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He was CEO of <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Northern_Railroad" title="Burlington Northern Railroad">Burlington Northern Railroad</a> from 1985 to 1995, and joined Delta's board of directors in 1987. He became CEO of Delta in 2004, a time of financial crisis for the airline. After overseeing the firm's survival through <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> and implementing a restructuring program, he retired as CEO in 2007. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Grinstein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grinstein received a BA from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in 1954 and a JD from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in 1957. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career">Business career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Grinstein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burlington_Northern_Railroad">Burlington Northern Railroad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Grinstein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Burlington Northern Railroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1985 to 1995 Grinstein was CEO of <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Northern_Railroad" title="Burlington Northern Railroad">Burlington Northern Railroad</a> (BN).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this position he helped form the corporate entity that resulted in BN's merger which formed the <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at the helm of BN, Grinstein adopted a new paint scheme for the railroad's executive office car train. Named for its creator, "Grinstein Green" was applied to the train's F-units along with a cream colored stripe down the middle. This paint scheme was later applied to the railroad's last order for locomotives before the merger, the EMD <a href="/wiki/SD70MAC" class="mw-redirect" title="SD70MAC">SD70MAC</a>. Even today, this paint scheme is simply referred to as either "Grinstein" or "Executive" paint and many of the SD70MACs on the roster still sport this scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grinstein received the <a href="/wiki/Railroader_of_the_Year" title="Railroader of the Year">Railroader of the Year</a> award in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delta_Air_Lines">Delta Air Lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Grinstein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Delta Air Lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Western_Airlines" title="Western Airlines">Western Airlines</a> and Delta Air Lines, Inc. of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> merged in 1987, Grinstein, CEO of Western since 1985, was appointed to Delta's Board of Directors and has remained on the board since then. He took over as CEO in 2004, when Delta was in a deep financial crisis, after CEO <a href="/wiki/Leo_F._Mullin" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo F. Mullin">Leo F. Mullin</a> stepped down amid a controversy over executive retirement and cash bonus plans that were deemed excessive.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grinstein embarked on a number of cost-cutting measures, including a major out-of-court restructuring of the company's long term debt and outsourcing of some heavy aircraft maintenance and ramp handling operations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Air_Line_Pilots_Association,_International" title="Air Line Pilots Association, International">ALPA</a>, the Delta pilots' union, he secured deep concessions in order to help the company stave off bankruptcy. </p><p>Grinstein also set about regaining the trust and confidence of Delta's employees. He granted himself an annual salary of $450,000 with no bonuses or stock options, well below the multimillion-dollar compensation packages accepted by Mullin and his top executives at a time when Delta was losing billions of dollars. Grinstein appointed new executives to Delta who assisted in the company's survival despite the airline's precarious financial position. He sought to maintain communication with the Delta Board Council and with representatives of frontline employees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bankruptcy_and_restructuring">Bankruptcy and restructuring</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Grinstein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bankruptcy and restructuring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although these initiatives were largely successful, upward pressure on fuel prices and fierce competition from low-cost carriers continued to keep Delta perilously close to bankruptcy. <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> resulted in a dramatic spike in jet fuel prices in <a href="/wiki/Hartsfield-Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport">Atlanta</a>, which houses Delta's largest hub operation. Delta, which had previously sold its fuel <a href="/wiki/Hedge_(finance)" title="Hedge (finance)">hedges</a> in a move to raise cash, was forced into an untenable cash position. On September 14, 2005, Delta and its subsidiaries filed a petition for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. At the time of the bankruptcy filing, Delta's total debt was approximately $23.8 billion. </p><p>During Delta's bankruptcy, Grinstein and his management team accelerated the restructuring process that they had started in 2004. Delta shed non-performing assets, slashed the mainline fleet from nine models to five, and shed thousands of jobs. By 2007, Delta's mainline operation employed approximately 47,000, down from a high of 78,000 in 2001. Grinstein negotiated a second concessionary agreement from ALPA, imposed a second round of paycuts on nonunion employees, and froze the nonunion employee pension plan. He reduced his own pay by 25%, to approximately $325,000 per year. </p><p>Grinstein also oversaw a major restructuring of Delta's network footprint, closing the airline's <a href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas–Fort Worth</a> hub and cutting domestic flight schedules across the remaining hubs in an effort to redeploy aircraft and personnel to more profitable international markets. Delta entered more than 50 new international markets between 2005 and 2007 and since its merger with <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Airlines</a> in 2008 has become the world's largest carrier. </p><p>In November 2006, <a href="/wiki/US_Airways" title="US Airways">US Airways</a> launched an unsolicited <a href="/wiki/Takeover#Hostile" title="Takeover">hostile takeover bid</a> for Delta, which Grinstein and his executive team led by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Whitehurst" title="Jim Whitehurst">Jim Whitehurst</a> and Edward Bastian defeated by supporting the employee-led "Keep Delta My Delta" campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retirement">Retirement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Grinstein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grinstein retired in the summer of 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allocating his bankruptcy emergence stock grants to establish a scholarship fund for Delta employees and their children and a hardship fund for Delta families. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(businessman)" title="Richard H. Anderson (businessman)">Richard Anderson</a>, a former Northwest Airlines executive. Grinstein and his wife Carolyn live in <a href="/wiki/Medina,_Washington" title="Medina, Washington">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Grinstein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welty, Gus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314234006/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15745409.html">""Our rhetoric was terrific, but the performance wasn't there." (Burlington Northern CEO Gerald Grinstein) (The Competitors) (Cover Story) (Interview)."</a> Railway Age. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corp. September 1, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/413/000126035/">"Gerald Grinstein"</a>. <i>NNDB</i>. Soylent Communications. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NNDB&rft.atitle=Gerald+Grinstein&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F413%2F000126035%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Grinstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"An Easter treat". <i><a href="/wiki/Trains_(magazine)" title="Trains (magazine)">Trains</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Kalmbach_Media" title="Kalmbach Media">Kalmbach</a>. February 2023. pp. <span class="nowrap">56–</span>57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trains&rft.atitle=An+Easter+treat&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2023-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Grinstein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welty, Gus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115222511/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17827115.html">"Railroaders of the year: matchmakers Rob Krebs, Jerry Grinstein.(Rob Krebs, president and CEO of Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corp., and former head of Santa Fe prior to the merger; Jerry Grinstein, retired chairman of Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corp.)(Cover Story)."</a> Railway Age. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corp. January 1, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coolidge, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314103842/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-110578605.html">"DELTA IN TRANSITION\ MULLIN ERA COMES TO A SURPRISE CLOSE.(Business)."</a> The Cincinnati Post (Cincinnati, OH). Dialog LLC. November 25, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503112206/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-130786178.html">"Delta Air Lines needs to cut costs, says CEO. (Gerald Grinstein says)(Brief Article)."</a> Airline Industry Information. Normans Media Ltd. March 24, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MICHELE NORRIS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310182801/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-133965113.html">"Congress Looks at Possible Delta-US Air Merger."</a> NPR All Things Considered. National Public Radio. January 24, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315050006/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162902612.html">"Sign of the times"</a>. The Salt Lake Tribune (Salt Lake City, UT). McClatchy-Tribune Information Services. May 2, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/other-sports/william-ruckelshaus-gerald-grinstein-celebrate-80th-birthdays-with-salmon-fishing-trip/">William Ruckelshaus, Gerald Grinstein celebrate 80th birthdays with salmon-fishing trip | The Seattle Times</a> Retrieved 2018-12-12.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Grinstein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delta.com/about_delta/corporate_information/corporate_biographies/grinstein/index.jsp">Gerald Grinstein Corporate Biography</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_C._Grayson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard C. Grayson (page does not exist)">Richard C. Grayson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> CEO of <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Northern_Railroad" title="Burlington Northern Railroad">Burlington Northern Railroad</a> </b><br />1985 – 1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>nobody</i></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Moyers" title="Edward L. Moyers">Edward L. Moyers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Pacific Transportation Company">SP</a>)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Railroader_of_the_Year" title="Railroader of the Year">Railroader of the Year</a> </b><br />1996<br />shared with <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Krebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert D. Krebs">Robert D. Krebs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway">ATSF</a>) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tellier" title="Paul Tellier">Paul M. Tellier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">CN</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leo_F._Mullin" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo F. Mullin">Leo F. Mullin</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> Inc.)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chief Executive Officer of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> </b><br />2004–2007 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(businessman)" title="Richard H. Anderson (businessman)">Richard H. Anderson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Grinstein&oldid=1242055252">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Grinstein&oldid=1242055252</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Seattle" title="Category:Businesspeople from Seattle">Businesspeople from Seattle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_railroad_executives" title="Category:20th-century American railroad executives">20th-century American railroad executives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_births" title="Category:1932 births">1932 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Delta_Air_Lines_people" title="Category:Delta Air Lines people">Delta Air Lines people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_airline_chief_executives" title="Category:American airline chief executives">American airline chief executives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_Law_School_alumni" title="Category:Harvard Law School alumni">Harvard Law School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yale_University_alumni" title="Category:Yale University alumni">Yale University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Medina,_Washington" title="Category:People from Medina, Washington">People from Medina, Washington</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 August 2024, at 19:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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