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<li id="toc-1800–1851:_Origin_and_Jefferson's_contribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800–1851:_Origin_and_Jefferson's_contribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1800–1851: Origin and Jefferson's contribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800–1851:_Origin_and_Jefferson's_contribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1851–1865:_Weakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1851–1865:_Weakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1851–1865: Weakening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1851–1865:_Weakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1865–1897:_Spofford's_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1865–1897:_Spofford's_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1865–1897: Spofford's expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1865–1897:_Spofford's_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1897–1939:_Post-reorganization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1897–1939:_Post-reorganization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1897–1939: Post-reorganization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1897–1939:_Post-reorganization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1939–1987:_National_versus_legislative_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1939–1987:_National_versus_legislative_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1939–1987: National versus legislative role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1939–1987:_National_versus_legislative_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987–present:_Digitization_and_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987–present:_Digitization_and_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1987–present: Digitization and programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987–present:_Digitization_and_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holdings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holdings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Holdings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Holdings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Holdings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Holdings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Congressional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buildings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thomas_Jefferson_Building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Jefferson_Building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Thomas Jefferson Building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Jefferson_Building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Adams_Building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Adams_Building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>John Adams Building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Adams_Building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-James_Madison_Memorial_Building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_Madison_Memorial_Building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>James Madison Memorial Building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_Madison_Memorial_Building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packard_Campus_for_Audio-Visual_Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packard_Campus_for_Audio-Visual_Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packard_Campus_for_Audio-Visual_Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Copyright Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Annual events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Library of Congress</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteek_van_die_VSA-kongres" title="Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Biblioteek van die VSA-kongres" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Library of Congress" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="مكتبة الكونغرس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكتبة الكونغرس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B" title="দ্য লাইব্ৰেৰী অব্ কংগ্ৰেছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দ্য লাইব্ৰেৰী অব্ কংগ্ৰেছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_del_Congresu_d%27Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Biblioteca del Congresu d'Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biblioteca del Congresu d'Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqres_Kitabxanas%C4%B1" title="Konqres Kitabxanası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konqres Kitabxanası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="লাইব্রেরি অব কংগ্রেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাইব্রেরি অব কংগ্রেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_kok-h%C5%8De_t%C3%B4%CD%98-su-ko%C3%A1n" title="Bí-kok kok-hōe tô͘-su-koán – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok kok-hōe tô͘-su-koán" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Конгресс китапханаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Конгресс китапханаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Бібліятэка Кангрэса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бібліятэка Кангрэса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%83" title="Бібліятэка Кангрэсу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бібліятэка Кангрэсу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Библиотека на Конгреса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Библиотека на Конгреса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongresna_biblioteka" title="Kongresna biblioteka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kongresna biblioteka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Library of Congress" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_del_Congr%C3%A9s_dels_Estats_Units" title="Biblioteca del Congrés dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biblioteca del Congrés dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knihovna_Kongresu" title="Knihovna Kongresu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Knihovna Kongresu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyfrgell_y_Gyngres" title="Llyfrgell y Gyngres – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyfrgell y Gyngres" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Library of Congress" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Library of Congress" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_Kongressi_raamatukogu" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Kongressi raamatukogu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Kongressi raamatukogu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Βιβλιοθήκη του Κογκρέσου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιβλιοθήκη του Κογκρέσου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_del_Congreso_de_Estados_Unidos" title="Biblioteca del Congreso de Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblioteca del Congreso de Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongresa_Biblioteko_de_Usono" title="Kongresa Biblioteko de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kongresa Biblioteko de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Kongresuaren_Liburutegia" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Kongresuaren Liburutegia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Kongresuaren Liburutegia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87" title="کتابخانه کنگره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتابخانه کنگره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s" title="Bibliothèque du Congrès – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bibliothèque du Congrès" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Library of Congress" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabharlann_na_Comhdh%C3%A1la" title="Leabharlann na Comhdhála – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leabharlann na Comhdhála" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_do_Congreso_dos_Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Biblioteca do Congreso dos Estados Unidos de América – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Biblioteca do Congreso dos Estados Unidos de América" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C%EA%B4%80" title="미국 의회도서관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 의회도서관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Կոնգրեսի գրադարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնգրեսի գրադարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongresna_knji%C5%BEnica" title="Kongresna knjižnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kongresna knjižnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteko_di_Kongreso" title="Biblioteko di Kongreso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biblioteko di Kongreso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpustakaan_Kongres_Amerika_Serikat" title="Perpustakaan Kongres Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perpustakaan Kongres Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithala_leencwadi_leCongress" title="Ithala leencwadi leCongress – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ithala leencwadi leCongress" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_del_Congresso" title="Biblioteca del Congresso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biblioteca del Congresso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="ספריית הקונגרס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספריית הקונגרס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Library of Congress" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="კონგრესის ბიბლიოთეკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონგრესის ბიბლიოთეკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibloteka_Kongresu" title="Bibloteka Kongresu – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bibloteka Kongresu" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Конгресс кітапханасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Конгресс кітапханасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyverva_Kuntelles" title="Lyverva Kuntelles – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lyverva Kuntelles" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirt%C3%BBkxaneya_Kongrey%C3%AA" title="Pirtûkxaneya Kongreyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pirtûkxaneya Kongreyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Congressus_Civitatum_Foederatarum" title="Bibliotheca Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bibliotheca Congressus Civitatum Foederatarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongresa_bibliot%C4%93ka" title="Kongresa bibliotēka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kongresa bibliotēka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Library of Congress" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongreso_biblioteka" title="Kongreso biblioteka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kongreso biblioteka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_de_la_Congresa" title="Biblioteca de la Congresa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Biblioteca de la Congresa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongresszusi_K%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r" title="Kongresszusi Könyvtár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kongresszusi Könyvtár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Конгресна библиотека – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Конгресна библиотека" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ലൈബ്രറി ഓഫ് കോൺഗ്രസ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൈബ്രറി ഓഫ് കോൺഗ്രസ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="კონგრესიშ ბიბლიოთეკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კონგრესიშ ბიბლიოთეკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="مكتبة الكونجرس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مكتبة الكونجرس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpustakaan_Kongres_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Perpustakaan Kongres Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perpustakaan Kongres Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="АНУ-ын Конгрессын номын сан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="АНУ-ын Конгрессын номын сан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Library of Congress" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="アメリカ議会図書館 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ議会図書館" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Конгрессан библиотека – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Конгрессан библиотека" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Library of Congress" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongressbiblioteket_i_USA" title="Kongressbiblioteket i USA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongressbiblioteket i USA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliot%C3%A8ca_dau_Congr%C3%A8s" title="Bibliotèca dau Congrès – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bibliotèca dau Congrès" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongress_kutubxonasi" title="Kongress kutubxonasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kongress kutubxonasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਕਾਂਗਰਸ ਦੀ ਲਾਇਬ੍ਰੇਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਂਗਰਸ ਦੀ ਲਾਇਬ੍ਰੇਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کانگرس لائیبریری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کانگرس لائیبریری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="کانګرس کتابتون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کانګرس کتابتون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_Kongresu" title="Biblioteka Kongresu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biblioteka Kongresu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_do_Congresso" title="Biblioteca do Congresso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biblioteca do Congresso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Congresului_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Biblioteca Congresului Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biblioteca Congresului Statelor Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Библиотека Конгресса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Библиотека Конгресса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="කොන්ග්‍රස් පුස්තකාලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොන්ග්‍රස් පුස්තකාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Library of Congress" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Library of Congress" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongresna_knji%C5%BEnica" title="Kongresna knjižnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kongresna knjižnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%95" title="کتێبخانەی کۆنگرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کتێبخانەی کۆنگرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Конгресна библиотека – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конгресна библиотека" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongresna_biblioteka" title="Kongresna biblioteka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kongresna biblioteka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongressin_kirjasto" title="Kongressin kirjasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kongressin kirjasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_kongressbibliotek" title="USA:s kongressbibliotek – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s kongressbibliotek" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அமெரிக்கக் காங்கிரசு நூலகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமெரிக்கக் காங்கிரசு நூலகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Конгресс китапханәсе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Конгресс китапханәсе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్ లైబ్రరీ ఆఫ్ కాంగ్రెస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్ లైబ్రరీ ఆఫ్ కాంగ్రెస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2" title="หอสมุดรัฐสภา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หอสมุดรัฐสภา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81" title="Китобхонаи Конгресс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Китобхонаи Конгресс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongre_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="Kongre Kütüphanesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kongre Kütüphanesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83" title="Бібліотека Конгресу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бібліотека Конгресу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کتب خانہ کانگریس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتب خانہ کانگریس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0_vi%E1%BB%87n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_h%E1%BB%99i_(Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3)" title="Thư viện Quốc hội (Hoa Kỳ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thư viện Quốc hội (Hoa Kỳ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulod-Barasahan_han_Kongreso" title="Sulod-Barasahan han Kongreso – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sulod-Barasahan han Kongreso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%EF%BC%88%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="国会图书馆（美国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国会图书馆（美国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="國會圖書館 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國會圖書館" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut%C4%B1bxaney_Kongrey" title="Kutıbxaney Kongrey – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kutıbxaney Kongrey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="國會圖書館 (美國) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國會圖書館 (美國)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Library_of_Congress&params=38_53_19_N_77_0_17_W_region:US-DC_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°53′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°0′17″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.88861°N 77.00472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.88861; -77.00472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US Congress research library</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the United States Library of Congress. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Library of Congress (disambiguation)">Library of Congress (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Library of Congress</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg/220px-Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg/330px-Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg/440px-Logo_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="90" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg/250px-LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg/375px-LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg/500px-LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="4098" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Main reading room of the Library's <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Library_of_Congress&params=38_53_19_N_77_0_17_W_region:US-DC_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°53′19″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°0′17″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.88861°N 77.00472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.88861; -77.00472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">April 24, 1800<span class="noprint">; 224 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">April 24, 1800</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Collection</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">173 million items<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Access and use</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Circulation</th><td class="infobox-data">Onsite use only</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population served</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, citizens, and international visitors</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Other information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$802.128 million<sup id="cite_ref-2017annualreport_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017annualreport-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Director</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carla_Hayden" title="Carla Hayden">Carla Hayden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">3,105<sup id="cite_ref-2017annualreport_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017annualreport-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/">loc<wbr />.gov</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131454#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Library of Congress</b> (<b>LOC</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">research library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, serving as the <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> and research service for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> and the <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">national library</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica:_Library_of_Congress_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica:_Library_of_Congress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also administers <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">copyright law</a> through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a>. </p><p>Founded in 1800, the Library of Congress is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural policy of the United States">federal cultural institution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fascinating_Facts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is housed in three buildings on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>, adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/National_Audio-Visual_Conservation_Center" title="National Audio-Visual Conservation Center">National Audio-Visual Conservation Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper, Virginia</a>, and additional storage facilities at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Meade" title="Fort Meade">Fort George G. Meade</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabin_Branch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabin Branch (page does not exist)">Cabin Branch</a> in Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-GeneralInfo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeneralInfo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library's functions are overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">librarian of Congress</a>, and its buildings are maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">architect of the Capitol</a>. The LOC is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_libraries" title="List of largest libraries">largest libraries in the world</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica:_Library_of_Congress_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica:_Library_of_Congress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FFStats_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFStats-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> containing approximately 173 million items and employing over 3,000 staff. Its collections are "universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 470 languages".