-26_17_01_34_Incandescent_street_light_just_after_turning_on_for_the_night_on_Fireside_Avenue_at_Meridan_Avenue_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2014-12-26_17_01_34_Incandescent_street_light_just_after_turning_on_for_the_night_on_Fireside_Avenue_at_Meridan_Avenue_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/330px-2014-12-26_17_01_34_Incandescent_street_light_just_after_turning_on_for_the_night_on_Fireside_Avenue_at_Meridan_Avenue_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2014-12-26_17_01_34_Incandescent_street_light_just_after_turning_on_for_the_night_on_Fireside_Avenue_at_Meridan_Avenue_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/440px-2014-12-26_17_01_34_Incandescent_street_light_just_after_turning_on_for_the_night_on_Fireside_Avenue_at_Meridan_Avenue_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Incandescent street light in Ewing, New Jersey (2014)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first two decades of the 20th century, there was intense competition among providers of various forms of street lighting, including carbon arc lamps; incandescent lamps; traditional coal gas lamps; and gasoline and naphtha street lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incandescent lamps were initially developed primarily for indoor use, but major technology breakthroughs in 1907 and 1911 perfected the use of tungsten filaments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1911 onward, <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">electric incandescent lamps</a> with tungsten filaments became an increasingly popular choice among municipal utilities for public street lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917, <a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo, North Dakota</a> used a <a href="/wiki/Floodlight" title="Floodlight">floodlight</a> to illuminate an intersection.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1917, the number of incandescent filament lamps used in street lighting had reached 1,389,000 across the United States, while the number of arc lamps had started to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> introduced tungsten bulbs on <a href="/wiki/Van_Ness_Avenue" title="Van Ness Avenue">Van Ness Avenue</a>, between Vallejo and <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(San_Francisco)" title="Market Street (San Francisco)">Market Street</a>, replacing gas mantles and arc lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city used two 250-candlepower tungsten lamps per column, on sixteen columns for every block.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>The Electrical Review</i>: “Under the old system of lighting it was dangerous for a pedestrian to attempt to cross the street because of the heavy automobile traffic. Now the entire street is flooded with evenly distributed light and the appearance of the street as well as the public safety has been greatly enhanced."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercury_vapor_lamps">Mercury vapor lamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mercury vapor lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">Mercury-vapor lamp</a></div> <p>By the mid-20th century, increasing motorization necessitated better illumination, particularly in business districts where there was more mixing of cars and pedestrians, as well as along commercial thoroughfares.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Streets needed to be illuminated more evenly, and a minimum level of lighting needed to be maintained throughout the night. Street lighting became a major expense for US cities, which sought to control costs in various ways.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the point of view of a municipal lighting department, the fact that incandescent lamps "radiate with very low efficiency, producing relatively little light at visible wavelengths", made them less and less attractive for public street lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mercury vapor streetlights started to be used more widely in the United States after 1950, mainly due to their cost efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, the lifespan of <a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">mercury vapor lamps</a> had been extended to 16,000 hours, and they could provide up to 40 lumens per watt, whereas incandescent lamps could only deliver 16 to 21 lumens.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first large street installation of mercury vapor lamps in the United States was in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver, Colorado</a>, on Park Avenue, where they were used together with incandescents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, nearly 39 percent of street lights in the US were mercury vapor, while incandescents accounted for 60 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1973, the use of incandescent outdoor lamps was rapidly declining, while the production of mercury vapor lamps soared.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sodium_vapor_lamps">Sodium vapor lamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sodium vapor lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-02-13_17_39_16_Street_light_post_with_both_sodium_vapor_and_mercury_vapor_lights_in_the_Roy%27s_parking_lot_in_Elko,_Nevada.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/2015-02-13_17_39_16_Street_light_post_with_both_sodium_vapor_and_mercury_vapor_lights_in_the_Roy%27s_parking_lot_in_Elko%2C_Nevada.JPG/220px-2015-02-13_17_39_16_Street_light_post_with_both_sodium_vapor_and_mercury_vapor_lights_in_the_Roy%27s_parking_lot_in_Elko%2C_Nevada.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/2015-02-13_17_39_16_Street_light_post_with_both_sodium_vapor_and_mercury_vapor_lights_in_the_Roy%27s_parking_lot_in_Elko%2C_Nevada.JPG/330px-2015-02-13_17_39_16_Street_light_post_with_both_sodium_vapor_and_mercury_vapor_lights_in_the_Roy%27s_parking_lot_in_Elko%2C_Nevada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/2015-02-13_17_39_16_Street_light_post_with_both_sodium_vapor_and_mercury_vapor_lights_in_the_Roy%27s_parking_lot_in_Elko%2C_Nevada.JPG/440px-2015-02-13_17_39_16_Street_light_post_with_both_sodium_vapor_and_mercury_vapor_lights_in_the_Roy%27s_parking_lot_in_Elko%2C_Nevada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Lamppost with two street lights using high pressure sodium vapor lamp (Left) and mercury vapor lamp (Right) in Elko, Nevada (2015)</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">Sodium-vapor lamp</a></div> <p>Low-pressure sodium vapor street lights produce a strong monochromatic yellow light, which also reveals more detail to the human eye, even at low levels of luminance. In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">sodium vapor lamps</a> were not efficient enough to make them a compelling alternative to incandescents. However, because they enhanced <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">visual acuity</a>, they were recommended for safety lighting in tunnels, on bridges, and at "cloverleaf" interchanges on express highways.