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<div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Respirasi+sel" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Respirasi+sel" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Respirasi+sel" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Respirasi+sel" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Respirasi_aerob" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respirasi_aerob"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Respirasi aerob</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Respirasi_aerob-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Respirasi aerob</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Respirasi_aerob-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glikolisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glikolisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Glikolisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glikolisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dekarboksilasi_oksidatif_piruvat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dekarboksilasi_oksidatif_piruvat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dekarboksilasi oksidatif piruvat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dekarboksilasi_oksidatif_piruvat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kitar_Krebs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitar_Krebs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Kitar Krebs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitar_Krebs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fosforilasi_oksidatif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fosforilasi_oksidatif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Fosforilasi oksidatif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fosforilasi_oksidatif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penghasilan_ATP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penghasilan_ATP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Penghasilan ATP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penghasilan_ATP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respirasi_anerob" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respirasi_anerob"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Respirasi anerob</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respirasi_anerob-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermentasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermentasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fermentasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermentasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Respirasi sel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 65 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A" title="تنفس خلوي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنفس خلوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirasi_seluler" title="Respirasi seluler – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Respirasi seluler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="সবাত শ্বসন – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সবাত শ্বসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-pau_ho%CD%98-khip" title="Sè-pau ho͘-khip – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-pau ho͘-khip" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Тканкавае дыханне – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тканкавае дыханне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86elijsko_disanje" title="Ćelijsko disanje – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ćelijsko disanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analadur" title="Analadur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Analadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Клетъчно дишане – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клетъчно дишане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiraci%C3%B3_cel%C2%B7lular" title="Respiració cel·lular – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Respiració cel·lular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bun%C4%9B%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_d%C3%BDch%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Buněčné dýchání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buněčné dýchání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resbiradaeth_cellog" title="Resbiradaeth cellog – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Resbiradaeth cellog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerob_respiration" title="Aerob respiration – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aerob respiration" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellatmung" title="Zellatmung – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zellatmung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakuhingamine" title="Rakuhingamine – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rakuhingamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AE" title="Κυτταρική αναπνοή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυτταρική αναπνοή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cellular respiration" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiraci%C3%B3n_celular" title="Respiración celular – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Respiración celular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnasketa_zelular" title="Arnasketa zelular – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arnasketa zelular" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تنفس سلولی – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنفس سلولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_cellulaire" title="Respiration cellulaire – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Respiration cellulaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiraci%C3%B3n_celular" title="Respiración celular – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Respiración celular" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC_%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="세포 호흡 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세포 호흡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բջջային շնչառություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բջջային շնչառություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="कोशिकीय श्वसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोशिकीय श्वसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stani%C4%8Dno_disanje" title="Stanično disanje – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stanično disanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumu%C3%B6ndun" title="Frumuöndun – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumuöndun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirazione_cellulare" title="Respirazione cellulare – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Respirazione cellulare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נשימה תאית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשימה תאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%83" title="Биологиялық тотығу – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биологиялық тотығу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirasyon_selil%C3%A8" title="Respirasyon selilè – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Respirasyon selilè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henaseya_xaney%C3%AA" title="Henaseya xaneyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Henaseya xaneyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C5%ABnu_elpo%C5%A1ana" title="Šūnu elpošana – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šūnu elpošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Клеточно дишење – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клеточно дишење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="कोशीय श्वसन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोशीय श्वसन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Эсийн амьсгал – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эсийн амьсгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celademhaling" title="Celademhaling – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Celademhaling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="細胞呼吸 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="細胞呼吸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celle%C3%A5nding" title="Celleånding – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Celleånding" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiracion_cellulara" title="Respiracion cellulara – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Respiracion cellulara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubama_Soorataa" title="Gubama Soorataa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gubama Soorataa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujayra_nafas_olish_jarayoni" title="Hujayra nafas olish jarayoni – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hujayra nafas olish jarayoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddychanie_kom%C3%B3rkowe" title="Oddychanie komórkowe – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oddychanie komórkowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respira%C3%A7%C3%A3o_celular" title="Respiração celular – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Respiração celular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respira%C8%9Bie_celular%C4%83" title="Respirație celulară – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Respirație celulară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Клеточное дыхание – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клеточное дыхание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%A2" title="සෛලීය ශ්වසනය ජ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෛලීය ශ්වසනය ජ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cellular respiration" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDchac%C3%AD_re%C5%A5azec" title="Dýchací reťazec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dýchací reťazec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celi%C4%8Dno_dihanje" title="Celično dihanje – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Celično dihanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%95" title="خانە ھەناسە – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خانە ھەناسە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Ћелијско дисање – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ћелијско дисање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86elijsko_disanje" title="Ćelijsko disanje – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ćelijsko disanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9spirasi_s%C3%A9lul%C3%A9r" title="Réspirasi sélulér – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Réspirasi sélulér" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluhengitys" title="Soluhengitys – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soluhengitys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellandning" title="Cellandning – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cellandning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிரணு ஆற்றல் பரிமாற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரணு ஆற்றல் பரிமாற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="การหายใจระดับเซลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การหายใจระดับเซลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4_h%E1%BA%A5p_t%E1%BA%BF_b%C3%A0o" title="Hô hấp tế bào – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hô hấp tế bào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksijenli_solunum" title="Oksijenli solunum – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oksijenli solunum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Клітинне дихання – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клітинне дихання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diucaw_Sibauh" title="Diucaw Sibauh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Diucaw Sibauh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="呼吸作用 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="呼吸作用" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="呼吸作用 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="呼吸作用" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="呼吸作用 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="呼吸作用" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="呼吸作用 