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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Victims of abuse and manipulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Victims_of_abuse_and_manipulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Victims of abuse and manipulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Victims_of_abuse_and_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breaking_out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breaking_out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Breaking out</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breaking_out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trauma,_victimization,_and_victimology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trauma,_victimization,_and_victimology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Trauma, victimization, and victimology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trauma,_victimization,_and_victimology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collective,_competitive,_and_inclusive_victimhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collective,_competitive,_and_inclusive_victimhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Collective, competitive, and inclusive victimhood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Collective,_competitive,_and_inclusive_victimhood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Collective, competitive, and inclusive victimhood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Collective,_competitive,_and_inclusive_victimhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collective_victimhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collective_victimhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Collective victimhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collective_victimhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitive_victimhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitive_victimhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Competitive victimhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competitive_victimhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inclusive_victimhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusive_victimhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Inclusive victimhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inclusive_victimhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohvrimentaliteet" title="Ohvrimentaliteet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ohvrimentaliteet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalidad_victimista" title="Mentalidad victimista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mentalidad victimista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ذهنیت قربانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ذهنیت قربانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalit%C3%A9_victimaire" title="Mentalité victimaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mentalité victimaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%98%EC%8B%9D" title="피해의식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피해의식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA" title="Զոհի մտածելակերպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զոհի մտածելակերպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="קורבניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קורבניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalno%C5%9B%C4%87_ofiary" title="Mentalność ofiary – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mentalność ofiary" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalidade_de_v%C3%ADtima" title="Mentalidade de vítima – Portuguese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Victimhood" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Victim_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Victim (disambiguation)">Victim (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mindset that one has been hurt by the actions of others</div> <p><b>Victim mentality</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Pseudopsychological</a> concept referring to a <a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">mindset</a> in which a person, or group of people, tends to recognize or consider themselves a <a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">victim</a> of the negative actions of others. In most cases, those with a preposed victim mentality have in fact been the victim of wrongdoing by others or have otherwise suffered misfortune through no fault of their own. The term is also used in reference to the tendency for <a href="/wiki/Blaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaming">blaming</a> one's misfortunes on somebody else's misdeeds, which is also referred to as <b>victimism</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Victim mentality is primarily developed, for example, from family members and situations during childhood. Similarly, criminals often engage in victim thinking, believing themselves to be moral and engaging in crime only as a reaction to an immoral world and furthermore feeling that authorities are unfairly singling them out for persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>This mentality could also be branched from patterns of trauma which could make oneself feel like a victim.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Characteristics of the victimhood mindset have been observed at the group level, although not all individual-level traits apply.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_mentality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Victim complex tends to be described as a persons personality trait who embodies their belief to be in constant victims and pains of the action from other people. Although self-pity every now and then is something normal as that is one of the key stages of grief, it should be temporary and small compared to the exaggerated feelings of guilt, shame, helplessness, etc. More often than not, people who are complex victims gets really easily consumed by depression.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Identifying others as the cause for an undesired situation and denying a personal responsibility for one's own life or circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Vries_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vries-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Attributing negative <a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">intentions</a> to the offender.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Believing that other people are generally more fortunate.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gaining relief from feeling pity for oneself or receiving sympathy from others.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It has been typically characterized by attitudes of <a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">pessimism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a>, and repressed <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People with victim mentality may also: </p> <ul><li>exhibit a general tendency to realistically perceive a situation; yet may lack an awareness or curiosity about the root of actual powerlessness in a situation,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>display <a href="/wiki/Entitlement_(psychology)" title="Entitlement (psychology)">entitlement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selfishness" title="Selfishness">selfishness</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>become defensive, even when others try to help<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>be categorizing: tending to divide people into "good" and "bad" with no gray zone between them.