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, street lights using sodium vapor were first installed on a rural highway near <a href="/wiki/Port_Jervis,_New_York" title="Port Jervis, New York">Port Jervis, New York</a>, in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, a study of sodium vapor light use at selected intersections in Chicago claimed that the new lighting had helped to reduce the number of accidents in those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lamp manufacturers started to promote sodium vapor lamps for "crime fighting", a marketing strategy that backfired when cities such as Newark and New Orleans rejected sodium vapor, to avoid publicly stigmatizing high-crime neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the availability of high-pressure sodium vapor lamps coincided with the rise of social unrest in the mid-1960s, lamp manufacturers once again promoted the potential for sodium vapor lighting to enable better street surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-pressure sodium lamps produced a distinct "yellow/orangeish light",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brighter than mercury vapor light, which has been described as a "harsh metallic blue" in hue.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">OPEC oil embargo</a>, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Richard J. Daley</a> announced a plan to make Chicago "the first large U.S. city to have sodium vapor lamps on all residential streets", replacing 85,000 mercury vapor streetlights.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a December 1973 article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> was optimistic about the "more cheerful, brighter, gold-colored vapor lamps",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the newspaper's own architecture critic worried about the "eerie, ominous quality of sodium vapor illumination".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, the large-scale installation of sodium vapor lamps began on Chicago's arterial streets.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end, the most critical factor in favor of sodium vapor lamps was their cost. In 1980, the annual operating cost for the average incandescent lamp was $280; for mercury vapor lamps, it was $128; and for low-pressure sodium vapor lamps, it was $60 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, high-pressure sodium vapor lamps cost only $44 a year to operate, with a standard life expectancy of 15,000 hours, which also helped to lower labor and maintenance costs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Edison Tech Center, sodium vapor lamps are "the most ubiquitous lamp for street lighting on the planet."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_emitting_diodes">Light emitting diodes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Light emitting diodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smaller_version_LED_light_on_residential_street_(26255230371).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Smaller_version_LED_light_on_residential_street_%2826255230371%29.jpg/220px-Smaller_version_LED_light_on_residential_street_%2826255230371%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Smaller_version_LED_light_on_residential_street_%2826255230371%29.jpg/330px-Smaller_version_LED_light_on_residential_street_%2826255230371%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Smaller_version_LED_light_on_residential_street_%2826255230371%29.jpg/440px-Smaller_version_LED_light_on_residential_street_%2826255230371%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>One of the LED streetlights in Bellingham, Washington, which is individually controlled via a smart network (2016)</figcaption></figure> <p>In recent years, efforts to make street lighting more energy efficient have focused on using <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs) to replace high-pressure mercury (HPM), metal halide (MH), and high-pressure sodium (HPS) luminaires.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LEDs also produce a whiter light, and can be installed as part of a centrally managed system with further energy saving controls, such as part-night lighting and dimming.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the up-front costs of installing LED fixtures is significant, municipalities switching to LED street lighting generally expect to recoup their investment through reductions in ongoing electricity and maintenance costs.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the early projects in the United States also benefitted from economic stimulus block grants.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the city of <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>, announced plans to become "the first US city to convert all of its downtown streetlights to LED technology."<sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city replaced 120-watt bulbs which lasted only two years with 56-watt LEDs that would last a decade, and expected to reduce its public lighting energy use by half.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for the first two years, <a href="/wiki/DTE_Energy" title="DTE Energy">DTE Energy</a> continued to bill Ann Arbor at the same rate as before, because the street lights were not metered, and electricity charges were estimated based on past use.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the direction of the state utility regulator, DTE Energy eventually revised its rates for Ann Arbor based on the expected energy use for "experimental lighting technology", and credited the city retroactive to the installation.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2011, the city of Ann Arbor had switched 1,400 of its 7,000 streetlight fixtures to LEDs, and saved approximately $200,000, including reduced maintenance costs.