<sup id="cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fascinating_Facts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">Congress</a> moved to Washington in November 1800, a small congressional library was housed in the Capitol. Much of the original collection was lost in the August 1814 <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a> by the British during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Congress accepted former president <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s offer to sell his entire personal collection of 6,487 books to restore the library. The collection grew slowly and suffered another major fire in 1851, which destroyed two-thirds of Jefferson's original books. </p><p>The Library of Congress faced space shortages, understaffing, and lack of funding, until the American Civil War increased the importance of legislative research to meet the demands of a growing federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1870, the library gained the right to receive two copies of every <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">copyrightable work</a> printed in the United States; it also built its collections through acquisitions and donations. Between 1890 and 1897, a new library building, now the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a>, was constructed. Two additional buildings, the <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">John Adams Building</a> (opened in 1939) and the <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a> (opened in 1980), were later added. </p><p>The LOC's primary mission is to inform legislation, which it carries out through the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. The library is open to the public for research, although only members of Congress, their staff, and library employees may borrow materials for use outside the library.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loc_contruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="indigo progress construction photographs of the Library of Congress Jefferson Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Loc_contruction.jpg/220px-Loc_contruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="569" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Loc_contruction.jpg/330px-Loc_contruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Loc_contruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a> being constructed from 1888 to 1894</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800–1851:_Origin_and_Jefferson's_contribution"><span id="1800.E2.80.931851:_Origin_and_Jefferson.27s_contribution"></span>1800–1851: Origin and Jefferson's contribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1800–1851: Origin and Jefferson's contribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> proposed the idea of creating a congressional library in 1783. Though initially rejected, this was the first introduction of the concept. After the Revolutionary War, the Philadelphia Library Company and New York Society Library served as surrogate congressional libraries when Congress was in those cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Library of Congress was established on April 24, 1800, when President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> signed an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">act of Congress</a> that included appropriating $5,000 "for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress ... and for fitting up a suitable apartment for containing them."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Books were ordered from London, forming a collection of 740 books and three maps housed in the new <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_history_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> played a crucial role in shaping the Library of Congress. On January 26, 1802, he signed a bill allowing the president to appoint the <a href="/wiki/Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">librarian of Congress</a> and establishing a <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_the_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee on the Library">Joint Committee on the Library</a> to oversee it. The law also extended borrowing privileges to the president and vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1814, British forces occupied Washington and, in retaliation for American acts in Canada, burned several government buildings, including the Library of Congress. Most of its 3,000 volumes were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_history_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These volumes were held in the Senate wing of the Capitol; one surviving volume was a government account book from 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HistoryBurn_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryBurn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This volume was taken by British commander <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Cockburn,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet">George Cockburn</a> as a souvenir and returned to the U.S. by his family in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within a month, Jefferson offered to sell his large personal library<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a replacement. He had reconstituted his own collection after losing part of it to a fire. Congress accepted the offer in January 1815, appropriating $23,950 to purchase his 6,487 books.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_history_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some House members, like New Hampshire representative <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, opposed the purchase, wanting to exclude "books of an atheistical, irreligious, and immoral tendency".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jefferson's collection, gathered over 50 years, covered various subjects and languages, including topics not typically found in a legislative library.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed all subjects had a place in the Library of Congress, stating: </p> <blockquote><p>I do not know that it contains any branch of science which Congress would wish to exclude from their collection; there is, in fact, no subject to which a Member of Congress may not have occasion to refer.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Jefferson's library was a working collection for a scholar, not for display. It doubled the size of the original library, transforming it from a specialist's library to a more general one.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He organized his books based on <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Works_by_Francis_Bacon#Scientific_works" title="Works by Francis Bacon">organization of knowledge</a>, grouping them into Memory, Reason, and Imagination with 44 subdivisions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library used this scheme until the late 19th century when librarian <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Putnam" title="Herbert Putnam">Herbert Putnam</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress Classification</a>, now applying to over 138 million items. </p><p>A February 24, 1824, report from the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ways_and_Means" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Ways and Means">Committee of Ways and Means</a> recommended a $5,000 appropriation for the Library of Congress, noting the need to improve its collections in "Law, Politics, Commerce, History, and Geography," which were crucial for Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-gi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1851–1865:_Weakening"><span id="1851.E2.80.931865:_Weakening"></span>1851–1865: Weakening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1851–1865: Weakening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Library_of_Congress_in_the_U.S._Capitol_Building_LCCN2010649528.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Library_of_Congress_in_the_U.S._Capitol_Building_LCCN2010649528.jpg/220px-The_Library_of_Congress_in_the_U.S._Capitol_Building_LCCN2010649528.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Library_of_Congress_in_the_U.S._Capitol_Building_LCCN2010649528.jpg/330px-The_Library_of_Congress_in_the_U.S._Capitol_Building_LCCN2010649528.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Library_of_Congress_in_the_U.S._Capitol_Building_LCCN2010649528.jpg/440px-The_Library_of_Congress_in_the_U.S._Capitol_Building_LCCN2010649528.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6389" data-file-height="5146" /></a><figcaption>Library of Congress in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a> in 1853</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 24, 1851, the largest fire in the library's history destroyed 35,000 books, two-thirds of the library's collection, and two-thirds of Jefferson's original transfer. Congress appropriated $168,700 to replace the lost books in 1852 but not to acquire new materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (By 2008, the librarians of Congress had found replacements for all but 300 of the works that had been documented as being in Jefferson's original collection.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) This marked the start of a conservative period in the library's administration by librarian <a href="/wiki/John_Silva_Meehan" title="John Silva Meehan">John Silva Meehan</a> and joint committee chairman <a href="/wiki/James_A._Pearce" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Pearce">James A. Pearce</a>, who restricted the library's activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meehan and Pearce's views about a restricted scope for the Library of Congress reflected those shared by members of Congress. While Meehan was a librarian, he supported and perpetuated the notion that "the congressional library should play a limited role on the national scene and that its collections, by and large, should emphasize American materials of obvious use to the U.S. Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859, Congress transferred the library's public document distribution activities to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a> and its international book exchange program to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1850s, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> librarian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coffin_Jewett" title="Charles Coffin Jewett">Charles Coffin Jewett</a> aggressively tried to develop the Smithsonian as the United States national library. His efforts were rejected by Smithsonian secretary <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a>, who advocated a focus on scientific research and publication.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reinforce his intentions for the Smithsonian, Henry established laboratories, developed a robust physical sciences library, and started the <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Contributions_to_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge">Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge</a></i>, the first of many publications intended to disseminate research results.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Henry, the Library of Congress was the obvious choice as the national library. Unable to resolve the conflict, Henry dismissed Jewett in July 1854. </p><p>In 1865, the Smithsonian building, also called the Castle due to its Norman architectural style, was severely damaged by fire. This incident presented Henry with an opportunity related to the Smithsonian's non-scientific library. Around this time, the Library of Congress was planning to build and relocate to the new <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a>, designed to be fireproof.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authorized by an act of Congress, Henry transferred the Smithsonian's non-scientific library of 40,000 volumes to the Library of Congress in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/John_G._Stephenson" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Stephenson">John G. Stephenson</a> as librarian of Congress in 1861; the appointment is regarded as the most political to date.<sup id="cite_ref-John_G_Stephenson_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_G_Stephenson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephenson was a physician and spent equal time serving as librarian and as a physician in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>. He could manage this division of interest because he hired <a href="/wiki/Ainsworth_Rand_Spofford" title="Ainsworth Rand Spofford">Ainsworth Rand Spofford</a> as his assistant.<sup id="cite_ref-John_G_Stephenson_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_G_Stephenson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his new job, Stephenson focused on the war. Three weeks into his term as Librarian of Congress, he left Washington, D.C., to serve as a volunteer <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-John_G_Stephenson_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_G_Stephenson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephenson's hiring of Spofford, who directed the library in his absence, may have been his most significant achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-John_G_Stephenson_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_G_Stephenson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1865–1897:_Spofford's_expansion"><span id="1865.E2.80.931897:_Spofford.27s_expansion"></span>1865–1897: Spofford's expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1865–1897: Spofford's expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Library_of_Congress,_showing_three_levels_crowded_with_stacks_of_books_and_newspapers_LCCN2017646700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Library of Congress stacks in the Capitol building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Library_of_Congress%2C_showing_three_levels_crowded_with_stacks_of_books_and_newspapers_LCCN2017646700.jpg/170px-Library_of_Congress%2C_showing_three_levels_crowded_with_stacks_of_books_and_newspapers_LCCN2017646700.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Library_of_Congress%2C_showing_three_levels_crowded_with_stacks_of_books_and_newspapers_LCCN2017646700.jpg/255px-Library_of_Congress%2C_showing_three_levels_crowded_with_stacks_of_books_and_newspapers_LCCN2017646700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Library_of_Congress%2C_showing_three_levels_crowded_with_stacks_of_books_and_newspapers_LCCN2017646700.jpg/340px-Library_of_Congress%2C_showing_three_levels_crowded_with_stacks_of_books_and_newspapers_LCCN2017646700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Library of Congress in the Capitol Building in the 1890s</figcaption></figure> <p>Librarian <a href="/wiki/Ainsworth_Rand_Spofford" title="Ainsworth Rand Spofford">Ainsworth Rand Spofford</a>, who directed the Library of Congress from 1865 to 1897, built broad bipartisan support to develop it as a national library and a legislative resource.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was aided by expansion of the federal government after the war and a favorable political climate. He began comprehensively collecting <a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a>, led the construction of a new building to house the library, and transformed the librarian of Congress position into one of strength and independence. Between 1865 and 1870, Congress appropriated funds for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a>, placed all <a href="/wiki/Copyright_registration" title="Copyright registration">copyright registration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copyright_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright deposit">deposit</a> activities under the library's control, and restored the international book exchange. The library also acquired the vast libraries of the Smithsonian and of historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Force" title="Peter Force">Peter Force</a>, strengthening its scientific and Americana collections significantly. By 1876, the Library of Congress had 300,000 volumes; it was tied with the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library" title="Boston Public Library">Boston Public Library</a> as the nation's largest library. It moved from the Capitol building to its new headquarters in 1897 with more than 840,000 volumes, 40 percent of which had been acquired through copyright deposit.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_history_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year before the library's relocation, the Joint Library Committee held hearings to assess the condition of the library and plan for its future growth and possible reorganization. Spofford and six experts sent by the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> testified that the library should continue its expansion to become a true national library. Based on the hearings, Congress authorized a budget that allowed the library to more than double its staff, from 42 to 108 persons. Senators <a href="/wiki/Justin_Morrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Morrill">Justin Morrill</a> of Vermont and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Daniel W. Voorhees</a> of Indiana were particularly helpful in gaining this support. The library also established new administrative units for all aspects of the collection. In its bill, Congress strengthened the role of librarian of Congress: it became responsible for governing the library and making staff appointments. As with presidential Cabinet appointments, the Senate was required to approve presidential appointees to the position.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_history_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Dwyer" title="Bessie Dwyer">Elizabeth Dwyer</a> became the first woman to be appointed to the staff of the library.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1897–1939:_Post-reorganization"><span id="1897.E2.80.931939:_Post-reorganization"></span>1897–1939: Post-reorganization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1897–1939: Post-reorganization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Library_of_Congress,_Washington,_D.C._-_c._1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Congressional Library. View from the U.S. Capitol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Library_of_Congress%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._-_c._1902.jpg/220px-Library_of_Congress%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._-_c._1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Library_of_Congress%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._-_c._1902.jpg/330px-Library_of_Congress%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._-_c._1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Library_of_Congress%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._-_c._1902.jpg/440px-Library_of_Congress%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._-_c._1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4307" data-file-height="3067" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> of the five-year old <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Library of Congress</a> in its new building, built 1890-1897, pictured in 1902, (since renamed in 1980) <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a> for third President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, (1743-1826, served 1801-1809)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Library_of_Congress_and_lawn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of west colonnade by Carol M. Highsmith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Library_of_Congress_and_lawn.jpg/220px-Library_of_Congress_and_lawn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Library_of_Congress_and_lawn.jpg/330px-Library_of_Congress_and_lawn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Library_of_Congress_and_lawn.jpg/440px-Library_of_Congress_and_lawn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2166" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a>, built 1890-1897, the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Library of Congress</a>'s main building, on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, showing West side colonnade of Jefferson Building, viewed from across First Street and the grounds of the East Front of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With this support and the 1897 reorganization upon moving into its new home, the Library of Congress began to grow and develop more rapidly. Librarian Spofford's successor <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Young" title="John Russell Young">John Russell Young</a> overhauled the library's bureaucracy, used his connections as a former diplomat to acquire more materials from around the world, and established the library's first assistance programs for the blind and physically disabled, with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Service_for_the_Blind_and_Print_Disabled" title="National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled">National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled</a>. </p><p>Librarian Young's successor <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Putnam" title="Herbert Putnam">Herbert Putnam</a> held the office for forty years of the <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a> from 1899 to 1939. Two years after he took office, the library became the first in the United States to hold one million volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_history_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putnam focused his efforts to make the library more accessible and useful for the public and for other libraries. He instituted the <a href="/wiki/Interlibrary_loan" title="Interlibrary loan">interlibrary loan</a> service, transforming the Library of Congress into what he referred to as a "library of last resort".