<sup id="cite_ref-Vries_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vries-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>avoid taking risks<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>exhibit <a href="/wiki/Learned_helplessness" title="Learned helplessness">learned helplessness</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>be <a href="/wiki/Self-abasing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-abasing">self-abasing</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Feeling the importance of seeing as a victim by others<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>You tend to put others at fault with an outcome of a situation<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>At the individual and collective level, other features of a victim mentality include:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Need for recognition</b><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the desire for individuals to have their victimhood recognized and affirmed by others. This recognition helps reaffirm positive basic assumptions held by the individual about themselves, others and the world in general. This also implies that offenders recognize their wrongdoing. At a collective level this can encourage people to have a positive well-being with regards to traumatic events and to encourage conciliatory attitudes in group conflicts.</li> <li><b>Moral elitism</b><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the perception of the moral superiority of the self and the immorality of the other side, at both individual and group levels. At an individual level this tends to involve a "black and white" view of morality and the actions of individuals. The individual denies their own aggressiveness and sees the self as weak and persecuted by the morally impure, while the other person is seen as threatening, persecuting and immoral, preserving the image of a morally pure self. At a collective level, moral elitism means that groups emphasize the harm inflicted on them, while also seeing themselves as morally superior. This also means that individuals see their own violence as justified and moral, while the outgroup's violence is unjustified and morally wrong.</li> <li><b>Lack of empathy</b> – because individuals are concerned with their own suffering, they tend to be unwilling to divert interest to the suffering of others. They will either ignore the suffering others or act more selfishly. At the collective level, groups preoccupied with their own victimhood are unwilling to see the outgroup's perspective and show less empathy to their adversaries, while being less likely to accept responsibility for harms they commit. This results in the group being collectively egoistic.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Rumination</b> – victims tend to focus attention on their distress and its causes and consequences rather than solutions. This causes aggression in response to insults or threats and decreases a desire for forgiveness by including a desire for revenge against the perpetrator. Similar dynamics play out at the <a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collective</a> level.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victims_of_abuse_and_manipulation">Victims of abuse and manipulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_mentality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Victims of abuse and manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Victims of <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulation</a> are often trapped in a <a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">self-image</a> of victimization. The psychological profile of victimization includes a variety of feelings and emotions, such as pervasive sense of helplessness, passivity, loss of control, <a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">pessimism</a>, negative thinking, strong feelings of <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blame#Self-blame" title="Blame">self-blame</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This way of thinking can lead one to hopelessness and despair.<sup id="cite_ref-braiker_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braiker-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victim role can be reinforced by individuals viewing themselves as having had the same <a href="/wiki/Agency_(sociology)" title="Agency (sociology)">agency</a> at the time they were victimized as they have in the present.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 240">: 240 </span></sup> </p><p>It is common for a therapist to take a long period of time to build a trusting relationship with a victim. Oftentimes, victims will develop a distrust of authority figures, along with the expectation of being hurt or exploited.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sexual abuse and victim mentality appear to have strong connections. Regardless of gender, all age groups forced to participate in and perform non-consensual sexual acts are more likely to develop feelings of self-recrimination, guilt, and self-blame for acts that they were forced to perform.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual abuse may also manifest in other ways such as petting, lewd verbal suggestions and communication, and exposure of one's body for sexual pleasure. </p><p>According to Koçtürk, Nilüfer et al.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the timing of disclosure among victims of abuse may vary, especially when it comes to sexual abuse. If the event occurred during their childhood or teenage years, they may not tell anyone until adulthood. The reasons for doing so are numerous, such as not wanting to draw attention to the event, not wanting the event to become a public spectacle, fear that their peers, friends, and others would think negatively of them, and not wanting to cause problems within the household. It has been found that victims who disclose to their family members early on usually have higher levels of support from family members and their community. Encouragement to disclose their traumatic experience sooner, rather than later, is greatly needed. </p><p>Studies conducted by Andronnikova and Kudinov <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sought to determine a correlation between the degree of abuse and victimhood, and the victim's likelihood to exhibit behaviors consistent with a victim mentality. Studies were successful in identifying a strong correlation between those with a victim mentality and negative behaviors such as catastrophizing, self-demandingness, demandingness to others, and low frustration tolerance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breaking_out">Breaking out</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_mentality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Breaking out"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, a study led by psychologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Snyder" title="Charles R. Snyder">Charles R. Snyder</a> indicated that if a victim mentality sufferer <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">forgives</a> themselves or the situation leading to that mental state, symptoms of <a href="/wiki/PTSD" class="mw-redirect" title="PTSD">PTSD</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">hostility</a> can be mediated.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For adolescent victims, <a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">group support</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">psychodrama</a> techniques can help people gain a realistic view of past traumas, seeing that they were helpless but are no longer so.