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Vascular Plants: Ferns and Relatives - Biology Online Tutorial
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show-ad-label" data-ad-mapping=rail data-ad-slot=BO_tutorial_pages data-ad-targetingpos=rail></div></div><div class=wrapper><div class=container><div class=row><div class="col-md-8 col-sm-12 content-single-article"><div class=pb-2> <span property=itemListElement typeof=ListItem><a property=item typeof=WebPage title="Go to Biology Tutorials." href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials class="tutorials-root post post-tutorials" data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow><span property=name>Biology Tutorials</span></a><meta property="position" content="1"></span> > <span property=itemListElement typeof=ListItem><a property=item typeof=WebPage title="Go to the Plant Biology Tutorial Category archives." href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/plant-biology class="taxonomy tutorial_cat" data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow><span property=name>Plant Biology</span></a><meta property="position" content="2"></span> > <span class="post post-tutorials current-item">Vascular Plants: Ferns and Relatives</span></div><div class="d-inline-block col-md-11 p-0"><h1 class="entry-title">Vascular Plants: Ferns and Relatives</h1></div><div class="float-md-right position-sm-absolute pt-md-4"><g:sharetoclassroom size=32 url="https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/vascular-plants-ferns-and-relatives"></g:sharetoclassroom></div><div class=st-container> <img fetchpriority=high width=640 height=427 src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20427'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Vascular-plants-ferns-and-relatives-768x512.jpg class="st-img wp-post-image lazy" alt="Nephrolepis exaltata" decoding=async data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Vascular-plants-ferns-and-relatives-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Vascular-plants-ferns-and-relatives-252x168.jpg 252w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Vascular-plants-ferns-and-relatives-864x576.jpg 864w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Vascular-plants-ferns-and-relatives-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Vascular-plants-ferns-and-relatives.jpg 1980w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><p>Nephrolepis exaltata (The Sword Fern) – a species of fern in the family Lomariopsidaceae</p></div><div id=ez-toc-container class="ez-toc-v2_0_68_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction"><p class=ez-toc-title>Table of Contents</p> <label for=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-67596a07640db class=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label><span class><span class=eztoc-hide style=display:none;>Toggle</span><span class=ez-toc-icon-toggle-span><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg class=list-377408 width=20px height=20px viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill=none><path d="M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z" fill=currentColor></path></svg><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" class=arrow-unsorted-368013 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg width=10px height=10px viewBox="0 0 24 24" version=1.2 baseProfile=tiny><path d="M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z"/></svg></span></span></label><input type=checkbox id=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-67596a07640db checked aria-label=Toggle><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1" href=#4_Divisions_of_Vascular_Plants title="4 Divisions of Vascular Plants">4 Divisions of Vascular Plants</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2" href=#Division_Psilotophyta title="Division Psilotophyta">Division Psilotophyta</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3" href=#Division_Lycophyta title="Division Lycophyta">Division Lycophyta</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4" href=#Division_Sphenophyta title="Division Sphenophyta">Division Sphenophyta</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5" href=#Division_Pterophyta title="Division Pterophyta">Division Pterophyta</a></li></ul></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6" href=#Quiz title=Quiz>Quiz</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7" href=#Send_Your_Results_Optional title="Send Your Results (Optional)">Send Your Results (Optional)</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div><p>These plants are seedless plants, but unlike the bryophytes, they do have vascular tissue (<a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/xylem data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>xylem</a> and <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/phloem data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>phloem</a>). Because of the presence of vascular tissue, the leaves of ferns are their relatives are better organized than the <strong><a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/bryophytes/ data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>mosses and the liverworts</a></strong>.