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_electric_light_generation_methods">Other electric light generation methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other electric light generation methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towers">Towers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Towers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moonlight_tower" title="Moonlight tower">Moonlight tower</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Electric_tower_erected_in_Austin,_41st_%26_Speedway,_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/First_Electric_tower_erected_in_Austin%2C_41st_%26_Speedway%2C_1895.jpg/220px-First_Electric_tower_erected_in_Austin%2C_41st_%26_Speedway%2C_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/First_Electric_tower_erected_in_Austin%2C_41st_%26_Speedway%2C_1895.jpg/330px-First_Electric_tower_erected_in_Austin%2C_41st_%26_Speedway%2C_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/First_Electric_tower_erected_in_Austin%2C_41st_%26_Speedway%2C_1895.jpg/440px-First_Electric_tower_erected_in_Austin%2C_41st_%26_Speedway%2C_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>First Austin moonlight tower erected in 1895</figcaption></figure> <p>Many cities across the United States experimented with tall tower structures to deliver light to entire city neighborhoods, similar to the arc lamp installation at the Wabash County Courthouse in Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1802, Benjamin Henfry erected an oil-based "thermolamp" on a tall column in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, which failed to cast as much light as he had hoped for.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, DC</a>, city planners considered using the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> as a tower platform for lighting, but rejected the idea after placing test lamps on the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Building" title="Smithsonian Institution Building">Smithsonian Institution</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">United States Capitol</a> buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Municipalities that adopted <a href="/wiki/Moonlight_tower" title="Moonlight tower">tower lighting or "moontowers"</a> for a period included Akron, Aurora, Austin, Buffalo, Chattanooga, Denver, Detroit, Elgin, Evansville, Fort Wayne, Hannibal, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Louisville, Minneapolis, Mobile, San Francisco, and San Jose.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these cities erected only one or two towers, before falling back on traditional lamppost lighting. One exception was <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, which erected 36 towers, fifteen of which were 150-feet tall and equipped with three 3,000-candlepower arc lamps each.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another exception was <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, which attempted to use 122 towers to illuminate 21 square miles of the city. Although the tower lighting in Detroit provided "uniform carpets of light", it was ineffective in providing sufficient lighting for high-traffic areas and routes. After five years, Detroit began to dismantle its towers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of October 2021, the only lighting towers that remain in the United States are in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Austin purchased 31 of Detroit's used <a href="/wiki/Moonlight_towers_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Moonlight towers (Austin, Texas)">moonlight towers</a> in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventeen of those towers, erected in Austin in 1895, continue to function as working lighting towers today.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Induction_lighting">Induction lighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Induction lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Enterprise_Group" title="Public Service Enterprise Group">PSE&G in New Jersey</a> became the first utility in the US to use induction fluorescent lamps to replace mercury vapor lamps, in 220 municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The induction lamps were expected to last 100,000 hours before requiring maintenance and consume 30 to 40 percent less electricity, thereby saving an estimated $1 million annually.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The induction lamps also provide a whiter light, and contain less mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following extensive field tests, the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">City of San Diego</a> decided in 2010 to replace 10,000 of its high-pressure sodium (HPS) streetlights with cobra-head induction luminaires.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronomers from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Observatory" title="Palomar Observatory">Palomar Observatory</a> had objected to replacing the HPS lamps with light sources with higher color temperatures, which would increase <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> and interfere with their research.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the key findings of the field assessment was that LED luminaires became more expensive and less efficient at lower color temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The City of San Diego has standardized on induction lighting for street lights, but uses low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps within a 30-mile radius of the observatory.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_Light"><i>Urban Light</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Urban Light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Urban_Light" title="Urban Light">Urban Light</a></i> at the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a> (LACMA) Center, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, is an assemblage of historical street lights taken from actual usage in Southern California in the form of a 2008 sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Burden" title="Chris Burden">Chris Burden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_TimesGlow_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_TimesGlow-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_street_lighting" title="Intelligent street lighting">Intelligent street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Light fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_lighting_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Street lighting in the District of Columbia">Street lighting in the District of Columbia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJakle2001" class="citation book cs1">Jakle, John A. (2001). <i>City Lights: Illuminating the American City</i>. Johns Hopkins University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801865930" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801865930"><bdi>978-0801865930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Lights%3A+Illuminating+the+American+City&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0801865930&rft.aulast=Jakle&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+street+lighting+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-51"><sup><i><b>az</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakle2001" class="citation