<sup id="cite_ref-interlibrary_loan_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interlibrary_loan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putnam also expanded library access to "scientific investigators and duly qualified individuals", and began publishing <a href="/wiki/Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sources">primary sources</a> for the benefit of scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_history_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Putnam's tenure, the library broadened the diversity of its acquisitions. In 1903, Putnam persuaded President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> to use an executive order to transfer the papers of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> from the State Department to the Library of Congress. </p><p>Putnam expanded foreign acquisitions as well, including the 1904 purchase of a 4,000-volume library of Indica, the 1906 purchase of G. V. Yudin's 80,000-volume Russian library, the 1908 Schatz collection of early opera <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">librettos</a>, and the early 1930s purchase of the Russian Imperial Collection, consisting of 2,600 volumes from the library of the <a href="/wiki/Romanov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov family">Romanov family</a> on a variety of topics. Collections of <a href="/wiki/Hebraica" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebraica">Hebraica</a>, Chinese, and Japanese works were also acquired. On one occasion, Congress initiated an acquisition: in 1929 Congressman <a href="/wiki/Ross_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Ross Collins">Ross Collins</a> (D-Mississippi) gained approval for the library to purchase <a href="/wiki/Otto_Vollbehr" title="Otto Vollbehr">Otto Vollbehr</a>'s collection of <a href="/wiki/Incunabula" class="mw-redirect" title="Incunabula">incunabula</a> for $1.5 million. This collection included one of three remaining perfect <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> copies of the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_history_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutenberg_Bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gutenberg Bible on display at the Library of Congress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gutenberg_Bible.jpg/220px-Gutenberg_Bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gutenberg_Bible.jpg/330px-Gutenberg_Bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gutenberg_Bible.jpg/440px-Gutenberg_Bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a> on display at the Library of Congress</figcaption></figure> <p>Putnam established the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Reference_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Reference Service">Legislative Reference Service</a> (LRS) in 1914 as a separative administrative unit of the library. Based on the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive era">Progressive era</a>'s philosophy of science to be used to solve problems, and modeled after successful research branches of state legislatures, the LRS would provide informed answers to Congressional research inquiries on almost any topic. Congress passed in 1925 an act allowing the Library of Congress to establish a trust fund board to accept donations and endowments, giving the library a role as a <a href="/wiki/Patron_of_the_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron of the arts">patron of the arts</a>. The library received donations and endowments by such prominent wealthy individuals as <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>, James B. Wilbur, and <a href="/wiki/Archer_M._Huntington" class="mw-redirect" title="Archer M. Huntington">Archer M. Huntington</a>. Gertrude Clarke Whittall donated five <a href="/wiki/List_of_Stradivarius_instruments#Violins" title="List of Stradivarius instruments">Stradivarius violins</a> to the library. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Sprague_Coolidge" title="Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge">Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge</a>'s donations paid for a <a href="/wiki/Concert_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Concert hall">concert hall</a> to be constructed within the Library of Congress building and an <a href="/wiki/Honorarium" title="Honorarium">honorarium</a> established for the Music Division to pay live performers for concerts. A number of chairs and consultantships were established from the donations, the most well-known of which is the <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate_Consultant_in_Poetry_to_the_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress">Poet Laureate Consultant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_history_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library's expansion eventually filled the library's Main Building, although it used shelving expansions in 1910 and 1927. The library needed to expand into a new structure. Congress acquired nearby land in 1928 and approved construction of the Annex Building (later known as the <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">John Adams Building</a>) in 1930. Although delayed during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Depression</a> years, it was completed in 1938 and opened to the public in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_history_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1939–1987:_National_versus_legislative_role"><span id="1939.E2.80.931987:_National_versus_legislative_role"></span>1939–1987: National versus legislative role</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1939–1987: National versus legislative role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adams_Building_1938_(31274181753).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Adams_Building_1938_%2831274181753%29.jpg/220px-Adams_Building_1938_%2831274181753%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Adams_Building_1938_%2831274181753%29.jpg/330px-Adams_Building_1938_%2831274181753%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Adams_Building_1938_%2831274181753%29.jpg/440px-Adams_Building_1938_%2831274181753%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption>What is now the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Library of Congress</a>'s second structure of the <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">John Adams Building</a> opened in 1939, on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After Putnam retired in 1939, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> appointed poet and writer <a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLeish" title="Archibald MacLeish">Archibald MacLeish</a> as his successor. Occupying the post from 1939 to 1944 during the height of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, MacLeish became the most widely known librarian of Congress in the library's history. MacLeish encouraged librarians to oppose <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> on behalf of democracy; dedicated the South Reading Room of the Adams Building to Thomas Jefferson, and commissioned artist <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Winter" title="Ezra Winter">Ezra Winter</a> to paint four themed murals for the room. He established a "democracy alcove" in the Main Reading Room of the Jefferson Building for essential documents such as the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i>. The Library of Congress assisted during the war effort, ranging from storage of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Knox" title="Fort Knox">Fort Knox</a> for safekeeping to researching weather data on the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> pilots. MacLeish resigned in 1944 when appointed as Assistant Secretary of State. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Luther_H._Evans" title="Luther H. Evans">Luther H. Evans</a> as Librarian of Congress. Evans, who served until 1953, expanded the library's acquisitions, cataloging, and bibliographic services. But he is best known for creating Library of Congress Missions worldwide. Missions played a variety of roles in the postwar world: the mission in San Francisco assisted participants in the <a href="/wiki/Meeting_that_established_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Meeting that established the United Nations">meeting that established the United Nations</a>, the mission in Europe acquired European publications for the Library of Congress and other American libraries, and the mission in Japan aided in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">National Diet Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_history_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Reading_Room,_with_murals_by_Ezra_Winter._Library_of_Congress_John_Adams_Building,_Washington,_D.C._LCCN2007687090.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/South_Reading_Room%2C_with_murals_by_Ezra_Winter._Library_of_Congress_John_Adams_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN2007687090.jpg/220px-South_Reading_Room%2C_with_murals_by_Ezra_Winter._Library_of_Congress_John_Adams_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN2007687090.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/South_Reading_Room%2C_with_murals_by_Ezra_Winter._Library_of_Congress_John_Adams_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN2007687090.jpg/330px-South_Reading_Room%2C_with_murals_by_Ezra_Winter._Library_of_Congress_John_Adams_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN2007687090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/South_Reading_Room%2C_with_murals_by_Ezra_Winter._Library_of_Congress_John_Adams_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN2007687090.jpg/440px-South_Reading_Room%2C_with_murals_by_Ezra_Winter._Library_of_Congress_John_Adams_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN2007687090.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7240" data-file-height="4982" /></a><figcaption>Adams Building – South Reading Room, with murals by <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Winter" title="Ezra Winter">Ezra Winter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Evans' successor <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Quincy_Mumford" title="Lawrence Quincy Mumford">Lawrence Quincy Mumford</a> took over in 1953. During his tenure, lasting until 1974, Mumford directed the initiation of construction of the <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a>, the third Library of Congress building on Capitol Hill. Mumford led the library during the government's increased educational spending. The library was able to establish new acquisition centers abroad, including in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>. In 1967, the library began experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Book_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Book preservation">book preservation</a> techniques through a Preservation Office. This has developed as the most extensive library research and conservation effort in the United States. </p><p>During Mumford's administration, the last significant public debate occurred about the Library of Congress's role as both a legislative and national library. Asked by Joint Library Committee chairman Senator <a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Claiborne Pell</a> (D-RI) to assess operations and make recommendations, Douglas Bryant of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Library">Harvard University Library</a> proposed several institutional reforms. These included expanding national activities and services and various organizational changes, all of which would emphasize the library's federal role rather than its legislative role. Bryant suggested changing the name of the Library of Congress, a recommendation rebuked by Mumford as "unspeakable violence to tradition." The debate continued within the library community for some time. The <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Reorganization_Act_of_1970" title="Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970">Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970</a> renewed emphasis for the library on its legislative roles, requiring a greater focus on research for Congress and congressional committees, and renaming the Legislative Reference Service as the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_history_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesMadisonMemorialBuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/JamesMadisonMemorialBuilding.jpg/220px-JamesMadisonMemorialBuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/JamesMadisonMemorialBuilding.jpg/330px-JamesMadisonMemorialBuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/JamesMadisonMemorialBuilding.jpg/440px-JamesMadisonMemorialBuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a> opened in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After Mumford retired in 1974, President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> appointed historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Daniel J. Boorstin</a> as a librarian. Boorstin's first challenge was to manage the relocation of some sections to the new Madison Building, which took place between 1980 and 1982. With this accomplished, Boorstin focused on other areas of library administration, such as acquisitions and collections. Taking advantage of steady budgetary growth, from $116 million in 1975 to over $250 million by 1987, Boorstin enhanced institutional and staff ties with scholars, authors, publishers, cultural leaders, and the business community. His activities changed the post of librarian of Congress so that by the time he retired in 1987, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> called this office "perhaps the leading intellectual public position in the nation." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987–present:_Digitization_and_programs"><span id="1987.E2.80.93present:_Digitization_and_programs"></span>1987–present: Digitization and programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1987–present: Digitization and programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> nominated historian <a href="/wiki/James_H._Billington" title="James H. Billington">James H. Billington</a> as the 13th librarian of Congress in 1987, and the U.S. Senate unanimously confirmed the appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-loc.gov_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Billington's leadership, the library doubled the size of its analog collections from 85.5 million items in 1987 to more than 160 million items in 2014. At the same time, it established new programs and employed new technologies to "get the champagne out of the bottle". These included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Memory" title="American Memory">American Memory</a> created in 1990, which became the <a href="/wiki/National_Digital_Library_Program" title="National Digital Library Program">National Digital Library</a> in 1994. It provides free access online to digitized American history and culture resources, including <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>, with curatorial explanations to support use in <a href="/wiki/K-12_education" class="mw-redirect" title="K-12 education">K-12 education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THOMAS.gov" class="mw-redirect" title="THOMAS.gov">Thomas.gov</a> website launched in 1994 to provide free public access to U.S. federal legislative information with ongoing updates; and <a href="/wiki/Congress.gov" title="Congress.gov">Congress.gov</a> website to provide a state-of-the-art framework for both Congress and the public in 2012;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Book_Festival" title="National Book Festival">National Book Festival</a>, founded in 2001 with First Lady <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has attracted more than 1,000 authors and a million guests to the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Convention_Center" title="Washington Convention Center">Washington Convention Center</a> to celebrate reading. With a major gift from <a href="/wiki/David_Rubenstein" title="David Rubenstein">David Rubenstein</a> in 2013, the library established the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Literacy_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Literacy Awards">Library of Congress Literacy Awards</a> to recognize and support achievements in improving literacy in the U.S. and abroad;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kluge_Center" title="John W. Kluge Center">Kluge Center</a>, started with a grant of $60 million from <a href="/wiki/John_W._Kluge" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Kluge">John W. Kluge</a> in 2000, brings international scholars and researchers to use library resources and to interact with policymakers and the public. It hosts public lectures and scholarly events, provides endowed Kluge fellowships, and awards the <a href="/wiki/Kluge_Prize" title="Kluge Prize">Kluge Prize for the Study of Humanity</a> (now worth $1.5 million), the first Nobel-level international prize for lifetime achievement in the humanities and social sciences (subjects not included in the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel awards">Nobel awards</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_World_Leadership_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Open World Leadership Center">Open World Leadership Center</a>, established in 2000; by 2015 this program administered 23,000 professional exchanges for emerging post-Soviet leaders in Russia, Ukraine, and other successor states of the former <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. Open World began as a Library of Congress project, and later was established as an independent agency in the legislative branch.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_History_Project" title="Veterans History Project">Veterans History Project</a>, congressionally mandated in 2000 to collect, preserve, and make accessible the personal accounts of American war veterans from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> to the present day;<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Audio-Visual_Conservation_Center" title="National Audio-Visual Conservation Center">National Audio-Visual Conservation Center</a> opened in 2007 at a 45-acre site in <a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper, Virginia</a>, established with a gift of more than $150 million by the <a href="/wiki/Packard_Humanities_Institute" title="Packard Humanities Institute">Packard Humanities Institute</a>, and $82.1 million in additional support from Congress.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erotica_at_Library_of_Congress,_Washington_D.C._02223u_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="mural painting titled Erotica, by George Randolph Bars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Erotica_at_Library_of_Congress%2C_Washington_D.C._02223u_original.jpg/170px-Erotica_at_Library_of_Congress%2C_Washington_D.C._02223u_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Erotica_at_Library_of_Congress%2C_Washington_D.C._02223u_original.jpg/255px-Erotica_at_Library_of_Congress%2C_Washington_D.C._02223u_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Erotica_at_Library_of_Congress%2C_Washington_D.C._02223u_original.jpg/340px-Erotica_at_Library_of_Congress%2C_Washington_D.C._02223u_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4768" data-file-height="6578" /></a><figcaption><i>Erotica</i>, mural painting by <a href="/wiki/George_Randolph_Barse" title="George Randolph Barse">George Randolph Barse</a> in the library's main building</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1988, the library has administered the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Preservation_Board" title="National Film Preservation Board">National Film Preservation Board</a>. Established by congressional mandate, it selects twenty-five American films annually for preservation and inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a>, a collection of American films, for which the Library of Congress accepts nominations each year.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There also exists a <a href="/wiki/National_Recording_Registry" title="National Recording Registry">National Recording Registry</a> administered by the <a href="/wiki/National_Recording_Preservation_Board" title="National Recording Preservation Board">National Recording Preservation Board</a> that serves a similar purpose for music and sound recordings. </p><p>The library has made some of these available on the Internet for free streaming and additionally has provided brief essays on the films that have been added to the registry.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, the librarian had named 650 films to the registry.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The films in the collection date from the earliest period to ones produced more than ten years ago; they are selected from nominations submitted to the board. Further programs included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gershwin_Prize_for_Popular_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershwin Prize for Popular Song">Gershwin Prize for Popular Song</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was launched in 2007 to honor the work of an artist whose career reflects lifetime achievement in song composition. Winners have included <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hal_David" title="Hal David">Hal David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a>, as of 2015. The library also launched the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Living_Legend" title="Library of Congress Living Legend">Living Legend Awards</a> in 2000 to honor artists, activists, filmmakers, and others who have contributed to America's diverse cultural, scientific, and social heritage;</li> <li>Fiction Prize (now the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Prize_for_American_Fiction" title="Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction">Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction</a>) was started in 2008 to recognize distinguished lifetime achievement in the writing of fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>, established in association with <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and 181 partners in 81 countries in 2009, makes copies of professionally curated primary materials of the world's varied cultures freely available online in multiple languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Background_-_World_Digital_Library_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Background_-_World_Digital_Library-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>National Jukebox, launched in 2011, provides streaming free online access to more than 10,000 out-of-print music and spoken-word recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>BARD was started in 2013; it is a digital, talking books <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile app</a> for <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">braille</a> and audio reading downloads, in partnership with the library's <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Service_for_the_Blind_and_Print_Disabled" title="National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled">National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled</a>. It enables free downloads of audio and braille books to mobile devices via the <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS)">Apple App Store</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>During Billington's tenure, the library acquired <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette">General Lafayette</a>'s papers in 1996 from a castle at La Grange, France; they had previously been inaccessible. </p><p>It also acquired the only copy of the 1507 <a href="/wiki/Waldseem%C3%BCller_map" title="Waldseemüller map">Waldseemüller world map</a> ("America's birth certificate") in 2003; it is on permanent display in the library's Thomas Jefferson Building. </p><p>Using privately raised funds, the Library of Congress has created a reconstruction of Thomas Jefferson's original library. This has been on permanent display in the Jefferson building since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minerva_of_Peace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="mosaic wall decoration Minerva of Peace mosaic by Elihu Vedder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Minerva_of_Peace.jpg/170px-Minerva_of_Peace.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Minerva_of_Peace.jpg/255px-Minerva_of_Peace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Minerva_of_Peace.jpg/340px-Minerva_of_Peace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> of Peace</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Vedder" title="Elihu Vedder">Elihu Vedder</a> in the library's main building</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Billington, public spaces of the Jefferson Building were enlarged and technologically enhanced to serve as a national exhibition venue. It has hosted more than 100 exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included exhibits on the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> and the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a></span></span>, several on the Civil War and Lincoln, on African-American culture, on Religion and the founding of the American Republic, the Early Americas (the Kislak Collection became a permanent display), on the global celebration commemorating the 800th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, and on early American printing, featuring the Rubenstein <a href="/wiki/Bay_Psalm_Book" title="Bay Psalm Book">Bay Psalm Book</a>. </p><p>Onsite access to the Library of Congress has been increased. Billington gained an underground connection between the new U.S. Capitol Visitors Center and the library in 2008 in order to increase both congressional usage and public tours of the library's Thomas Jefferson Building.