</p><div class='code-block code-block-8 code-block-block-8' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <script language=javascript src="https://live.primis.tech/live/liveView.php?s=106005&cbuster=%%CACHEBUSTER%%"></script> </div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=4_Divisions_of_Vascular_Plants></span>4 Divisions of Vascular Plants<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-77322439' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-77322439 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2MycgY2xhc3M9J2FkeWIgc2hvdy1hZC1sYWJlbCBteC1tZC1uMycgZGF0YS1hZC1tYXBwaW5nPSdtaWQnIGRhdGEtYWQtc2xvdD0nQk9fYXJ0aWNsZScgZGF0YS1hZC10YXJnZXRpbmdwb3M9ICdtaWQnID48L2Rpdj48L2Rpdj4K data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Division_Psilotophyta></span>Division Psilotophyta<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>The <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/sporophyte/ data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>sporophytes</a> in this division have neither true leaves nor roots, their stems and rhizomes fork evenly. Whisk ferns are the simplest of the vascular plants. They consist of evenly forking stems with small protuberances called enations. They lack leaves and roots. These ferns have a central vascular cylinder composed of xylem and phloem. Whisk ferns reproduce via gametangia. Spores will germinate into tiny saprophytic gametophytes on the surfaces which antheridia and archegonia are scattered. The resulting zygote will develop a foot and a rhizome. An upright stem is produced when the foot separates from the rhizome.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Division_Lycophyta></span>Division Lycophyta<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>These plants have stems that are covered with photosynthetic microphylls. Microphylls are leaves with a single vein and a trace that is not associated with a leaf gap. There are two types of club mosses that still have living representatives. Ground pines will develop sporangia in the axils of sporophylls. Each gametophyte may be capable of producing several sporophytes. The second type of club moss include the spike mosses. These plants are heterosporous and have a ligule, or little tongue, on each microphyll. The microspores will develop into male gametophytes with antheridia (sperm-producing); while the megaspores will develop into female gametophytes with archegonia (egg-producing). The biggest difference between the ground pines and the spike mosses is the presence of the ligule (spike mosses) and the spike mosses produce two types of spores and gametophytes (heterospory). Quillworts are found partially submerged in water for at least part of the year. Their microphylls (leaves) look somewhat like porcupine quills although they lack the rigidity of actual porcupine quills. The microphylls arise from a corm like base. The corm base has a cambium that will remain active for many years. Club moss spores have many uses including flash powder, medicine, talcum powder, as well as ornamental uses and novelty items.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-48043122' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-48043122 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2NCcgY2xhc3M9J2FkeWIgc2hvdy1hZC1sYWJlbCBteC1tZC1uMycgZGF0YS1hZC1tYXBwaW5nPSdtaWQnIGRhdGEtYWQtc2xvdD0nQk9fYXJ0aWNsZScgZGF0YS1hZC10YXJnZXRpbmdwb3M9ICdtaWQnID48L2Rpdj48L2Rpdj4K data-block=41></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Division_Sphenophyta></span>Division Sphenophyta<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>The plants in this division have ribbed stems that contain silica deposits in the epidermal cells. Their scale-like microphylls lack chlorophyll. However, the silica in the stems makes these plants useful for scouring. Horsetails and scouring rushes occur in both the branched and unbranched forms. Either way, they are jointed stems with small whorls of scale-like leaves at the base of the plant.