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="呼吸作用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912751#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Respirasi_sel" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Respirasi_sel" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Respirasi_sel"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Respirasi_sel"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Respirasi_sel" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Respirasi_sel" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&oldid=5697666" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Respirasi_sel&id=5697666&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRespirasi_sel"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRespirasi_sel"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Respirasi+sel"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Respirasi_sel&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cellular_respiration" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912751" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div 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berlaku dalam <a href="/wiki/Sel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel">sel</a> atau merentas <a href="/wiki/Membran_plasma" title="Membran plasma">membran plasma</a> untuk menghasilkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenaga_(biologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenaga (biologi) (laman tidak wujud)">tenaga biokimia</a> daripada molekul bahan api dan pelepasan sisa-sisa sel. Tenaga dilepaskan oleh <a href="/wiki/Pengoksidaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengoksidaan">pengoksidaan</a> molekul bahan api dan disimpan sebagai pembawa "tinggi tenaga". Tindak balas yang terlibat dalam respirasi ialah tindak balas <a href="/wiki/Katabolisme" title="Katabolisme">katabolisme</a> dalam metabolisme. </p><p>Molekul bahan api yang lazim digunakan oleh sel-sel dalam respirasi termasuk <a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino">asid amino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asid_lemak" title="Asid lemak">asid lemak</a> dan agen pengoksida yang biasa ialah molekul <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a>, O<sub>2</sub>. Terdapat organisma yang mampu berespirasi menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul_organik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekul organik (laman tidak wujud)">molekul organik</a> lain selain oksigen sebagai agen pengoksida. Organisme yang menggunakan oksigen ialah organisme <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aerob (laman tidak wujud)">aerob</a>, manakala organisme yang tidak menggunakan oksigen disebut <a href="/wiki/Anaerob" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerob">anaerob</a>. </p><p>Tenaga yang dilepaskan dalam respirasi digunakan untuk mensintesiskan molekul yang berperanan sebagai penyimpan kimia tenaga ini. Sebatian yang paling lazim digunakan ialah <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfat" title="Adenosina trifosfat">adenosina trifosfat</a> (ATP) dan tenaga kimia yang disimpannya boleh digunakan untuk pelbagai proses yang memerlukan tenaga, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Biosintesis" title="Biosintesis">biosintesis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerak_alih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerak alih (laman tidak wujud)">gerak alih</a> atau pengangkutan molekul merentas <a href="/wiki/Membran_plasma" title="Membran plasma">membran plasma</a>. Disebabkan ciri merata ini, ATP juga dikenali sebagai "mata wang tenaga sejagat", kerana jumlah ATP dalam sel menunjukkan beberapa banyak tenaga yang sedia ada untuk proses memerlukan tenaga. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Respirasi_aerob">Respirasi aerob</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Respirasi aerob" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Respirasi aerob"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Respirasi aerob memerlukan oksigen untuk menghasilkan tenaga (<a href="/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfat" title="Adenosina trifosfat">ATP</a>). Tindak balas ringkasnya (asas) ialah: </p> <dl><dd>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6 (aq)</sub> + 6O<sub>2 (g)</sub> → 6CO<sub>2 (g)</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> (l)</sub> ΔH<sub>c</sub> -2880 kJ</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glikolisis">Glikolisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Glikolisis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Glikolisis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Rencana utama untuk <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategori" title="Wikipedia:Kategori">kategori</a> ini ialah <b><a href="/wiki/Glikolisis" title="Glikolisis">Glikolisis</a></b>.</div></i></dd></dl> <p>Glikolisis adalah <a href="/wiki/Laluan_metabolisme" title="Laluan metabolisme">laluan metabolik</a> yang berlaku dalam <a href="/wiki/Sitoplasma" title="Sitoplasma">sitosol</a> sel dalam semua organisma hidup. Glikolisis boleh diterjemahkan secara literal sebagai "pemecahan gula",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan berlaku dengan atau tanpa kehadiran oksigen. Dalam keadaan aerobik, proses menukar satu molekul glukosa kepada dua molekul piruvat (asid piruvik), menjana tenaga dalam bentuk dua molekul bersih ATP. Empat molekul ATP setiap glukosa sebenarnya dihasilkan, tetapi dua dimakan sebagai sebahagian daripada fasa persediaan. Fosforilasi awal glukosa diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kereaktifan (menurunkan kestabilannya) agar molekul tersebut dibelah menjadi dua molekul piruvat oleh enzim aldolase. Semasa fasa pembayaran glikolisis, empat kumpulan fosfat dipindahkan ke ADP oleh fosforilasi peringkat substrat untuk membuat empat ATP, dan dua NADH dihasilkan apabila piruvat teroksida. Reaksi keseluruhan boleh dinyatakan dengan cara ini: </p><p>Glukosa + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 piruvat + 2 H+ + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + Tenaga </p><p>Bermula dengan glukosa, 1 ATP digunakan untuk menderma fosfat kepada glukosa untuk menghasilkan glukosa 6-fosfat. Glikogen boleh ditukar menjadi glukosa 6-fosfat juga dengan bantuan glikogen fosforilase. Semasa metabolisme tenaga, glukosa 6-fosfat menjadi fruktosa 6-fosfat. ATP tambahan digunakan untuk memfosforilasi fruktosa 6-fosfat kepada fruktosa 1,6-bifosfat dengan bantuan fosfofruktokinase. Fruktosa 1,6-bifosfat kemudian berpecah kepada dua molekul terfosforilasi dengan tiga rantai karbon yang kemudiannya terurai menjadi piruvat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dekarboksilasi_oksidatif_piruvat">Dekarboksilasi oksidatif piruvat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Dekarboksilasi oksidatif piruvat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Dekarboksilasi oksidatif piruvat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Rencana utama untuk <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategori" title="Wikipedia:Kategori">kategori</a> ini ialah <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dekarboksilasi_oksidatif_piruvat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dekarboksilasi oksidatif piruvat (laman tidak wujud)">Dekarboksilasi oksidatif piruvat</a></b>.