book cs1">Jakle, John A. (2001). <i>City Lights: Illuminating the American Night</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 2–3, 21–24, 26–28, 31, 40–41, 47–48, 50–51, 73, 75–76, 82–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080186593X" title="Special:BookSources/080186593X"><bdi>080186593X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Lights%3A+Illuminating+the+American+Night&rft.pages=2-3%2C+21-24%2C+26-28%2C+31%2C+40-41%2C+47-48%2C+50-51%2C+73%2C+75-76%2C+82-85&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=080186593X&rft.aulast=Jakle&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+street+lighting+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2019" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Mike (January 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architectmagazine.com/practice/a-visual-history-of-streetlighting-from-the-19th-and-20th-centuries_o">"A Visual History of Streetlighting from the 19th and 20th Centuries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Architect_Magazine" title="Architect Magazine">Architect Magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architect+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Visual+History+of+Streetlighting+from+the+19th+and+20th+Centuries&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architectmagazine.com%2Fpractice%2Fa-visual-history-of-streetlighting-from-the-19th-and-20th-centuries_o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+street+lighting+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarr2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tarr, Joel A. 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_light_sources" title="Template:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_light_sources" title="Template talk:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_light_sources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lighting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_lighting" title="Accent lighting">Accent lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">Color rendering index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">Glare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Light fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hawaii" title="Light pollution in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Light pollution in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightbulb_socket" title="Lightbulb socket">Lightbulb socket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-pin_lamp_base" title="Bi-pin lamp base">Bi-pin lamp base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">Luminous efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_lighting" title="Task lighting">Task lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods of<br /> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">Incandescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_light_bulb" title="Edison light bulb">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">Halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nernst_lamp" title="Nernst lamp">Nernst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">Luminescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron-stimulated_luminescence" title="Electron-stimulated luminescence">Electron-stimulated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemiluminescence" title="Electrochemiluminescence">Electrochemiluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">Electroluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-induced_polymer_electroluminescent_technology" title="Field-induced polymer electroluminescent technology">field-induced polymer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent lamp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_lamp#Magnetic_induction_lamps" title="Induction lamp">Fluorescent induction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">Photoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp#Laser" title="Headlamp">Laser headlamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioluminescence" title="Radioluminescence">Radioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_lighting" title="Solid-state lighting">Solid-state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">Acetylene/Carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">Campfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcel_lamp" title="Carcel lamp">Carcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">Kerosene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petromax" title="Petromax">Petromax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanous" title="Fanous">Fanous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_lantern" title="Paper lantern">Paper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limelight" title="Limelight">Limelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchina" title="Luchina">Luchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushlight" title="Rushlight">Rushlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilley_lamp" title="Tilley lamp">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Electric arc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp#Carbon_arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Carbon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klieg_light" title="Klieg light">Klieg light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">Gas discharge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_arc_lamp" title="Deuterium arc lamp">Deuterium arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_lamp" title="Plasma lamp">Plasma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_lamp" title="Sulfur lamp">Sulfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">Xenon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashtube#Xenon" title="Flashtube">Xenon flash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">High-intensity<br />discharge <span style="font-size:85%;">(HID)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">Mercury-vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">Metal-halide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_metal-halide_lamp" title="Ceramic metal-halide lamp">ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_medium-arc_iodide_lamp" title="Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp">Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HMI)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_quartz_iodide" title="Hydrargyrum quartz iodide">Hydrargyrum quartz iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HQI)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">Sodium vapor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Stationary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb#Common_shape_codes" title="Incandescent