</p><p>Horsetails, or Equisetum, are hollow in the center of their stem which contains cylinders of carinal and vallecular canals. The hollow stems arise from extensively branching rhizomes just beneath the surface of the soil. Some types of horsetails have non-photosynthetic stems. They reproduce via strobili, cones, that are produced in the spring in all species. Horsetail spores have ribbon-like elaters that are sensitive to humidity. An interesting note about horsetails; usually equal numbers of male and female gametophytes are produced by these plants, however, the female gametophytes may become bisexual and the development of more that one sporophyte from a gametophyte is common.</p><p>As mentioned, horsetails have been used for scouring. They can be eaten if the silica is removed, however, they really don’t make for a feast. Plants from this division have also been used for medicinal purposes including as a diuretic, treatment for tuberculosis and treating venereal diseases. Horsetails have been used as an ingredient in shampoos and metal polish.</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Division_Pterophyta></span>Division Pterophyta<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Ferns are the most common and best-recognized examples of vascular seedless plants. The leaves of ferns have megaphylls—or leaves with more than one vein and a leaf trace/leaf gap association—which are large and usually subdivided into many lobes. Hence, the ‘finger’ look to a fern plant. Fern fronds, as the leaves are called, typically are dissected and feathery in appearance. However, realize that they do vary quite a bit as far as external structure and form goes. Fern fronds start as croziers or fiddleheads which unfurl into the main leaf form. On the underside of the frond, patches of sporangia can be found. These sporangia are usually in sori, which are clusters; and are sometimes covered by a clear flap called the indusium. This setup allows for the maximum protection of the sporangia, but allows for distribution. Individual sporangia have an ‘spring-loaded’ annulus which allows for mature spores to be catapulted out of the sporangium. The gametophytes of ferns are called prothalli and develop after the spores germinate. Prothalli contain both archegonia and antheridia and only one zygote develops into a sporophyte.</p><p>Ferns are used for ornamental purposes as well as stuffing materials for bedding in tropical regions. Fern fronds are used in weaving baskets and hats, brewing some types of ale and numerous folk medicine practices.</p><p> </p><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;"><iframe src=https://www.youtube.com/embed/Fhk-Y0duNjg frameborder=0><span data-mce-type=bookmark style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;" class=mce_SELRES_start></span></iframe></div><div style="vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;">Credit: <a href=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ41KOEYS3cKY0ErD-4YYjg data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">educreations</a></div> <script>if(window.qmn_quiz_data===undefined){window.qmn_quiz_data=new Object();}</script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data["57"]={"quiz_id":"57","quiz_name":"Vascular Plants: Ferns and Relatives - Quiz","disable_answer":"0","ajax_show_correct":"0","progress_bar":"1","contact_info_location":"1","qpages":{"2":{"id":"2","quizID":"57","pagekey":"e4UBfmvs","hide_prevbtn":"0"}},"skip_validation_time_expire":"1","timer_limit_val":0,"disable_scroll_next_previous_click":"0","disable_first_page":0,"enable_result_after_timer_end":"0","enable_quick_result_mc":"0","end_quiz_if_wrong":0,"form_disable_autofill":0,"disable_mathjax":0,"enable_quick_correct_answer_info":0,"quick_result_correct_answer_text":"Correct! 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You have selected wrong answer.","quiz_processing_message":"","quiz_limit_choice":"Limit of choice is reached.","not_allow_after_expired_time":0,"scheduled_time_end":false,"error_messages":{"email_error_text":"Not a valid e-mail address!","number_error_text":"This field must be a number!","incorrect_error_text":"The entered text is not correct!","empty_error_text":"Please complete all required fields!","url_error_text":"The entered URL is not valid!","minlength_error_text":"Required atleast %minlength% characters.","maxlength_error_text":"Maximum %maxlength% characters allowed.","recaptcha_error_text":"ReCaptcha is missing"},"first_page":false}</script><style id=qmn_quiz_template-css>.qsm-pagination{border:none !important}</style><div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-57 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz quiz_theme_default '><form name=quizForm57 id=quizForm57 action=/tutorials/vascular-plants-ferns-and-relatives method=POST class="qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form" novalidate enctype=multipart/form-data> <input type=hidden name=qsm_hidden_questions id=qsm_hidden_questions value> <input type=hidden name=qsm_nonce id=qsm_nonce_57 value=4222c3f165> <input type=hidden name=qsm_unique_key id=qsm_unique_key_57 value=67596a07189c7><div id=mlw_error_message class="qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section"></div> <span id=mlw_top_of_quiz></span><section class="qsm-page "><div class="quiz_section quiz_begin"><div class='qsm-before-message mlw_qmn_message_before'><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Quiz></span>Quiz<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p><strong>Choose the best answer.