</div></i></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Piruvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Piruvat">Piruvat</a> dioksidakan kepada asetil-KoA dan CO2 oleh kompleks piruvat dehidrogenase (PDC). PDC mengandungi berbilang salinan tiga enzim dan terletak dalam mitokondria sel eukariotik dan dalam sitosol prokariot. Dalam penukaran piruvat kepada asetil-KoA, satu molekul NADH dan satu molekul CO2 terbentuk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kitar_Krebs">Kitar Krebs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Kitar Krebs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kitar Krebs"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Rencana utama untuk <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategori" title="Wikipedia:Kategori">kategori</a> ini ialah <b><a href="/wiki/Kitaran_Krebs" title="Kitaran Krebs">Kitaran Krebs</a></b>.</div></i></dd></dl> <p>Ini juga dipanggil kitaran Krebs atau kitaran asid trikarboksilik. Apabila oksigen hadir, asetil-KoA terhasil daripada molekul piruvat yang terhasil daripada glikolisis. Sebaik sahaja asetil-KoA terbentuk, respirasi aerobik atau anaerobik boleh berlaku. Apabila oksigen hadir, mitokondria akan menjalani respirasi aerobik yang membawa kepada kitaran Krebs. Walau bagaimanapun, jika oksigen tidak hadir, penapaian molekul piruvat akan berlaku. Dengan kehadiran oksigen, apabila asetil-KoA dihasilkan, molekul kemudian memasuki kitaran asid sitrik (kitaran Krebs) di dalam matriks mitokondria, dan dioksidakan kepada CO2 manakala pada masa yang sama mengurangkan NAD kepada NADH. NADH boleh digunakan oleh rantai pengangkutan elektron untuk mencipta ATP selanjutnya sebagai sebahagian daripada fosforilasi oksidatif. Untuk mengoksidakan sepenuhnya setara dengan satu molekul glukosa, dua asetil-KoA mesti dimetabolismekan oleh kitaran Krebs. Dua bahan buangan bertenaga rendah, H2O dan CO2, dicipta semasa kitaran ini. </p><p>Kitaran asid sitrik ialah proses 8 langkah yang melibatkan 18 enzim dan ko-enzim yang berbeza. Semasa kitaran, asetil-KoA (2 karbon) + oksaloasetat (4 karbon) menghasilkan sitrat (6 karbon), yang disusun semula kepada bentuk yang lebih reaktif dipanggil isositrat (6 karbon). Isositrat diubah suai menjadi α-ketoglutarat (5 karbon), succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, dan, akhirnya, oksaloasetat. </p><p>Keuntungan bersih daripada satu kitaran ialah 3 NADH dan 1 FADH2 sebagai sebatian pembawa hidrogen (proton tambah elektron) dan 1 GTP bertenaga tinggi, yang kemudiannya boleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan ATP. Oleh itu, jumlah hasil daripada 1 molekul glukosa (2 molekul piruvat) ialah 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, dan 2 ATP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fosforilasi_oksidatif">Fosforilasi oksidatif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Fosforilasi oksidatif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Fosforilasi oksidatif"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Rencana utama untuk <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategori" title="Wikipedia:Kategori">kategori</a> ini ialah <b><a href="/wiki/Fosforilasi_oksidatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosforilasi oksidatif">Fosforilasi oksidatif</a></b>, <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rantai_pengangkutan_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rantai pengangkutan elektron (laman tidak wujud)">Rantai pengangkutan elektron</a></b> dan <b><a href="/wiki/ATP_sintase" title="ATP sintase">ATP sintase</a></b>.</div></i></dd></dl> <p>Dalam eukariota, fosforilasi oksidatif berlaku dalam krista mitokondria. Ia terdiri daripada rantai pengangkutan elektron yang mewujudkan kecerunan proton (potensi kemiosmotik) merentasi sempadan membran dalam dengan mengoksidakan NADH yang dihasilkan daripada kitaran Krebs. ATP disintesis oleh enzim ATP sintase apabila kecerunan chemiosmotic digunakan untuk memacu fosforilasi ADP. Elektron akhirnya dipindahkan ke oksigen eksogen dan, dengan penambahan dua proton, air terbentuk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penghasilan_ATP">Penghasilan ATP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Penghasilan ATP" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penghasilan ATP"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Respirasi_anerob">Respirasi anerob</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Respirasi anerob" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Respirasi anerob"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fermentasi">Fermentasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Fermentasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Fermentasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tanpa oksigen, piruvat (asid piruvik) tidak dimetabolismekan oleh respirasi selular tetapi melalui proses penapaian. Piruvat tidak diangkut ke dalam mitokondria tetapi kekal dalam sitoplasma, di mana ia ditukar kepada bahan buangan yang mungkin dikeluarkan dari sel. Ini berfungsi untuk mengoksidakan pembawa elektron supaya mereka boleh melakukan glikolisis semula dan mengeluarkan piruvat yang berlebihan. Penapaian mengoksidakan NADH kepada NAD+ supaya ia boleh digunakan semula dalam glikolisis. Dengan ketiadaan oksigen, penapaian menghalang pembentukan NADH dalam sitoplasma dan menyediakan NAD+ untuk glikolisis. Bahan