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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Quartz_reef_mining" title="Special:EditPage/Quartz reef mining">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Quartz+reef+mining%22">"Quartz reef mining"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Quartz+reef+mining%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Quartz+reef+mining%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Quartz+reef+mining%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Quartz+reef+mining%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Quartz+reef+mining%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paynes_Find_030923_Gnangarra-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Paynes_Find_030923_Gnangarra-13.jpg/220px-Paynes_Find_030923_Gnangarra-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Paynes_Find_030923_Gnangarra-13.jpg/330px-Paynes_Find_030923_Gnangarra-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Paynes_Find_030923_Gnangarra-13.jpg/440px-Paynes_Find_030923_Gnangarra-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Quartz reef breaking the surface at <a href="/wiki/Paynes_Find,_Western_Australia" title="Paynes Find, Western Australia">Paynes Find, Western Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Quartz reef mining</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mining</a> in "reefs" (<a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">veins</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>. Quartz is one of the most common minerals in the Earth's crust, and most quartz veins do not carry gold, but those that have gold are avidly hunted by prospectors. In the shallow, oxidized zones of quartz reef deposits, the gold occurs in its metallic state, and is easily recovered with simple equipment. Quartz reef mining played an important role in 19th century gold-mining districts such as <a href="/wiki/Bendigo,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendigo, Victoria">Bendigo, Victoria</a> in Australia, <a href="/wiki/Central_Otago" title="Central Otago">Central Otago</a> in New Zealand, and the California <a href="/wiki/Mother_lode" title="Mother lode">mother lode</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining">Mining</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz_reef_mining&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilimafeza001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kilimafeza001.jpg/220px-Kilimafeza001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kilimafeza001.jpg/330px-Kilimafeza001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kilimafeza001.jpg/440px-Kilimafeza001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2619" data-file-height="2366" /></a><figcaption>Headframe with gin wheel. Abandoned Kilimafeza gold mine, Serengeti NP, Tanzania</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a> the ore usually required <a href="/wiki/Shaft_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaft mining">mine shafts</a> sunk to mine quartz from the reefs, sometimes deep underground. Horizontal tunnels called <a href="/wiki/Drift_mining" title="Drift mining">drifts</a> were dug out from the shaft at different levels to find the gold-bearing <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a>. </p><p>All the ore was hoisted to the surface for processing. Water had to be removed by pumping. Big <a href="/wiki/Hoist_(mining)" title="Hoist (mining)">hoisting engines</a> were installed to hoist lifts and buckets up the shafts. </p><p>On the surface above the shaft stands a building known as the <a href="/wiki/Headframe" title="Headframe">headframe</a>. This contained a wheel called a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gin_wheel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gin wheel (page does not exist)">gin wheel</a> which lifted buckets of rock up to a raised platform called a brace. Wheeled buckets then carried the rock along elevated tracks to waste dumps or processing works. The steel cable that hoisted the bucket passed over the gin wheel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing">Processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz_reef_mining&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gold was brought to the surface as small particles embedded in lumps of quartz. The quartz was then crushed into a fine dust by stamping batteries in a <a href="/wiki/Stamp_mill" title="Stamp mill">stamp mill</a>. A stamp battery contained a row of stamps. On the bottom of each stamp was a heavy piece of iron or steel. Each battery was driven by a <a href="/wiki/Cam_shaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cam shaft">cam shaft</a> which was turned by a <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheel</a>. The steel shoes went up and down between wooden guides and pounded the quartz which had been fed into steel boxes underneath the stampers. Ideally the stamping batteries would work 24 hours a day. </p><p>After crushing, the quartz was mixed with water to make <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a> which then ran down sloping tables, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentrating_table&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concentrating table (page does not exist)">concentrating tables</a>. On top of these tables were <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> sheets coated with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, which amalgamates with gold. The gold particles stuck to the mercury, and could be collected from there.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more recent times, gold has been recovered by the <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanide process">cyanide process</a>, instead of using mercury-coated plates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quartz_mines">Quartz mines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz_reef_mining&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Quartz mines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Quartz_mine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victoria Quartz mine (page does not exist)">Victoria Quartz mine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a> (Its deepest shaft used to mine a quartz reef was almost a kilometre and a half deep.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Deborah_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Deborah Mine">Central Deborah Gold Mine</a>, Bendigo (The mine still stands today. Mining began in 1938, and was continuous for 16 years. It was a deep reef quartz goldmine. During the working life of the mine, 60,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of quartz was brought to the surface, yielding 1 tonne of gold.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Hill_(Nevada_County,_California)" title="Gold Hill (Nevada County, California)">Gold Hill (Nevada County, California)</a>, USA (This site of one of the first discoveries of quartz gold in California,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and now <a href="/wiki/California_Historical_Landmark" title="California Historical Landmark">California Historical Landmark</a> No. 297: "...this discovery created the great excitement that started the development of quartz mining into a great industry."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz_reef_mining&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Willis1972" class="citation book cs1">Francis Willis (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4c9AAAAIAAJ&q=reef"><i>Labor in South African Gold Mines 1911-1969</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521083034" title="Special:BookSources/9780521083034"><bdi>9780521083034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labor+in+South+African+Gold+Mines+1911-1969&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780521083034&rft.au=Francis+Willis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4c9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dreef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz+reef+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egold.net.au/biogs/EG00009b.htm">Mining Technology: Overview</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.central-deborah.com/about-us/central-deborah-gold-mine-s-history">Central Deborah’s History</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHittell1861" class="citation book cs1">Hittell, John Shertzer (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mininginpacific00hittgoog"><i>Mining in the Pacific States of North America</i></a>. San Francisco: J. Wiley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mininginpacific00hittgoog/page/n128">124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0665167377" title="Special:BookSources/0665167377"><bdi>0665167377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mining+in+the+Pacific+States+of+North+America&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=J.+Wiley&rft.date=1861&rft.isbn=0665167377&rft.aulast=Hittell&rft.aufirst=John+Shertzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmininginpacific00hittgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz+reef+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=21443">"NO. 297 SITE OF ONE OF THE FIRST DISCOVERIES OF QUARTZ GOLD IN CALIFORNIA"</a>. ohp.parks.ca.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NO.+297+SITE+OF+ONE+OF+THE+FIRST+DISCOVERIES+OF+QUARTZ+GOLD+IN+CALIFORNIA&rft.pub=ohp.parks.ca.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohp.parks.ca.gov%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage_id%3D21443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuartz+reef+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartz_reef_mining&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.egold.net.au/biogs/EG00055b.htm">http://www.egold.net.au/biogs/EG00055b.htm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.egold.net.au/biogs/EG00024b.htm">http://www.egold.net.au/biogs/EG00024b.htm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819105233/http://www.central-deborah.com/education/Project%20information-quartz-reef-mining-in-bendigo.doc">www.central-deborah.com/education/Project doc</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quartz_reef_mining&oldid=1173784188">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quartz_reef_mining&oldid=1173784188</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gold_mining" title="Category:Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_mining" title="Category:History of mining">History of mining</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quartz_mines" title="Category:Quartz mines">Quartz mines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_mining" title="Category:Underground mining">Underground mining</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2007" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2007">Articles needing additional references from September 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 September 2023, at 11:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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