</strong></p></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-291 " data-qid=291><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>1. The simplest of the vascular plants</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question291-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question291 id=question291_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question291_1> Whisk ferns </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question291-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question291 id=question291_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question291_2> Club mosses </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question291-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question291 id=question291_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question291_3> Horsetails </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question291-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question291 id=question291_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question291_4> Ferns </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question291 id=question291_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-292 " data-qid=292><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>2. Megaphylls on leaves</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question292-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question292 id=question292_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question292_1> Whisk ferns </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question292-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question292 id=question292_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question292_2> Club mosses </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question292-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question292 id=question292_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question292_3> Horsetails </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question292-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question292 id=question292_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question292_4> Ferns </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question292 id=question292_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-293 " data-qid=293><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>3. Leaves are referred to as "fronds"</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question293-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question293 id=question293_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question293_1> Whisk ferns </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question293-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question293 id=question293_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question293_2> Club mosses </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question293-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question293 id=question293_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question293_3> Horsetails </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question293-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question293 id=question293_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question293_4> Ferns </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question293 id=question293_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-294 " data-qid=294><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>4. Ribbed stems containing silica deposits in the epidermis</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question294-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question294 id=question294_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question294_1> Whisk ferns </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question294-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question294 id=question294_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question294_2> Club mosses </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question294-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question294 id=question294_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question294_3> Horsetails </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question294-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question294 id=question294_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question294_4> Ferns </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question294 id=question294_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-295 " data-qid=295><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>5. Include the spike mosses</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question295-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question295 id=question295_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question295_1> Whisk ferns </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question295-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question295 id=question295_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question295_2> Club mosses </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question295-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question295 id=question295_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question295_3> Horsetails </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question295-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question295 id=question295_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question295_4> Ferns </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question295 id=question295_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class=quiz_section><div class='qsm-after-message mlw_qmn_message_end'><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Send_Your_Results_Optional></span>Send Your Results (Optional)<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3></div><div class="qsm_contact_div qsm-contact-type-text"> <span class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_question'>Your Name</span> <input type=text class name=contact_field_0 id=contact_field_0 value placeholder='Your Name'></div><div class="qsm_contact_div qsm-contact-type-email"> <span class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_question'>To Email</span> <input type=email class='mlwEmail ' name=contact_field_1 id=contact_field_1 value placeholder='To Email'></div></div></section> <input type=hidden name=qmn_question_list value=291Q292Q293Q294Q295Q><div id=mlw_error_message_bottom class="qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section"></div> <input type=hidden name=qmn_all_questions_count id=qmn_all_questions_count value=5> <input type=hidden name=total_questions id=total_questions value=5> <input type=hidden name=timer id=timer value=0> <input type=hidden name=timer_ms id=timer_ms value=0> <input type=hidden class=qmn_quiz_id name=qmn_quiz_id id=qmn_quiz_id value=57> <input type=hidden name=complete_quiz value=confirmation></form></div><div style="display: none;" class="qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide" id=modal-4 aria-hidden=false><div class=qsm-popup__overlay tabindex=-1 data-micromodal-close><div class="qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container" role=dialog aria-modal=true><div class=qsm-popup__content><img class=lazy decoding=async src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/plugins/quiz-master-next/assets/clock.png alt=clock.png><p class=qsm-time-up-text> Time's up</p></div><footer class=qsm-popup__footer><button class="qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn" data-micromodal-close aria-label="Close this dialog window" onclick=location.reload();>Cancel</button></footer></div></div></div><div class='heateor_sss_sharing_container heateor_sss_vertical_sharing' style='width:44px;right: -10px;top: 200px;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;' data-heateor-sss-href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/vascular-plants-ferns-and-relatives><div class=heateor_sss_sharing_ul><a aria-label=Facebook class=heateor_sss_facebook href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologyonline.com%2Ftutorials%2Fvascular-plants-ferns-and-relatives" title=Facebook rel="nofollow noopener" target=_blank style=font-size:32px!important;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle data-wpel-link=internal><span class=heateor_sss_svg style="background-color:#0765FE;width:40px;height:40px;margin:0;display:inline-block;opacity:1;float:left;font-size:32px;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;padding:0 4px;vertical-align:middle;background-repeat:repeat;overflow:hidden;padding:0;cursor:pointer;box-sizing:content-box"><svg style=display:block; 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2|CINK SLIM|CINK SLIM 2|CINK +|CINK KING|CINK PEAX|CINK SLIM|SUBLIM",iMobile:"i-mobile (IQ|i-STYLE|idea|ZAA|Hitz)",SimValley:"\\b(SP-80|XT-930|SX-340|XT-930|SX-310|SP-360|SP60|SPT-800|SP-120|SPT-800|SP-140|SPX-5|SPX-8|SP-100|SPX-8|SPX-12)\\b",Wolfgang:"AT-B24D|AT-AS50HD|AT-AS40W|AT-AS55HD|AT-AS45q2|AT-B26D|AT-AS50Q",Alcatel:"Alcatel",Nintendo:"Nintendo (3DS|Switch)",Amoi:"Amoi",INQ:"INQ",OnePlus:"ONEPLUS",GenericPhone:"Tapatalk|PDA;|SAGEM|\\bmmp\\b|pocket|\\bpsp\\b|symbian|Smartphone|smartfon|treo|up.browser|up.link|vodafone|\\bwap\\b|nokia|Series40|Series60|S60|SonyEricsson|N900|MAUI.