CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Lithium–sulfur battery - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c03c2c45-5672-45aa-a429-735409623685","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Lithium–sulfur_battery","wgTitle":"Lithium–sulfur battery","wgCurRevisionId":1251753200,"wgRevisionId":1185970069,"wgArticleId":19040103,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Rechargeable batteries","Metal-sulfur batteries","Lithium-ion batteries"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Lithium–sulfur_battery","wgRelevantArticleId":19040103,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q899170","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","mediawiki.action.styles":"ready","mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.action.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.interface.helpers.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Li-S_battery_EN.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1338"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Li-S_battery_EN.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="892"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Li-S_battery_EN.png/640px-Li-S_battery_EN.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="713"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Lithium–sulfur battery - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Lithium–sulfur_battery rootpage-Lithium–sulfur_battery skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery&returntoquery=oldid%3D1185970069" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery&returntoquery=oldid%3D1185970069" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery&returntoquery=oldid%3D1185970069" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery&returntoquery=oldid%3D1185970069" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Anode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cathode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cathode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Cathode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cathode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polysulfide_"shuttle"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polysulfide_"shuttle""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Polysulfide "shuttle" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polysulfide_"shuttle"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrolyte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrolyte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Electrolyte </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrolyte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Commercialization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lithium–sulfur battery</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="بطارية ليثيوم وكبريت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطارية ليثيوم وكبريت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria_de_liti-sofre" title="Bateria de liti-sofre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bateria de liti-sofre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-Schwefel-Akkumulator" title="Lithium-Schwefel-Akkumulator – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lithium-Schwefel-Akkumulator" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Μπαταρία λιθίου-θείου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαταρία λιθίου-θείου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bater%C3%ADa_de_litio-sulfuro" title="Batería de litio-sulfuro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batería de litio-sulfuro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%93%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="باتری لیتیم–گوگرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باتری لیتیم–گوگرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulateur_lithium-soufre" title="Accumulateur lithium-soufre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accumulateur lithium-soufre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%AC_%ED%99%A9_%EC%A0%84%EC%A7%80" title="리튬 황 전지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리튬 황 전지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litij-sumporna_baterija" title="Litij-sumporna baterija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Litij-sumporna baterija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batteria_al_litio-zolfo" title="Batteria al litio-zolfo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Batteria al litio-zolfo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-zwavel-accu" title="Lithium-zwavel-accu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lithium-zwavel-accu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E7%A1%AB%E9%BB%84%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="リチウム・硫黄電池 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチウム・硫黄電池" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akumulator_litowo-siarkowy" title="Akumulator litowo-siarkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akumulator litowo-siarkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria_de_l%C3%ADtio-enxofre" title="Bateria de lítio-enxofre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bateria de lítio-enxofre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Литий-серный аккумулятор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литий-серный аккумулятор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lityum-s%C3%BClf%C3%BCr_pil" title="Lityum-sülfür pil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lityum-sülfür pil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%B0%E7%A1%AB%E7%A3%BA%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="鋰硫磺電池 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鋰硫磺電池" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q899170#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&action=edit&oldid=1185970069" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&action=edit&oldid=1185970069" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&oldid=1185970069" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&id=1185970069&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLithium%25E2%2580%2593sulfur_battery%26oldid%3D1185970069">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLithium%25E2%2580%2593sulfur_battery%26oldid%3D1185970069">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery&returnto=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery&oldid=1185970069&writer=rl" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q899170" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info">This is an <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">old revision</a> of this page, as edited by <a href="/wiki/User:Stephan_Leeds" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Stephan Leeds" data-mw-revid="1185970069"><bdi>Stephan Leeds</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Stephan_Leeds" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Stephan Leeds">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Stephan_Leeds" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Stephan Leeds">contribs</a>) at 02:55, 20 November 2023 (<a href="#Cathode">→<bdi dir="ltr">Cathode</bdi></a>: hyphen to en dash for disjunction). The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery">current revision</a>.<div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 02:55, 20 November 2023 by <a href="/wiki/User:Stephan_Leeds" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Stephan Leeds" data-mw-revid="1185970069"><bdi>Stephan Leeds</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Stephan_Leeds" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Stephan Leeds">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Stephan_Leeds" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Stephan Leeds">contribs</a>) (<a href="#Cathode">→<bdi dir="ltr">Cathode</bdi></a>: hyphen to en dash for disjunction)</div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&diff=prev&oldid=1185970069" title="Lithium–sulfur battery">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&direction=prev&oldid=1185970069" title="Lithium–sulfur battery">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Lithium–sulfur battery">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&diff=cur&oldid=1185970069" title="Lithium–sulfur battery">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&direction=next&oldid=1185970069" title="Lithium–sulfur battery">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&diff=next&oldid=1185970069" title="Lithium–sulfur battery">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of rechargeable battery</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Lithium–sulfur battery</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Li-S_battery_EN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Li-S_battery_EN.png/220px-Li-S_battery_EN.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Li-S_battery_EN.png/330px-Li-S_battery_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Li-S_battery_EN.png/440px-Li-S_battery_EN.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="777" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Working principle of lithium-sulfur battery and "shuttle" effect</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_energy" title="Specific energy">Specific energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">450 [Wh/kg]<a href="#cite_note-oxisapril2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">Energy density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">550 [Wh/L]<a href="#cite_note-oxisapril2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Charge/discharge efficiency</th><td class="infobox-data">C/5 nominal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cycle durability</th><td class="infobox-data">disputed</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nominal cell voltage</th><td class="infobox-data">cell <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">voltage</a> varies nonlinearly in the range 2.5–1.7 V during discharge; batteries often packaged for 3 V</td></tr></tbody></table> The lithium–sulfur battery (Li–S battery) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable battery</a>. It is notable for its high <a href="/wiki/Specific_energy" title="Specific energy">specific energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The low <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> and moderate atomic weight of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> means that Li–S batteries are relatively light (about the density of water). They were used on the longest and highest-altitude unmanned <a href="/wiki/Solar-powered" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar-powered">solar-powered</a> aeroplane flight (at the time) by <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Zephyr" title="Airbus Zephyr">Zephyr 6</a> in August 2008.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Lithium–sulfur batteries may displace <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion">lithium-ion</a> cells because of their higher energy density and reduced cost. This is due to the use of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> instead of cobalt, a common element in <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Li–S batteries offer specific energies on the order of 550 <a href="/wiki/Watt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watt hour">Wh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-oxisapril2021-1">[1]</a> while lithium-ion batteries are in the range of 150–260 Wh/kg.<a href="#cite_note-osti1561559-5">[5]</a> Li–S batteries with up to 1,500 charge and discharge cycles were demonstrated in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> but cycle life tests at commercial scale and with lean electrolyte have not been completed. As of early 2021, none were commercially available. Issues that have slowed acceptance include the polysulfide "shuttle" effect that is responsible for the progressive leakage of active material from the cathode, resulting in too few recharge cycles.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Also, sulfur cathodes have low conductivity, requiring extra mass for a conducting agent in order to exploit the contribution of active mass to the capacity.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Volume expansion of the sulfur cathode during S to Li2S conversion and the large amount of electrolyte needed are also issues. In the early 2000s, however, scientists began to make progress creating high-stability sulfurized-carbon cathodes<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and by 2020, scientists at Rice University had demonstrated batteries based on sulfurized carbon cathodes that retained >70% of their capacity after 1000 cycles.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> By 2023, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeta Energy (page does not exist)">Zeta Energy</a> a Texas-based startup announced that multiple national laboraties had independently verified that its lithium-sulfur batteries based on sulfurized-carbon cathodes were polysulfide shuttle free.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> Li–S batteries were invented in the 1960s, when Herbert and Ulam patented a primary battery employing lithium or lithium alloys as anodic material, sulfur as cathodic material and an electrolyte composed of <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic compounds">aliphatic</a> saturated <a href="/wiki/Amines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amines">amines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> A few years later the technology was improved by the introduction of organic solvents as <a href="/wiki/Propylene_carbonate" title="Propylene carbonate">PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">DMSO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimethylformamide" title="Dimethylformamide">DMF</a> yielding a 2.35-2.5 V battery.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> By the end of the 1980s a rechargeable Li–S battery was demonstrated employing ethers, in particular <a href="/wiki/Dioxolane" title="Dioxolane">DOL</a>, as the electrolyte solvent.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 2020 <a href="/wiki/Arumugam_Manthiram" title="Arumugam Manthiram">Manthiram</a> identified the critical parameters needed for achieving commercial acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-sulfur-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Specifically, Li–S batteries need to achieve a sulfur loading of >5 mg cm−2, a carbon content of <5%, electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio of <5 μL mg−1, electrolyte-to-capacity ratio of <5 μL (mA h)−1, and negative-to-positive capacity ratio of <5 in pouch-type cells.<a href="#cite_note-sulfur-17">[17]</a> In 2021, researchers announced the use of a sugar-based anode additive that prevented the release of polysulfide chains from the cathodes that pollute the anode. A prototype cell demonstrated 1,000 charge cycles with a capacity of 700 mAh/g.