<sup id="cite_ref-loc.gov_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, the library began a <a href="/wiki/Mass_deacidification" title="Mass deacidification">mass deacidification</a> program, in order to extend the lifespan of almost 4 million volumes and 12 million manuscript sheets. In 2002, a new storage facility was completed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Meade,_Maryland" title="Fort Meade, Maryland">Fort Meade, Maryland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GeneralInfo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeneralInfo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a collection of storage modules have preserved and made accessible more than 4 million items from the library's analog collections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Billington established the Library Collections Security Oversight Committee in 1992 to improve protection of the collections, and also the Library of Congress Congressional Caucus in 2008 to draw attention to the library's curators and collections. He created the library's first Young Readers Center in the Jefferson Building in 2009, and the first large-scale summer intern (Junior Fellows) program for university students in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Billington, the library sponsored the Gateway to Knowledge in 2010 to 2011, a mobile exhibition to ninety sites, covering all states east of the Mississippi, in a specially designed eighteen-wheel truck. This increased public access to library collections off-site, particularly for rural populations, and helped raise awareness of what was also available online.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Billington raised more than half a billion dollars of private support to supplement Congressional appropriations for library collections, programs, and digital outreach. These private funds helped the library to continue its growth and outreach in the face of a 30% decrease in staffing, caused mainly by legislative appropriations cutbacks. He created the library's first development office for private fundraising in 1987. In 1990, he established the James Madison Council, the library's first national private sector donor-support group. In 1987, Billington also asked the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> (GAO) to conduct the first library-wide audit. He created the first <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Inspector_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Inspector General">Office of the Inspector General</a> at the library to provide regular, independent reviews of library operations. This precedent has resulted in regular annual financial audits at the library; it has received unmodified ("clean") opinions from 1995 onward.<sup id="cite_ref-loc.gov_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2010, the library announced plans to archive all public communication on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, including all communication since Twitter's launch in March 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Twitter archive remains unfinished.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before retiring in 2015, after 28 years of service, Billington had come "under pressure" as librarian of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This followed a GAO report that described a "work environment lacking central oversight" and faulted Billington for "ignoring repeated calls to hire a chief information officer, as required by law."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Billington announced his plans to retire in 2015, commentator <a href="/wiki/George_Weigel" title="George Weigel">George Weigel</a> described the Library of Congress as "one of the last refuges in Washington of serious bipartisanship and calm, considered conversation", and "one of the world's greatest cultural centers".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carla_Hayden" title="Carla Hayden">Carla Hayden</a> was sworn in as the 14th librarian of Congress on September 14, 2016, the first woman and the first African American to hold the position.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the library announced the Librarian-in-Residence program, which aims to support the future generation of librarians by giving them the opportunity to gain work experience in five different areas of librarianship, including: Acquisitions/Collection Development, Cataloging/Metadata, and Collection Preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 6, 2021, at 1:11 pm EST, the Library's <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison Building</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon House Office Building</a> were the first buildings in the Capitol Complex to be ordered to evacuate as rioters breached security perimeters before <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">storming the Capitol building</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hayden clarified two days later that rioters did not breach any of the Library's buildings or collections and all staff members were safely evacuated.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 14, 2023, the Library announced that the <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Endowment" title="Lilly Endowment">Lilly Endowment</a> gifted $2.5 million, five-year grant to "launch programs that foster greater understanding of religious cultures in Africa, Central Asia and the Middle East".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Library plans to leverage the donation in these areas: </p> <ul><li>Produce a book and a film about <a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_Said" title="Omar ibn Said">Omar ibn Said</a></li> <li>Provide public access to "programs that enhance knowledge about faiths practiced in the regions, including Indigenous African religious traditions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam, and their influence on daily life."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holdings">Holdings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Holdings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Hall,_Library_of_Congress_Thomas_Jefferson_Building,_Washington,_D.C._View_of_first_and_second_floors,_with_Minerva_mosaic_in_background._(LOC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Great_Hall%2C_Library_of_Congress_Thomas_Jefferson_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._View_of_first_and_second_floors%2C_with_Minerva_mosaic_in_background._%28LOC%29.jpg/220px-Great_Hall%2C_Library_of_Congress_Thomas_Jefferson_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._View_of_first_and_second_floors%2C_with_Minerva_mosaic_in_background._%28LOC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Great_Hall%2C_Library_of_Congress_Thomas_Jefferson_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._View_of_first_and_second_floors%2C_with_Minerva_mosaic_in_background._%28LOC%29.jpg/330px-Great_Hall%2C_Library_of_Congress_Thomas_Jefferson_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._View_of_first_and_second_floors%2C_with_Minerva_mosaic_in_background._%28LOC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Great_Hall%2C_Library_of_Congress_Thomas_Jefferson_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._View_of_first_and_second_floors%2C_with_Minerva_mosaic_in_background._%28LOC%29.jpg/440px-Great_Hall%2C_Library_of_Congress_Thomas_Jefferson_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._View_of_first_and_second_floors%2C_with_Minerva_mosaic_in_background._%28LOC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7230" data-file-height="5428" /></a><figcaption>The extravagant design of the Great Hall is an example of <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts architecture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Library_of_Congress_Great_Hall_angle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of the Great Hall in the Thomas Jefferson building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Library_of_Congress_Great_Hall_angle.jpg/170px-Library_of_Congress_Great_Hall_angle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Library_of_Congress_Great_Hall_angle.jpg/255px-Library_of_Congress_Great_Hall_angle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Library_of_Congress_Great_Hall_angle.jpg/340px-Library_of_Congress_Great_Hall_angle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>The Great Hall interior, looking towards the ceiling</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Library_Congress_October_2016-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Library_Congress_October_2016-1.jpg/220px-Library_Congress_October_2016-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Library_Congress_October_2016-1.jpg/330px-Library_Congress_October_2016-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Library_Congress_October_2016-1.jpg/440px-Library_Congress_October_2016-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6472" data-file-height="4351" /></a><figcaption>Ceiling of the Great Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>The collections of the Library of Congress include more than 32 million catalogued books and other print materials in 470 languages; more than 61 million <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>; the largest rare book collection<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in North America, including the rough draft of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a> (originating from the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise_Abbey,_Black_Forest" title="Saint Blaise Abbey, Black Forest">Saint Blaise Abbey, Black Forest</a>—one of only three perfect <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> copies known to exist);<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over 1 million <a href="/wiki/U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. government">U.S. government</a> publications; 1 million issues of world newspapers spanning the past three centuries; 33,000 bound newspaper volumes; 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Microfilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm">microfilm</a> reels; U.S. and foreign comic books—over 12,000 titles in all, totaling more than 140,000 issues;<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1.9 million moving images (as of 2020); 5.3 million <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a>; 6 million works of <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>; 3 million <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recordings</a>; more than 14.7 million prints and photographic images including fine and popular art pieces and architectural drawings;<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Betts_Stradivarius" title="Betts Stradivarius">Betts Stradivarius</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Stradivarius_instruments#Violas" title="List of Stradivarius instruments">Cassavetti Stradivarius</a>. </p><p>The library developed a system of book classification called <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress Classification</a> (LCC), which is used by most U.S. research and <a href="/wiki/University_library" class="mw-redirect" title="University library">university libraries</a>. </p><p>The library serves as a legal repository for <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> protection and <a href="/wiki/Copyright_registration" title="Copyright registration">copyright registration</a>, and as the base for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a>. Regardless of whether they register their copyright, all publishers are required to submit two complete copies of their published works to the library—this requirement is known as <i>mandatory deposit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 15,000 new items published in the U.S. arrive every business day at the library. Contrary to popular belief, however, the library does not retain all of these works in its permanent collection, although it does add an average of 12,000 items per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fascinating_Facts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rejected items are used in trades with other libraries around the world, distributed to federal agencies, or donated to schools, communities, and other organizations within the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fascinating_Facts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As is true of many <a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">similar libraries</a>, the Library of Congress retains copies of every publication in the English language that is deemed significant. The Library of Congress states that its collection fills about 838 mi (1,349 km) of bookshelves and holds more than 167 million items with over 39 million books and other print materials.<sup id="cite_ref-FFStats_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFStats-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2000 study by information scientists <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lyman" title="Peter Lyman">Peter Lyman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hal_Varian" title="Hal Varian">Hal Varian</a> suggested that the amount of uncompressed <a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">textual data</a> represented by the 26 million books then in the collection was 10 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The library also administers the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Service_for_the_Blind_and_Print_Disabled" title="National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled">National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped</a>, an audio book and <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">braille</a> library program provided to more than 766,000 Americans. </p><p>The smallest book on file, <i>Old King Cole</i>, measures in at 1/25" × 1/25".<sup id="cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fascinating_Facts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital">Digital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The library's first digitization project was called "<a href="/wiki/American_Memory" title="American Memory">American Memory</a>". Launched in 1990, it initially planned to choose 160 million objects from its collection to make digitally available on <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDiscs</a> and <a href="/wiki/CDs" class="mw-redirect" title="CDs">CDs</a> that would be distributed to schools and libraries. </p><p>After realizing that this plan would be too expensive and inefficient, and with the rise of the Internet, the library decided to instead make digitized material available over the Internet. This project was made official in the National Digital Library Program (NDLP), created in October 1994. By 1999, the NDLP had succeeded in digitizing over 5 million objects and had a budget of $12 million. The library has kept the "American Memory" name for its public domain website, which today contains 15 million digital objects, comprising over 7 <a href="/wiki/Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabytes</a> of data.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American Memory is a source for <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> image resources, as well as audio, video, and archived Web content. </p><p>Nearly all of the lists of holdings, the <i>catalogs</i> of the library, can be consulted directly on its website. Librarians all over the world consult these catalogs, through the Web or through other media better suited to their needs, when they need to catalog for their collection a book published in the United States. They use the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a> to make sure of the exact identity of the book. </p><p>Digital images are also available at <a href="/wiki/Snapshots_of_the_Past" title="Snapshots of the Past">Snapshots of the Past</a>, which provides archival prints.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library has a budget of $6–8 million each year for digitization, meaning that not all works can be digitized. It makes determinations about what objects to prioritize based on what is especially important to Congress or potentially interesting for the public. The 15 million digitized items represent less than 10% of the library's total 160-million-item collection. </p><p>The library has chosen not to participate in other digital library projects such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Public_Library_of_America" title="Digital Public Library of America">Digital Public Library of America</a>, although it has supported the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional">Congressional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Congressional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995, the Library of Congress established an online archive of the proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a>. The THOMAS website included the full text of proposed legislation, as well as bill summaries and statuses, <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i> text, and the <i>Congressional Record</i> Index. The THOMAS system received major updates in 2005 and 2010. A migration to a more modernized Web system, <a href="/wiki/Congress.gov" title="Congress.gov">Congress.gov</a>, began in 2012, and the THOMAS system was retired in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress.gov is a joint project of the Library of Congress, the House, the Senate and the <a href="/wiki/Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Jefferson_Building_Aerial_by_Carol_M._Highsmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial photograph of the Thomas Jefferson Building by Carol M. Highsmith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Thomas_Jefferson_Building_Aerial_by_Carol_M._Highsmith.jpg/220px-Thomas_Jefferson_Building_Aerial_by_Carol_M._Highsmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Thomas_Jefferson_Building_Aerial_by_Carol_M._Highsmith.jpg/330px-Thomas_Jefferson_Building_Aerial_by_Carol_M._Highsmith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Thomas_Jefferson_Building_Aerial_by_Carol_M._Highsmith.jpg/440px-Thomas_Jefferson_Building_Aerial_by_Carol_M._Highsmith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Jefferson Building and part of the Adams Building (upper-right) next to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Supreme Court Building</a> (upper-left) on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Library of Congress is physically housed in three buildings on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a> and a conservation center in rural <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. The library's Capitol Hill buildings are all connected by underground passageways, so that a library user need pass through security only once in a single visit. The library also has off-site storage facilities in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> for less commonly requested materials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Jefferson_Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Thomas Jefferson Building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a></div> <p>The Thomas Jefferson Building is located between <a href="/wiki/Independence_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Independence Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Independence Avenue</a> and East Capitol Street on First Street SE. Construction began in 1890 with granite supplied by <a href="/wiki/New_England_Granite_Works" title="New England Granite Works">New England Granite Works</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/James_G._Batterson" title="James G. Batterson">James G. Batterson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building opened in 1897 as the main building of the library and is the oldest of the three buildings. Known originally as the Library of Congress Building or Main Building, it took its present name on June 13, 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Adams_Building">John Adams Building</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: John Adams Building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">John Adams Building</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Adams_Building_(31274182293).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/John_Adams_Building_%2831274182293%29.jpg/220px-John_Adams_Building_%2831274182293%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/John_Adams_Building_%2831274182293%29.jpg/330px-John_Adams_Building_%2831274182293%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/John_Adams_Building_%2831274182293%29.jpg/440px-John_Adams_Building_%2831274182293%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption>Adams Building</figcaption></figure> <p>The John Adams Building is located between Independence Avenue and East Capitol Street on 2nd Street SE, the block adjacent to the Jefferson Building. The building was originally known as The Annex to the Main Building, which had run out of space. It opened its doors to the public on January 3, 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, it also housed the U.S. Copyright Office which moved to the Madison building in the 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="James_Madison_Memorial_Building">James Madison Memorial Building</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: James Madison Memorial Building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_view,_from_corner_of_Independence_Ave._and_2nd_St._Library_of_Congress_James_Madison_Building,_Washington,_D.C._LCCN2007687169.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="northeast photograph of Madison Building by Carol M. Highsmith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Exterior_view%2C_from_corner_of_Independence_Ave._and_2nd_St._Library_of_Congress_James_Madison_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN2007687169.jpg/220px-Exterior_view%2C_from_corner_of_Independence_Ave._and_2nd_St._Library_of_Congress_James_Madison_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN2007687169.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Exterior_view%2C_from_corner_of_Independence_Ave._and_2nd_St._Library_of_Congress_James_Madison_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN2007687169.jpg/330px-Exterior_view%2C_from_corner_of_Independence_Ave._and_2nd_St._Library_of_Congress_James_Madison_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN2007687169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Exterior_view%2C_from_corner_of_Independence_Ave._and_2nd_St._Library_of_Congress_James_Madison_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN2007687169.jpg/440px-Exterior_view%2C_from_corner_of_Independence_Ave._and_2nd_St._Library_of_Congress_James_Madison_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._LCCN2007687169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6635" data-file-height="3615" /></a><figcaption>Madison Building</figcaption></figure> <p>The James Madison Memorial Building is located between First and Second Streets on Independence Avenue SE. The building was constructed from 1971 to 1976, and serves as the official memorial to President James Madison.