*WAP.*Browser"},tablets:{iPad:"iPad|iPad.*Mobile",NexusTablet:"Android.*Nexus[\\s]+(7|9|10)",GoogleTablet:"Android.*Pixel C",SamsungTablet:"SAMSUNG.*Tablet|Galaxy.*Tab|SC-01C|GT-P1000|GT-P1003|GT-P1010|GT-P3105|GT-P6210|GT-P6800|GT-P6810|GT-P7100|GT-P7300|GT-P7310|GT-P7500|GT-P7510|SCH-I800|SCH-I815|SCH-I905|SGH-I957|SGH-I987|SGH-T849|SGH-T859|SGH-T869|SPH-P100|GT-P3100|GT-P3108|GT-P3110|GT-P5100|GT-P5110|GT-P6200|GT-P7320|GT-P7511|GT-N8000|GT-P8510|SGH-I497|SPH-P500|SGH-T779|SCH-I705|SCH-I915|GT-N8013|GT-P3113|GT-P5113|GT-P8110|GT-N8010|GT-N8005|GT-N8020|GT-P1013|GT-P6201|GT-P7501|GT-N5100|GT-N5105|GT-N5110|SHV-E140K|SHV-E140L|SHV-E140S|SHV-E150S|SHV-E230K|SHV-E230L|SHV-E230S|SHW-M180K|SHW-M180L|SHW-M180S|SHW-M180W|SHW-M300W|SHW-M305W|SHW-M380K|SHW-M380S|SHW-M380W|SHW-M430W|SHW-M480K|SHW-M480S|SHW-M480W|SHW-M485W|SHW-M486W|SHW-M500W|GT-I9228|SCH-P739|SCH-I925|GT-I9200|GT-P5200|GT-P5210|GT-P5210X|SM-T311|SM-T310|SM-T310X|SM-T210|SM-T210R|SM-T211|SM-P600|SM-P601|SM-P605|SM-P900|SM-P901|SM-T217|SM-T217A|SM-T217S|SM-P6000|SM-T3100|SGH-I467|XE500|SM-T110|GT-P5220|GT-I9200X|GT-N5110X|GT-N5120|SM-P905|SM-T111|SM-T2105|SM-T315|SM-T320|SM-T320X|SM-T321|SM-T520|SM-T525|SM-T530NU|SM-T230NU|SM-T330NU|SM-T900|XE500T1C|SM-P605V|SM-P905V|SM-T337V|SM-T537V|SM-T707V|SM-T807V|SM-P600X|SM-P900X|SM-T210X|SM-T230|SM-T230X|SM-T325|GT-P7503|SM-T531|SM-T330|SM-T530|SM-T705|SM-T705C|SM-T535|SM-T331|SM-T800|SM-T700|SM-T537|SM-T807|SM-P907A|SM-T337A|SM-T537A|SM-T707A|SM-T807A|SM-T237|SM-T807P|SM-P607T|SM-T217T|SM-T337T|SM-T807T|SM-T116NQ|SM-T116BU|SM-P550|SM-T350|SM-T550|SM-T9000|SM-P9000|SM-T705Y|SM-T805|GT-P3113|SM-T710|SM-T810|SM-T815|SM-T360|SM-T533|SM-T113|SM-T335|SM-T715|SM-T560|SM-T670|SM-T677|SM-T377|SM-T567|SM-T357T|SM-T555|SM-T561|SM-T713|SM-T719|SM-T813|SM-T819|SM-T580|SM-T355Y?|SM-T280|SM-T817A|SM-T820|SM-W700|SM-P580|SM-T587|SM-P350|SM-P555M|SM-P355M|SM-T113NU|SM-T815Y|SM-T585|SM-T285|SM-T825|SM-W708|SM-T835|SM-T830|SM-T837V|SM-T720|SM-T510|SM-T387V|SM-P610|SM-T290|SM-T515|SM-T590|SM-T595|SM-T725|SM-T817P|SM-P585N0|SM-T395|SM-T295|SM-T865|SM-P610N|SM-P615|SM-T970|SM-T380|SM-T5950|SM-T905|SM-T231|SM-T500|SM-T860",Kindle:"Kindle|Silk.*Accelerated|Android.*\\b(KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFOTE|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|WFJWAE|KFSAWA|KFSAWI|KFASWI|KFARWI|KFFOWI|KFGIWI|KFMEWI)\\b|Android.*Silk/[0-9.]+ like Chrome/[0-9.]+ (?!Mobile)",SurfaceTablet:"Windows NT [0-9.]+; ARM;.*(Tablet|ARMBJS)",HPTablet:"HP Slate (7|8|10)|HP ElitePad 900|hp-tablet|EliteBook.*Touch|HP 8|Slate 21|HP SlateBook 10",AsusTablet:"^.*PadFone((?!Mobile).)*$|Transformer|TF101|TF101G|TF300T|TF300TG|TF300TL|TF700T|TF700KL|TF701T|TF810C|ME171|ME301T|ME302C|ME371MG|ME370T|ME372MG|ME172V|ME173X|ME400C|Slider SL101|\\bK00F\\b|\\bK00C\\b|\\bK00E\\b|\\bK00L\\b|TX201LA|ME176C|ME102A|\\bM80TA\\b|ME372CL|ME560CG|ME372CG|ME302KL| K010 | K011 | K017 | K01E |ME572C|ME103K|ME170C|ME171C|\\bME70C\\b|ME581C|ME581CL|ME8510C|ME181C|P01Y|PO1MA|P01Z|\\bP027\\b|\\bP024\\b|\\bP00C\\b",BlackBerryTablet:"PlayBook|RIM Tablet",HTCtablet:"HTC_Flyer_P512|HTC Flyer|HTC Jetstream|HTC-P715a|HTC EVO View 4G|PG41200|PG09410",MotorolaTablet:"xoom|sholest|MZ615|MZ605|MZ505|MZ601|MZ602|MZ603|MZ604|MZ606|MZ607|MZ608|MZ609|MZ615|MZ616|MZ617",NookTablet:"Android.*Nook|NookColor|nook browser|BNRV200|BNRV200A|BNTV250|BNTV250A|BNTV400|BNTV600|LogicPD Zoom2",AcerTablet:"Android.*; \\b(A100|A101|A110|A200|A210|A211|A500|A501|A510|A511|A700|A701|W500|W500P|W501|W501P|W510|W511|W700|G100|G100W|B1-A71|B1-710|B1-711|A1-810|A1-811|A1-830)\\b|W3-810|\\bA3-A10\\b|\\bA3-A11\\b|\\bA3-A20\\b|\\bA3-A30|A3-A40",ToshibaTablet:"Android.*(AT100|AT105|AT200|AT205|AT270|AT275|AT300|AT305|AT1S5|AT500|AT570|AT700|AT830)|TOSHIBA.*FOLIO",LGTablet:"\\bL-06C|LG-V909|LG-V900|LG-V700|LG-V510|LG-V500|LG-V410|LG-V400|LG-VK810\\b",FujitsuTablet:"Android.