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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-石器時代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#石器時代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>石器時代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-石器時代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古巴比倫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古巴比倫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>古巴比倫</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古巴比倫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-埃及古代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#埃及古代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>埃及古代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-埃及古代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-印度古代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#印度古代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>印度古代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-印度古代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中國古代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國古代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>中國古代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國古代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中世紀伊斯蘭文明" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中世紀伊斯蘭文明"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>中世紀伊斯蘭文明</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中世紀伊斯蘭文明-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中世紀歐洲文明" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中世紀歐洲文明"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>中世紀歐洲文明</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中世紀歐洲文明-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-手術分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#手術分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>手術分類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-手術分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关手術分類子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-手術分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-緊急性[3]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#緊急性[3]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>緊急性<sup><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-緊急性[3]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-时限性[4][5][6][7]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#时限性[4][5][6][7]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>时限性<sup><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup><sup><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup><sup><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup><sup><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-时限性[4][5][6][7]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-目的" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#目的"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>目的</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-目的-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-程序類型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#程序類型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>程序類型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-程序類型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-涉及組織系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#涉及組織系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>涉及組織系統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-涉及組織系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-入侵程度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#入侵程度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>入侵程度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-入侵程度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-使用儀器" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#使用儀器"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>使用儀器</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-使用儀器-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-手術作業流程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#手術作業流程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>手術作業流程</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-手術作業流程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>法律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关相關條目子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-各種手術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#各種手術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>各種手術</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-各種手術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-手術用器具" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#手術用器具"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>手術用器具</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-手術用器具-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-受控医学词表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#受控医学词表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>受控医学词表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-受控医学词表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">外科学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。110种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurch%C3%ADa" title="Cirurchía – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cirurchía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="جراحة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جراحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%A8%DC%92%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܥܨܒܘܬܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܨܒܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirux%C3%ADa" title="Ciruxía – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciruxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99rrahiyy%C9%99" title="Cərrahiyyə – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cərrahiyyə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="جراحلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جراحلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хірургія – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хірургія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хірургія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хірургія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C3%A8l" title="Bedèl – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bedèl" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хирургия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хирургия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="आपरेसन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आपरेसन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="অস্ত্রোপচার – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্ত্রোপচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirurgija" title="Hirurgija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hirurgija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurgia" title="Cirurgia – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cirurgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نەشتەرگەری – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەشتەرگەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Хирурги – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хирурги" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llawfeddygaeth" title="Llawfeddygaeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llawfeddygaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgi" title="Kirurgi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kirurgi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Χειρουργική – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χειρουργική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Surgery" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgio" title="Kirurgio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kirurgio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirug%C3%ADa" title="Cirugía – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cirugía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgia" title="Kirurgia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirurgia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgia" title="Kirurgia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kirurgia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="جراحی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جراحی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgia" title="Kirurgia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirurgia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgia" title="Kirurgia – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kirurgia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veisele" title="Veisele – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Veisele" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1inliacht" title="Máinliacht – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Máinliacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurx%C3%ADa" title="Cirurxía – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cirurxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="כירורגיה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כירורגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgija" title="Kirurgija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kirurgija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seb%C3%A9szet" title="Sebészet – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sebészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վիրաբուժություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիրաբուժություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia" title="Chirurgia – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chirurgia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedah" title="Bedah – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bedah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgio" title="Kirurgio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kirurgio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppskur%C3%B0ur" title="Uppskurður – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Uppskurður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia" title="Chirurgia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chirurgia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="外科学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="外科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedhah" title="Bedhah – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bedhah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქირურგია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქირურგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yas%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%CA%8Am%C9%A9y%C9%9B_(Chirurgie)" title="Yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (Chirurgie) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (Chirurgie)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хирургия – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хирургия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಶಸ್ತ್ರಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಸ್ತ್ರಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EA%B3%BC" title="외과 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fterger%C3%AE" title="Niştergerî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Niştergerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хирургия – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хирургия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia" title="Chirurgia – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chirurgia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirurjia" title="Sirurjia – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sirurjia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerusia" title="Cerusia – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cerusia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgija" title="Chirurgija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chirurgija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6irur%C4%A3ija" title="Ķirurģija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķirurģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хирургий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Хирургий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badah" title="Badah – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Badah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хирургија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хирургија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ശസ്ത്രക്രിയ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശസ്ത്രക്രിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%81_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мэс засал – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэс засал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembedahan" title="Pembedahan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembedahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="ခွဲစိတ်ကုပညာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခွဲစိတ်ကုပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यक्रिया – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शल्यक्रिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgi" title="Kirurgi – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kirurgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgi" title="Kirurgi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kirurgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurgia" title="Cirurgia – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cirurgia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਰਜਰੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰਜਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia" title="Chirurgia – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chirurgia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="جراحي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جراحي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurgia" title="Cirurgia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cirurgia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa_kuchuy" title="Runa kuchuy – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Runa kuchuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хирургия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хирургия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurg%C3%ACa" title="Chirurgìa – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chirurgìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgija" title="Kirurgija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kirurgija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ශල්‍යවේදය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශල්‍යවේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Surgery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia" title="Chirurgia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chirurgia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgija" title="Kirurgija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kirurgija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgjia" title="Kirurgjia – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kirurgjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хирургија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хирургија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgi" title="Kirurgi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kirurgi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upasuaji" title="Upasuaji – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Upasuaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="அறுவைச் சிகிச்சை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறுவைச் சிகிச்சை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8" title="శస్త్ర చికిత్స – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శస్త్ర చికిత్స" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ศัลยศาสตร์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศัลยศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-oopera" title="Pag-oopera – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pag-oopera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrahi" title="Cerrahi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cerrahi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хірургія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хірургія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA" title="جراحت – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جراحت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrohlik" title="Jarrohlik – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jarrohlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurzia" title="Chirurzia – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Chirurzia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo%E1%BA%A1i_khoa" title="Ngoại khoa – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngoại khoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siruhiya" title="Siruhiya – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Siruhiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="外科学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="外科学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="כירורגיע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כירורגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C4%81-kho-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Goā-kho-ha̍k – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goā-kho-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="外科 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="外科" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40821#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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href="/zh-mo/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_life_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/20px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/30px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/40px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科">维基百科</a>中的醫學内容<b>仅供参考</b>，並<b>不能</b>視作專業意見。如需獲取醫療幫助或意見，请咨询专业人士。詳見<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E" title="Wikipedia:医学声明">醫學聲明</a></b>。</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg/220px-Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg/330px-Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg/440px-Cardiac_surgery_operating_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>心臟外科手術</figcaption></figure> <p><b>外科学</b>是现代<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a>的一个科目，主要研究如何利用<b>外科手术</b>治療病患。外科手術簡稱<b>手術</b>，指凡透過器械，經<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E9%86%AB%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="外科醫生">外科医生</a>或其他專業人員的操作下，進入<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="人體">人體</a>或其他生物<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="組織 (生物學)">組織</a>，以外力方式排除病變、改變構造或植入外來物的處理過程。一般情況下，完成手術前置作業（如核對病人身份、核對手術部位、麻醉、消毒）後，多先使用刀子或剪刀劃開皮膚，因而俗稱<b>開刀</b>。外科學和所有的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="臨床醫學">臨床醫學</a>一樣，需要了解疾病的定義、病因、表現、診斷、分期、治療、預後，而且外科學更重視開刀的適應症、術前的評估與照顧、手術的技巧與方法、術後的照顧、手術的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%B5%E7%99%BC%E7%97%87" title="併發症">併發症</a>與預後等與外科手術相關的問題。 </p><p>早在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>出土的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E4%B9%83%E4%BC%8A" title="木乃伊">木乃伊</a>，就可以发现頭顱的手術痕跡。