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Madison Building is also home to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Copyright_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Copyright Office">U.S. Copyright Office</a> and to the Mary Pickford Theater, the "motion picture and television reading room" of the Library of Congress. The theater hosts regular free screenings of classic and contemporary movies and television shows.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packard_Campus_for_Audio-Visual_Conservation">Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Audio-Visual_Conservation_Center" title="National Audio-Visual Conservation Center">National Audio-Visual Conservation Center</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Packard-campus-library-of-c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Packard-campus-library-of-c.jpg/220px-Packard-campus-library-of-c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Packard-campus-library-of-c.jpg/330px-Packard-campus-library-of-c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Packard-campus-library-of-c.jpg/440px-Packard-campus-library-of-c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Packard_Campus_for_Audio-Visual_Conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation">Packard Campus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Packard_Campus_for_Audio-Visual_Conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation">Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation</a> is the Library of Congress's newest building, opened in 2007 and located in <a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was constructed out of a former <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve</a> storage center and <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> bunker. The campus is designed to act as a single site to store all of the library's movie, television, and sound collections. It is named to honor <a href="/wiki/David_Woodley_Packard" title="David Woodley Packard">David Woodley Packard</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Packard_Humanities_Institute" title="Packard Humanities Institute">Packard Humanities Institute</a> oversaw the design and construction of the facility. The centerpiece of the complex is a reproduction <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> movie theater that presents free movie screenings to the public on a semi-weekly basis.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_Act">Copyright Act</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Copyright Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act#Anti-circumvention_exemptions" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></div> <p>The Library of Congress, through both the librarian of Congress and the register of copyrights, is responsible for authorizing exceptions to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap12.html#1201">Section 1201</a> of <a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">Title 17 of the United States Code</a> as part of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. This process is done every three years, with the register receiving proposals from the public and acting as an advisor to the librarian, who issues a ruling on what is exempt. After three years have passed, the ruling is no longer valid and a new ruling on exemptions must be made.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access">Access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The library is open for academic research to anyone with a Reader Identification Card. One may not remove library items from the reading rooms or the library buildings. Most of the library's general collection of books and journals are in the closed stacks of the Jefferson and Adams Buildings; specialized collections of books and other materials are in closed stacks in all three main library buildings, or are stored off-site. Access to the closed stacks is not permitted under any circumstances, except to authorized library staff, and occasionally, to dignitaries. Only the reading room reference collections are on open shelves.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1902, American libraries have been able to request books and other items through <a href="/wiki/Interlibrary_loan" title="Interlibrary loan">interlibrary loan</a> from the Library of Congress if these items are not readily available elsewhere. Through this system, the Library of Congress has served as a "library of last resort", according to former librarian of Congress <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Putnam" title="Herbert Putnam">Herbert Putnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-interlibrary_loan_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interlibrary_loan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Library of Congress lends books to other libraries with the stipulation that they be used only inside the borrowing library.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the Library of Congress began development on a reader's card for children under the age of sixteen.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to its library services, the Library of Congress is actively involved in various standard activities in areas related to bibliographical and search and retrieval standards. Areas of work include <a href="/wiki/MARC_standards" title="MARC standards">MARC standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metadata_Encoding_and_Transmission_Standard" title="Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard">Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard</a> (METS), <a href="/wiki/Metadata_Object_Description_Schema" title="Metadata Object Description Schema">Metadata Object Description Schema</a> (MODS), <a href="/wiki/Z39.50" title="Z39.50">Z39.50</a> and <a href="/wiki/Search/Retrieve_Web_Service" title="Search/Retrieve Web Service">Search/Retrieve Web Service</a> (SRW), and <a href="/wiki/Search/Retrieve_via_URL" title="Search/Retrieve via URL">Search/Retrieve via URL</a> (SRU).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a> "seeks to further legal scholarship by providing opportunities for scholars and practitioners to conduct significant legal research. Individuals are invited to apply for projects which would further the multi-faceted mission of the law library in serving the U.S. Congress, other governmental agencies, and the public."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annual_events">Annual events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Annual events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellows_in_American_Letters_of_the_Library_of_Congress" title="Fellows in American Letters of the Library of Congress">Fellows in American Letters of the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershwin_Prize" title="Gershwin Prize">Gershwin Prize</a> for Popular Song</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Prize_for_American_Fiction" title="Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction">Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays#Founder's_Day" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Founder's Day</a> Celebration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Book_Festival" title="National Book Festival">National Book Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Audio-Visual_Conservation_Center#Mostly_Lost_Film_Identification_Workshop" title="National Audio-Visual Conservation Center">Mostly Lost Film Identification Workshop</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_personnel">Notable personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Avram" title="Henriette Avram">Henriette Avram</a>: Developed the MARC format (Machine Readable Cataloging), the international data standard for bibliographic and holdings information in libraries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Cole" title="John Y. Cole">John Y. Cole</a>: founder of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Book" title="Center for the Book">Center for the Book</a> and first historian of the Library of Congress.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Hobbs" title="Cecil Hobbs">Cecil Hobbs</a>: American scholar of Southeast Asian history, head of the Southern Asia Section of the Orientalia (now Asian) Division of the Library of Congress, and a major contributor to scholarship on Asia and the development of South East Asian coverage in American library collections.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Jefferson_Jr." title="Julius C. Jefferson Jr.">Julius C. Jefferson Jr.</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> (2020–2021), president of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_Read_Foundation" title="Freedom to Read Foundation">Freedom to Read Foundation</a> (2013–2016).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Architecture of Washington, D.C.">Architecture of Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documents_Expediting_Project" title="Documents Expediting Project">Documents Expediting Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feleky_Collection" title="Feleky Collection">Feleky Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Living_Legend" title="Library of Congress Living Legend">Library of Congress Living Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings" title="Library of Congress Subject Headings">Library of Congress Subject Headings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Initiative" title="Minerva Initiative">Minerva Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Digital_Library_Program" title="National Digital Library Program">National Digital Library Program</a> (NDLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Recording_Registry" title="National Recording Registry">National Recording Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">United States Senate Library</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The collection includes: 25 million catalogued books, 15.5 million other print items, 4.2 million recordings, 74.5 million manuscripts, 5.6 million maps, and 8.2 million sheet music pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-Year_2020_at_a_Glance_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Year_2020_at_a_Glance-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Year_2020_at_a_Glance-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Year_2020_at_a_Glance_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/about/general-information/">"Year 2020 at a Glance"</a>. Library of Congress. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223101833/https://www.loc.gov/about/general-information/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Year+2020+at+a+Glance&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fabout%2Fgeneral-information%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017annualreport-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2017annualreport_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2017annualreport_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/static/portals/about/reports-and-budgets/documents/annual-reports/fy2021.pdf">"2021 Annual Report of the Librarian of Congress"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203043127/https://www.loc.gov/static/portals/about/reports-and-budgets/documents/annual-reports/fy2021.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+Annual+Report+of+the+Librarian+of+Congress&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fstatic%2Fportals%2Fabout%2Freports-and-budgets%2Fdocuments%2Fannual-reports%2Ffy2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica:_Library_of_Congress-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica:_Library_of_Congress_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica:_Library_of_Congress_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Library-of-Congress">"Library of Congress"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200405144736/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Library-of-Congress">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLibrary-of-Congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fascinating_Facts-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/about/fascinating-facts/">"Fascinating Facts"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200405144735/https://www.loc.gov/about/fascinating-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fascinating+Facts&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fabout%2Ffascinating-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeneralInfo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GeneralInfo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeneralInfo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/about/general-information/">"General Information"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223101833/https://www.loc.gov/about/general-information/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Information&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fabout%2Fgeneral-information%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FFStats-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FFStats_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFStats_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/about/fascinating-facts/">"Fascinating Facts – Statistics"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fascinating+Facts+%E2%80%93+Statistics&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fabout%2Ffascinating-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/about/history-of-the-library/timeline/">"The Library of Congress: A Timeline | History of the Library of Congress | About the Library | Library of Congress"</a>. <i>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Library: An Illustrated History (New York, Skyhouse Publishing, 2012): 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-2-55">55</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc_history-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc_history_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_history_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_history_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_history_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_history_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_history_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_history_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_history_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_history_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_history_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_history_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_history_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/legacy/loc.html">"Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress"</a>. Library of Congress. March 6, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110312165046/http://www.loc.gov/loc/legacy/loc.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jefferson%27s+Legacy%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2006-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Floc%2Flegacy%2Floc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-2-128">128</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr/page/158"><i>The library: an illustrated history</i></a>. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr/page/158">158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781602397064" title="Special:BookSources/9781602397064"><bdi>9781602397064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+library%3A+an+illustrated+history&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Pub&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781602397064&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryillustrat0000murr%2Fpage%2F158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoryBurn-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryBurn_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenpan2014" class="citation web cs1">Greenpan, Jesse (August 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/the-british-burn-washington-d-c-200-years-ago">"The British Burn Washington, D.C., 200 Years Ago"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108102303/https://www.history.com/news/the-british-burn-washington-d-c-200-years-ago">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=The+British+Burn+Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+200+Years+Ago&rft.date=2014-08-22&rft.aulast=Greenpan&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-british-burn-washington-d-c-200-years-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <i>The Library An Illustrated History</i>. 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New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub." class="mw-redirect" title="Skyhorse Pub.">Skyhorse Pub.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4"><bdi>978-1-60239-706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+library+%3A+an+illustrated+history&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-706-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryillustrat0000murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.librarything.com/catalog.php?view=ThomasJefferson">"Thomas Jefferson's personal library, at LibraryThing, based on scholarship"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Jefferson%27s+Library&rft.date=2000-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fjefferson%2Fjefflib.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr/page/162"><i>The library : an illustrated history</i></a>. 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New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4"><bdi>978-1-60239-706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-706-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryillustrat0000murr%2Fpage%2F162%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gi-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gi_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/SERIALSET-00105_00_00-070-0069-0000">"H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=The+Twitter+Archive+at+the+Library+of+Congress%3A+Challenges+for+information+practice+and+information+policy&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v20i7.5619&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstmonday.org%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Ffm%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5619%2F4653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article41942157.html">Librarian of Congress gets a Due Date</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202124750/https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article41942157.html">Archived</a> February 2, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" by Maria Recio, McClatchy DC, Oct. 30. 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/americas-national-library-is-behind-the-digital-curve-a-new-report-finds/2015/03/31/fad54c3a-d3fd-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html">America's 'national library' is lacking in leadership, yet another report finds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011043431/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/americas-national-library-is-behind-the-digital-curve-a-new-report-finds/2015/03/31/fad54c3a-d3fd-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html">Archived</a> October 11, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Peggy McGlone, <i>The Washington Post</i>, March 31, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigel2015" class="citation web cs1">Weigel, George (June 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923090036/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/419664/americas-next-minister-culture-dont-politicize-appointment">"America's Next 'Minister of Culture': Don't Politicize the Appointment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Carla+Hayden+confirmed+as+14th+librarian+of+Congress&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft.aulast=McGlone&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Farts-and-entertainment%2Fwp%2F2016%2F07%2F13%2Fcarla-hayden-confirmed-as-14th-librarian-of-congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510073226/https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/latest-links/carla-hayden-sworn-september-14/">"Carla Hayden to be sworn in on September 14 – American Libraries Magazine"</a>. <i>Americanlibrariesmagazine.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+How+a+Trump+mob+stormed+the+US+Capitol%2C+forcing+Washington+into+lockdown&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fin-depth%2Fnews%2F2021%2F01%2F06%2Fdc-protests-capitol-riot-trump-supporters-electoral-college-stolen-election%2F6568305002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsarahnferris2021" class="citation web cs1">@sarahnferris (January 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/sarahnferris/status/1346883107501314048">"WOW Hill staff just got this alert "Madison: EVACUATE. Proceed to your designated assembly area. USCP"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WOW+Hill+staff+just+got+this+alert+%22Madison%3A+EVACUATE.+Proceed+to+your+designated+assembly+area.+USCP%22&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.au=sarahnferris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fsarahnferris%2Fstatus%2F1346883107501314048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hayden, Carla (January 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/staff/gazette/uploads/2021/01/01_Gazette_010821_web.pdf">"Thoughts on this week's unrest"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Library of Congress Gazette</i>. <b>32</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513220742/https://www.loc.gov/staff/gazette/uploads/2021/01/01_Gazette_010821_web.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Copyright+Office&rft.atitle=Section+1201%3A+Exemptions+to+Prohibition+Against+Circumvention+of+Technological+Measures+Protecting+Copyrighted+Works&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2F1201%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2013/13-041.html">"Statement Regarding White House Response to 1201 Rulemaking"</a> (Press release). Library of Congress. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802091904/http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2013/13-041.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+Regarding+White+House+Response+to+1201+Rulemaking&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Ftoday%2Fpr%2F2013%2F13-041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/useofcollections.html">"Using the Library's Collections (Research and Reference Services, Library of Congress)"</a>. <i>loc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220223042411/https://www.loc.gov/rr/useofcollections.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=Using+the+Library%27s+Collections+%28Research+and+Reference+Services%2C+Library+of+Congress%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fuseofcollections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/loan/loanweb1.html">"Subpage Title (Interlibrary Loan, Library of Congress)"</a>. Loc.gov. July 14, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104023748/http://www.loc.gov/rr/loan/loanweb1.