light bulb">Reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">Ellipsoidal reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifaceted_reflector" title="Multifaceted reflector">Multifaceted reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">Parabolic aluminized reflector <span style="font-size:85%;">(PAR)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_obstruction_lighting" title="Aviation obstruction lighting">Aviation obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced-arm_lamp" title="Balanced-arm lamp">Balanced-arm lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandelier" title="Chandelier">Chandelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_light" title="Emergency light">Emergency light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gooseneck_lamp" title="Gooseneck lamp">Gooseneck lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_street_lighting" title="Intelligent street lighting">Intelligent street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tube" title="Light tube">Light tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightlight" title="Nightlight">Nightlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant_light" title="Pendant light">Pendant light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessed_light" title="Recessed light">Recessed light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(light_fixture)" title="Sconce (light fixture)">Sconce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">Street light</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch%C3%A8re" title="Torchère">Torchère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_lighting" title="Track lighting">Track lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troffer" title="Troffer">Troffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_lighting" title="Bicycle lighting">Bicycle lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashlight" title="Flashlight">Flashlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_powered_flashlight" title="Mechanically powered flashlight">Mechanically powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_light" title="Tactical light">Tactical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_stick" title="Glow stick">Glow stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp_(outdoor)" title="Headlamp (outdoor)">outdoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_pointer" title="Laser pointer">Laser pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_lamp" title="Solar lamp">Solar lamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Automotive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Rear_position_lights_(tail_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Rear position lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Reversing_(backup)_lights" title="Automotive lighting">Reversing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_reflector" title="Safety reflector">Safety reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Stop_lights_(brake_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Stop lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Turn_signals" title="Automotive lighting">Turn signals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Display</li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_lighting_technology" title="Holiday lighting technology">Decorative</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_lamp" title="Aroma lamp">Aroma lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">Blacklight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_light" title="Bubble light">Bubble light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_tube" title="Crackle tube">Crackle tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_lighting" title="DJ lighting">DJ lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescent_wire" title="Electroluminescent wire">Electroluminescent wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_lamp" title="Lava lamp">Lava lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquee_(structure)" title="Marquee (structure)">Marquee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_globe" title="Plasma globe">Plasma globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">Strobe light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Theatrical</a></li><li>Cinematic</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Floodlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footlight" title="Footlight">Footlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">Gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_(theater)" title="Scoop (theater)">Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(theatre_lighting)" title="Spotlight (theatre lighting)">Spotlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">ellipsoidal reflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument" title="Stage lighting instrument">Stage lighting instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Industrial</li><li>Scientific</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germicidal_lamp" title="Germicidal lamp">Germicidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_light" title="Grow light">Grow light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_lamp" title="Infrared lamp">Infrared lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">Stroboscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_lamp" title="Tanning lamp">Tanning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_illumination" title="Battlefield illumination">Battlefield illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reflected_light_sources" title="List of reflected light sources">Reflected</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Benjamin_Franklin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Template:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Template talk:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Benjamin_Franklin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">Ambassador to France (1779–1785)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding of the<br />United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Join,_or_Die" title="Join, or Die"><i>Join, or Die.