而早在2000多年前的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>，也就已经从战争、生产和生活的实践中总结出一些外科的实践经验。现代外科学开创于19世纪末，英国<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="约瑟夫·李斯特，第一代李斯特男爵">约瑟夫·李斯特</a>男爵常被誉为“现代外科学之父”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，起先经常由受过培训的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%8F%91%E5%B8%88" title="理发师">理发师</a>代理执行手术——即所谓的“医疗理发师”（barber surgeon），因此在今天的许多<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="英联邦国家">英联邦国家</a>外科医师被称呼为“先生”（Mister）而不是“医生”（Doctor）。在20世纪初，随着<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92" title="消毒">消毒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89" title="麻醉">麻醉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A2%E8%A1%80" title="止血">止血</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%93%E8%A1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="输血">输血</a>等技术的产生和进步，现代外科学得以逐渐深化及完善。 </p><p>临床外科学根据治疗目标的不同有着明确的分工，可分为<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="普通外科">普通外科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%87%9F%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="心臟外科">心臟外科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%94%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="胸腔外科学">胸腔外科</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="血管手術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vascular surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="血管手術（页面不存在）">血管外科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Vascular surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vascular surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="神经外科">神经外科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E9%BC%BB%E5%96%89%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="耳鼻喉科学">耳鼻喉/头颈外科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8C%E5%B0%BF%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="泌尿外科">泌尿外科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%BD%A2%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="整形外科">整形外科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="重建外科">重建外科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="骨外科">骨外科</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="小兒外科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paediatric surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%85%92%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小兒外科（页面不存在）">小兒外科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paediatric_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Paediatric surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paediatric surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="結腸直腸外科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Colorectal surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E8%85%B8%E7%9B%B4%E8%85%B8%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結腸直腸外科（页面不存在）">結腸直腸外科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Colorectal surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Colorectal surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D" title="器官移植">移植外科</a>等。廣義的外科學則尚可包含<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="眼科學">眼科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E7%94%A2%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="婦產科">妇产科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E9%A0%9C%E9%9D%A2%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="口腔頜面外科">口腔頜面外科</a>等。 </p><p>外科经常處理的問題包含了創傷、各种胸腹部急症、先天/后天性畸形、惡性腫瘤、器官移植等，在临床应用上和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="麻醉学">麻醉学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%97%87%E7%9B%91%E6%8A%A4%E7%97%85%E6%88%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="重症监护病房">特级护理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学">病理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E8%AF%8A%E6%96%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="影像诊断学">放射学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="肿瘤学">肿瘤学</a>等其它医学专科工作关系极其密切。隨著藥物、早期诊断技术與其他医疗科技（比如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="介入放射學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Interventional radiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8B%E5%85%A5%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="介入放射學（页面不存在）">介入放射學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional_radiology" class="extiw" title="en:Interventional radiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Interventional radiology</span></a></span>）</span></span>）的發達，許多疾病的治療都轉變為非外科治療為主，然而外科手術仍然是這些治療無效或產生併發症不可或缺的後線支持，而外科<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%89%B5%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" title="微創手術">微創手術</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%A6%96%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="內視鏡">內視鏡</a>手术）的領域也在蓬勃發展。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:left;"></div> <p>工业革命前，在各国历史文献和传说中，均有外科手术的记述，也有出土遗骸的物证，但由于缺乏系统科学理论和技术支撑，外科手术效果存疑，且未能大范围推广。伴随人类<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a>后对于自身认识的提升，以及逐渐发展的科技革命，在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6" title="解剖学">解剖学</a>成熟后，攻克了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A2%E8%A1%80" title="止血">止血</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89" title="麻醉">麻醉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92" title="消毒">消毒</a>（无菌化）三大难关后，在19世纪成熟，并在20世纪广泛推广成为普惠性的医学技术。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="石器時代"><span id=".E7.9F.B3.E5.99.A8.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3"></span>石器時代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：石器時代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人類學家發現在一些古人類化石上，頭骨等骨骼有被鋸開和癒合的痕跡，常被認為是最早的手術並且成功的證據，但因為沒有其他記載，所以具體過程和病症不明。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古巴比倫"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.B7.B4.E6.AF.94.E5.80.AB"></span>古巴比倫</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：古巴比倫"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>前十七世紀，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%AE" title="尼尼微">尼尼微</a>人的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%B0%9F%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="汉谟拉比法典">漢謨拉比法典</a>》中有記載眼部外科手術規定，表示在當時或更早期，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="两河流域文明">兩河流域文明</a>便已有人施行外科手術，這是人類文明有記載最早的外科手術。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="埃及古代"><span id=".E5.9F.83.E5.8F.8A.E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3"></span>埃及古代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：埃及古代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E6%AD%90%E6%99%AE%E7%A5%9E%E6%AE%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="柯歐普神殿">柯歐普神殿</a>其中一片門柱上有記載<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B2%E7%A6%AE" title="割禮">割禮</a>。另外，《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃伯斯紙草文稿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ebers Papyrus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%AF%E7%B4%99%E8%8D%89%E6%96%87%E7%A8%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃伯斯紙草文稿（页面不存在）">埃伯斯紙草文稿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" class="extiw" title="en:Ebers Papyrus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ebers Papyrus</span></a></span>）</span></span>》，與《<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%BA%AB%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF%E7%B4%99%E8%8D%89%E6%96%87%E7%A8%BF" title="艾德溫·史密斯紙草文稿">艾德溫·史密斯紙草文稿</a>》也有<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="解剖學">解剖學</a>、外科學等內容記載。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="印度古代"><span id=".E5.8D.B0.E5.BA.A6.E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3"></span>印度古代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：印度古代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>前六世紀，名醫<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%83%A5%E5%A6%82%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="苏胥如塔">蘇胥如塔</a>於所著的《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘇胥如塔·妙聞集" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sushruta Samhita"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%83%A5%E5%A6%82%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E5%A6%99%E8%81%9E%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇胥如塔·妙聞集（页面不存在）">蘇胥如塔·妙聞集</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" class="extiw" title="en:Sushruta Samhita"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sushruta Samhita</span></a></span>）</span></span>》醫書中，記載了 8 種外科手術方法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中國古代"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B.E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3"></span>中國古代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：中國古代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%86%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="中醫">中醫</a>公認最早的外科手術，為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="東漢">東漢</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="三國">三國</a>時期名醫<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E4%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="華佗">華佗</a>，於三世紀在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">魏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%80%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="蜀漢">蜀</a>兩國行醫，發明讓病患以酒服<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E6%B2%B8%E6%95%A3" title="麻沸散">麻沸散</a>作為<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89" title="麻醉">麻醉</a>，再施行「刮骨療傷」、「剖肚清腸」等多種外科手術，在《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97" title="三國志">三國志</a>》與《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="後漢書">後漢書</a>》皆有記載。 </p><p>另外，《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="史記">史記</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%81%E9%B5%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="扁鵲">扁鵲列傳</a>》中提到黃帝時期有一名醫<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9E%E8%B7%97" title="俞跗">俞跗</a>的外科手術技術，「一撥見病之應，因五藏之輸，乃割皮解肌，訣脈結筋，搦髓腦，揲荒，爪幕，湔浣腸胃，漱滌五藏」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中世紀伊斯蘭文明"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E4.B8.96.E7.B4.80.E4.BC.8A.E6.96.AF.E8.98.AD.E6.96.87.E6.98.8E"></span>中世紀伊斯蘭文明</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：中世紀伊斯蘭文明"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>十世紀至十一世紀，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯帝国">阿拉伯</a>名醫<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81" title="宰赫拉威">宰赫拉威</a>，在今<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6_(%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99)" title="科爾多瓦 (西班牙)">科爾多瓦</a>一帶行醫，他結合了伊斯蘭醫學與羅馬、印度的教案，發展出現代外科學的雛型，深深影響現代醫學，被稱為「外科之父」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中世紀歐洲文明"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E4.B8.96.E7.B4.80.E6.AD.90.E6.B4.B2.E6.96.87.E6.98.8E"></span>中世紀歐洲文明</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：中世紀歐洲文明"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>十三世紀，歐洲某些城鎮因醫療的需求，而發展出醫學大學，直至十五世紀，外科學成為獨立的醫學專科。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="手術分類"><span id=".E6.89.8B.E8.A1.93.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>手術分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：手術分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>外科手術</b>通常以其緊急性、目的、程序類型、涉及組織系統、入侵程度與使用儀器來分類。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="緊急性[3]"><span id=".E7.B7.8A.E6.80.A5.E6.80.A7.5B3.5D"></span>緊急性<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：緊急性[3]"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非急需手術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Elective surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%80%A5%E9%9C%80%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非急需手術（页面不存在）">非急需手術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elective_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Elective surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Elective surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span>：在不涉及性命的情況下，患者可視需求擇期施行的手術。</li> <li>緊急手術：為了保存性命、四肢或身體機能而必須立即施行的手術。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="时限性[4][5][6][7]"><span id=".E6.97.B6.E9.99.90.E6.80.A7.5B4.5D.5B5.5D.5B6.5D.5B7.5D"></span>时限性<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：时限性[4][5][6][7]"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="急症手术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Surgical emergency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A5%E7%97%87%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="急症手术（页面不存在）">急症手术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_emergency" class="extiw" title="en:Surgical emergency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Surgical emergency</span></a></span>）</span></span>（緊急）<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，如急性<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%8C%E5%B0%BE%E7%82%8E" title="闌尾炎">阑尾炎</a>穿孔、胸腹腔内大血管破裂等等情况下。</li> <li>限期手术（半緊急），指手术期可以选择但仍有一定限度的手术，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="恶性肿瘤">恶性肿瘤</a>的根治术、使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘</a>剂做术前准备的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E4%BA%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="甲亢">甲亢</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%8A%B6%E8%85%BA" title="甲状腺">甲状腺</a>大部切除术等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A9%E6%9C%9F%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%AF" title="择期手术">择期手术</a>（非緊急），为患者需要但不必立即进行的手术，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%AE%B9%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="整容手術">整容手术</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="良性肿瘤">良性肿瘤</a>切除术、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E8%82%A1%E6%B2%9F%E7%96%9D" title="腹股沟疝">腹股沟疝</a>修复术等。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="目的"><span id=".E7.9B.AE.E7.9A.84"></span>目的</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：目的"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="探查性手術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Exploratory surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A2%E6%9F%A5%E6%80%A7%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="探查性手術（页面不存在）">探查性手術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Exploratory surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Exploratory surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span>：為了探查病灶而施行的手術；<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">醫學影像</a>的發展得以較少施行此類手術。</li> <li>治療性手術：為了治療已知病變而施行的手術。</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="預防性手術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prophylactic surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E6%80%A7%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="預防性手術（页面不存在）">預防性手術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophylactic_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Prophylactic surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prophylactic surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span>：為了避免後續的高風險，預先切除某個<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="器官">器官</a>或組織。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="程序類型"><span id=".E7.A8.8B.E5.BA.8F.E9.A1.9E.E5.9E.8B"></span>程序類型</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：程序類型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>依不同的手術程序分類，種類很多，如： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%AA%E8%82%A2" title="截肢">截肢手術</a>：切除部份或全部肢端或四肢的手術。</li> <li>切除手術（<span lang="en">Excision</span>）：切除全部或部份組織。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%BD%A2%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="整形外科">整形手術</a>：改變或恢復組織的形狀與功能。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="重建外科">重建手術</a>：重建或修補組織，使恢復形狀與功能。</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="再植手術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Replantation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%8D%E6%A4%8D%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="再植手術（页面不存在）">再植手術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replantation" class="extiw" title="en:Replantation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Replantation</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：接回被截肢組織的手術。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D" title="器官移植">移植手術</a>：從自體或異體移植部份或全部組織。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%89%B5%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" title="清創手術">清創手術</a>：清除傷口被污染的組織，移除致命毒素</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="涉及組織系統"><span id=".E6.B6.89.E5.8F.8A.E7.B5.84.E7.B9.94.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1"></span>涉及組織系統</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：涉及組織系統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>依手術涉及的器官、組織或系統分類，如： </p> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腹部手術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abdominal surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%B9%E9%83%A8%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腹部手術（页面不存在）">腹部手術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Abdominal surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abdominal surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="神經外科">腦部手術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%87%9F%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="心臟外科">心臟手術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%94%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="胸腔外科學">胸腔手術</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="入侵程度"><span id=".E5.85.A5.E4.BE.B5.E7.A8.8B.E5.BA.A6"></span>入侵程度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：入侵程度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%89%B5%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" title="微創手術">微創手術</a>：將切口極小化的手術，以減少失血，避免傷害正常組織，加速瘉合。</li> <li>開放手術：一般需要剖開身體、有<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="外科切口" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Surgical incision"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%88%87%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外科切口（页面不存在）">外科切口</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_incision" class="extiw" title="en:Surgical incision"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Surgical incision</span></a></span>）</span></span>的手術。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="使用儀器"><span id=".E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8.E5.84.80.E5.99.A8"></span>使用儀器</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：使用儀器"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%84%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" title="雷射手術">雷射手術</a>：使用雷射手術刀或氣化雷射施行手術。</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="顯微手術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microsurgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="顯微手術（页面不存在）">顯微手術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsurgery" class="extiw" title="en:Microsurgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microsurgery</span></a></span>）</span></span>：使用手術<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="顯微鏡">顯微鏡</a>協助施行的手術。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%A6%96%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="內視鏡">內視鏡手術</a>：使用內視鏡協助施行的手術。