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subpage+Title+%28Interlibrary+Loan%2C+Library+of+Congress%29&rft.pub=Loc.gov&rft.date=2010-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Floan%2Floanweb1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.picketfencemedia.com/sanclementetimes/eye-on-sc/adam-coffey-8-of-san-clemente-convinces-library-of-congress-to-initiate-children-s-program/article_ff216e47-20ec-59e8-982f-6ad856ea1123.html">"Adam Coffey, 8, of San Clemente Convinces Library of Congress to Initiate Children's Program"</a>. <i>Picket Fence Media</i>. October 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Picket+Fence+Media&rft.atitle=Adam+Coffey%2C+8%2C+of+San+Clemente+Convinces+Library+of+Congress+to+Initiate+Children%27s+Program&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.picketfencemedia.com%2Fsanclementetimes%2Feye-on-sc%2Fadam-coffey-8-of-san-clemente-convinces-library-of-congress-to-initiate-children-s-program%2Farticle_ff216e47-20ec-59e8-982f-6ad856ea1123.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/">"Standards at the Library of Congress"</a>. <i>Loc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504211816/https://www.loc.gov/standards/">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loc.gov&rft.atitle=Standards+at+the+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fstandards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center/opportunities/">"Opportunities"</a>. <i>Law Library of Congress</i>. loc.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law+Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Opportunities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresearch-centers%2Flaw-library-of-congress%2Fabout-this-research-center%2Fopportunities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsuneishi1992" class="citation journal cs1">Tsuneishi, Warren (May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021911800041607">"Obituary: Cecil Hobbs (1907–1991)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Asian Studies">Journal of Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>51</b> (2): 472–473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021911800041607">10.1017/s0021911800041607</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Cecil+Hobbs+%281907%E2%80%931991%29&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=472-473&rft.date=1992-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021911800041607&rft.aulast=Tsuneishi&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0021911800041607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cole, John Y. and Henry Hope Reed. <i>The Library of Congress: The Art and Architecture of the Thomas Jefferson Building</i> (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Library-Congress-Architecture-Jefferson-Building/dp/0393045633/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Small, Herbert, and Henry Hope Reed. <i>The Library of Congress: Its Architecture and Decoration</i> (1983)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Aikin, Jane (2010). "Histories of the Library of Congress". <i>Libraries & the Cultural Record</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 5–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flac.0.0113">10.1353/lac.0.0113</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161865550">161865550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+the+Cultural+Record&rft.atitle=Histories+of+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-24&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flac.0.0113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161865550%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Aikin&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1989" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Gillian B. (1989), "Putting the Experience of the World at the Nation's Command: Music at the Library of Congress, 1800–1917", <i>Journal of the American Musicological Society</i>, <b>42</b> (1): 108–49, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F831419">10.2307/831419</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/831419">831419</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Musicological+Society&rft.atitle=Putting+the+Experience+of+the+World+at+the+Nation%27s+Command%3A+Music+at+the+Library+of+Congress%2C+1800%E2%80%931917&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-49&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F831419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F831419%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gillian+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bisbort, Alan, and Linda Barrett Osborne. <i>The Nation's Library: The Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.</i> (Library of Congress, 2000)</li> <li>Cole, John Young. <i>Jefferson's legacy: a brief history of the Library of Congress</i> (Library of Congress, 1993)</li> <li>Cole, John Young. "The library of congress becomes a world library, 1815–2005." <i>Libraries & culture</i> (2005) 40#3: 385–398. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/188792/pdf">in Project MUSE</a></li> <li>Cope, R. L. "Management Review of the Library of Congress: The 1996 Booz Allen & Hamilton Report," <i>Australian Academic & Research Libraries</i> (1997) 28#1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226043706/http://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-20111506/management-review-of-the-library-of-congress-the">online</a></li> <li>Mearns, David Chambers. <i>The Story Up to Now: The Library of Congress, 1800–1946</i> (1947), detailed narrative</li> <li>Ostrowski, Carl. <i>Books, Maps, and Politics: A Cultural History of the Library of Congress, 1783–1861</i> (2004)</li> <li>Rosenberg, Jane Aiken. <i>The Nation's Great Library: Herbert Putnam and the Library of Congress, 1899–1939</i> (University of Illinois Press, 1993)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevlinLindquist2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shevlin, Eleanor F.; Lindquist, Eric N. (2010). "The Center for the Book and the History of the Book". <i>Libraries & the Cultural Record</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 56–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flac.0.0112">10.1353/lac.0.0112</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161311744">161311744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+the+Cultural+Record&rft.atitle=The+Center+for+the+Book+and+the+History+of+the+Book&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-69&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flac.0.0112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161311744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shevlin&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+F.&rft.au=Lindquist%2C+Eric+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabb2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tabb, Winston; et al. (2003). "Library of Congress". <i>Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science</i>. <b>3</b>: 1593–1612.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Library+and+Information+Science&rft.atitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=1593-1612&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Tabb&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+of+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Beckley" title="John J. Beckley">John J. Beckley</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1802–1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Magruder" title="Patrick Magruder">Patrick Magruder</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1807–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Watterston" title="George Watterston">George Watterston</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1815–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Silva_Meehan" title="John Silva Meehan">John Silva Meehan</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gould_Stephenson" title="John Gould Stephenson">John Gould Stephenson</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainsworth_Rand_Spofford" title="Ainsworth Rand Spofford">Ainsworth Rand Spofford</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1864–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Young" title="John Russell Young">John Russell Young</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Putnam" title="Herbert Putnam">Herbert Putnam</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1899–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLeish" title="Archibald MacLeish">Archibald MacLeish</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1939–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_H._Evans" title="Luther H. Evans">Luther H. Evans</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Quincy_Mumford" title="Lawrence Quincy Mumford">Lawrence Quincy Mumford</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1954–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Daniel J. Boorstin</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1975–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Billington" title="James H. Billington">James H. Billington</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1987–2015)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Mao" title="David S. Mao">David S. Mao</a></span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span>(2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Hayden" title="Carla Hayden">Carla Hayden</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Seal_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Seal_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Seal_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Library_of_Congress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Acting librarian*</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;Flag_of_the_United_States_United_States_national_libraries" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar 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height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> United States national libraries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture:</a></i>  <b><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Agricultural_Library" title="United States National Agricultural Library">National Agricultural Library</a></b></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress:</a></i>  <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Library of Congress</a></b></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation:</a></i>  <b><a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Library" title="National Transportation Library">National Transportation Library</a></b></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services / </a><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health:</a></i>  <b><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a></b></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Department of Education:</a></i>  <b><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Education_(United_States)" title="National Library of Education (United States)">National Library of Education</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Other related libraries and services</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Federal_Depository_Library_Program" title="Federal Depository Library Program">Federal Depository Library Program</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">Presidential library system</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_libraries_and_archives" title="List of U.S. state libraries and archives">List of U.S. state libraries and archives</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Capitol_Complex" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="Template:United States Capitol Complex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="Template talk:United States Capitol Complex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Capitol Complex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Capitol_Complex" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">United States Capitol Complex</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives chamber">House chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office buildings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_lottery" title="Congressional office lottery">office lottery</a>): <a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">House Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building_(1947)" title="O'Neill House Office Building (1947)">O'Neill</a> (former)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Capitol_rotunda_outside.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/US_Capitol_rotunda_outside.JPG/75px-US_Capitol_rotunda_outside.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/US_Capitol_rotunda_outside.JPG/113px-US_Capitol_rotunda_outside.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/US_Capitol_rotunda_outside.JPG/150px-US_Capitol_rotunda_outside.JPG 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="1170" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Reception_Room" title="United States Senate Reception Room">Senate Reception Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideaway_(U.S._Senate)" title="Hideaway (U.S. Senate)">Hideaways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office buildings</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_Clouds" title="Mountains and Clouds">Mountains and Clouds</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Senate Library</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Library of Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford_Theater" title="Mary Pickford Theater">Mary Pickford Theater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">Cornerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Doors" title="Columbus Doors">Columbus Doors</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)"><i>Declaration of Independence</i> painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda#Frieze_of_American_History" title="United States Capitol rotunda"><i>Frieze of American History</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_George_Washington_Resigning_His_Commission" title="General George Washington Resigning His Commission">General George Washington Resigning His Commission</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(David_d%27Angers)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)">Jefferson statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (U.S. Capitol)">Lincoln statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Houdon)" title="Statue of George Washington (Houdon)">Washington statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_crypt" title="United States Capitol crypt">Crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Columns" title="Hall of Columns">Hall of Columns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumidi_Corridors" title="Brumidi Corridors">Brumidi Corridors</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis_of_Democracy" title="Apotheosis of Democracy">Apotheosis of Democracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(Bittinger)" title="Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)"><i>Abraham Lincoln</i> (Bittinger)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way" title="Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way">Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">Vice Presidential Bust Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Clock" title="Ohio Clock">Ohio Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Room" title="President's Room">President's Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President%27s_Room" title="Vice President's Room">Vice President's Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Prayer_Room" title="Congressional Prayer Room">Congressional Prayer Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Tomb_(United_States_Capitol)" title="Washington's Tomb (United States Capitol)">Washington's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">Visitor Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Catafalque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Catafalque">Lincoln Catafalque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Greenough)" title="George Washington (Greenough)"><i>George Washington</i> as Zeus</a> (sculpture, 1841–1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_America_(sculpture)" title="The Discovery of America (sculpture)">Discovery of America</a></i> (sculpture, 1844–1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rescue_(sculpture)" title="The Rescue (sculpture)">The Rescue</a></i> (sculpture, 1853–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capitol_Columns" title="National Capitol Columns">National Capitol Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol_Gatehouses_and_Gateposts" title="U.S. Capitol Gatehouses and Gateposts">U.S. Capitol Gatehouses and Gateposts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_art" title="United States Capitol art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artwork_at_the_United_States_Capitol_complex" title="List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex">List of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_portraits_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_collection_(A-J)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)">List of portraits (A-J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Monument" title="James A. Garfield Monument">James A. Garfield Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_Memorial" title="Ulysses S. Grant Memorial">Ulysses S. Grant Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Monument" title="Peace Monument">Peace Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_Federal_Judiciary_Building" title="Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building">Judiciary Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Power_Plant" title="Capitol Power Plant">Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Reflecting_Pool" title="Capitol Reflecting Pool">Reflecting Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_subway_system" title="United States Capitol subway system">Subway System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Supreme Court Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Square_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Union Square (Washington, D.C.)">Union Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Senate_Page_Residence" title="Daniel Webster Senate Page Residence">Senate Page Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Congress" title="Template talk:United States Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a> ← <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a> → <a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Congress" title="Lists of United States Congress">Lists of United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Members_and_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_congress" title="Member of congress">Members and leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">By length of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_brevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by brevity of service">By shortness of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">Youngest members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseated_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Unseated members of the United States Congress">Unseated members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Dean of the United States Senate">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_senators" title="List of former United States senators">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_expelled_or_censured" title="List of United States senators expelled or censured">Expelled or censured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States" title="List of United States senators born outside the United States">Born outside the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate">Resigned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_appointed_United_States_senators" title="List of appointed United States senators">Appointed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States senators who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_expelled,_censured,_or_reprimanded" title="List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">Expelled, censured, and reprimanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_served_a_single_term" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term">Served a single term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_lost_re-election_in_a_primary" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who lost re-election in a primary">Lost re-election in a primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States representatives who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members-elect_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_never_took_their_seats" title="List of members-elect of the United States House of Representatives who never took their seats">Elected but did not serve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_90th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 90th United States Congress">90th (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_91st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 91st United States Congress">91st (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_92nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 92nd United States Congress">92nd (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_93rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 93rd United States Congress">93rd (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_94th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 94th United States Congress">94th (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_95th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 95th United States Congress">95th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_96th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 96th United States Congress">96th (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_97th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 97th United States Congress">97th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_98th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 98th United States Congress">98th (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_99th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 99th United States Congress">99th (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_100th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 100th United States Congress">100th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_101st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 101st United States Congress">101st (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_102nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 102nd United States Congress">102nd (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_103rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 103rd United States Congress">103rd (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_104th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 104th United States Congress">104th (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_105th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 105th United States Congress">105th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_106th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 106th United States Congress">106th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_107th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 107th United States Congress">107th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_108th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 108th United States Congress">108th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_109th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 109th United States Congress">109th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_110th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 110th United States