</i> (1754 political cartoon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Plan" title="Albany Plan">Albany Plan of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">"...to be self-evident"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution_of_1776" title="Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776">1776 Pennsylvania Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris, 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania#Government" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions,<br />other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine" title="Franklin's electrostatic machine">Franklin's electrostatic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifocals" title="Bifocals">Bifocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_stove" title="Franklin stove">Franklin stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_harmonica#Franklin's_armonica" title="Glass harmonica">Glass armonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream#History" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_experiment" title="Kite experiment">Kite experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_it_forward" title="Pay it forward">Pay it forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associators" title="Associators">Associators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/111th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="111th Infantry Regiment (United States)">111th Infantry Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junto_(club)" title="Junto (club)">Junto club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">Library Company of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_and_College_of_Philadelphia" title="Academy and College of Philadelphia">Academy and College of Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Contributionship" title="Philadelphia Contributionship">Philadelphia Contributionship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Fire_Company" title="Union Fire Company">Union Fire Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_currency" title="Early American currency">Early American currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugio_cent" title="Fugio cent">Fugio cent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Early_postal_history" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">United States Postal Service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Abolition_Society" title="Pennsylvania Abolition Society">President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Neuf_S%C5%93urs" title="Les Neuf Sœurs">Master, Les Neuf Sœurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Burial_Ground" title="Christ Church Burial Ground">Gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Papers of Benjamin Franklin">The Papers of Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_Dogood" title="Silence Dogood">Silence Dogood letters (1722)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dissertation_on_Liberty_and_Necessity,_Pleasure_and_Pain" title="A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain"><i>A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain</i> (1725)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Busy-Body_(pen_name)" title="The Busy-Body (pen name)">The Busy-Body columns (1729)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Gazette" title="The Pennsylvania Gazette"><i>The Pennsylvania Gazette</i> (1729–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">Early American publishers and printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack" title="Poor Richard's Almanack"><i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i> (1732–1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drinker%27s_Dictionary" title="The Drinker's Dictionary">The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advice_to_a_Friend_on_Choosing_a_Mistress" title="Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress">"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_of_Polly_Baker" title="The Speech of Polly Baker">"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_Concerning_the_Increase_of_Mankind,_Peopling_of_Countries,_etc." title="Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc."><i>Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.</i> (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiments_and_Observations_on_Electricity" title="Experiments and Observations on Electricity"><i>Experiments and Observations on Electricity</i> (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Birch#Copies_of_Franklin_letters" title="Thomas Birch">Birch letters (1755)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Wealth" title="The Way to Wealth"><i>The Way to Wealth</i> (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Chronicle" title="Pennsylvania Chronicle"><i>Pennsylvania Chronicle</i> (1767)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rules_By_Which_A_Great_Empire_May_Be_Reduced_To_A_Small_One" class="extiw" title="s:Rules By Which A Great Empire May Be Reduced To A Small One"><i>Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One</i> (1773)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal#Benjamin_Franklin" title="Indian removal">Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Royal_Academy" title="A Letter to a Royal Academy"><i>A Letter to a Royal Academy</i> (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage#Benjamin_Franklin's_Remarks_Concerning_the_Savages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage"><i>Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America</i> (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Morals_of_Chess" title="The Morals of Chess">"The Morals of Chess" (1786)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Address_to_the_Public" class="extiw" title="s:An Address to the Public"><i>An Address to the Public</i> (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Plan_for_Improving_the_Condition_of_the_Free_Blacks" class="extiw" title="s:A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks"><i>A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks</i> (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin"><i>The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</i> (1771–1790, pub. 1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagatelles_and_Satires" title="Bagatelles and Satires"><i>Bagatelles and Satires</i> (pub. 1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers#The_New_England_Courant" title="History of American newspapers">Franklin as a journalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin%27s_phonetic_alphabet" title="Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet">Franklin's phonetic alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Court" title="Franklin Court">Franklin Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_House" title="Benjamin Franklin House">Benjamin Franklin House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology">Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway" title="Benjamin Franklin Parkway">Benjamin Franklin Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial" title="Benjamin Franklin National Memorial">Benjamin Franklin National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute_Awards" title="Franklin Institute Awards">awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(American_Philosophical_Society)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society)">Benjamin