</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="機器人輔助手術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robot-assisted surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="機器人輔助手術（页面不存在）">機器人輔助手術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot-assisted_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Robot-assisted surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robot-assisted surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span>：使用機器人施行的手術。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="手術作業流程"><span id=".E6.89.8B.E8.A1.93.E4.BD.9C.E6.A5.AD.E6.B5.81.E7.A8.8B"></span>手術作業流程</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：手術作業流程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92" title="消毒">消毒</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Trivia plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b>應避免有<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E7%91%A3%E7%A2%8E%E7%AB%A0%E7%AF%80" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/瑣碎章節">陳列雜項、瑣碎資料</a>的部分。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2022年9月4日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit">協助</a>將有關資料重新編排成連貫性的文章，安置於適當章節或條目內。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>病房<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="護理師">護理師</a>將<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="病人">病人</a>推到<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%A4" title="手术室">手術室</a>門口，並與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86%E5%B8%AB" title="流動護理師">流動護理師</a>交班。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E7%A7%91%E9%86%AB%E5%B8%AB" title="麻醉科醫師">麻醉醫師</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89" title="麻醉">麻醉</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="護理師">護理師</a>及流動護理師把病人移至<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="手術台" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Operating table"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E5%8F%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="手術台（页面不存在）">手術台</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_table" class="extiw" title="en:Operating table"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Operating table</span></a></span>）</span></span>。</li> <li>麻醉護理師協助麻醉醫師進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E6%8F%92%E7%AE%A1" title="气管插管">插管</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89" title="麻醉">麻醉</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B7%E6%89%8B%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86%E5%B8%AB" title="刷手護理師">刷手護理師</a>進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B7%E6%89%8B" title="刷手">刷手</a>。</li> <li>流動護理師打開無菌手術衣外包並用<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%8F%8C%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C" title="无菌操作">無菌</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%97" title="鉗">鉗</a>打開內包。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>刷手護理師穿著<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E8%8F%8C%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E8%A1%A3" title="無菌手術衣">無菌手術衣</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>流動護理師打開布包及器械包外包，並確認<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92" title="消毒">消毒</a>是否完全及<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="日期">日期</a>。</li> <li>刷手護理師打開布包及器械包內包，並確認消毒是否完全。</li> <li>刷手護理師整理手術<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E6%A2%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="器械">器械</a>，流動護理師給予刷手護理師無菌用品(如：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%97%E5%B8%83" title="紗布">紗布</a>、縫合<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="線">線</a>等)。</li> <li>刷手護理師及流動護理師鋪設<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B0%8F%E5%99%A8%E6%A2%B0%E6%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐氏器械桌（页面不存在）">歐氏器械桌</a>。</li> <li>流動護理師打開燈拔外面的包布外包，確認消毒是否完全及日期，並將燈拔放置器械桌上。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E9%86%AB%E5%B8%AB" title="外科醫師">主刀醫師</a>及外科助手進行刷手。</li> <li>流動護理師打開無菌手術衣外包並用無菌鉗打開內包。</li> <li>刷手護理師及流動護理師協助主刀醫師及外科助手穿著無菌手術衣。</li> <li>流動護理師打開消毒包外包，並確認消毒是否完全及日期。</li> <li>刷手護理師打開消毒包內包，並確認消毒是否完全。</li> <li>流動護理師道<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92%E6%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="消毒液">消毒溶液</a>。</li> <li>刷手護理師打開燈拔外面的包布內包，並將燈拔給外科助手。</li> <li>流動護理師打開<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="無影燈" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Surgical lighting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E5%BD%B1%E7%87%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無影燈（页面不存在）">無影燈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_lighting" class="extiw" title="en:Surgical lighting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Surgical lighting</span></a></span>）</span></span>。</li> <li>外科助手消毒及確認手術部位。</li> <li>刷手護理師給主刀醫師及外科助手治療巾及被單鉗(英文：Towel Clips)。</li> <li>主刀醫師及外科助手鋪設治療巾(第一條鋪設於患部下方、第二條鋪設於患部左側、第三條鋪設於患部右側、第四條鋪設於患部上方)，並用被單鉗固定四個角。</li> <li>刷手護理師給主刀醫師及外科助手中單。</li> <li>主刀醫師及外科助手鋪設中單(第一條切齊第一條治療巾、第二條鋪設於第一條中單的2/1位置、第三條切齊第四條治療巾)。</li> <li>手護理師給主刀醫師及外科助手洞巾。</li> <li>主刀醫師及外科助手鋪設洞巾(洞巾洞口對齊患部)。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>刷手護理師及流動護理師一起計數紗布及尖銳物。</li> <li>刷手護理師自行計數器械。</li> <li>刷手護理師在手術中給予主刀醫師及外科助手手術器械。</li> <li>主刀醫師切開<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" title="皮膚">皮膚</a>。</li> <li>刷手護理師及流動護理師一起計數紗布及尖銳物，依序先由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE%E6%A1%B6" title="垃圾桶">垃圾桶</a>、二層車(或三聯車)、歐氏器械桌、病人端。</li> <li>刷手護理師自行計數器械。</li> <li>主刀醫師縫合<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E8%85%94" title="体腔">體腔</a>。</li> <li>刷手護理師及流動護理師一起計數紗布及尖銳物，依序先由垃圾桶、二層車(或三聯車)、歐氏器械桌、病人端。</li> <li>刷手護理師自行計數器械。</li> <li>主刀醫師縫合<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E4%B8%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="皮下組織">皮下組織</a>。</li> <li>刷手護理師及流動護理師一起計數紗布及尖銳物，依序先由垃圾桶、二層車(或三聯車)、歐氏器械桌、病人端。</li> <li>刷手護理師自行計數器械。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>刷手護理師將<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E8%B7%A1" title="血跡">血跡</a>擦乾。</li> <li>出手術室。</li> <li>術後<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F" title="观察">觀察</a>術後<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="護理">護理</a>及恢復準備出<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2" title="醫院">院</a>。</li> <li>後續出院返<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%BA%E9%96%93" title="診間">診</a>計畫<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>註：所有進手術室之人員，需要穿著<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E6%9C%8D" title="手術服">手術服</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E7%BD%A9" title="口罩">口罩</a>、髮帽、鞋套或手術室專用鞋<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="法律"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B"></span>法律</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：法律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>依據<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" title="醫療法">醫療法</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>63條手術同意書，實行手術前，必須給予病人簽具手術同意書。</li> <li>64條侵入性治療同意書，實行相關侵入性治療前（如等）必須給予病人簽具同意書</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%8F%8C%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="无菌技术">无菌技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%93%E8%A1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="输血">输血</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E8%A1%80%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" title="無血手術">無血手術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E5%AD%B8" title="麻醉學">麻醉學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94_(%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6)" title="不良反应 (医学)">不良反应 (医学)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BA%BA%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="病人安全">病人安全</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="各種手術"><span id=".E5.90.84.E7.A8.AE.E6.89.8B.E8.A1.93"></span>各種手術</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：各種手術"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:3; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%80%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="人工電子耳">人工電子耳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="子宮切除手術">子宮切除手術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE%E5%8D%B5%E5%B7%A2%E6%91%98%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93" title="子宮卵巢摘除術">子宮卵巢摘除術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BA%E9%AA%A8%E9%99%84%E5%B1%AC%E9%9F%8C%E5%B8%B6%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA%E8%A1%93" title="尺骨附屬韌帶重建術">尺骨附屬韌帶重建術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E7%9A%AE%E8%83%8C%E5%88%87%E8%A1%93" title="包皮背切術">包皮背切術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E7%9A%AE%E7%92%B0%E5%88%87%E8%A1%93" title="包皮環切術">包皮環切術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%A1%8E%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" title="正顎手術">正顎手術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%86%85%E9%9A%9C%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%AF" title="白内障手术">白内障手术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E5%86%8D%E6%88%90%E5%BD%A2%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="血管再成形術">血管再成形術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%88%BF%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA" title="乳房重建">乳房重建</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E9%87%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="性別重置手術">性別重置手術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88%E5%86%8D%E6%88%90%E5%BD%A2%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="冠狀動脈再成形術">冠狀動脈再成形術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88%E6%90%AD%E6%A9%8B%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