*\\b(F-01D|F-02F|F-05E|F-10D|M532|Q572)\\b",PrestigioTablet:"PMP3170B|PMP3270B|PMP3470B|PMP7170B|PMP3370B|PMP3570C|PMP5870C|PMP3670B|PMP5570C|PMP5770D|PMP3970B|PMP3870C|PMP5580C|PMP5880D|PMP5780D|PMP5588C|PMP7280C|PMP7280C3G|PMP7280|PMP7880D|PMP5597D|PMP5597|PMP7100D|PER3464|PER3274|PER3574|PER3884|PER5274|PER5474|PMP5097CPRO|PMP5097|PMP7380D|PMP5297C|PMP5297C_QUAD|PMP812E|PMP812E3G|PMP812F|PMP810E|PMP880TD|PMT3017|PMT3037|PMT3047|PMT3057|PMT7008|PMT5887|PMT5001|PMT5002",LenovoTablet:"Lenovo TAB|Idea(Tab|Pad)( A1|A10| K1|)|ThinkPad([ ]+)?Tablet|YT3-850M|YT3-X90L|YT3-X90F|YT3-X90X|Lenovo.*(S2109|S2110|S5000|S6000|K3011|A3000|A3500|A1000|A2107|A2109|A1107|A5500|A7600|B6000|B8000|B8080)(-|)(FL|F|HV|H|)|TB-X103F|TB-X304X|TB-X304F|TB-X304L|TB-X505F|TB-X505L|TB-X505X|TB-X605F|TB-X605L|TB-8703F|TB-8703X|TB-8703N|TB-8704N|TB-8704F|TB-8704X|TB-8704V|TB-7304F|TB-7304I|TB-7304X|Tab2A7-10F|Tab2A7-20F|TB2-X30L|YT3-X50L|YT3-X50F|YT3-X50M|YT-X705F|YT-X703F|YT-X703L|YT-X705L|YT-X705X|TB2-X30F|TB2-X30L|TB2-X30M|A2107A-F|A2107A-H|TB3-730F|TB3-730M|TB3-730X|TB-7504F|TB-7504X|TB-X704F|TB-X104F|TB3-X70F|TB-X705F|TB-8504F|TB3-X70L|TB3-710F|TB-X704L",DellTablet:"Venue 11|Venue 8|Venue 7|Dell Streak 10|Dell Streak 7",YarvikTablet:"Android.*\\b(TAB210|TAB211|TAB224|TAB250|TAB260|TAB264|TAB310|TAB360|TAB364|TAB410|TAB411|TAB420|TAB424|TAB450|TAB460|TAB461|TAB464|TAB465|TAB467|TAB468|TAB07-100|TAB07-101|TAB07-150|TAB07-151|TAB07-152|TAB07-200|TAB07-201-3G|TAB07-210|TAB07-211|TAB07-212|TAB07-214|TAB07-220|TAB07-400|TAB07-485|TAB08-150|TAB08-200|TAB08-201-3G|TAB08-201-30|TAB09-100|TAB09-211|TAB09-410|TAB10-150|TAB10-201|TAB10-211|TAB10-400|TAB10-410|TAB13-201|TAB274EUK|TAB275EUK|TAB374EUK|TAB462EUK|TAB474EUK|TAB9-200)\\b",MedionTablet:"Android.*\\bOYO\\b|LIFE.*(P9212|P9514|P9516|S9512)|LIFETAB",ArnovaTablet:"97G4|AN10G2|AN7bG3|AN7fG3|AN8G3|AN8cG3|AN7G3|AN9G3|AN7dG3|AN7dG3ST|AN7dG3ChildPad|AN10bG3|AN10bG3DT|AN9G2",IntensoTablet:"INM8002KP|INM1010FP|INM805ND|Intenso Tab|TAB1004",IRUTablet:"M702pro",MegafonTablet:"MegaFon V9|\\bZTE V9\\b|Android.*\\bMT7A\\b",EbodaTablet:"E-Boda (Supreme|Impresspeed|Izzycomm|Essential)",AllViewTablet:"Allview.*(Viva|Alldro|City|Speed|All TV|Frenzy|Quasar|Shine|TX1|AX1|AX2)",ArchosTablet:"\\b(101G9|80G9|A101IT)\\b|Qilive 97R|Archos5|\\bARCHOS (70|79|80|90|97|101|FAMILYPAD|)(b|c|)(G10| Cobalt| TITANIUM(HD|)| Xenon| Neon|XSK| 2| XS 2| PLATINUM| CARBON|GAMEPAD)\\b",AinolTablet:"NOVO7|NOVO8|NOVO10|Novo7Aurora|Novo7Basic|NOVO7PALADIN|novo9-Spark",NokiaLumiaTablet:"Lumia 2520",SonyTablet:"Sony.*Tablet|Xperia Tablet|Sony Tablet S|SO-03E|SGPT12|SGPT13|SGPT114|SGPT121|SGPT122|SGPT123|SGPT111|SGPT112|SGPT113|SGPT131|SGPT132|SGPT133|SGPT211|SGPT212|SGPT213|SGP311|SGP312|SGP321|EBRD1101|EBRD1102|EBRD1201|SGP351|SGP341|SGP511|SGP512|SGP521|SGP541|SGP551|SGP621|SGP641|SGP612|SOT31|SGP771|SGP611|SGP612|SGP712",PhilipsTablet:"\\b(PI2010|PI3000|PI3100|PI3105|PI3110|PI3205|PI3210|PI3900|PI4010|PI7000|PI7100)\\b",CubeTablet:"Android.*(K8GT|U9GT|U10GT|U16GT|U17GT|U18GT|U19GT|U20GT|U23GT|U30GT)|CUBE U8GT",CobyTablet:"MID1042|MID1045|MID1125|MID1126|MID7012|MID7014|MID7015|MID7034|MID7035|MID7036|MID7042|MID7048|MID7127|MID8042|MID8048|MID8127|MID9042|MID9740|MID9742|MID7022|MID7010",MIDTablet:"M9701|M9000|M9100|M806|M1052|M806|T703|MID701|MID713|MID710|MID727|MID760|MID830|MID728|MID933|MID125|MID810|MID732|MID120|MID930|MID800|MID731|MID900|MID100|MID820|MID735|MID980|MID130|MID833|MID737|MID960|MID135|MID860|MID736|MID140|MID930|MID835|MID733|MID4X10",MSITablet:"MSI \\b(Primo 73K|Primo 73L|Primo 81L|Primo 77|Primo 93|Primo 75|Primo 76|Primo 73|Primo 81|Primo 91|Primo 90|Enjoy 71|Enjoy 7|Enjoy 10)\\b",SMiTTablet:"Android.*(\\bMID\\b|MID-560|MTV-T1200|MTV-PND531|MTV-P1101|MTV-PND530)",RockChipTablet:"Android.*(RK2818|RK2808A|RK2918|RK3066)|RK2738|RK2808A",FlyTablet:"IQ310|Fly Vision",bqTablet:"Android.*(bq)?.*\\b(Elcano|Curie|Edison|Maxwell|Kepler|Pascal|Tesla|Hypatia|Platon|Newton|Livingstone|Cervantes|Avant|Aquaris ([E|M]10|M8))\\b|Maxwell.*Lite|Maxwell.*Plus",HuaweiTablet:"MediaPad|MediaPad 7 Youth|IDEOS S7|S7-201c|S7-202u|S7-101|S7-103|S7-104|S7-105|S7-106|S7-201|S7-Slim|M2-A01L|BAH-L09|BAH-W09|AGS-L09|CMR-AL19",NecTablet:"\\bN-06D|\\bN-08D",PantechTablet:"Pantech.*P4100",BronchoTablet:"Broncho.*(N701|N708|N802|a710)",VersusTablet:"TOUCHPAD.*[78910]|\\bTOUCHTAB\\b",ZyncTablet:"z1000|Z99 2G|z930|z990|z909|Z919|z900",PositivoTablet:"TB07STA|TB10STA|TB07FTA|TB10FTA",NabiTablet:"Android.*\\bNabi",KoboTablet:"Kobo Touch|\\bK080\\b|\\bVox\\b Build|\\bArc\\b Build",DanewTablet:"DSlide.*\\b(700|701R|702|703R|704|802|970|971|972|973|974|1010|1012)\\b",TexetTablet:"NaviPad|TB-772A|TM-7045|TM-7055|TM-9750|TM-7016|TM-7024|TM-7026|TM-7041|TM-7043|TM-7047|TM-8041|TM-9741|TM-9747|TM-9748|TM-9751|TM-7022|TM-7021|TM-7020|TM-7011|TM-7010|TM-7023|TM-7025|TM-7037W|TM-7038W|TM-7027W|TM-9720|TM-9725|TM-9737W|TM-1020|TM-9738W|TM-9740|TM-9743W|TB-807A|TB-771A|TB-727A|TB-725A|TB-719A|TB-823A|TB-805A|TB-723A|TB-715A|TB-707A|TB-705A|TB-709A|TB-711A|TB-890HD|TB-880HD|TB-790HD|TB-780HD|TB-770HD|TB-721HD|TB-710HD|TB-434HD|TB-860HD|TB-840HD|TB-760HD|TB-750HD|TB-740HD|TB-730HD|TB-722HD|TB-720HD|TB-700HD|TB-500HD|TB-470HD|TB-431HD|TB-430HD|TB-506|TB-504|TB-446|TB-436|TB-416|TB-146SE|TB-126SE",PlaystationTablet:"Playstation.