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 2022, an interlayer was introduced that claimed to reduce polysulfide movement (protecting the anode) and facilitate lithium ion transfer to reduce charge/discharge times.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Also that year, researchers employed aramid nanofibers (nanoscale <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a> fibers), fashioned into cell membrane-like networks. This prevented dendrite formation. It addressed polysulfide shuttle by using ion selectivity, by integrating tiny channels into the network and adding an electrical charge.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Also in 2022, Researchers at <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a> produced a prototype lithium-sulfur battery that did not degrade over 4000 charge cycles. Analysis has shown that the battery contained monoclinic gamma-phase sulfur, which has been thought to be unstable below 95 degrees Celsius, and only a few studies have shown this type of sulfur to be stable longer than 20 to 30 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div> Chemical processes in the Li–S cell include lithium dissolution from the <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> surface (and incorporation into <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metal</a> <a href="/wiki/Polysulfide" title="Polysulfide">polysulfide</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>) during discharge, and reverse lithium <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">plating</a> to the anode while charging.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anode">Anode</h3></div> At the <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anodic</a> surface, dissolution of the metallic lithium occurs, with the production of electrons and lithium ions during the discharge and electrodeposition during the charge. The <a href="/wiki/Half-reaction" title="Half-reaction">half-reaction</a> is expressed as:<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Li <=> Li+ + e-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Li</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>Li</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Li <=> Li+ + e-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4d04ec5bb56bb1809ceedc0a608d21e3844737b8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:15.742ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Li <=> Li+ + e-}}}"> In analogy with lithium batteries, the dissolution / electrodeposition reaction causes over time problems of unstable growth of the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI), generating active sites for the <a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleation</a> and dendritic growth of lithium. Dendritic growth is responsible for the internal short circuit in lithium batteries and leads to the death of the battery itself.<a href="#cite_note-:5-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cathode">Cathode</h3></div> In Li–S batteries, energy is stored in the sulfur <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> (S8). During discharge, the lithium ions in the electrolyte migrate to the cathode where the sulfur is reduced to <a href="/wiki/Lithium_sulphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium sulphide">lithium sulphide (Li2S)</a>. The sulfur is reoxidized to S8 during the recharge phase. The semi-reaction is therefore expressed as: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {S + 2Li+ + 2e- <=> Li2S}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>S</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>Li</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>Li</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {S + 2Li+ + 2e- <=> Li2S}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/374e672b6bcb74803a0c9e106c77cbe3e2ad0d6a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.32ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {S + 2Li+ + 2e- <=> Li2S}}}"> (E ° ≈ 2.15 V vs Li / Li+ ) Actually the sulfur reduction reaction to lithium sulphide is much more complex and involves the formation of lithium polysulphides (Li2Sx, 2 ≤ x ≤ 8) at decreasing chain length according to the order:<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Li2S8->Li2S6->Li2S4->Li2S2->Li2S}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Li</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Li</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Li</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Li</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Li</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Li2S8->Li2S6->Li2S4->Li2S2->Li2S}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b5973e67b6d805f4e534aa03ec0d21570fb1f2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:46.832ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Li2S8->Li2S6->Li2S4->Li2S2->Li2S}}}"> The final product is actually a mixture of Li2S2 and Li2S rather than pure Li2S, due to the slow reduction kinetics at Li2S.<a href="#cite_note-:2-27">[27]</a> This contrasts with conventional lithium-ion cells, where the lithium ions are <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(chemistry)" title="Intercalation (chemistry)">intercalated</a> in the anode and cathodes. Each sulfur atom can host two lithium ions. Typically, lithium-ion batteries accommodate only 0.5–0.7 lithium ions per host atom.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Consequently, Li–S allows for a much higher lithium storage density. Polysulfides are <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduced</a> on the cathode surface in sequence while the cell is discharging: <dl><dd>S 8 → Li 2S 8 → Li 2S 6 → Li 2S 4 → Li 2S 3</dd></dl> Across a porous diffusion separator, sulfur <a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">polymers</a> form at the <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> as the cell charges: <dl><dd>Li 2S → Li 2S 2 → Li 2S 3 → Li 2S 4 → Li 2S 6 → Li 2S 8 → S 8</dd></dl> These reactions are analogous to those in the <a href="/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Sodium–sulfur battery">sodium–sulfur battery</a>. The main challenges of Li–S batteries is the low conductivity of sulfur and its considerable volume change upon discharging and finding a suitable cathode is the first step for commercialization of Li–S batteries.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Therefore, most researchers use a carbon/sulfur cathode and a lithium anode.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Sulfur is very cheap, but has practically no <a href="/wiki/Electric_conductance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric conductance">electroconductivity</a>, 5×10−30 <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">S</a>⋅cm−1 at 25 °C.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> A carbon coating provides the missing electroconductivity. Carbon nanofibers provide an effective electron conduction path and structural integrity, at the disadvantage of higher cost.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> One problem with the lithium–sulfur design is that when the sulfur in the cathode absorbs lithium, volume expansion of the LixS compositions occurs, and predicted volume expansion of Li2S is nearly 80% of the volume of the original sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> This causes large mechanical stresses on the cathode, which is a major cause of rapid degradation. This process reduces the contact between the carbon and the sulfur, and prevents the flow of lithium ions to the carbon surface.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Mechanical properties of the lithiated sulfur compounds are strongly contingent on the lithium content, and with increasing lithium content, the strength of lithiated sulfur compounds improves, although this increment is not linear with lithiation.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> One of the primary shortfalls of most Li–S cells is unwanted reactions with the electrolytes. While S and Li 2S are relatively insoluble in most electrolytes, many intermediate polysulfides are not. Dissolving Li 2S n into electrolytes causes irreversible loss of active sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Use of highly reactive lithium as a negative electrode causes dissociation of most of the commonly used other type electrolytes. Use of a protective layer in the anode surface has been studied to improve cell safety, i.e., using <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a> coating showed improvement in the electrolyte stability,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> LIPON, Li3N also exhibited promising performance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polysulfide_"shuttle"">Polysulfide "shuttle" </h2></div> Historically, the "shuttle" effect is the main cause of degradation in a Li–S battery.<a href="#cite_note-:1-38">[38]</a> The lithium polysulfide Li2Sx (6≤x≤8) is highly soluble<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> in the common electrolytes used for Li–S batteries. They are formed and leaked from the cathode and they diffuse to the anode, where they are reduced to short-chain polysulfides and diffuse back to the cathode where long-chain polysulfides are formed again. This process results in the continuous leakage of active material from the cathode, lithium corrosion, low coulombic efficiency and low battery life.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Moreover, the "shuttle" effect is responsible for the characteristic self-discharge of Li–S batteries, because of slow dissolution of polysulfide, which occurs also in rest state.<a href="#cite_note-:1-38">[38]</a> The "shuttle" effect in a Li–S battery can be quantified by a factor fc (0<fc<1), evaluated by the extension of the charge voltage plateau. The factor fc is given by the expression:<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle fc={\frac {k_{\text{s}}q_{\text{up}}[S_{\text{tot}}]}{I_{c}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>up</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>tot</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle fc={\frac {k_{\text{s}}q_{\text{up}}[S_{\text{tot}}]}{I_{c}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92767aff703c9811fcd59e4023389b4a8bdf304f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.461ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle fc={\frac {k_{\text{s}}q_{\text{up}}[S_{\text{tot}}]}{I_{c}}}}"> where ks, qup, [Stot] and Ic are respectively the kinetic constant, specific capacity contributing to the anodic plateau, the total sulfur concentration and charge current. In 2022,<a href="#cite_note-auto-42">[42]</a> researchers reported the use of a cathode made from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanofibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon nanofibers">carbon nanofibers</a>. Elemental sulfur was deposited onto the carbon substrate (cf. <a href="/wiki/Physical_vapor_deposition" title="Physical vapor deposition">physical vapor deposition</a>), which formed the rare and usually metastable monoclinic <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_sulfur#List_of_allotropes_and_forms" title="Allotropes of sulfur">γ-Sulfur</a> allotrope. This allotrope reversibly reacts to Li 2S without the formation of intermediate polysulfides Li 2S x. Therefore, carbonate electrolytes, which commonly react with those polysulfides, can be used instead of the rather dangerous ether based electrolytes (low flash and boiling points).<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Its initial capacity was 800 Ah/kg (classical LiCoO2/graphite batteries have a cell capacity of 100 Ah/kg). It decayed only very slowly, on average 0.04% each cycle, and retained 658 Ah/kg after 4000 cycles (82%).<a href="#cite_note-auto-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrolyte">Electrolyte</h2></div> Conventionally, Li–S batteries employ a liquid organic electrolyte, contained in the pores of PP separator.<a href="#cite_note-:1-38">[38]</a> The electrolyte plays a key role in Li–S batteries, acting both on "shuttle" effect by the polysulfide dissolution and the SEI stabilization at anode surface. It has been demonstrated that the electrolytes based on organic carbonates commonly employed in Li-ion batteries (i.e. PC, <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_carbonate" title="Ethylene carbonate">EC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_carbonate" title="Diethyl carbonate">DEC</a> and mixtures of them) are not compatible with the chemistry of Li–S batteries.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Long-chain polysulfides undergo nucleophilic attack on electrophilic sites of carbonates, resulting in the irreversible formation of by-products as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">ethylene glycol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiocarbonate" title="Thiocarbonate">thiocarbonates</a>. In Li–S batteries are conventionally employed cyclic ethers (as <a href="/wiki/Dioxolane" title="Dioxolane">DOL</a>) or short-chain ethers (as <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">DME</a>) as well as the family of glycol ethers, including <a href="/wiki/Diglyme" title="Diglyme">DEGDME</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetraethylene_glycol_dimethyl_ether" title="Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether">TEGDME</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2a-45">[45]</a> One common electrolyte is 1M <a href="/wiki/Lithium_bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide" title="Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide">LiTFSI</a> in DOL:DME 1:1 vol. with1%w/w di LiNO3 as additive for lithium surface passivation.<a href="#cite_note-:2a-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2></div> Because of the high potential energy density and the nonlinear discharge and charging response of the cell, a <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> and other safety circuitry is sometimes used along with <a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">voltage regulators</a> to manage cell operation and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_runaway" title="Thermal runaway">prevent rapid discharge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Research </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Anode</th> <th>Cathode</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Source</th> <th>Specific Capacity after cycling</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lithium metal</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol" title="Polyethylene glycol">Polyethylene glycol</a> coated, pitted mesoporous carbon</td> <td>17 May 2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a></td> <td>1,110 mA⋅h/g after 20 cycles at a current of 168 mA⋅g−1<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> </td> <td>Minimal degradation during charge cycling. To retain polysulfides in the cathode, the surface was functionalized to repel (hydrophobic) polysulfides. In a test using a <a href="/wiki/Glycol_ethers" title="Glycol ethers">glyme</a> solvent, a traditional sulfur cathode lost 96% of its sulfur over 30 <a href="/wiki/Charge_cycle" title="Charge cycle">cycles</a>, while the experimental cathode lost only 25%. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithium metal</td> <td>Sulfur-coated, disordered carbon hollow carbon nanofibers</td> <td>2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keller-49">[49]</a></td> <td>730 mA⋅h/g after 150 cycles (at 0.5 C)</td> <td>An electrolyte additive boosted the <a href="/wiki/Faraday_efficiency" title="Faraday efficiency">faraday efficiency</a> from 85% to over 99%. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silicon nanowire/carbon</td> <td>Sulfur-coated, disordered carbon nanotubes made from carbohydrates</td> <td>2013</td> <td>CGS<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></td> <td>1,300 mA⋅h/g after 400 cycles (at 1 C)</td> <td>Microwave processing of materials and laser-printing of electrodes. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silicon carbon</td> <td>Sulfur</td> <td>2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer Institute">Fraunhofer Institute</a> for Material and Beam Technology IWS<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></td> <td>? after 1,400 cycles </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copolymer" title="Copolymer">Copolymerized</a> sulfur</td> <td>2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td> <td>823 mA⋅h/g at 100 cycles</td> <td>Uses "inverse <a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanization</a>" on mostly sulfur with a small amount of 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene (DIB) additive </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Porous TiO 2-encapsulated sulfur nanoparticles</td> <td>2013</td> <td>Stanford University<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></td> <td>721 mA⋅h/g at 1,000 cycles (0.5 C)</td> <td>shell protects the sulfur-lithium intermediate from electrolyte solvent. Each cathode particle is 800 nanometers in diameter. <a href="/wiki/Faraday_efficiency" title="Faraday efficiency">Faraday efficiency</a> of 98.4%. </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Sulfur</td> <td>June 2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a></td> <td>1200 mA·h/g at 300 cycles at 60 °C (0.1 C) 800 mA·h/g at 300 cycles at 60 °C (1 C)<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </td> <td>Solid lithium polysulfidophosphate electrolyte. Half the voltage of typical LIBs. Remaining issues include low electrolyte ionic conductivity and brittleness in the ceramic structure.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithium</td> <td>Sulfur-<a href="/wiki/Graphene_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphene oxide">graphene oxide</a> nanocomposite with <a href="/wiki/Styrene-butadiene" title="Styrene-butadiene">styrene-butadiene</a>-<a href="/wiki/Carboxymethyl_cellulose" title="Carboxymethyl cellulose">carboxymethyl cellulose</a> copolymer binder</td> <td>2013</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></td> <td>700 mA·h/g at 1,500 cycles (0.05 C discharge) 400 mA·h/g at 1,500 cycles (0.5 C charge / 1 C discharge) </td> <td>Voltage between about 1.7 and 2.5 volts, depending on charge state. Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) dissolved in a mixture of nmethyl-(n-butyl) pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide (PYR14TFSI), 1,3-dioxolane (DOL), dimethoxyethane (DME) with 1 M <a href="/wiki/Lithium_bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide" title="Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide">lithium bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide</a> (LiTFSI), and lithium nitrate (LiNO 3). High porosity polypropylene separator. Specific energy is 500 W⋅h/kg (initial) and 250 W⋅h/kg at 1,500 cycles (C=1.0) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithiated graphite</td> <td>Sulfur</td> <td>February 2014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_National_Laboratory" title="Pacific Northwest National Laboratory">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</a></td> <td>400 cycles</td> <td>Coating prevents polysulfides from destroying the anode.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithiated graphene </td> <td>Sulfur/Lithium-sulfide passivation layer </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>OXIS Energy<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </td> <td>240 mA·h/g (1000 cycles) 25 A·h/cell </td> <td>Passivation layer prevents sulfur loss </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithiated hard-carbon</td> <td>Sulfur-copolymer (poly(S-co-DVB))</td> <td>2019</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chungnam_National_University" title="Chungnam National University">Chungnam National University</a></td> <td>400 mAh/g for 500 cycles at 3C</td> <td>The SEI of hard-carbon prevents polysulphides deposition at anode and enables high-rate performance.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithium sulfur batteries </td> <td>Carbon nanotube/Sulfur </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>Tsinghua University<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> </td> <td>15.1 mA·h⋅cm−2 at a sulfur loading of 17.3 mgS⋅cm−2 </td> <td>A free-standing CNT–S paper electrode with a high areal sulfur-loading was fabricated, in which short MWCNTs served as the short-range electrical conductive network and super-long CNTs acted as both the long-range conductive network and intercrossed binders. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Glass-coated sulfur with mildly reduced <a href="/wiki/Graphene_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphene oxide">graphene oxide</a> for structural support </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>University of California, Riverside<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </td> <td>700 mA⋅h⋅g−1 (50 cycles)<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td> <td>Glass coating prevents lithium polysulfides from permanently migrating to an electrode </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithium </td> <td>Sulfur </td> <td>2016 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.leitat.org/alise">LEITAT</a> </td> <td>500 W⋅h/kg </td> <td>ALISE H2020 project developing a Li–S battery for cars with new components and optimized regarding anode, cathode, electrolyte and separator </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithium metal </td> <td>Sulfurized graphene </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>CATRIN, Palacký University <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.catrin.com/">[1]</a> </td> <td>644 mA⋅h⋅g−1 (250 cycles) </td> <td>An efficient and straightforward approach to prepare a covalently sulfurized graphene cathode for Li–S batteries with high sulfur content and high cycling stability.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Sulfur-loaded carbon nanotubes </td> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korea_Electrotechnology_Research_Institute" title="Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute">Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td> <td>850 mA⋅h⋅g−1 (100 cycles) </td> <td>Uses a phosphorus-doped <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a> separator layer to minimize the polysulfide shuttle effect, while creating a foldable battery. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithium metal </td> <td>Lithium thiophosphate catholyte </td> <td>2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </td> <td>1271 mA⋅h⋅g−1 (200 cycles) </td> <td>Adding <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentasulfide" title="Phosphorus pentasulfide">phosphorus pentasulfide</a> to a Li-S catholyte leads to the formation of complexes that accommodate the discharge product (Li2S) and allow high cyclability and low temperature performance. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercialization">Commercialization</h2></div> As of 2021 few companies had been able to commercialize the technology on an industrial scale. Companies such as Sion Power have partnered with <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus Defence and Space</a> to test their lithium sulfur battery technology. Airbus Defense and Space successfully launched their prototype <a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Pseudo-Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="High Altitude Pseudo-Satellite">High Altitude Pseudo-Satellite</a> (HAPS) aircraft powered by solar energy during the day and by lithium sulfur batteries at night in real life conditions during an 11-day flight. The batteries used in the test flight utilized Sion Power's Li–S cells that provide 350 W⋅h/kg.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Sion originally claimed to be in the process of volume manufacturing with availability by end of 2017; however more recently it can be seen that they have dropped work on their lithium sulfur battery in favor of a lithium-metal battery.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> British firm OXIS Energy developed prototype lithium sulfur batteries.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Together with <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cranfield_University" title="Cranfield University">Cranfield University</a>, they published <a href="/wiki/Equivalent-circuit-network" class="mw-redirect" title="Equivalent-circuit-network">equivalent-circuit-network</a> models for its cells.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> With Lithium Balance of Denmark they built a prototype scooter battery system primarily for the Chinese market, which had a capacity of 1.2 kWh using 10 Ah Long Life cells, and weighed 60% less than lead acid batteries with a significant increase in range.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> They also built a 3U, 3,000 W⋅h Rack-Mounted Battery that weighed only 25 kg and was said to be fully scalable.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> They claimed their Lithium-Sulfur batteries would cost about $200/kWh in mass production.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> However, the firm entered bankruptcy (insolvency) status in May 2021.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, which also commercialized the first lithium-ion battery, planned to introduce lithium–sulfur batteries to the market in 2020, but has provided no updates since the initial announcement in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Monash University's Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering in Melbourne, Australia developed an ultra-high capacity Li-S battery that has been manufactured by partners at the Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology in Germany. It is claimed the battery can provide power to a smartphone for five days.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In 2022, the German company Theion claimed to introduce lithium–sulfur batteries for mobile devices in 2023 and for vehicles by 2024.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In January 2023, <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a> company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeta Energy (page does not exist)">Zeta Energy</a> was awarded $4 million by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> <a href="/wiki/ARPA-E" title="ARPA-E">ARPA-E</a> program to advance its lithium-sulfur batteries based on a sulfurized-carbon cathode and a vertically-aligned carbon nanontube anode.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In June 2023, <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a> company Lyten started up a pilot production line making about 100 batteries a day.<a href="#cite_note-SJMN_2023-06-14-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_types" title="List of battery types">List of battery types</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxisapril2021-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxisapril2021_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxisapril2021_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxisapril2021_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panasonic.com/industrial/batteries-oem/oem/lithium-ion.aspx">"OXIS ENERGY SET TO MAKE SOLID-STATE LITHIUM-SULFUR CELL TECHNOLOGY A REALITY"</a> (pdf). 20 April 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OXIS+ENERGY+SET+TO+MAKE+SOLID-STATE+LITHIUM-SULFUR+CELL+TECHNOLOGY+A+REALITY&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panasonic.com%2Findustrial%2Fbatteries-oem%2Foem%2Flithium-ion.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Sheng S (2013). "Liquid electrolyte lithium/sulfur battery: Fundamental chemistry, problems, and solutions". Journal of Power Sources. 231: 153–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2012.12.102">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Power+Sources&rft.atitle=Liquid+electrolyte+lithium%2Fsulfur+battery%3A+Fundamental+chemistry%2C+problems%2C+and+solutions&rft.volume=231&rft.pages=153-162&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2012.12.102&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Sheng+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Amos, J. (24 August 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7577493.stm">"Solar plane makes record flight"</a> BBC News </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManthiramFuSu2013" class="citation journal cs1">Manthiram, Arumugam; Fu, Yongzhu; Su, Yu-Sheng (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103201726/http://pdf-s3.xuebalib.com:1262/3p53gUMPTEVW.pdf">"Challenges and Prospects of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries"</a> (PDF). Acc. Chem. Res. 46 (5): 1125–1134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far300179v">10.1021/ar300179v</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23095063">23095063</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf-s3.xuebalib.com:1262/3p53gUMPTEVW.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2020-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acc.+Chem.+Res.&rft.atitle=Challenges+and+Prospects+of+Lithium%E2%80%93Sulfur+Batteries&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1125-1134&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Far300179v&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23095063&rft.aulast=Manthiram&rft.aufirst=Arumugam&rft.au=Fu%2C+Yongzhu&rft.au=Su%2C+Yu-Sheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf-s3.xuebalib.com%3A1262%2F3p53gUMPTEVW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-osti1561559-5"><a href="#cite_ref-osti1561559_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1561559">Automotive Li-Ion Batteries: Current Status and Future Perspectives</a> (Report). U.S. Department Of Energy. 