="冠狀動脈搭橋手術">冠狀動脈搭橋手術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%83%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93" title="胃切除術">胃切除術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%87%E9%96%8B%E8%A1%93" title="氣管切開術">氣管切開術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A4%E7%88%AA%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" title="除爪手術">除爪手術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%90%83%E6%91%98%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="眼球摘除術">眼球摘除術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%9A%AE" title="植皮">植皮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E7%B4%AE" title="結紮">結紮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E9%A2%85%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%AF" title="开颅手术">开颅手术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E9%99%B0%E5%88%87%E9%96%8B%E8%A1%93" title="會陰切開術">會陰切開術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%AA%E4%B8%B8%E6%91%98%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="睪丸摘除術">睪丸摘除術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%AB%E7%8B%80%E9%AB%94%E5%86%B7%E5%87%8D%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="睫狀體冷凍術">睫狀體冷凍術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E5%B0%BF%E9%81%93%E5%89%8D%E5%88%97%E8%85%BA%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93" title="經尿道前列腺切除術">經尿道前列腺切除術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%AE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="整容">整容</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E7%9F%AF%E8%A6%96" title="激光矯視">激光矯视</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%B9%E5%89%B2" title="閹割">閹割</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BC%E7%8B%80%E8%83%AC%E8%82%89%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="翼狀胬肉手術">翼狀胬肉手術</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="手術用器具"><span id=".E6.89.8B.E8.A1.93.E7.94.A8.E5.99.A8.E5.85.B7"></span>手術用器具</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：手術用器具"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%AF%E5%88%80" title="手术刀">手术刀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E5%88%80" title="剪刀">剪刀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%B7%E5%AD%90" title="鑷子">鑷子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%97%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="鉗子">鉗子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%9D" title="針">針</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="受控医学词表"><span id=".E5.8F.97.E6.8E.A7.E5.8C.BB.E5.AD.A6.E8.AF.8D.E8.A1.A8"></span>受控医学词表</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：受控医学词表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="CPT" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Current Procedural Terminology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/CPT" class="mw-disambig" title="CPT">CPT</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD">ICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOINC" class="mw-redirect" title="LOINC">LOINC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeSH" class="mw-redirect" title="MeSH">MeSH</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="SNOMED" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SNOMED&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SNOMED（页面不存在）">SNOMED</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematized_Nomenclature_of_Medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMLS" class="mw-redirect" title="UMLS">UMLS</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span 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color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%AA%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="Category:引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1082146/">replantation - 再植</a>. terms.naer.edu.tw. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-02-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306041344/https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1082146/">存档</a>于2022-03-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=replantation+-+%E5%86%8D%E6%A4%8D&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=terms.naer.edu.tw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterms.naer.edu.tw%2Fdetail%2F1082146%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWNUyQKIUrU">手術室刷手技術-2</a>, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-08-27</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220902043645/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWNUyQKIUrU">存档</a>于2022-09-02） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%A4%E5%88%B7%E6%89%8B%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93-2&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DeWNUyQKIUrU&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtWxNKic1Qo">手術室刷手技術-3</a>, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-08-27</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716081522/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtWxNKic1Qo">存档</a>于2022-07-16） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%A4%E5%88%B7%E6%89%8B%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93-3&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEtWxNKic1Qo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYQ_1UTyWnk">手術室刷手技術-4</a>, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-08-27</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703162110/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYQ_1UTyWnk">存档</a>于2022-07-03） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%A4%E5%88%B7%E6%89%8B%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93-4&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DkYQ_1UTyWnk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1x9scmJrDrI">手術室紗布、尖銳物、器械計數作業流程</a>, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span 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class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pz7aYDVWRX4">手術室護理學第二組手術流程</a>, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-08-27</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624114207/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pz7aYDVWRX4&gl=US&hl=en">存档</a>于2022-06-24） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%A4%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8+%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%B5%84+%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dpz7aYDVWRX4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> 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class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawContent.aspx?PCODE=L0020021">醫療法-全國法規資料庫入口網站</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-04-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201085032/http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawContent.aspx?Pcode=L0020021">存档</a>于2017-02-01）.</cite><span 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title="Special:编辑页面/Template:醫學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="医学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%88%E7%A7%91" title="醫學專科">專科</a><br />及<br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="次專科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="subspecialties"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E5%B0%88%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次專科（页面不存在）">次專科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/subspecialties" class="extiw" title="en:subspecialties"><span lang="en" dir="auto">subspecialties</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">外科学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="心血管外科">心臟外科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%94%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="胸腔外科學">胸腔外科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="眼科学">眼科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="普通外科">普通外科學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%82%A0%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="直肠病学">直腸病學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="消化系統手術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Digestive system surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="消化系統手術（页面不存在）">消化系統手術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Digestive system surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Digestive system surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="神經外科">神經外科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E9%A0%9C%E9%9D%A2%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="口腔頜面外科">口腔頜面外科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E7%A7%91" title="骨科">骨科</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="手外科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hand surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8B%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="手外科（页面不存在）">手外科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Hand surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hand surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E9%BC%BB%E5%96%89%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="耳鼻喉科學">耳鼻喉科學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="小兒外科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ediatric surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%85%92%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小兒外科（页面不存在）">小兒外科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ediatric_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:ediatric surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ediatric surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%BD%A2%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="整形外科">整形外科</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生殖外科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reproductive surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生殖外科（页面不存在）">生殖外科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Reproductive surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reproductive surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腫瘤外科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Surgical oncology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腫瘤外科（页面不存在）">腫瘤外科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_oncology" class="extiw" title="en:Surgical oncology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Surgical oncology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D" title="器官移植">器官移植外科</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="創傷外科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trauma surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E4%BC%A4%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="创伤外科">創傷外科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Trauma surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trauma surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8C%E5%B0%BF%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="泌尿外科">泌尿外科</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="男科學">男科學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="血管外科">血管外科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="內科學">內科學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%95%8F" title="过敏">过敏</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">免疫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="血管學">血管學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" title="心血管內科">心臟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="內分泌學">內分泌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%A7%91" title="消化科">胃腸學</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肝臟學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hepatology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肝臟學（页面不存在）">肝臟學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatology" class="extiw" title="en:Hepatology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hepatology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="老人醫學">老人醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="血液學">血液學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫院醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hospital medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫院醫學（页面不存在）">醫院醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Hospital medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hospital medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" title="傳染病學">傳染病學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E%E8%87%9F%E7%A7%91" title="腎臟科">腎臟科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="肿瘤学">肿瘤学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%94%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="胸腔醫學">胸腔醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E6%BF%95%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" title="風濕病學">風濕病學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E7%94%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="婦產科學">婦產科學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="婦科學">婦科學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="婦科腫瘤學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gynecologic oncology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%A6%E7%A7%91%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婦科腫瘤學（页面不存在）">婦科腫瘤學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" class="extiw" title="en:Gynecologic oncology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gynecologic oncology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="母胎醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maternal–fetal medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%8D%E8%83%8E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="母胎醫學（页面不存在）">母胎醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Maternal–fetal medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maternal–fetal medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="產科學">產科學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生殖內分泌與不孕學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%85%A7%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E8%88%87%E4%B8%8D%E5%AD%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生殖內分泌與不孕學（页面不存在）">生殖內分泌與不孕學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" class="extiw" title="en:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="婦女泌尿與生殖醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Urogynecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E6%B3%8C%E5%B0%BF%E8%88%87%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婦女泌尿與生殖醫學（页面不存在）">婦女泌尿與生殖醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urogynecology" class="extiw" title="en:Urogynecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Urogynecology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8A%E6%96%AD" title="诊断">診斷醫學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E8%AF%8A%E6%96%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="影像诊断学">影像诊断学</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="介入放射學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Interventional radiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8B%E5%85%A5%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="介入放射學（页面不存在）">介入放射學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional_radiology" class="extiw" title="en:Interventional radiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Interventional radiology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核醫學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学">病理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="病理解剖學">病理解剖學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="臨床病理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clinical pathology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床病理學（页面不存在）">臨床病理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_pathology" class="extiw" title="en:Clinical pathology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clinical pathology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="临床化学">临床化学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="細胞病理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cytopathology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞病理學（页面不存在）">細胞病理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopathology" class="extiw" title="en:Cytopathology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cytopathology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學微生物學">醫學微生物學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="輸血醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transfusion medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輸血醫學（页面不存在）">輸血醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Transfusion medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transfusion medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成癮醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Addiction medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成癮醫學（页面不存在）">成癮醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Addiction medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Addiction medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="青春期醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adolescent medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%9C%9F%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="青春期醫學（页面不存在）">青春期醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Adolescent medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adolescent medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E5%AD%B8" title="麻醉學">麻醉學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%82%A4%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="皮肤病学">皮肤病学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%BE%E9%9A%BE%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97" title="灾难医疗">災難醫學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="潛水醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diving medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%9B%E6%B0%B4%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潛水醫學（页面不存在）">潛水醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Diving medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Diving medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A5%E8%A8%BA%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="急診醫學">急診醫學</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大型集會醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mass gathering medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E9%9B%86%E6%9C%83%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大型集會醫學（页面不存在）">大型集會醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Mass gathering medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mass gathering medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="家庭醫學">家庭醫學</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%A7%91%E9%86%AB%E5%B8%AB" title="一般科醫師">一般科醫學</a></li> <li>醫院醫學</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%97%87%E5%8A%A0%E8%AD%B7%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="重症加護醫學">重症醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學遺傳學">醫學遺傳學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成癮醫學（俄羅斯）" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Narcology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成癮醫學（俄羅斯）（页面不存在）">成癮醫學（俄羅斯）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcology" class="extiw" title="en:Narcology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Narcology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" title="神經內科">神經內科</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="臨床神經生理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clinical neurophysiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床神經生理學（页面不存在）">臨床神經生理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" class="extiw" title="en:Clinical neurophysiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clinical neurophysiology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="职业医学">職業醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="口腔医学">口腔医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BC%E7%97%9B%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="疼痛管理">疼痛管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%BB%88%E5%85%B3%E6%80%80" title="临终关怀">安寧緩和醫療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%85%92%E7%A7%91" title="小兒科">小兒科</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新生兒科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neonatology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E5%84%BF%E7%A7%91" title="新生儿科">新生兒科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatology" class="extiw" title="en:Neonatology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neonatology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抽血醫師" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phlebologist"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%BD%E8%A1%80%E9%86%AB%E5%B8%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抽血醫師（页面不存在）">靜脈學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlebologist" class="extiw" title="en:Phlebologist"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phlebologist</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E5%81%A5%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="復健醫學">復健醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="預防醫學">預防醫學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="監獄醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prison healthcare"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A3%E7%8D%84%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="監獄醫學（页面不存在）">監獄醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_healthcare" class="extiw" title="en:Prison healthcare"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prison healthcare</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="精神病学">精神醫學</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成癮精神病學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Addiction psychiatry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成癮精神病學（页面不存在）">成癮精神病學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" class="extiw" title="en:Addiction psychiatry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Addiction psychiatry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="放射治療">放射治療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="生殖醫學">生殖醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="性醫學">性醫學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="性病学">性病學</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="睡眠醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sleep medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="睡眠醫學（页面不存在）">睡眠醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Sleep medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sleep medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="運動醫學">運動醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D" title="器官移植">器官移植</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="熱帶醫學">熱帶醫學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E9%81%8A%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="旅遊醫學">旅遊醫學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物医学">生物醫學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生物医学工程">生物醫學工程</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E6%82%A3%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="醫患關係">醫患關係</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="医学教育">医学教育</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="醫學院">醫學院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%A4%96%E5%85%A8%E7%A7%91%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB" title="內外全科醫學士">內外全科醫學士</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫科理學士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E7%A7%91%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫科理學士（页面不存在）">醫科理學士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" class="extiw" title="en:Bachelor of Medical Sciences"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB" title="醫學碩士">醫學碩士</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="外科學碩士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Master of Surgery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外科學碩士（页面不存在）">外科學碩士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Master of Surgery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Master of Surgery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB" title="醫學士">醫學士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="骨科医学博士">骨科醫學士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="醫學博士">醫學博士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E9%9B%99%E5%AD%B8%E4%BD%8D" title="醫學士哲學博士雙學位">醫學士哲學博士雙學位</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫藥科學訓練計畫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medical Scientist Training Program"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E8%97%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%A8%93%E7%B7%B4%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫藥科學訓練計畫（页面不存在）">醫藥科學訓練計畫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" class="extiw" title="en:Medical Scientist Training Program"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medical Scientist Training Program</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關科別</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BF%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="替代医学">替代医学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫療相關專業人員" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Allied health professions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫療相關專業人員（页面不存在）">醫療相關專業人員</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_health_professions" class="extiw" title="en:Allied health professions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Allied health professions</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="牙醫學">牙醫學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="足病學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Podiatry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="足病学">足病學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatry" class="extiw" title="en:Podiatry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Podiatry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="药学">药学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="物理治療">物理治療</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子腫瘤學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Molecular oncology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子腫瘤學（页面不存在）">分子腫瘤學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_oncology" class="extiw" title="en:Molecular oncology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Molecular oncology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="纳米医学">纳米医学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="個性化醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Personalized medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%8B%E6%80%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="個性化醫學（页面不存在）">個性化醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalized_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Personalized medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Personalized medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="公共卫生">公共卫生</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鄉村衛生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rural health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%84%89%E6%9D%91%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鄉村衛生（页面不存在）">鄉村衛生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_health" class="extiw" title="en:Rural health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rural health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="治療">治療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="传统医学">传统医学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%86%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="中醫">中醫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">西醫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E9%86%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="藏醫">藏醫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E9%86%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="韓醫">韓醫</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BD%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="兽医学">兽医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F" title="医生">医生</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E4%BB%BB%E9%86%AB%E5%B8%AB" title="主任醫師">主任醫師</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="医学史">医学史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:医学">分类</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">共享资源</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="WikiProject:醫學">维基专题</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:醫學">主题</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of medicine（页面不存在）">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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