Congress">110th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_111th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 111th United States Congress">111th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_112th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 112th United States Congress">112th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_113th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 113th United States Congress">113th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_114th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 114th United States Congress">114th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_115th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 115th United States Congress">115th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_116th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 116th United States Congress">116th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_117th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 117th United States Congress">117th (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_118th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 118th United States Congress">118th (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Chairs" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Caucus_secretary" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_conference_chairmen_and_chairwomen" title="Senate Republican Conference">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_Secretary_and_Vice_Chairman" title="Senate Republican Conference">Vice-Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Legal_Advisory_Group" title="Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group">Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering#United_States" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">Congressional caucus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucuses_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Caucuses of the United States Congress">Caucuses of the United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress">African-American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Black Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_and_Middle_Eastern_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans in the United States Congress">Arab and Middle Eastern members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islands_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress">Asian Pacific American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Asian_Pacific_American_Caucus" title="Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus">Asian Pacific American Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">Hispanic and Latino members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus" title="Congressional Hispanic Caucus">Hispanic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Hispanic Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Jewish_Caucus" title="Congressional Jewish Caucus">Congressional Jewish Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">Native American members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender and sexual identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT members of the United States Congress">LGBT members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Equality_Caucus" title="Congressional Equality Caucus">Equality Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Women in the United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Caucus_for_Women%27s_Issues" title="Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues">Issues Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Current_female_members" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">current House</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Physicians in the United States Congress">Physicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Buddhist members of the United States Congress">Buddhist members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hindu members of the United States Congress">Hindu members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Mormon members of the United States Congress">Mormon (LDS) members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Muslim members of the United States Congress">Muslim members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Quaker members of the United States Congress">Quaker members</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalip_Singh_Saund" title="Dalip Singh Saund">Sikh members</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_longest-serving_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of historical longest-serving members of the United States Congress">By length of service historically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_wealth" title="List of current members of the United States Congress by wealth">Current members by wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_from_multiple_states" title="List of members of the United States Congress from multiple states">From multiple states</a></li> <li>Died in office <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)">1790–1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%931949)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–1949)">1900–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1950%E2%80%931999)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–1999)">1950–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(2000%E2%80%93)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (2000–)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_killed_or_wounded_in_office" title="List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office">Killed or wounded in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="List of party switchers in the United States">Party switchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Powers,_privileges,_procedure,_committees,_history,_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">(Dormant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">Contempt of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">Declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment inquiry in the United States">Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">Naturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">"Necessary and Proper"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Power of enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing/spending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">Franking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Immunity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_legislation" title="List of United States federal legislation">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriation bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_(United_States_Congress)" title="Bill (United States Congress)">Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">Budget process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">Censure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed sessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Closed sessions of the United States Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">Cloture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">Concurrent resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_resolution" title="Continuing resolution">Continuing resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dear_Colleague_letter_(United_States)" title="Dear Colleague letter (United States)">Dear Colleague letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrolled_bill" title="Enrolled bill">Enrolled bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress" title="Expulsion from the United States Congress">Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">Joint resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_joint_sessions_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of joint sessions of the United States Congress">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame-duck_session" title="Lame-duck session">Lame-duck session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_minute" title="Magic minute">Magic minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastert_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastert Rule">Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_referral" title="Multiple referral">Multiple referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">House procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Suspension of the rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">Veto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto" title="Line-item veto">Line-item veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">Pocket veto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">Advice and consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_slip_(U.S._Senate)" title="Blue slip (U.S. Senate)">Blue slip (U.S. Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_communication" title="Executive communication">Executive communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_session" title="Executive session">Executive session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">Jefferson's <i>Manual</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Journal" title="United States Senate Journal"><i>Senate Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_business" title="Morning business">Morning business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">Nuclear option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">Presiding Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddick%27s_Senate_Procedure" title="Riddick's Senate Procedure">Riddick's Senate Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_hold" title="Senate hold">Senate hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">Seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Traditions of the United States Senate">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Of the Whole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markup_(legislation)" title="Markup (legislation)">Markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_oversight" title="Congressional oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_joint_committees" title="List of United States congressional joint committees">List (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">List (House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_committees" title="List of United States Senate committees">List (Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Select or special committee (United States Congress)">Select and special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Standing committee (United States Congress)">Standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_subcommittee" title="United States congressional subcommittee">Subcommittees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavel#United_States_Congress_gavels" title="Gavel">Gavels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Mace of the United States House of Representatives">Mace of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal of the Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="History of the United States Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">House history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._representative_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">speaker elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">Senate history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_election_disputes" title="List of United States Senate election disputes">election disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._senator_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall (1789–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall (1790–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brick_Capitol" title="Old Brick Capitol">Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"><i>Biographical Directory</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Capitol_Complex_(Capitol_Hill)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">Capitol Complex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_staff" title="Congressional staff">Congressional staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_General_of_the_United_States" title="Comptroller General of the United States">Comptroller General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">Architect of the Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Cap. Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Police_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Police Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Guide_Service" title="United States Capitol Guide Service">Cap. Guide Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congr. Budget Office (CBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Workplace_Rights" title="Office of Congressional Workplace Rights">Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Technology Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Ethics" title="Office of Congressional Ethics">Congr. Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Emergency_Planning,_Preparedness,_and_Operations" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations">Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Interparliamentary_Affairs" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Interparliamentary Affairs">Interparliamentary Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Law_Revision_Counsel" title="Office of the Law Revision Counsel">Law Revision Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Legislative_Counsel" title="Office of the Legislative Counsel">Legislative Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Secretary of the United States Senate">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Chaplain of the United States Senate">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Librarian" title="United States Senate Librarian">Librarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Page of the United States Senate">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Parliamentarian of the United States Senate">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrative_Officer_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives">Chief Administrative Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives">Doorkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Floor_Operations" title="Director of Floor Operations">Floor Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_Services_Chief" title="Floor Services Chief">Floor Services Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Historian of the United States House of Representatives">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Page of the United States House of Representatives">Pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Page_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="House Page Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Parliamentarian of the United States House of Representatives">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Postmaster of the United States House of Representatives">Postmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Reading Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Library of<br />Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Research Service reports">reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov.<br />Publishing Office</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Printer_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Printer of the United States">Public Printer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Pictorial_Directory" title="Congressional Pictorial Directory">Congressional Pictorial Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Official_Congressional_Directory" title="Official Congressional Directory">Official Congressional Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Manual" title="United States Government Manual">U.S. Gov. Manual</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Serial_Set" title="United States Congressional Serial Set">Serial Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artwork_at_the_United_States_Capitol_complex" title="List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex">List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_portraits_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_collection_(A-J)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)">List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumidi_Corridors" title="Brumidi Corridors">Brumidi Corridors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Prayer_Room" title="Congressional Prayer Room">Congressional Prayer Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_crypt" title="United States Capitol crypt">Crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Columns" title="Hall of Columns">Hall of Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">Statuary Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">Visitor Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)"><i>Declaration of Independence</i> painting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis_of_Democracy" title="Apotheosis of Democracy">Apotheosis of Democracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Doors" title="Columbus Doors">Columbus Doors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way" title="Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way">Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President%27s_Room" title="Vice President's Room">VP's Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">VP Bust Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office<br />buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_Clouds" title="Mountains and Clouds">Mountains and Clouds</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Office_Building_Commission" title="House Office Building Commission">Building Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_lottery" title="Congressional office lottery">office lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Staff_Health_and_Fitness_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Staff Health and Fitness Facility">Health and Fitness Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_Studio_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Recording Studio of the United States House of Representatives">House Recording Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Power_Plant" title="Capitol Power Plant">Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Senate_Page_Residence" title="Daniel Webster Senate Page Residence">Webster Page Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_subway_system" title="United States Capitol subway system">Subway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Washington,_D.C." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Washington_DC_landmarks" title="Template:Washington DC landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Washington_DC_landmarks" title="Template talk:Washington DC landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Washington_DC_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Washington DC landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Washington,_D.C." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial_(Saint-Gaudens)" title="Adams Memorial (Saint-Gaudens)">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_Civil_War_Memorial_Museum" title="African American Civil War Memorial Museum">African American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Veterans_Disabled_for_Life_Memorial" title="American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial">American Veterans Disabled for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune_Memorial" title="Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Scout_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scout Memorial">Boy Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Memorial" title="James Buchanan Memorial">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Carroll" title="Statue of John Carroll">John Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_War_Memorial" title="District of Columbia War Memorial">D.C. War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Memorial" title="Albert Einstein Memorial">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Memorial" title="Emancipation Memorial">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Memorial" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson_Memorial" title="John Ericsson Memorial">John Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_David_Farragut_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of David Farragut (Washington, D.C.)">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Division_Monument" title="First Division Monument">First Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_Memorial" title="Gallaudet Memorial">Thomas Gallaudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Monument" title="James A. Garfield Monument">James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran_Memorial_Garden_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Kahlil Gibran Memorial Garden (Washington, D.C.)">Kahlil Gibran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers_Memorial" title="Samuel Gompers Memorial">Samuel Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_Memorial" title="Ulysses S. Grant Memorial">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">Holocaust Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_Genocide_Memorial,_Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Holodomor Genocide Memorial, Washington, DC">Holodomor Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.)">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_Memorial_to_Patriotism_During_World_War_II" title="Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II">Japanese American Patriotism During World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_Memorial" title="John Paul Jones Memorial">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette (Washington, D.C.)">Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Law_Enforcement_Officers_Memorial" title="National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial">Law Enforcement Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial" title="Korean War Veterans Memorial">Korean War Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_Memorial" title="George Mason Memorial">George Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_B._McClellan" title="Equestrian statue of George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial" title="George Gordon Meade Memorial">George Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Muhlenberg_Memorial" title="Peter Muhlenberg Memorial">Peter Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_%E2%80%93_Merchant_Marine_Memorial" title="Navy – Merchant Marine Memorial">Navy – Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuns_of_the_Battlefield" title="Nuns of the Battlefield">Nuns of the Battlefield</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Monument" title="Peace Monument">Peace Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing_General_of_the_Armies" title="John J. Pershing General of the Armies">John J. Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Division_Memorial" title="Second Division Memorial">Second Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Extra_Mile" title="The Extra Mile">The Extra Mile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Soldiers_(statue)" title="Three Soldiers (statue)">Three Soldiers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Statue of the Comte de Rochambeau">Jean de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Island" title="Theodore Roosevelt Island">Theodore Roosevelt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_Memorial" title="Taras Shevchenko Memorial">Taras Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statues_of_the_Liberators" title="Statues of the Liberators">Statues of the Liberators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_Memorial" title="Oscar Straus Memorial">Oscar Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft_Memorial" title="Robert A. Taft Memorial">Robert A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Titanic Memorial (Washington, D.C.)"