2019-01-01. p. 26. Retrieved 15 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Automotive+Li-Ion+Batteries%3A+Current+Status+and+Future+Perspectives&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+Of+Energy&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fservlets%2Fpurl%2F1561559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxisenergy.com/technology/">"OXIS Energy's Lithium-Sulfur Battery Technology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628172832/https://oxisenergy.com/technology/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OXIS+Energy%27s+Lithium-Sulfur+Battery+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxisenergy.com%2Ftechnology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> In 2017: "can be cycled approximately 1500 times ... In the next 2 years, we expect this to reach 2500 cycles". In 2021: "Within the next two years we aim to double the current cycle life to achieve upwards of 500 cycles" </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaoXieXiongHong2013" class="citation journal cs1">Diao, Yan; Xie, Kai; Xiong, Shizhao; Hong, Xiaobin (August 2013). "Shuttle phenomenon – The irreversible oxidation mechanism of sulfur active material in Li–S battery". Journal of Power Sources. 235: 181–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2013.01.132">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Power+Sources&rft.atitle=Shuttle+phenomenon+%E2%80%93+The+irreversible+oxidation+mechanism+of+sulfur+active+material+in+Li%E2%80%93S+battery&rft.volume=235&rft.pages=181-186&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2013.01.132&rft.aulast=Diao&rft.aufirst=Yan&rft.au=Xie%2C+Kai&rft.au=Xiong%2C+Shizhao&rft.au=Hong%2C+Xiaobin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEftekhari2017" class="citation journal cs1">Eftekhari, Ali (2017). "The rise of lithium–selenium batteries". Sustainable Energy & Fuels. 1: 14–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC6SE00094K">10.1039/C6SE00094K</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainable+Energy+%26+Fuels&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+lithium%E2%80%93selenium+batteries&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=14-29&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC6SE00094K&rft.aulast=Eftekhari&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangYang,_JXie,_JXu,_N2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, J; Yang, J; Xie, J; Xu, N (2002). "A novel conductive polymer–sulfur composite cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries". Advanced Materials. 14 (13–14): 963–965. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1521-4095%2820020705%2914%3A13%2F14%3C963%3A%3AAID-ADMA963%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P">10.1002/1521-4095(20020705)14:13/14<963::AID-ADMA963>3.0.CO;2-P</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Materials&rft.atitle=A+novel+conductive+polymer%E2%80%93sulfur+composite+cathode+material+for+rechargeable+lithium+batteries&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=13%E2%80%9314&rft.pages=963-965&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1521-4095%2820020705%2914%3A13%2F14%3C963%3A%3AAID-ADMA963%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Yang%2C+J&rft.au=Xie%2C+J&rft.au=Xu%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvatierraJames,_Dustin_KTour,_James_M2022" class="citation book cs1">Salvatierra, Rodrigo V; James, Dustin K; Tour, James M (2022). Gupta, Ram K (ed.). Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Materials, Challenges and Applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 241-270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-91934-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-91934-0"><bdi>978-0-323-91934-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lithium-Sulfur+Batteries%3A+Materials%2C+Challenges+and+Applications&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=241-270&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-323-91934-0&rft.aulast=Salvatierra&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo+V&rft.au=James%2C+Dustin+K&rft.au=Tour%2C+James+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/zeta-energy-receives-third-party-verification-that-its-lithium-sulfur-battery-is-polysulfide-free-301811724.html">"Zeta Energy Receives Third-Party Verification that its Lithium-Sulfur Battery is Polysulfide Free"</a>. PR Newswire. May 1, 2023. Retrieved September 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zeta+Energy+Receives+Third-Party+Verification+that+its+Lithium-Sulfur+Battery+is+Polysulfide+Free&rft.date=2023-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fzeta-energy-receives-third-party-verification-that-its-lithium-sulfur-battery-is-polysulfide-free-301811724.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3043896">US patent 3043896</a>, Danuta, Herbert & Juliusz, Ulam, "Electric dry cells and storage batteries", issued 1962-07-10, assigned to Electric Tech Corp<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3043896&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Electric+dry+cells+and+storage+batteries&rft.inventor=Danuta%2C+Herbert&rft.assignee=Electric+Tech+Corp&rft.date=1962-07-10&rft.appldate=1958-11-24&rft.prioritydate=1957-11-26">  </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3532543">US patent 3532543</a>, Nole, Dominick A. & Moss, Vladimir, "Battery employing lithium - sulphur electrodes with non-aqueous electrolyte", issued 1970-10-06, assigned to Aerojet Rocketdyne Inc<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3532543&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Battery+employing+lithium+-+sulphur+electrodes+with+non-aqueous+electrolyte&rft.inventor=Nole%2C+Dominick+A.&rft.assignee=Aerojet+Rocketdyne+Inc&rft.date=1970-10-06&rft.appldate=1968-02-21&rft.prioritydate=1968-02-21">  </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3413154">US patent 3413154</a>, Mlarur, Rao & Bhaskara, Lakshmanar, "Organic electrolyte cells", issued 1968-11-26, assigned to Duracell Inc USA<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3413154&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Organic+electrolyte+cells&rft.inventor=Mlarur%2C+Rao&rft.assignee=Duracell+Inc+USA&rft.date=1968-11-26&rft.appldate=1966-03-23&rft.prioritydate=1966-03-23">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeledGorenshteinSegalSternberg1989" class="citation journal cs1">Peled, E.; Gorenshtein, A.; Segal, M.; Sternberg, Y. (May 1989). "Rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery (extended abstract)". Journal of Power Sources. 26 (3–4): 269–271. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JPS....26..269P">1989JPS....26..269P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-7753%2889%2980133-8">10.1016/0378-7753(89)80133-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Power+Sources&rft.atitle=Rechargeable+lithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery+%28extended+abstract%29&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=269-271&rft.date=1989-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-7753%2889%2980133-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989JPS....26..269P&rft.aulast=Peled&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Gorenshtein%2C+A.&rft.au=Segal%2C+M.&rft.au=Sternberg%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeled1989" class="citation journal cs1">Peled, E. (1989). "Lithium-Sulfur Battery: Evaluation of Dioxolane-Based Electrolytes". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 136 (6): 1621–1625. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JElS..136.1621P">1989JElS..136.1621P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1149%2F1.2096981">10.1149/1.2096981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Electrochemical+Society&rft.atitle=Lithium-Sulfur+Battery%3A+Evaluation+of+Dioxolane-Based+Electrolytes&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1621-1625&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1149%2F1.2096981&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989JElS..136.1621P&rft.aulast=Peled&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sulfur-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sulfur_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sulfur_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhargavJiarui2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bhargav, Amruth; Jiarui, He (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2020.01.001">"Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Attaining the Critical Metrics"</a>. Joule. 4 (2): 285–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2020.01.001">10.1016/j.joule.2020.01.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Joule&rft.atitle=Lithium-Sulfur+Batteries%3A+Attaining+the+Critical+Metrics&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=285-291&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.joule.2020.01.001&rft.aulast=Bhargav&rft.aufirst=Amruth&rft.au=Jiarui%2C+He&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.joule.2020.01.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManthiramFuChungZu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Manthiram, Arumugam; Fu, Yongzhu; Chung, Sheng-Heng; Zu, Chenxi; Su, Yu-Sheng (2014). "Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries". Chemical Reviews. 114 (23): 11751–11787. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr500062v">10.1021/cr500062v</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25026475">25026475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Rechargeable+Lithium%E2%80%93Sulfur+Batteries&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=11751-11787&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr500062v&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25026475&rft.aulast=Manthiram&rft.aufirst=Arumugam&rft.au=Fu%2C+Yongzhu&rft.au=Chung%2C+Sheng-Heng&rft.au=Zu%2C+Chenxi&rft.au=Su%2C+Yu-Sheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavars2021" class="citation web cs1">Lavars, Nick (2021-09-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newatlas.com/energy/sugar-doped-lithium-sulfur-battery-capacity/">"Sugar-doped lithium sulfur battery promises up to 5 times the capacity"</a>. New Atlas. Retrieved 2021-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Atlas&rft.atitle=Sugar-doped+lithium+sulfur+battery+promises+up+to+5+times+the+capacity&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft.aulast=Lavars&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewatlas.com%2Fenergy%2Fsugar-doped-lithium-sulfur-battery-capacity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavars2022" class="citation web cs1">Lavars, Nick (2022-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newatlas.com/energy/porous-battery-layer-lithium-sulfur/">"Porous battery layer pulls once-a-week EV charging a step closer"</a>. New Atlas. Retrieved 2022-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Atlas&rft.atitle=Porous+battery+layer+pulls+once-a-week+EV+charging+a+step+closer&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft.aulast=Lavars&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewatlas.com%2Fenergy%2Fporous-battery-layer-lithium-sulfur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavars2022" class="citation web cs1">Lavars, Nick (2022-01-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newatlas.com/energy/kevlar-fibers-lithium-sulfur-battery-five-times-capacity/">"Kevlar fibers fortify lithium-sulfur battery with 5x capacity of Li-ion"</a>. New Atlas. Retrieved 2022-04-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Atlas&rft.atitle=Kevlar+fibers+fortify+lithium-sulfur+battery+with+5x+capacity+of+Li-ion&rft.date=2022-01-17&rft.aulast=Lavars&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewatlas.com%2Fenergy%2Fkevlar-fibers-lithium-sulfur-battery-five-times-capacity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPai2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pai, Rahul (2022-02-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9814344">"Stabilization of gamma sulfur at room temperature to enable the use of carbonate electrolyte in Li-S batteries"</a>. Communications Chemistry. 5 (1): 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42004-022-00626-2">10.1038/s42004-022-00626-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9814344">9814344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36697747">36697747</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246704531">246704531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Stabilization+of+gamma+sulfur+at+room+temperature+to+enable+the+use+of+carbonate+electrolyte+in+Li-S+batteries&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9814344%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246704531%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36697747&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs42004-022-00626-2&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=Rahul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9814344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Tudron, F.B., Akridge, J.R., and Puglisi, V.J. (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403174217/http://www.sionpower.com/pdf/articles/PowerSources2004.pdf">"Lithium-Sulfur Rechargeable Batteries: Characteristics, State of Development, and Applicability to Powering Portable Electronics"</a> (Tucson, AZ: Sion Power) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarLiuHwang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Rudra; Liu, Jie; Hwang, Jang-Yeon (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C8TA01483C">"Recent research trends in Li–S batteries"</a>. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 6 (25): 11582–11605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC8TA01483C">10.1039/C8TA01483C</a>. Retrieved 2019-07-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Chemistry+A&rft.atitle=Recent+research+trends+in+Li%E2%80%93S+batteries&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=11582-11605&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC8TA01483C&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Rudra&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jie&rft.au=Hwang%2C+Jang-Yeon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxlink.rsc.org%2F%3FDOI%3DC8TA01483C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-25"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuld_ElyKamzabekChakraborty2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ould Ely, Teyeb; Kamzabek, Dana; Chakraborty, Dhritiman (2018-05-29). "Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: State of the Art and Future Directions". ACS Applied Energy Materials. 1 (5): 1783–1814. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsaem.7b00153">10.1021/acsaem.7b00153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Applied+Energy+Materials&rft.atitle=Lithium%E2%80%93Sulfur+Batteries%3A+State+of+the+Art+and+Future+Directions&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1783-1814&rft.date=2018-05-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facsaem.7b00153&rft.aulast=Ould+Ely&rft.aufirst=Teyeb&rft.au=Kamzabek%2C+Dana&rft.au=Chakraborty%2C+Dhritiman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinLiang2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Zhan; Liang, Chengdu (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4TA04727C">"Lithium–sulfur batteries: from liquid to solid cells"</a>. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 3 (3): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC4TA04727C">10.1039/C4TA04727C</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1185628">1185628</a>. Retrieved 2019-07-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Chemistry+A&rft.atitle=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur+batteries%3A+from+liquid+to+solid+cells&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1185628%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC4TA04727C&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Zhan&rft.au=Liang%2C+Chengdu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxlink.rsc.org%2F%3FDOI%3DC4TA04727C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-27"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSongCairnsZhang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Song, Min-Kyu; Cairns, Elton J.; Zhang, Yuegang (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2nr33044j">"Lithium/sulfur batteries with high specific energy: old challenges and new opportunities"</a>. Nanoscale. 5 (6): 2186–204. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Nanos...5.2186S">2013Nanos...5.2186S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc2nr33044j">10.1039/c2nr33044j</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23397572">23397572</a>. Retrieved 2019-07-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nanoscale&rft.atitle=Lithium%2Fsulfur+batteries+with+high+specific+energy%3A+old+challenges+and+new+opportunities&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2186-204&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23397572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc2nr33044j&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Nanos...5.2186S&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Min-Kyu&rft.au=Cairns%2C+Elton+J.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yuegang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxlink.rsc.org%2F%3FDOI%3Dc2nr33044j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bullis, Kevin (May 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415013749/http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/22689/">"Revisiting Lithium-Sulfur Batteries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Technology_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology Review">Technology Review</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/22689/">the original</a> on April 15, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+Review&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Lithium-Sulfur+Batteries&rft.date=2009-05-22&rft.aulast=Bullis&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fenergy%2F22689%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEftekhari2017" class="citation journal cs1">Eftekhari, A. (2017). "Cathode Materials for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: A Practical Perspective". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 5 (34): 17734–17776. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC7TA00799J">10.1039/C7TA00799J</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Chemistry+A&rft.atitle=Cathode+Materials+for+Lithium%E2%80%93Sulfur+Batteries%3A+A+Practical+Perspective&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=17734-17776&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC7TA00799J&rft.aulast=Eftekhari&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoiKim,_K.W.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, Y.J.; Kim, K.W. (2008). "Improvement of cycle property of sulfur electrode for lithium/sulfur battery". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 449 (1–2): 313–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jallcom.2006.02.098">10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.02.098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alloys+and+Compounds&rft.atitle=Improvement+of+cycle+property+of+sulfur+electrode+for+lithium%2Fsulfur+battery&rft.volume=449&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=313-316&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jallcom.2006.02.098&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Y.J.&rft.au=Kim%2C+K.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.A._Dean1985" class="citation book cs1">J.A. Dean, ed. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/langeshandbookof00lang_1">Lange's Handbook of Chemistry</a> (third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/langeshandbookof00lang_1/page/3">3–5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-016192-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-016192-4"><bdi>978-0-07-016192-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lange%27s+Handbook+of+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-5&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-07-016192-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flangeshandbookof00lang_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoiChung,_Y._D.Baek,_C._Y.Kim,_K._W.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, Y. J.; Chung, Y. D.; Baek, C. Y.; Kim, K. W.; Ahn, J. H. (March 4, 2008). "Effects of carbon coating on the electrochemical properties of sulfur cathode for lithium/sulfur cell". J. Power Sources. 184 (2): 548–552. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JPS...184..548C">2008JPS...184..548C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2008.02.053">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.02.053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Power+Sources&rft.atitle=Effects+of+carbon+coating+on+the+electrochemical+properties+of+sulfur+cathode+for+lithium%2Fsulfur+cell&rft.volume=184&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=548-552&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2008.02.053&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JPS...184..548C&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Y.+J.&rft.au=Chung%2C+Y.+D.&rft.au=Baek%2C+C.+Y.&rft.au=Kim%2C+K.+W.&rft.au=Ahn%2C+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslamOstadhosseinBorodinYeates2015" class="citation journal cs1">Islam, Md Mahbubul; Ostadhossein, Alireza; Borodin, Oleg; Yeates, A. Todd; Tipton, William W.; Hennig, Richard G.; Kumar, Nitin; Duin, Adri C. T. van (2015-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269710344">"ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations on lithiated sulfur cathode materials"</a>. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 (5): 3383–3393. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PCCP...17.3383I">2015PCCP...17.3383I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc4cp04532g">10.1039/c4cp04532g</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25529209">25529209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Chem.+Chem.+Phys.&rft.atitle=ReaxFF+molecular+dynamics+simulations+on+lithiated+sulfur+cathode+materials&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=3383-3393&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25529209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc4cp04532g&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PCCP...17.3383I&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=Md+Mahbubul&rft.au=Ostadhossein%2C+Alireza&rft.au=Borodin%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Yeates%2C+A.+Todd&rft.au=Tipton%2C+William+W.&rft.au=Hennig%2C+Richard+G.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Nitin&rft.au=Duin%2C+Adri+C.+T.+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F269710344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Brian Dodson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newatlas.com/lithium-sulfur-battery-energy-density/29907/">"New lithium/sulfur battery doubles energy density of lithium-ion"</a>, NewAtlas, 1 December 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam2015" class="citation journal cs1">Islam; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269710344">"ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations on lithiated sulfur cathode materials"</a>. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 (5): 3383–3393. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PCCP...17.3383I">2015PCCP...17.3383I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC4CP04532G">10.1039/C4CP04532G</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25529209">25529209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Chem.+Chem.+Phys.&rft.atitle=ReaxFF+molecular+dynamics+simulations+on+lithiated+sulfur+cathode+materials&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=3383-3393&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25529209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC4CP04532G&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PCCP...17.3383I&rft.au=Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F269710344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeongLimChoiKim2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, S. S.; Lim, Y.; Choi, Y. T.; Kim, K. W.; Ahn, H. J.; Cho, K. K. (2006). "Electrochemical properties of lithium sulfur cells using PEO polymer electrolytes prepared under three different mixing conditions". J. Power Sources. 174 (2): 745–750. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JPS...174..745J">2007JPS...174..745J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2007.06.108">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Power+Sources&rft.atitle=Electrochemical+properties+of+lithium+sulfur+cells+using+PEO+polymer+electrolytes+prepared+under+three+different+mixing+conditions&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=745-750&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2007.06.108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JPS...174..745J&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=S.+S.&rft.au=Lim%2C+Y.&rft.au=Choi%2C+Y.+T.&rft.au=Kim%2C+K.+W.&rft.au=Ahn%2C+H.+J.&rft.au=Cho%2C+K.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslamBryantsevvan_Duin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Islam, Md Mahbubul; Bryantsev, Vyacheslav S.; van Duin, Adri CT (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221002727/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2a78/5bfba40f0395e971d0e1a16b215b6c44d564.pdf">"ReaxFF Reactive Force Field Simulations on the Influence of Teflon on Electrolyte Decomposition during Li/SWCNT Anode Discharge in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 161 (8): E3009–E3014. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1149%2F2.005408jes">10.1149/2.005408jes</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52235837">52235837</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2a78/5bfba40f0395e971d0e1a16b215b6c44d564.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2019-02-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Electrochemical+Society&rft.atitle=ReaxFF+Reactive+Force+Field+Simulations+on+the+Influence+of+Teflon+on+Electrolyte+Decomposition+during+Li%2FSWCNT+Anode+Discharge+in+Lithium-Sulfur+Batteries&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=E3009-E3014&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1149%2F2.005408jes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52235837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=Md+Mahbubul&rft.au=Bryantsev%2C+Vyacheslav+S.&rft.au=van+Duin%2C+Adri+CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F2a78%2F5bfba40f0395e971d0e1a16b215b6c44d564.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManthiramFuChungZu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Manthiram, Arumugam; Fu, Yongzhu; Chung, Sheng-Heng; Zu, Chenxi; Su, Yu-Sheng (2014-12-10). "Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries". Chemical Reviews. 114 (23): 11751–11787. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr500062v">10.1021/cr500062v</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-2665">0009-2665</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25026475">25026475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Rechargeable+Lithium%E2%80%93Sulfur+Batteries&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=11751-11787&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft.issn=0009-2665&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25026475&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr500062v&rft.aulast=Manthiram&rft.aufirst=Arumugam&rft.au=Fu%2C+Yongzhu&rft.au=Chung%2C+Sheng-Heng&rft.au=Zu%2C+Chenxi&rft.au=Su%2C+Yu-Sheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2018" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Kintao (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HRaDwAAQBAJ">Chemically Derived Graphene: Functionalization, Properties and Applications</a> (illustrated ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78801-080-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78801-080-1"><bdi>978-1-78801-080-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemically+Derived+Graphene%3A+Functionalization%2C+Properties+and+Applications&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78801-080-1&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Kintao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9HRaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HRaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224">Extract of page 224</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSongCairnsZhang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Song, Min-Kyu; Cairns, Elton J.; Zhang, Yuegang (2013). "Lithium/sulfur batteries with high specific energy: old challenges and new opportunities". Nanoscale. 5 (6): 2186–204. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Nanos...5.2186S">2013Nanos...5.2186S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc2nr33044j">10.1039/c2nr33044j</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2040-3364">2040-3364</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23397572">23397572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nanoscale&rft.atitle=Lithium%2Fsulfur+batteries+with+high+specific+energy%3A+old+challenges+and+new+opportunities&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2186-204&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc2nr33044j&rft.issn=2040-3364&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23397572&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Nanos...5.2186S&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Min-Kyu&rft.au=Cairns%2C+Elton+J.