buangan ini berbeza-beza bergantung kepada organisma. Dalam otot rangka, bahan buangan adalah asid laktik. Penapaian jenis ini dipanggil penapaian asid laktik. Dalam latihan yang berat, apabila permintaan tenaga melebihi bekalan tenaga, rantai pernafasan tidak dapat memproses semua atom hidrogen yang dicantumkan oleh NADH. Semasa glikolisis anaerobik, NAD+ menjana semula apabila pasangan hidrogen bergabung dengan piruvat untuk membentuk laktat. Pembentukan laktat dimangkinkan oleh laktat dehidrogenase dalam tindak balas boleh balik. Laktat juga boleh digunakan sebagai prekursor tidak langsung untuk glikogen hati. Semasa pemulihan, apabila oksigen tersedia, NAD+ melekat pada hidrogen daripada laktat untuk membentuk ATP. Dalam yis, bahan buangan adalah etanol dan karbon dioksida. Penapaian jenis ini dikenali sebagai penapaian alkohol atau etanol. ATP yang dihasilkan dalam proses ini dibuat oleh fosforilasi peringkat substrat, yang tidak memerlukan oksigen. </p><p>Penapaian kurang cekap menggunakan tenaga daripada glukosa: hanya 2 ATP dihasilkan setiap glukosa, berbanding dengan 38 ATP setiap glukosa yang dihasilkan secara nominal oleh respirasi aerobik. ATP glikolitik, bagaimanapun, dicipta lebih cepat. Untuk prokariot meneruskan kadar pertumbuhan yang pesat apabila ia beralih daripada persekitaran aerobik kepada persekitaran anaerobik, ia mesti meningkatkan kadar tindak balas glikolitik. Untuk organisma multiselular, semasa letusan pendek aktiviti berat, sel-sel otot menggunakan penapaian untuk menambah pengeluaran ATP daripada respirasi aerobik yang lebih perlahan, jadi penapaian boleh digunakan oleh sel walaupun sebelum tahap oksigen habis, seperti yang berlaku dalam sukan yang melakukannya. tidak memerlukan atlit untuk memacu diri, seperti lari pecut. </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metabolisme,_katabolisme,_anabolisme" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Metabolisme" title="Templat:Metabolisme"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Metabolisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Metabolisme (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Metabolisme&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolisme,_katabolisme,_anabolisme" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">Metabolisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katabolisme" title="Katabolisme">katabolisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabolisme" title="Anabolisme">anabolisme</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laluan_metabolisme" title="Laluan metabolisme">Laluan metabolisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rangkaian_metabolisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangkaian metabolisme (laman tidak wujud)">Rangkaian metabolisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_pemakanan_utama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumpulan pemakanan utama (laman tidak wujud)">Kumpulan pemakanan utama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bioenergetik" title="Bioenergetik">Metabolisme<br />tenaga</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_aerobik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Respirasi aerobik (laman tidak wujud)">Respirasi aerobik</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glikolisis" title="Glikolisis">Glikolisis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Piruvat_dehidrogenase" title="Piruvat dehidrogenase">Penyahkarboksilan piruvat</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kitaran_asid_sitrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitaran asid sitrik">Kitaran asid sitrik</a> → <a href="/wiki/Fosforilasi_oksidatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosforilasi oksidatif">Fosforilasi oksidatif</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rantai_pengangkutan_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rantai pengangkutan elektron (laman tidak wujud)">rantai pengangkutan elektron</a> + <a href="/wiki/ATP_sintase" title="ATP sintase">ATP sintase</a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_anaerobik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Respirasi anaerobik (laman tidak wujud)">Respirasi anaerobik</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>Penerima elektron selain oksigen</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penapaian" class="mw-disambig" title="Penapaian">Penapaian</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glikolisis" title="Glikolisis">Glikolisis</a> → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosforilasi_peringkat_substrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosforilasi peringkat substrat (laman tidak wujud)">Fosforilasi peringkat substrat</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penapaian_aseton-butanol-etanol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penapaian aseton-butanol-etanol (laman tidak wujud)">ABE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penapaian_etanol" title="Penapaian etanol">Etanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penapaian_asid_laktik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penapaian asid laktik (laman tidak wujud)">Asid laktik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laluan<br /> khusus</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme_protein" title="Metabolisme protein">Metabolisme protein</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosintesis_protein" title="Biosintesis protein">Sintesis protein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katabolisme_protein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katabolisme protein (laman tidak wujud)">Katabolisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme_karbohidrat" title="Metabolisme karbohidrat">Metabolisme karbohidrat</a><br />(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Katabolisme_karbohidrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katabolisme karbohidrat (laman tidak wujud)">katabolisme karbohidrat</a><br />dan <a href="/wiki/Anabolisme" title="Anabolisme">anabolisme</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manusia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glikolisis" title="Glikolisis">Glikolisis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Glukoneogenesis" title="Glukoneogenesis">Glukoneogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glikogenolisis" title="Glikogenolisis">Glikogenolisis</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Glikogenesis" title="Glikogenesis">Glikogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laluan_pentosa_fosfat" title="Laluan