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 240">: 240 </span></sup> These techniques emphasize the victims' feelings and expressing those feelings. Support groups are useful in allowing others to practice <a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">assertiveness</a> techniques, and warmly supporting others in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successful techniques have included therapeutic teaching methods regarding concepts of <a href="/wiki/Normative" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative">normative</a> <a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">decision theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">emotional intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">cognitive therapy</a>, and psychological <a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">locus of control</a>. These methods have proven helpful in allowing individuals with a victim mentality <a href="/wiki/Mentality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentality">mindset</a> to both recognize and release the mindset.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trauma,_victimization,_and_victimology"><span id="Trauma.2C_victimization.2C_and_victimology"></span>Trauma, victimization, and victimology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_mentality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trauma, victimization, and victimology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trauma can undermine an individual's assumptions about the world as a just and reasonable place and scientific studies have found that validation of trauma is important for therapeutic recovery. It is normal for victims to want perpetrators to take responsibility for their wrongdoing and studies conducted on patients and therapists indicate that they consider the validation of trauma and victimization as important for therapeutic recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Lint and Marmo identify an 'antivictimism' mentality existing within society as a whole, and those who choose to use the label <i>victim mentality</i>; expecting individuals to only be "true victims" by showing fortitude and refusing to show pain, with displays of pain being seen as a sign of weakness. This will create an environment where a victim is expected to share their emotions, only to be judged for displaying them.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a> has studied the perceptions of victims from <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> and psychological perspectives. People who are victims of crime have a complicated relationship with the label of a victim, may feel that they are required to accept it to receive aid or for legal processes; they may feel accepting the label is necessary to avoid blame; they may want to reject it to avoid stigmatization, or give themselves a sense of agency; they may accept the label due to a desire for justice rather than sympathy. There can be a <a href="/wiki/False_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="False dichotomy">false dichotomy</a> between the roles of victim and survivor, which either does not acknowledge the agency that victims exerted (for example, leaving their abusers) or the fact that others' behaviour caused them harm.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collective,_competitive,_and_inclusive_victimhood"><span id="Collective.2C_competitive.2C_and_inclusive_victimhood"></span>Collective, competitive, and inclusive victimhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_mentality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Collective, competitive, and inclusive victimhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collective_victimhood">Collective victimhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_mentality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Collective victimhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">Collective memory</a></div> <p>Collective victimhood is a mindset shared by group members that one’s own group has been harmed deliberately and undeservedly by another group.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political psychologists <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bar-Tal" title="Daniel Bar-Tal">Bar-Tal</a> and Chernyak-Hai write that collective victim mentality develops from a progression of self-realization, social recognition, and eventual attempts to maintain victimhood status.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers have observed that a strong feeling of collective victimhood is associated with a low forgiveness level and an increased desire for revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They noted this pattern replicated in different contexts such as <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">conflict in Northern Ireland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli-Palestinian conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competitive_victimhood">Competitive victimhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_mentality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Competitive victimhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oppression_Olympics" title="Oppression Olympics">Oppression Olympics</a></div> <p>Competitive victimhood refers to a tendency to view one's group as having suffered more compared to an adversarial group<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and describes the dynamic in violent, <a href="/wiki/Protracted_social_conflict" title="Protracted social conflict">intractable conflicts</a> where each group seeks to demonstrate that it has suffered more than the adversarial group.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, groups involved in violent conflicts tend perceive their victimization as exclusive and may belittle, minimize, or even deny the adversarial group’s pain and suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers observe that competitive victimhood arises from the conflicting parties' desire to defend their moral image, restore agency, and gain power.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competitive victimhood has been found to critically and significantly hinder <a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">conflict resolution</a> and reconciliation,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as decrease the potential for future peaceful <a href="/wiki/Coexistence" title="Coexistence">coexistence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inclusive_victimhood">Inclusive victimhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_mentality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inclusive victimhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some researchers have argued that victim beliefs do not necessarily contribute to group conflict, hypothesizing that victim beliefs which recognize similarities between victim groups' experiences may increase empathy and prosocial behavior toward out-groups and adversarial groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may aid in the reconciliation process, decreasing competitive victimhood and increasing forgiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers hypothesize that rather than emphasizing inclusive victimhood, the emphasis should instead be on shared <a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_mentality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DARVO" title="DARVO">DARVO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievance" title="Grievance">Grievance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievance_studies_affair" title="Grievance studies affair">Grievance studies affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">Moral agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutory_delusion" title="Persecutory delusion">Persecutory delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Victim complex">Victim complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_playing" class="mw-redirect" title="Victim playing">Victim playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_mentality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarveyCallan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, Annelie J.; Callan, Mitchell J. 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Abstract. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (7): e101803. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j1803H">2014PLoSO...9j1803H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0101803">10.1371/journal.pone.0101803</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103766">4103766</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25036011">25036011</a>. <q>Observers engaged in more ultimate justice reasoning for a "good" victim & greater immanent justice reasoning for a "bad" victim. Participants' construals of their bad breaks varied as a function of their self-worth, w/ greater immanent justice reasoning for participants with lower self-esteem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Getting+%22Just+Deserts%22+or+Seeing+the+%22Silver+Lining%22%3A+The+Relation+between+Judgments+of+Immanent+and+Ultimate+Justice&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e101803&rft.date=2014-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4103766%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25036011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0101803&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...9j1803H&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Annelie+J.&rft.au=Callan%2C+Mitchell+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4103766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+mentality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminer2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Kaminer, Wendy (July 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2010/07/the-culture-of-victimism-gives-way-to-a-culture-of-bullying/60643/">"The Culture of 'Victimism' Gives Way to a Culture of Bullying"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sequential stages: the process of victimization; Victim-to-victimizer cycle. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Review_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Review of the Red Cross">International Review of the Red Cross</a></i>. <b>91</b> (874): 234, 256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1816383109990221">10.1017/S1816383109990221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53594158">53594158</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2018</span>. <q>those who perceive themselves as a victim attempt to gain social validation by persuading others (family, friends, authorities, etc.) to recognize that the harm occurred & that they are victims...the sense of collective victimhood is related to negative affective consequences of fear, reduced empathy & anger, to cognitive biases such as interpretation of ambiguous information as hostile & threatening, to emergence of the belief that violent action taken is morally justified, to reduced moral accountability & finally to a tendency to seek revenge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=A+sense+of+self-perceived+collective+victimhood+in+intractable+conflicts&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=874&rft.pages=234%2C+256&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1816383109990221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53594158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bar-Tal&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Chernyak-Hai%2C+Lily&rft.au=Schori%2C+Noa&rft.au=Gundar%2C+Ayelet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Feng%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fother%2Firrc-874-bartal-chernyakhai-schori-gundar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+mentality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindbodygreen.com/articles/victim-complex">"Ever Met Someone With A Victim Complex? 9 Warning Signs To Look For"</a>. <i>mindbodygreen</i>. 2022-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Foundations. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Review_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Review of the Red Cross">International Review of the Red Cross</a></i>. <b>91</b> (874): 233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1816383109990221">10.1017/S1816383109990221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53594158">53594158</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=A+sense+of+self-perceived+collective+victimhood+in+intractable+conflicts&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=874&rft.pages=233&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1816383109990221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53594158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bar-Tal&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Chernyak-Hai%2C+Lily&rft.au=Schori%2C+Noa&rft.au=Gundar%2C+Ayelet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Feng%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fother%2Firrc-874-bartal-chernyakhai-schori-gundar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+mentality" class="Z3988"></span> → Sense of Victimhood has 3 foundations: (1) rooted in a Realization of Harm Experienced either directly or indirectly (2) 'Victim': a social label → result of Social Recognition of an act as illegitimate harm (3) Individuals Perceive Themselves as Victims → often attempt to maintain this status</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWohlBranscombe2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wohl, Michael J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.in-mind.org&rft.atitle=The+victim+wars%3A+How+competitive+victimhood+stymies+reconciliation+between+conflicting+groups+%7C+Magazine+issue+5%2F2012+-+Issue+15+%7C+In-Mind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in-mind.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-victim-wars-how-competitive-victimhood-stymies-reconciliation-between-conflicting-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+mentality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemirel2023" class="citation journal cs1">Demirel, Cagla (8 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436597.2023.2205579">"Exploring inclusive victimhood narratives: the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina"</a>. <i>Third World Quarterly</i>. <b>44</b> (8): 1770–1789. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436597.2023.2205579">10.1080/01436597.2023.2205579</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Exploring+inclusive+victimhood+narratives%3A+the+case+of+Bosnia-Herzegovina&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1770-1789&rft.date=2023-05-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436597.2023.2205579&rft.aulast=Demirel&rft.aufirst=Cagla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F01436597.2023.2205579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+mentality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_mentality&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Christopher Peterson (2006). A Primer in Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Thomas J. Nevitt: The Victim Mentality. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014034523/http://aaph.org/node/214">https://web.archive.org/web/20121014034523/http://aaph.org/node/214</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victim_mentality&oldid=1259653605">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victim_mentality&oldid=1259653605</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abuse" title="Category:Abuse">Abuse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harassment_and_bullying" title="Category:Harassment and bullying">Harassment and bullying</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victimology" title="Category:Victimology">Victimology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Popular_psychology" title="Category:Popular psychology">Popular psychology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 09:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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