Franklin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Royal Society of Arts medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">Depicted in <i>The Apotheosis of Washington</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a></i> (1783 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky" title="Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky">Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky</a></i> (1816 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Boston)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Chicago)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Chicago)">Chicago statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Columbus,_Ohio)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Columbus, Ohio)">Columbus, Ohio, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)">University of Pennsylvania statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Portland, Oregon)">Portland, Oregon, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (San Francisco)">San Francisco statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Stanford University)">Stanford University statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Washington, D.C.)">Washington D.C. statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial#Exterior" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial pediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refunding_Certificate" title="Refunding Certificate">Refunding Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_half_dollar" title="Franklin half dollar">Franklin half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-hundred-dollar_bill" title="United States one-hundred-dollar bill">One-hundred-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_silver_dollar" title="Benjamin Franklin silver dollar">Franklin silver dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin stamps</a> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin_on_stamps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Benjamin Franklin on stamps">other stamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Benjamin_Franklin" title="List of places named for Benjamin Franklin">Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_College" title="Benjamin Franklin College">Benjamin Franklin College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Franklin_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Franklin (New Hampshire)">Mount Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ben_(MLS_supporters_association)" title="Sons of Ben (MLS supporters association)">Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin" title="USS Franklin">Ships named USS <i>Franklin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_effect" title="Ben Franklin effect">Ben Franklin effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_in_popular_culture" title="Benjamin Franklin in popular culture">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_and_Me" title="Ben and Me"><i>Ben and Me</i> (1953 short)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_in_Paris" title="Ben Franklin in Paris"><i>Ben Franklin in Paris</i> (1964 musical play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)"><i>1776</i> (1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Benjamin Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (miniseries)</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty!" title="Liberty!"><i>Liberty!</i> (1997 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 animated series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(2002_TV_series)" title="Benjamin Franklin (2002 TV series)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (2002 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)"><i>John Adams</i> (2008 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> (2015 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(film)" title="Benjamin Franklin (film)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (2022 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Franklin</i> (2024 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New-England_Courant" title="The New-England Courant">The New-England Courant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)"><i>The American Museum</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Read" title="Deborah Read">Deborah Read (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin" title="William Franklin">William Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Folger_Franklin" title="Francis Folger Franklin">Francis Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Franklin_Bache" title="Sarah Franklin Bache">Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Franklin" title="William Temple Franklin">William Franklin (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bache" title="Benjamin Franklin Bache">Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Franklin_Bache" title="Louis Franklin Bache">Louis F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache_Jr." title="Richard Bache Jr.">Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Harwood" title="Andrew A. Harwood">Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Bache (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Franklin" title="Josiah Franklin">Josiah Franklin (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(printer)" title="James Franklin (printer)">James Franklin (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Franklin_Mecom" title="Jane Franklin Mecom">Jane Mecom (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Morrell_Folger" title="Mary Morrell Folger">Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Folger_(Nantucket_settler)" title="Peter Folger (Nantucket settler)">Peter Folger (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache" title="Richard Bache">Richard Bache (son-in-law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Smith_Franklin" title="Ann Smith Franklin">Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Category:Benjamin Franklin">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&oldid=1254149404">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States&oldid=1254149404</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Category:History of science and technology in the United States">History of science and technology in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Street_lighting" title="Category:Street lighting">Street lighting</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_June_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from June 2022">Use mdy dates from June 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 17:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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