pentosa fosfat">Laluan pentosa fosfat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fruktolisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fruktolisis (laman tidak wujud)">Fruktolisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaktolisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaktolisis">Galaktolisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengglikosilan" title="Pengglikosilan">Pengglikosilan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengglikosilan_berkaitan_N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengglikosilan berkaitan N (laman tidak wujud)">berkaitan N</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengglikosilan_berkaitan_O&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengglikosilan berkaitan O (laman tidak wujud)">berkaitan O</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bukan manusia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">Fotosintesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotosintesis_anoksigenik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotosintesis anoksigenik (laman tidak wujud)">Fotosintesis anoksigenik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemosintesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemosintesis (laman tidak wujud)">Kemosintesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penetapan_karbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penetapan karbon (laman tidak wujud)">Penetapan karbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolisme_xilosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metabolisme xilosa (laman tidak wujud)">Metabolisme xilosa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulat_radiotrofik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulat radiotrofik (laman tidak wujud)">Radiotrofisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme_lipid" title="Metabolisme lipid">Metabolisme lipid</a> <br />(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipolisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipolisis (laman tidak wujud)">lipolisis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipogenesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipogenesis (laman tidak wujud)">lipogenesis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme_asid_lemak" title="Metabolisme asid lemak">Metabolisme asid lemak</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguraian_asid_lemak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penguraian asid lemak (laman tidak wujud)">Penguraian asid lemak</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengoksidaan_beta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengoksidaan beta (laman tidak wujud)">Pengoksidaan beta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintesis_asid_lemak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintesis asid lemak (laman tidak wujud)">Sintesis asid lemak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Metabolisme steroid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolisme_sfingolipid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metabolisme sfingolipid (laman tidak wujud)">Metabolisme sfingolipid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme_eikosanoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolisme eikosanoid">Metabolisme eikosanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketosis (laman tidak wujud)">Ketosis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengangkutan_kolesterol_songsang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengangkutan kolesterol songsang (laman tidak wujud)">Pengangkutan kolesterol songsang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino">Asid amino</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintesis_asid_amino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintesis asid amino (laman tidak wujud)">Sintesis asid amino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaran_urea" title="Kitaran urea">Kitaran urea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme_asid_nukleik" title="Metabolisme asid nukleik">Metabolisme nukleotida</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme_purina" title="Metabolisme purina">Metabolisme purina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyelamatan_nukleotida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyelamatan nukleotida (laman tidak wujud)">Penyelamatan nukleotida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme_pirimidina" title="Metabolisme pirimidina">Metabolisme pirimidina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_bioinorganik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia bioinorganik (laman tidak wujud)">Metabolisme logam</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolisme_besi_manusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metabolisme besi manusia (laman tidak wujud)">Metabolisme besi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabolisme_etanol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metabolisme etanol (laman tidak wujud)">Metabolisme etanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Campbell Biology Ninth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc</i>. Reece, Jane; Urry, Lisa; Cain, Michael; Wasserman, Steven; Minorsky, Peter; Jackson, Robert. 2010. m/s. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campbell+Biology+Ninth+Edition.+Pearson+Education%2C+Inc.&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Reece%2C+Jane%3B+Urry%2C+Lisa%3B+Cain%2C+Michael%3B+Wasserman%2C+Steven%3B+Minorsky%2C+Peter%3B+Jackson%2C+Robert&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3ARespirasi+sel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&oldid=5697666">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respirasi_sel&oldid=5697666</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Respirasi_sel" title="Kategori:Respirasi sel">Respirasi sel</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 07:14, 24 Oktober 2022.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. 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