*(Portable|Vita)",TrekstorTablet:"ST10416-1|VT10416-1|ST70408-1|ST702xx-1|ST702xx-2|ST80208|ST97216|ST70104-2|VT10416-2|ST10216-2A|SurfTab",PyleAudioTablet:"\\b(PTBL10CEU|PTBL10C|PTBL72BC|PTBL72BCEU|PTBL7CEU|PTBL7C|PTBL92BC|PTBL92BCEU|PTBL9CEU|PTBL9CUK|PTBL9C)\\b",AdvanTablet:"Android.* 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Tab|\\bM6pro\\b|CT1020W|arc 10HD|\\bTP750\\b|\\bQTAQZ3\\b|WVT101|TM1088|KT107"},oss:{AndroidOS:"Android",BlackBerryOS:"blackberry|\\bBB10\\b|rim tablet os",PalmOS:"PalmOS|avantgo|blazer|elaine|hiptop|palm|plucker|xiino",SymbianOS:"Symbian|SymbOS|Series60|Series40|SYB-[0-9]+|\\bS60\\b",WindowsMobileOS:"Windows CE.*(PPC|Smartphone|Mobile|[0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})|Windows Mobile|Windows Phone [0-9.]+|WCE;",WindowsPhoneOS:"Windows Phone 10.0|Windows Phone 8.1|Windows Phone 8.0|Windows Phone OS|XBLWP7|ZuneWP7|Windows NT 6.[23]; ARM;",iOS:"\\biPhone.*Mobile|\\biPod|\\biPad|AppleCoreMedia",iPadOS:"CPU OS 13",SailfishOS:"Sailfish",MeeGoOS:"MeeGo",MaemoOS:"Maemo",JavaOS:"J2ME/|\\bMIDP\\b|\\bCLDC\\b",webOS:"webOS|hpwOS",badaOS:"\\bBada\\b",BREWOS:"BREW"},uas:{Chrome:"\\bCrMo\\b|CriOS|Android.*Chrome/[.0-9]* (Mobile)?",Dolfin:"\\bDolfin\\b",Opera:"Opera.*Mini|Opera.*Mobi|Android.*Opera|Mobile.*OPR/[0-9.]+$|Coast/[0-9.]+",Skyfire:"Skyfire",Edge:"\\bEdgiOS\\b|Mobile Safari/[.0-9]* Edge",IE:"IEMobile|MSIEMobile",Firefox:"fennec|firefox.*maemo|(Mobile|Tablet).*Firefox|Firefox.*Mobile|FxiOS",Bolt:"bolt",TeaShark:"teashark",Blazer:"Blazer",Safari:"Version((?!\\bEdgiOS\\b).)*Mobile.*Safari|Safari.*Mobile|MobileSafari",WeChat:"\\bMicroMessenger\\b",UCBrowser:"UC.*Browser|UCWEB",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser",DiigoBrowser:"DiigoBrowser",Mercury:"\\bMercury\\b",ObigoBrowser:"Obigo",NetFront:"NF-Browser",GenericBrowser:"NokiaBrowser|OviBrowser|OneBrowser|TwonkyBeamBrowser|SEMC.*Browser|FlyFlow|Minimo|NetFront|Novarra-Vision|MQQBrowser|MicroMessenger",PaleMoon:"Android.*PaleMoon|Mobile.*PaleMoon"},props:{Mobile:"Mobile/[VER]",Build:"Build/[VER]",Version:"Version/[VER]",VendorID:"VendorID/[VER]",iPad:"iPad.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPhone:"iPhone.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPod:"iPod.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",Kindle:"Kindle/[VER]",Chrome:["Chrome/[VER]","CriOS/[VER]","CrMo/[VER]"],Coast:["Coast/[VER]"],Dolfin:"Dolfin/[VER]",Firefox:["Firefox/[VER]","FxiOS/[VER]"],Fennec:"Fennec/[VER]",Edge:"Edge/[VER]",IE:["IEMobile/[VER];","IEMobile [VER]","MSIE [VER];","Trident/[0-9.]+;.*rv:[VER]"],NetFront:"NetFront/[VER]",NokiaBrowser:"NokiaBrowser/[VER]",Opera:[" OPR/[VER]","Opera Mini/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],"Opera Mini":"Opera Mini/[VER]","Opera Mobi":"Version/[VER]",UCBrowser:["UCWEB[VER]","UC.*Browser/[VER]"],MQQBrowser:"MQQBrowser/[VER]",MicroMessenger:"MicroMessenger/[VER]",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp/[VER]",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser/[VER]",SamsungBrowser:"SamsungBrowser/[VER]",Iron:"Iron/[VER]",Safari:["Version/[VER]","Safari/[VER]"],Skyfire:"Skyfire/[VER]",Tizen:"Tizen/[VER]",Webkit:"webkit[ /][VER]",PaleMoon:"PaleMoon/[VER]",SailfishBrowser:"SailfishBrowser/[VER]",Gecko:"Gecko/[VER]",Trident:"Trident/[VER]",Presto:"Presto/[VER]",Goanna:"Goanna/[VER]",iOS:" \\bi?OS\\b [VER][ ;]{1}",Android:"Android [VER]",Sailfish:"Sailfish [VER]",BlackBerry:["BlackBerry[\\w]+/[VER]","BlackBerry.*Version/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],BREW:"BREW [VER]",Java:"Java/[VER]","Windows Phone OS":["Windows Phone OS [VER]","Windows Phone [VER]"],"Windows Phone":"Windows Phone [VER]","Windows CE":"Windows CE/[VER]","Windows NT":"Windows NT [VER]",Symbian:["SymbianOS/[VER]","Symbian/[VER]"],webOS:["webOS/[VER]","hpwOS/[VER];"]},utils:{Bot:"Googlebot|facebookexternalhit|Google-AMPHTML|s~amp-validator|AdsBot-Google|Google Keyword Suggestion|Facebot|YandexBot|YandexMobileBot|bingbot|ia_archiver|AhrefsBot|Ezooms|GSLFbot|WBSearchBot|Twitterbot|TweetmemeBot|Twikle|PaperLiBot|Wotbox|UnwindFetchor|Exabot|MJ12bot|YandexImages|TurnitinBot|Pingdom|contentkingapp|AspiegelBot",MobileBot:"Googlebot-Mobile|AdsBot-Google-Mobile|YahooSeeker/M1A1-R2D2",DesktopMode:"WPDesktop",TV:"SonyDTV|HbbTV",WebKit:"(webkit)[ /]([\\w.]+)",Console:"\\b(Nintendo|Nintendo WiiU|Nintendo 3DS|Nintendo 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