><i>Titanic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial" title="United States Navy Memorial">United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Communism_Memorial" title="Victims of Communism Memorial">Victims of Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Women%27s_Memorial" title="Vietnam Women's Memorial">Vietnam Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Memorial" title="Daniel Webster Memorial">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_World_War_I_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_World_War_II_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="National World War II Memorial">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Pool" title="Rainbow Pool">Rainbow Pool</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Reflecting_Pool" title="Capitol Reflecting Pool">Capitol Reflecting Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Cemetery" title="Congressional Cemetery">Congressional Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAR_Constitution_Hall" title="DAR Constitution Hall">DAR Constitution Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcist_steps" title="Exorcist steps"><i>Exorcist</i> steps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Air_Mail_Marker" title="First Air Mail Marker">First Air Mail Marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petersen_House" title="Petersen House">Petersen House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site" title="Frederick Douglass National Historic Site">Frederick Douglass National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healy_Hall" title="Healy Hall">Healy Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Center_of_Washington" title="Islamic Center of Washington">Islamic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Library of Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Arboretum" title="United States National Arboretum">National Arboretum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capitol_Columns" title="National Capitol Columns">National Capitol Columns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Building_Museum" title="National Building Museum">National Building Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_Cottage_at_the_Soldiers%27_Home" title="President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home">Lincoln's Cottage at Soldiers' Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool" title="Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool">Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">National Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">Octagon House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Post_Office_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)">Old Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_House_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Old Stone House (Washington, D.C.)">Old Stone House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square" title="St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square">St. John's Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Arts_of_War_and_The_Arts_of_Peace" title="The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace"><i>The Arts of War</i> and <i>The Arts of Peace</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_Basin" title="Tidal Basin">Tidal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasury_Building_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)">Treasury Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Bank_Building" title="Freedman's Bank Building">Freedman's Bank Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Place" title="Tudor Place">Tudor Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Union Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">United States Supreme Court Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_complex" title="Watergate complex">Watergate complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_InterContinental_Washington" title="Willard InterContinental Washington">Willard Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks<br />and plazas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle">Dupont Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Potomac_Park" title="East Potomac Park">East Potomac Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farragut_Square" title="Farragut Square">Farragut Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Plaza" title="Freedom Plaza">Freedom Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C." title="Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Enfant_Plaza" title="L'Enfant Plaza">L'Enfant Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Hill_Park" title="Meridian Hill Park">Meridian Hill Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Arboretum" title="United States National Arboretum">National Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_World_War_I_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)#Pershing_Park" title="National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Pershing Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Park" title="President's Park">President's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Park" title="Rock Creek Park">Rock Creek Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ellipse" title="The Ellipse">The Ellipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Square_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Union Square (Washington, D.C.)">Union Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">United States Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boundaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anacostia_River" title="Anacostia River">Anacostia River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Memorial_Bridge" title="Arlington Memorial Bridge">Arlington Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_markers_of_the_original_District_of_Columbia" title="Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia">Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Avenue" title="Constitution Avenue">Constitution Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Bridge_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.)">Francis Scott Key Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Milestone" title="Zero Milestone">Zero Milestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nearby<br />landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington_National_Cemetery)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington National Cemetery)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">John F. Kennedy gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial" title="Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial">Arlington House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_War_Memorial" title="Marine Corps War Memorial">Marine Corps War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Carillon" title="Netherlands Carillon">Netherlands Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Memorial" title="Pentagon Memorial">Pentagon Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Memorial" title="United States Air Force Memorial">United States Air Force Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Military_Service_for_America_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Military Service for America Memorial">Women in Military Service for America Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial" title="Adams Memorial">Adams Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Desert_Storm_and_Desert_Shield_Memorial" title="National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial">National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberty_Memorial" title="National Liberty Memorial">National Liberty Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps_Commemorative" title="Peace Corps Commemorative">Peace Corps Commemorative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Building" title="George Washington Memorial Building">George Washington Memorial Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Mothers_National_Monument" title="Gold Star Mothers National Monument">Gold Star Mothers National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammy_memorial" title="Mammy memorial">Mammy memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Slave_Memorial" title="National Slave Memorial">National Slave Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Memorial_Advisory_Commission" title="National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission">National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall_and_Memorial_Parks" title="National Mall and Memorial Parks">National Mall and Memorial Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.">List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C." title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.">National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of public art in Washington, D.C.">Public art in Washington, D.C.</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Revolution_Statuary" title="American Revolution Statuary">American Revolution Statuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Monuments_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C.">Civil War Monuments</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_artworks_commemorating_African_Americans_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of artworks commemorating African Americans in Washington, D.C.">Commemorating African-Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_sculpture_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Outdoor sculpture in Washington, D.C.">Outdoor sculpture</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Legislative_libraries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Legislative_libraries" title="Template:Legislative libraries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Legislative_libraries" title="Template talk:Legislative libraries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Legislative_libraries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Legislative libraries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Legislative_libraries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Legislative libraries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Pakistan" title="National Library of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_Library_of_Korea" title="National Assembly Library of Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Library of Grand National Assembly">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Estonia" title="National Library of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parliamentary_Library_of_Georgia" title="National Parliamentary Library of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passos_Manuel_Library" title="Passos Manuel Library">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Library of Grand National Assembly">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parliamentary_Library_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parliamentary Library of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <small>(<a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_Library" title="House of Commons Library">Lower House</a> · <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Library" title="House of Lords Library">Upper House</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Parliament" title="Library of Parliament">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_the_Congress_of_Mexico" title="Library of the Congress of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">Lower House</a> · <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Upper House</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Library_of_Australia" title="Parliamentary Library of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliamentary_Library" title="New Zealand Parliamentary Library">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau_Congressional_Library" title="Palau Congressional Library">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress of Chile">Chile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_libraries_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_libraries_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="National libraries">National libraries</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_El_Salvador" title="National Library of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Guatemala" title="National Library of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Haiti" title="National Library of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Jamaica" title="National Library of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Mexico" title="National Library of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Panama" title="National Library of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Aruba" title="National Library of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_Madison" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Madison" title="Template:James Madison"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Madison" title="Template talk:James Madison"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Madison" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Madison"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Madison" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">4th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1809–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">5th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> (1801–1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> (1789–1797)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1781–1783)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> (1776–1779, 1784–1786)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution" title="James Madison as Father of the Constitution">"Father of the <br />Constitution"</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitution#1776" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">1786 Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)#James_Madison's_blueprint" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">1787 Constitutional Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Constitution of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_James_Madison" title="Category:Federalist Papers by James Madison">written by Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">No. 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">No. 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27th amendment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Constitution drafting and ratification timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">Tariff of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="First inauguration of James Madison">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="Second inauguration of James Madison">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_letters" title="Henry letters">Henry letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">The Octagon House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Buildings" title="Seven Buildings">Seven Buildings residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Results of the War of 1812">results</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1810 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1814 State of the Union Address">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1815 State of the Union Address">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1816 State of the Union Address"> 1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison#Administration_and_cabinet" title="James Madison">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Madison" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Madison">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplisments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society" title="American Whig–Cliosophic Society">Co-founder, American Whig Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Supervised the Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_1800" title="Report of 1800">Report of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacificus-Helvidius_Debates" title="Pacificus-Helvidius Debates">Pacificus-Helvidius Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_James_Madison" title="The Papers of James Madison">The Papers of James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison#Early_life_and_career" title="James Madison">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Grove_(Port_Conway,_Virginia)" title="Belle Grove (Port Conway, Virginia)">Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_and_1791_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_and_1793_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_and_1795_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election, 1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_James_Madison" title="Bibliography of James Madison">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Madison" title="List of memorials to James Madison">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Madison" title="Statue of James Madison">statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_College" class="mw-redirect" title="James Madison College">James Madison College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Park" title="James Madison Park">James Madison Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel_Phillips_Memorial_High_School" title="Vel Phillips Memorial High School">James Madison Memorial High School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_and_Madison_Square_Park" title="Madison Square and Madison Square Park">Madison Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_River" title="Madison River">Madison River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Madison" title="Mount Madison">Mount Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Street_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Madison Street (disambiguation)">Madison Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#James_Madison" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Fellowship_Foundation" title="James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation">James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Freedom_of_Information_Award" title="James Madison Freedom of Information Award">James Madison Freedom of Information Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Award" title="James Madison Award">James Madison Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Institute" title="James Madison Institute">James Madison Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Museum" title="James Madison Museum">James Madison Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_James_Madison_(1807)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC James Madison (1807)">USRC <i>James Madison</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Madison_(1812)" title="USS Madison (1812)">USS <i>Madison</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_James_Madison_(SSBN-627)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS James Madison (SSBN-627)">USS <i>James Madison</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Doll" title="Magnificent Doll">Magnificent Doll</a></i> (1946 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">musical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)"><i>Washington</i> (2020 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madisonian_model" title="Madisonian model">Madisonian model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Madisonianism" title="Cognitive Madisonianism">Cognitive Madisonianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)"><i>The American Museum</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Payne_Todd" title="John Payne Todd">John Payne Todd</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Sr." title="James Madison Sr.">James Madison Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Madison" title="Eleanor Madison">Eleanor Madison</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Madison" title="William Madison">William Madison</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Madison" title="Ambrose Madison">Ambrose Madison</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">← Thomas Jefferson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe →</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_Madison" title="Category:James Madison">Category:James Madison</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131454#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131454#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131454#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012186288X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151962300">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/528532/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QQPVp7WVRJbR6pY8DTQkQFg">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/35626-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Library of Congress"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78089035">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11870393s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11870393s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00276285">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35304669">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Library of Congress"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003162209&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX97980">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/6924">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90053333">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000004558&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000037123&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Library of Congress (Estados Unidos)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000303340">Chile</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Library of Congress (Washington D.C., Estados Unidos)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000046107">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=57014">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000032922">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="The Library of Congress"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB201905387">Korea</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dhlwtl36bgfcb">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810700988305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/6031">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007306975105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058611065906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/e1d1a030-200d-4b9b-ab91-90a64eb27774">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00238760?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500312782">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3id.org/isil/US-DLC">ISIL</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/904789">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026459450">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/2be5c4f7-1072-4726-bea5-ff02b3d90a1d">MusicBrainz label</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f58cnp">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/institutions/30002492">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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