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yuegang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikhaylikAkridge2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mikhaylik, Yuriy V.; Akridge, James R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234950370">"Polysulfide Shuttle Study in the Li/S Battery System"</a>. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 151 (11): A1969. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JElS..151A1969M">2004JElS..151A1969M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1149%2F1.1806394">10.1149/1.1806394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Electrochemical+Society&rft.atitle=Polysulfide+Shuttle+Study+in+the+Li%2FS+Battery+System&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=A1969&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1149%2F1.1806394&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JElS..151A1969M&rft.aulast=Mikhaylik&rft.aufirst=Yuriy+V.&rft.au=Akridge%2C+James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F234950370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaiSinghTangKalra2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pai, Rahul; Singh, Arvinder; Tang, Maureen H.; Kalra, Vibha (10 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9814344">"Stabilization of gamma sulfur at room temperature to enable the use of carbonate electrolyte in Li-S batteries"</a>. Communications Chemistry. 5 (1): 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42004-022-00626-2">10.1038/s42004-022-00626-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2399-3669">2399-3669</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9814344">9814344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36697747">36697747</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246704531">246704531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Stabilization+of+gamma+sulfur+at+room+temperature+to+enable+the+use+of+carbonate+electrolyte+in+Li-S+batteries&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9814344%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246704531%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs42004-022-00626-2&rft.issn=2399-3669&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36697747&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=Rahul&rft.au=Singh%2C+Arvinder&rft.au=Tang%2C+Maureen+H.&rft.au=Kalra%2C+Vibha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9814344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaoLiuLiuZhou2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tao, Xinyong; Liu, Yayuan; Liu, Wei; Zhou, Guangmin; Zhao, Jie; Lin, Dingchang; Zu, Chenxi; Sheng, Ouwei; Zhang, Wenkui; Lee, Hyun-Wook; Cui, Yi (10 May 2017). "Solid-State Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Operated at 37 °C with Composites of Nanostructured Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 /Carbon Foam and Polymer". Nano Letters. 17 (5): 2967–2972. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NanoL..17.2967T">2017NanoL..17.2967T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.7b00221">10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1530-6984">1530-6984</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28388080">28388080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nano+Letters&rft.atitle=Solid-State+Lithium%E2%80%93Sulfur+Batteries+Operated+at+37+%C2%B0C+with+Composites+of+Nanostructured+Li+7+La+3+Zr+2+O+12+%2FCarbon+Foam+and+Polymer&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2967-2972&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.7b00221&rft.issn=1530-6984&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28388080&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NanoL..17.2967T&rft.aulast=Tao&rft.aufirst=Xinyong&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yayuan&rft.au=Liu%2C+Wei&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Guangmin&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Jie&rft.au=Lin%2C+Dingchang&rft.au=Zu%2C+Chenxi&rft.au=Sheng%2C+Ouwei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Wenkui&rft.au=Lee%2C+Hyun-Wook&rft.au=Cui%2C+Yi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYimParkYuKim2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yim, Taeeun; Park, Min-Sik; Yu, Ji-Sang; Kim, Ki Jae; Im, Keun Yung; Kim, Jae-Hun; Jeong, Goojin; Jo, Yong Nam; Woo, Sang-Gil (September 2013). "Effect of chemical reactivity of polysulfide toward carbonate-based electrolyte on the electrochemical performance of Li–S batteries". Electrochimica Acta. 107: 454–460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.electacta.2013.06.039">10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Effect+of+chemical+reactivity+of+polysulfide+toward+carbonate-based+electrolyte+on+the+electrochemical+performance+of+Li%E2%80%93S+batteries&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=454-460&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.electacta.2013.06.039&rft.aulast=Yim&rft.aufirst=Taeeun&rft.au=Park%2C+Min-Sik&rft.au=Yu%2C+Ji-Sang&rft.au=Kim%2C+Ki+Jae&rft.au=Im%2C+Keun+Yung&rft.au=Kim%2C+Jae-Hun&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Goojin&rft.au=Jo%2C+Yong+Nam&rft.au=Woo%2C+Sang-Gil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2a-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2a_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2a_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheersFantiniJohansson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Scheers, Johan; Fantini, Sébastien; Johansson, Patrik (June 2014). "A review of electrolytes for lithium–sulphur batteries". Journal of Power Sources. 255: 204–218. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPS...255..204S">2014JPS...255..204S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2014.01.023">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Power+Sources&rft.atitle=A+review+of+electrolytes+for+lithium%E2%80%93sulphur+batteries&rft.volume=255&rft.pages=204-218&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2014.01.023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JPS...255..204S&rft.aulast=Scheers&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Fantini%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft.au=Johansson%2C+Patrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Akridge, J.R. (October 2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124005809/http://www.sionpower.com/pdf/articles/CellandBatterySafety0602.pdf">"Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Safety"</a> Battery Power Products & Technology </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-1">b</a> Xiulei Ji, Kyu Tae Lee, and Linda F. Nazar. (17 May 2009)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24433491">"A highly ordered nanostructured carbon-sulphur cathode for lithium-sulphur batteries."</a> Nature Materials </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuangyuanYuan_YangJudy_J._ChaSeung_Sae_Hong2011" class="citation journal cs1">Guangyuan, Zheng; Yuan Yang; Judy J. Cha; Seung Sae Hong; Yi Cui (14 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.cuit.columbia.edu/yanggroup/files/2018/08/1-20.pdf">"Hollow Carbon Nanofiber-Encapsulated Sulfur Cathodes for High Specific Capacity Rechargeable Lithium Batteries"</a> (PDF). Nano Letters. 11 (10): 4462–4467. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NanoL..11.4462Z">2011NanoL..11.4462Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnl2027684">10.1021/nl2027684</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21916442">21916442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nano+Letters&rft.atitle=Hollow+Carbon+Nanofiber-Encapsulated+Sulfur+Cathodes+for+High+Specific+Capacity+Rechargeable+Lithium+Batteries&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=4462-4467&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21916442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fnl2027684&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011NanoL..11.4462Z&rft.aulast=Guangyuan&rft.aufirst=Zheng&rft.au=Yuan+Yang&rft.au=Judy+J.+Cha&rft.au=Seung+Sae+Hong&rft.au=Yi+Cui&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.cuit.columbia.edu%2Fyanggroup%2Ffiles%2F2018%2F08%2F1-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keller-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Keller_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2011" class="citation news cs1">Keller, Sarah Jane (October 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/october/sulfur-nanofibers-battery-100411.html">"Sulfur in hollow nanofibers overcomes challenges of lithium-ion battery design"</a>. Stanford News. Stanford University. Retrieved February 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+News&rft.atitle=Sulfur+in+hollow+nanofibers+overcomes+challenges+of+lithium-ion+battery+design&rft.date=2011-10-04&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2011%2Foctober%2Fsulfur-nanofibers-battery-100411.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbergHintennach2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg, Sarah; Hintennach (1 April 2014). "Laser-printed lithium-sulphur micro-electrodes for Li/S batteries". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 50 (4): 327–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1023193514040065">10.1134/S1023193514040065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97154966">97154966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Journal+of+Electrochemistry&rft.atitle=Laser-printed+lithium-sulphur+micro-electrodes+for+Li%2FS+batteries&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=327-335&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS1023193514040065&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97154966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Hintennach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenbergHintennach2014" class="citation journal cs1">Vandenberg, Aurelius; Hintennach (1 April 2014). "A novel design approach for lithium-sulphur batteries". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 50 (4): 317–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS102319351306013X">10.1134/S102319351306013X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96826100">96826100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Journal+of+Electrochemistry&rft.atitle=A+novel+design+approach+for+lithium-sulphur+batteries&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=317-326&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS102319351306013X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96826100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vandenberg&rft.aufirst=Aurelius&rft.au=Hintennach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizmag.com/researchers-increase-lifespan-lis-batteries/26911/">"Researchers increase lifespan of lithium-sulfur batteries"</a>. Gizmag.com. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Researchers+increase+lifespan+of+lithium-sulfur+batteries&rft.pub=Gizmag.com&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmag.com%2Fresearchers-increase-lifespan-lis-batteries%2F26911%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChungGriebelKimYoon2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chung, W. J.; Griebel, J. J.; Kim, E. T.; Yoon, H.; Simmonds, A. G.; Ji, H. J.; Dirlam, P. T.; Glass, R. S.; Wie, J. J.; Nguyen, N. A.; Guralnick, B. W.; Park, J.; Somogyi, Á. D.; Theato, P.; MacKay, M. E.; Sung, Y. E.; Char, K.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Pyun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey Pyun (page does not exist)">Pyun, J.</a> (2013). "The use of elemental sulfur as an alternative feedstock for polymeric materials". Nature Chemistry. 5 (6): 518–524. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatCh...5..518C">2013NatCh...5..518C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.1624">10.1038/nchem.1624</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23695634">23695634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+use+of+elemental+sulfur+as+an+alternative+feedstock+for+polymeric+materials&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=518-524&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23695634&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchem.1624&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatCh...5..518C&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft.au=Griebel%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Kim%2C+E.+T.&rft.au=Yoon%2C+H.&rft.au=Simmonds%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Ji%2C+H.+J.&rft.au=Dirlam%2C+P.+T.&rft.au=Glass%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=Wie%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+N.+A.&rft.au=Guralnick%2C+B.+W.&rft.au=Park%2C+J.&rft.au=Somogyi%2C+%C3%81.+D.&rft.au=Theato%2C+P.&rft.au=MacKay%2C+M.+E.&rft.au=Sung%2C+Y.+E.&rft.au=Char%2C+K.&rft.au=Pyun%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryl_Richards2013" class="citation web cs1">Caryl Richards (2013-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemistryworld.com/news/radical-approach-to-turn-sulfur-into-polymers/6067.article">"Radical approach to turn sulfur into polymers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radical+approach+to+turn+sulfur+into+polymers&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft.au=Caryl+Richards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryworld.com%2Fnews%2Fradical-approach-to-turn-sulfur-into-polymers%2F6067.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory_(6_Posts)2013" class="citation web cs1">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (6 Posts) (2013-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cleantechnica.com/2013/01/08/world-record-battery-performance-achieved-with-egg-like-nanostructures/">"World-Record Battery Performance Achieved With Egg-Like Nanostructures"</a>. CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2013-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World-Record+Battery+Performance+Achieved+With+Egg-Like+Nanostructures&rft.pub=CleanTechnica&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft.au=SLAC+National+Accelerator+Laboratory+%286+Posts%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2013%2F01%2F08%2Fworld-record-battery-performance-achieved-with-egg-like-nanostructures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWei_SehLiChaZheng2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wei Seh, Z.; Li, W.; Cha, J. J.; Zheng, G.; Yang, Y.; McDowell, M. T.; Hsu, P. C.; Cui, Y. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms2327">"Sulphur–TiO2 yolk–shell nanoarchitecture with internal void space for long-cycle lithium–sulphur batteries"</a>. Nature Communications. 4: 1331. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatCo...4.1331W">2013NatCo...4.1331W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms2327">10.1038/ncomms2327</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23299881">23299881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Sulphur%E2%80%93TiO2+yolk%E2%80%93shell+nanoarchitecture+with+internal+void+space+for+long-cycle+lithium%E2%80%93sulphur+batteries&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=1331&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23299881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms2327&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatCo...4.1331W&rft.aulast=Wei+Seh&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft.au=Li%2C+W.&rft.au=Cha%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Zheng%2C+G.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Y.&rft.au=McDowell%2C+M.+T.&rft.au=Hsu%2C+P.+C.&rft.au=Cui%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fncomms2327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinLiuFuDudney2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Z; Liu, Z; Fu, W; Dudney, NJ; Liang, C (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910063005/http://diyhpl.us/~bryan/papers2/paperbot/1efd1920760b882bd4ca5e3b544f3ed3.pdf">"Lithium Polysulfidophosphates: A Family of Lithium-Conducting Sulfur-Rich Compounds for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries"</a> (PDF). Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (29): 7460–7463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201300680">10.1002/anie.201300680</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23737078">23737078</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37368147">37368147</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diyhpl.us/~bryan/papers2/paperbot/1efd1920760b882bd4ca5e3b544f3ed3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Lithium+Polysulfidophosphates%3A+A+Family+of+Lithium-Conducting+Sulfur-Rich+Compounds+for+Lithium%E2%80%93Sulfur+Batteries&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=7460-7463&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37368147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23737078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201300680&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Liu%2C+Z&rft.au=Fu%2C+W&rft.au=Dudney%2C+NJ&rft.au=Liang%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiyhpl.us%2F~bryan%2Fpapers2%2Fpaperbot%2F1efd1920760b882bd4ca5e3b544f3ed3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinLiuFuDudney2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Z.; Liu, Z.; Fu, W.; Dudney, N. J.; Liang, C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910063005/http://diyhpl.us/~bryan/papers2/paperbot/1efd1920760b882bd4ca5e3b544f3ed3.pdf">"Lithium Polysulfidophosphates: A Family of Lithium-Conducting Sulfur-Rich Compounds for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries"</a> (PDF). Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (29): 7460–7463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201300680">10.1002/anie.201300680</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23737078">23737078</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37368147">37368147</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diyhpl.us/~bryan/papers2/paperbot/1efd1920760b882bd4ca5e3b544f3ed3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Lithium+Polysulfidophosphates%3A+A+Family+of+Lithium-Conducting+Sulfur-Rich+Compounds+for+Lithium-Sulfur+Batteries&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=7460-7463&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37368147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23737078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201300680&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Z.&rft.au=Fu%2C+W.&rft.au=Dudney%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Liang%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiyhpl.us%2F~bryan%2Fpapers2%2Fpaperbot%2F1efd1920760b882bd4ca5e3b544f3ed3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newatlas.com/lithium-sulfur-battery/27834/">"All-solid lithium-sulfur battery stores four times the energy of lithium-ions"</a>. NewAtlas.com. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All-solid+lithium-sulfur+battery+stores+four+times+the+energy+of+lithium-ions&rft.pub=NewAtlas.com&rft.date=2013-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewatlas.com%2Flithium-sulfur-battery%2F27834%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newatlas.com/lithium-sulfur-battery-energy-density/29907/">"New lithium/sulfur battery doubles energy density of lithium-ion"</a>. NewAtlas.com. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+lithium%2Fsulfur+battery+doubles+energy+density+of+lithium-ion&rft.pub=NewAtlas.com&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewatlas.com%2Flithium-sulfur-battery-energy-density%2F29907%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavars2014" class="citation web cs1">Lavars, Nick (February 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newatlas.com/hybrid-anode-improves-lithium-sulfur-battery-life-by-four-times/30925/">"Hybrid anode quadruples the lifespan of lithium-sulfur batteries"</a>. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hybrid+anode+quadruples+the+lifespan+of+lithium-sulfur+batteries&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft.aulast=Lavars&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewatlas.com%2Fhybrid-anode-improves-lithium-sulfur-battery-life-by-four-times%2F30925%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21637344-adding-sulphur-electrical-cells-may-quintuple-their-performance-whiff">"A whiff of brimstone"</a>. Economist. January 3, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economist&rft.atitle=A+whiff+of+brimstone&rft.date=2015-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-and-technology%2F21637344-adding-sulphur-electrical-cells-may-quintuple-their-performance-whiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/11/20141112-oxis.html">"Li–S battery company OXIS Energy reports 300 W⋅h/kg and 25 A⋅h cell, predicting 33 A⋅h by mid-2015, 500 W⋅h/kg by end of 2018"</a>. Green Car Congress. November 12, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Li%E2%80%93S+battery+company+OXIS+Energy+reports+300+W%E2%8B%85h%2Fkg+and+25+A%E2%8B%85h+cell%2C+predicting+33+A%E2%8B%85h+by+mid-2015%2C+500+W%E2%8B%85h%2Fkg+by+end+of+2018&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2014-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2014%2F11%2F20141112-oxis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyenHoeflingYeeNguyen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen, D.-T.; Hoefling, A.; Yee, M.; Nguyen, T. H. G.; Theato, P.; Lee, Y. J.; Song, S.-W. (2019). "Enabling high-rate and safe lithium ion-sulfur battery by effective combination of sulfur-copolymer cathode and hard-carbon anode". ChemSusChem. 12 (2): 480–486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcssc.201802430">10.1002/cssc.201802430</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30479038">30479038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53771189">53771189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ChemSusChem&rft.atitle=Enabling+high-rate+and+safe+lithium+ion-sulfur+battery+by+effective+combination+of+sulfur-copolymer+cathode+and+hard-carbon+anode&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=480-486&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53771189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30479038&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcssc.201802430&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=D.-T.&rft.au=Hoefling%2C+A.&rft.au=Yee%2C+M.&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+T.+H.+G.&rft.au=Theato%2C+P.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Y.+J.&rft.au=Song%2C+S.-W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuanPengHuangLiu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yuan, Zhe; Peng, Hong-Jie; Huang, Jia-Qi; Liu, Xin-Yan; Wang, Dai-Wei; Cheng, Xin-Bing; Zhang, Qiang (2014-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103232206/http://www.qianggroup.com/wp/pdf/AFM-2014-Hierarchical%20Free-Standing%20Carbon-Nanotube%20Paper%20Electrodes%20with%20Ultrahigh%20Sulfur-Loading%20for%20Lithium%E2%80%93Sulfur%20Batteries.pdf">"Hierarchical Free-Standing Carbon-Nanotube Paper Electrodes with Ultrahigh Sulfur-Loading for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries"</a> (PDF). Advanced Functional Materials. 24 (39): 6105–6112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadfm.201401501">10.1002/adfm.201401501</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1616-3028">1616-3028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97124341">97124341</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qianggroup.com/wp/pdf/AFM-2014-Hierarchical%20Free-Standing%20Carbon-Nanotube%20Paper%20Electrodes%20with%20Ultrahigh%20Sulfur-Loading%20for%20Lithium%E2%80%93Sulfur%20Batteries.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2020-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Functional+Materials&rft.atitle=Hierarchical+Free-Standing+Carbon-Nanotube+Paper+Electrodes+with+Ultrahigh+Sulfur-Loading+for+Lithium%E2%80%93Sulfur+Batteries&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=6105-6112&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97124341%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1616-3028&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fadfm.201401501&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Zhe&rft.au=Peng%2C+Hong-Jie&rft.au=Huang%2C+Jia-Qi&rft.au=Liu%2C+Xin-Yan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Dai-Wei&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Xin-Bing&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Qiang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qianggroup.com%2Fwp%2Fpdf%2FAFM-2014-Hierarchical%2520Free-Standing%2520Carbon-Nanotube%2520Paper%2520Electrodes%2520with%2520Ultrahigh%2520Sulfur-Loading%2520for%2520Lithium%25E2%2580%2593Sulfur%2520Batteries.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNealon2015" class="citation news cs1">Nealon, Sean (2015-03-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150307171420/http://www.rdmag.com/news/2015/03/glass-coating-improved-battery-performance">"Glass coating for improved battery performance"</a>. R&D. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rdmag.com/news/2015/03/glass-coating-improved-battery-performance">the original</a> on 2015-03-07. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=R%26D&rft.atitle=Glass+coating+for+improved+battery+performance&rft.date=2015-03-03&rft.aulast=Nealon&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rdmag.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F03%2Fglass-coating-improved-battery-performance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNealon2015" class="citation news cs1">Nealon, Sean (March 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news/2015-03-glass-coating-battery.html">"Glass coating improves battery performance"</a>. phys.org. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Glass+coating+improves+battery+performance&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft.aulast=Nealon&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2015-03-glass-coating-battery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTantisBakandritsosZaoralováMedveď2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tantis, Iosif; Bakandritsos, Aristides; Zaoralová, Dagmar; Medveď, Miroslav; Jakubec, Petr; Havláková, Jana; Zbořil, Radek; Otyepka, Michal (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadfm.202101326">"Covalently Interlinked Graphene Sheets with Sulfur-Chains Enable Superior Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes at Full-Mass Level"</a>. Advanced Functional Materials. 31 (30): 2101326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadfm.202101326">10.1002/adfm.202101326</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1616-3028">1616-3028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234870475">234870475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Functional+Materials&rft.atitle=Covalently+Interlinked+Graphene+Sheets+with+Sulfur-Chains+Enable+Superior+Lithium%E2%80%93Sulfur+Battery+Cathodes+at+Full-Mass+Level&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=2101326&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234870475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1616-3028&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fadfm.202101326&rft.aulast=Tantis&rft.aufirst=Iosif&rft.au=Bakandritsos%2C+Aristides&rft.au=Zaoralov%C3%A1%2C+Dagmar&rft.au=Medve%C4%8F%2C+Miroslav&rft.au=Jakubec%2C+Petr&rft.au=Havl%C3%A1kov%C3%A1%2C+Jana&rft.au=Zbo%C5%99il%2C+Radek&rft.au=Otyepka%2C+Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fadfm.202101326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoHongChoiKim2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jo, Seong‐Chan; Hong, Jeong‐Won; Choi, Ik‐Hyeon; Kim, Min‐Ju; Kim, Byung Gon; Lee, You‐Jin; Choi, Hye Young; Kim, Doohun; Kim, TaeYoung; Baeg, Kang‐Jun; Park, Jun‐Woo (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smll.202200326">"Multimodal Capturing of Polysulfides by Phosphorus‐Doped Carbon Composites for Flexible High‐Energy‐Density Lithium–Sulfur Batteries"</a>. Small. 18 (21): 2200326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsmll.202200326">10.1002/smll.202200326</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-6810">1613-6810</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35285157">35285157</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247437352">247437352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small&rft.atitle=Multimodal+Capturing+of+Polysulfides+by+Phosphorus%E2%80%90Doped+Carbon+Composites+for+Flexible+High%E2%80%90Energy%E2%80%90Density+Lithium%E2%80%93Sulfur+Batteries&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2200326&rft.date=2022-05&rft.issn=1613-6810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247437352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35285157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsmll.202200326&rft.aulast=Jo&rft.aufirst=Seong%E2%80%90Chan&rft.au=Hong%2C+Jeong%E2%80%90Won&rft.au=Choi%2C+Ik%E2%80%90Hyeon&rft.au=Kim%2C+Min%E2%80%90Ju&rft.au=Kim%2C+Byung+Gon&rft.au=Lee%2C+You%E2%80%90Jin&rft.au=Choi%2C+Hye+Young&rft.au=Kim%2C+Doohun&rft.au=Kim%2C+TaeYoung&rft.au=Baeg%2C+Kang%E2%80%90Jun&rft.au=Park%2C+Jun%E2%80%90Woo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fsmll.202200326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangKaterisLiZhang2023" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Peiyu; Kateris, Nikolaos; Li, Baiheng; Zhang, Yiwen; Luo, Jianmin; Wang, Chuanlong; Zhang, Yue; Jayaraman, Amitesh S.; Hu, Xiaofei; Wang, Hai; Li, Weiyang (2023-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.3c05209">"High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries via Molecular Complexation"</a>. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 145 (34): 18865–18876. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjacs.3c05209">10.1021/jacs.3c05209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863">0002-7863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=High-Performance+Lithium%E2%80%93Sulfur+Batteries+via+Molecular+Complexation&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=18865-18876&rft.date=2023-08-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjacs.3c05209&rft.issn=0002-7863&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Peiyu&rft.au=Kateris%2C+Nikolaos&rft.au=Li%2C+Baiheng&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yiwen&rft.au=Luo%2C+Jianmin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuanlong&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yue&rft.au=Jayaraman%2C+Amitesh+S.&rft.au=Hu%2C+Xiaofei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Hai&rft.au=Li%2C+Weiyang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Fjacs.3c05209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Kopera, J (September 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613075533/http://www.sionpower.com/pdf/articles/Sion_Power_Zephyr_Flight_Press_Release_2014.pdf">"Sion Power's Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Power High Altitude Pseudo-Satellite Flight"</a> Sion Power Company Press Release </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161003005315/en/Sion-Power-Delivers-Generation-Battery-Performance-Patented">"Sion Power Delivers Next Generation Battery Performance Through Patented Licerion® Technology"</a>. 2016-10-03. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sion+Power+Delivers+Next+Generation+Battery+Performance+Through+Patented+Licerion%C2%AE+Technology&rft.date=2016-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20161003005315%2Fen%2FSion-Power-Delivers-Generation-Battery-Performance-Patented&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sionpower.com/2018/sion-power-announces-launch-of-its-groundbreaking-licerion-rechargeable-lithium-battery/">"Sion Power Announces Launch of its Groundbreaking Licerion Rechargeable Lithium Battery, Sion Power"</a>. sionpower.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sionpower.com&rft.atitle=Sion+Power+Announces+Launch+of+its+Groundbreaking+Licerion+Rechargeable+Lithium+Battery%2C+Sion+Power&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsionpower.com%2F2018%2Fsion-power-announces-launch-of-its-groundbreaking-licerion-rechargeable-lithium-battery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxisenergy.com/blog/anesco-and-oxis-to-release-lithium-sulfur-battery-storage-by-2016">"Anesco and OXIS to Release Lithium Sulfur Battery Storage by 2016"</a> (press release). OXIS Energy. July 14, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anesco+and+OXIS+to+Release+Lithium+Sulfur+Battery+Storage+by+2016&rft.pub=OXIS+Energy&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxisenergy.com%2Fblog%2Fanesco-and-oxis-to-release-lithium-sulfur-battery-storage-by-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429232744/http://oxisenergy.com/blog/oxis-technology-powers-driverless-vehicle-for-the-uk-governments-smart-city/">"OXIS battery powers driverless vehicle for the UK Government's Smart City Gateway programme"</a> (press release). OXIS Energy. February 22, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxisenergy.com/blog/oxis-technology-powers-driverless-vehicle-for-the-uk-governments-smart-city/">the original</a> on 2016-04-29. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OXIS+battery+powers+driverless+vehicle+for+the+UK+Government%27s+Smart+City+Gateway+programme&rft.pub=OXIS+Energy&rft.date=2015-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxisenergy.com%2Fblog%2Foxis-technology-powers-driverless-vehicle-for-the-uk-governments-smart-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProppMarinescuAugerO'Neill2016" class="citation journal cs1">Propp, K.; Marinescu, M.; Auger, D. J.; et al. (August 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2016.07.090">"Multi-temperature state-dependent equivalent circuit discharge model for lithium-sulfur batteries"</a>. J. Power Sources. 328: 289–299. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPS...328..289P">2016JPS...328..289P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2016.07.090">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Power+Sources&rft.atitle=Multi-temperature+state-dependent+equivalent+circuit+discharge+model+for+lithium-sulfur+batteries&rft.volume=328&rft.pages=289-299&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2016.07.090&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JPS...328..289P&rft.aulast=Propp&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Marinescu%2C+M.&rft.au=Auger%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+L.&rft.au=Fotouhi%2C+A.&rft.au=Somasundaram%2C+K.&rft.au=Offer%2C+G.+J.&rft.au=Minton%2C+G.&rft.au=Longo%2C+S.&rft.au=Wild%2C+M.&rft.au=Knap%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jpowsour.2016.07.090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nextbigfuture.com/2016/06/lithium-sulfur-batteries-will-be-first.html">"Lithium Sulfur batteries will be first commercialized by 2018 in electric bikes where energy density will be improved for eventual use in electric cars"</a>. nextbigfuture.com. 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2017-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nextbigfuture.com&rft.atitle=Lithium+Sulfur+batteries+will+be+first+commercialized+by+2018+in+electric+bikes+where+energy+density+will+be+improved+for+eventual+use+in+electric+cars&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nextbigfuture.com%2F2016%2F06%2Flithium-sulfur-batteries-will-be-first.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826152407/http://oxisenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/OXIS-Rack-Mounted-Battery.pdf">"OXIS Rack-Mounted Battery"</a> (PDF). OXIS Energy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxisenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/OXIS-Rack-Mounted-Battery.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 26, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OXIS+Rack-Mounted+Battery&rft.pub=OXIS+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxisenergy.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F08%2FOXIS-Rack-Mounted-Battery.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/e4sv/edinburgh-may16-oxis-energy-ltd-lis-batteries-for-energy-storage-applications">"OXIS Energy Lithium-Sulfur Battery Technology Presentation"</a>. OXIS Energy. 2016-11-03. Retrieved May 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OXIS+Energy+Lithium-Sulfur+Battery+Technology+Presentation&rft.pub=OXIS+Energy&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fe4sv%2Fedinburgh-may16-oxis-energy-ltd-lis-batteries-for-energy-storage-applications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2021" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Alex (2021-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cen.acs.org/energy/energy-storage-/Oxis-Energy-files-bankruptcy/99/i24">"Oxis Energy files for bankruptcy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News" title="Chemical & Engineering News">Chemical & Engineering News</a>. Retrieved 2022-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Oxis+Energy+files+for+bankruptcy&rft.date=2021-06-26&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Fenergy%2Fenergy-storage-%2FOxis-Energy-files-bankruptcy%2F99%2Fi24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asia.nikkei.com/Tech-Science/Tech/Sony-battery-to-offer-40-longer-phone-life">"Sony battery to offer 40% longer phone life"</a>. Nikkei Asian Review. December 17, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=Sony+battery+to+offer+40%25+longer+phone+life&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FTech-Science%2FTech%2FSony-battery-to-offer-40-longer-phone-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theengineer.co.uk/lithium-sulphur-battery/">"'World's most efficient lithium-sulphur battery' set for launch"</a>. The Engineer. January 6, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Engineer&rft.atitle=%27World%27s+most+efficient+lithium-sulphur+battery%27+set+for+launch&rft.date=2020-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theengineer.co.uk%2Flithium-sulphur-battery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris" class="citation web cs1">Morris, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesmorris/2022/04/02/sulfur-battery-technology-could-make-electric-cars-go-three-times-further-by-2024/">"Sulfur Battery Technology Could Make Electric Cars Go Three Times Further By 2024"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved 2022-08-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Sulfur+Battery+Technology+Could+Make+Electric+Cars+Go+Three+Times+Further+By+2024&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjamesmorris%2F2022%2F04%2F02%2Fsulfur-battery-technology-could-make-electric-cars-go-three-times-further-by-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arpa-e.energy.gov/technologies/projects/enabling-fast-charging-batteries-3d-lithium-metal-architectures-and">"Zeta Energy: Enabling Fast Charging Batteries with 3D Lithium Metal Architectures and Sulfurized Carbon Cathodes"</a>. United States Department of Energy. January 13, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zeta+Energy%3A+Enabling+Fast+Charging+Batteries+with+3D+Lithium+Metal+Architectures+and+Sulfurized+Carbon+Cathodes&rft.date=2023-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farpa-e.energy.gov%2Ftechnologies%2Fprojects%2Fenabling-fast-charging-batteries-3d-lithium-metal-architectures-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SJMN_2023-06-14-85"><a href="#cite_ref-SJMN_2023-06-14_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvalos2023" class="citation news cs1">Avalos, George (2023-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2023/06/14/lyten-san-jose-battery-economy-tech-jobs-real-estate-green-car-energy/">"Lyten launches San Jose pilot production for cutting-edge batteries - Company hopes lithium-sulfur batteries can revolutionize sector"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose Mercury News">San Jose Mercury News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Jose+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Lyten+launches+San+Jose+pilot+production+for+cutting-edge+batteries+-+Company+hopes+lithium-sulfur+batteries+can+revolutionize+sector&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft.aulast=Avalos&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2023%2F06%2F14%2Flyten-san-jose-battery-economy-tech-jobs-real-estate-green-car-energy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420054932/http://polyplus.com/lisulfur.html">"PolyPlus Lithium Sulfur"</a>. Polyplus.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polyplus.com/lisulfur.html">the original</a> on 2013-04-20. Retrieved 2013-04-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PolyPlus+Lithium+Sulfur&rft.pub=Polyplus.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolyplus.com%2Flisulfur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sionpower.com/">"Sion Power"</a>. Sion Power. Retrieved 2013-04-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sion+Power&rft.pub=Sion+Power&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsionpower.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325161004/http://en.winston-battery.com/index.php/products/power-battery/category/lsp-battery">"Winston Battery Limited"</a>. En.winston-battery.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.winston-battery.com/index.php/products/power-battery/category/lsp-battery">the original</a> on 2014-03-25. Retrieved 2013-04-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winston+Battery+Limited&rft.pub=En.winston-battery.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.winston-battery.com%2Findex.php%2Fproducts%2Fpower-battery%2Fcategory%2Flsp-battery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium%E2%80%93sulfur+battery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eemb.com/">"EEMB Battery"</a>. EEMB Battery. Retrieved 2018-04-13.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899170#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899170#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899170#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1894384/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2012004284">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007597623205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithium–sulfur_battery&oldid=1185970069">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithium–sulfur_battery&oldid=1185970069</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rechargeable_batteries" title="Category:Rechargeable batteries">Rechargeable batteries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metal-sulfur_batteries" title="Category:Metal-sulfur batteries">Metal-sulfur batteries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lithium-ion_batteries" title="Category:Lithium-ion batteries">Lithium-ion batteries</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2023, at 02:55 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. Besides normal editing, the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies, vandalism, or material not compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery&oldid=1185970069&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-8tjk5","wgBackendResponseTime":1737,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.211","walltime":"1.444","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9782,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":337862,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":56310,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":308955,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1249.726 1 -total"," 59.74% 746.625 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.32% 341.403 42 Template:Cite_journal"," 17.36% 217.000 25 Template:Cite_web"," 11.69% 146.151 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.35% 116.852 17 Template:Chem"," 8.94% 111.676 17 Template:Chem/link"," 8.46% 105.665 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.19% 64.814 61 Template:Chem/atom"," 5.02% 62.675 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.764","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5922359,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-8tjk5","timestamp":"20241127183816","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lithium\u2013sulfur battery","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q899170","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q899170","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-08-26T06:13:41Z","dateModified":"2023-11-20T02:55:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/69\/Li-S_battery_EN.png","headline":"type of rechargeable battery, notable for its high specific energy"}</script> </body> </html>