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<li id="toc-Colonial_establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Colonial establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_and_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_and_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Growth and expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Japanese occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_of_British_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_of_British_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Restoration of British rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_British_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_of_sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_of_sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Transfer of sovereignty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_of_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cadets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cadets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sport and recreation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dissent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">British Hong Kong</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هونغ كونغ البريطانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هونغ كونغ البريطانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4ong_Kong_brit%C3%A1nicu" title="Ḥong Kong británicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ḥong Kong británicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82" title="ব্রিটিশ হংকং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রিটিশ হংকং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng-kok_l%C3%A9ng_Hiong-k%C3%A1ng" title="Eng-kok léng Hiong-káng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eng-kok léng Hiong-káng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Брытанскі Ганконг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брытанскі Ганконг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_brit%C3%A0nic" title="Hong Kong britànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hong Kong britànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisch-Hongkong" title="Britisch-Hongkong – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britisch-Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briti_Hongkong" title="Briti Hongkong – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Briti Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A7%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Βρετανικό Χονγκ Κονγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρετανικό Χονγκ Κονγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_brit%C3%A1nico" title="Hong Kong británico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hong Kong británico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brita_Honkongo" title="Brita Honkongo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brita Honkongo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britainiar_Hong_Kong" title="Britainiar Hong Kong – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Britainiar Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="هنگ کنگ بریتانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنگ کنگ بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_(colonie)" title="Hong Kong (colonie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hong Kong (colonie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD%EB%A0%B9_%ED%99%8D%EC%BD%A9" title="영국령 홍콩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국령 홍콩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanski_Hong_Kong" title="Britanski Hong Kong – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Britanski Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Britania_Raya" title="Hong Kong Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hong Kong Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_britannico" title="Hong Kong britannico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hong Kong britannico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הונג קונג הבריטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הונג קונג הבריטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Hongkong" title="Brit Hongkong – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brit Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="هونج كونج البريطانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هونج كونج البريطانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_British" title="Hong Kong British – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hong Kong British" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brits_Hongkong" title="Brits Hongkong – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brits Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E9%A0%98%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="イギリス領香港 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス領香港" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisk_Hongkong" title="Britisk Hongkong – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Britisk Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_brit%C3%A2nico" title="Hong Kong britânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hong Kong britânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kongul_Britanic" title="Hong Kongul Britanic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hong Kongul Britanic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Британский Гонконг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британский Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="British Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittil%C3%A4inen_Hongkong" title="Brittiläinen Hongkong – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brittiläinen Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittiska_Hongkong" title="Brittiska Hongkong – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brittiska Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99" title="ฮ่องกงของบริเตน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮ่องกงของบริเตน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanya_Hong_Kongu" title="Britanya Hong Kongu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Britanya Hong Kongu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Британський Гонконг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британський Гонконг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="برطانوی ہانگ کانگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برطانوی ہانگ کانگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_K%C3%B4ng_thu%E1%BB%99c_Anh" title="Hồng Kông thuộc Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồng Kông thuộc Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="英屬香港 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="英屬香港" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="英属香港 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="英属香港" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="英屬香港 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英屬香港" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong%C3%AA_Britanya" title="Hong Kongê Britanya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hong Kongê Britanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="英屬香港 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英屬香港" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=British_Hong_Kong&params=22.28_N_114.16_E_type:country"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°17′N</span> <span class="longitude">114°10′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.28°N 114.16°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.28; 114.16</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British territory, 1841–1997</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Hong Kong</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-HK">香港</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1841–1941<br />1945–1997<br />1941–1945: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong_(1959%E2%80%931997).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hong Kong (1841–1997)"><img alt="Flag of Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_(1871%E2%80%931997)" title="Flag of Hong Kong (1871–1997)">Flag<br />(1959–1997)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hong_Kong_(1959%E2%80%931997).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (1959–1997) of Hong Kong (1841–1997)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="945" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Hong_Kong#Colonial_arms" title="Emblem of Hong Kong"> Coat of arms<br />(1959–1997)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the Queen</a> (1841–1901; 1952–1997)<br /><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a> (1901–1941; 1945–1952)<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source 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href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_on_the_globe_(Southeast_Asia_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Hong Kong (1841–1997)"><img alt="Location of Hong Kong (1841–1997)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hong_Kong_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29.svg/250px-Hong_Kong_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hong_Kong_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29.svg/375px-Hong_Kong_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hong_Kong_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29.svg/500px-Hong_Kong_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="897" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a><br />(1843–1941; 1945–1981)</li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Dependent Territory</a><br />(1981–1997)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Hong_Kong" title="Victoria, Hong Kong">Victoria</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-language-status_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language-status-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hong_Kong" title="Christianity in Hong Kong">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Hinduism in Hong Kong">Hinduism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Judaism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hongkongers" title="Hongkongers">Hongkonger</a><sup id="cite_ref-demonym_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demonym-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1841–1901 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1901–1910 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1910–1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936–1941, 1945–1952 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1952–1997 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1843–1844 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pottinger" title="Henry Pottinger">Sir Henry Pottinger</a> (<i>first</i>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1992–1997 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a> (<i>last</i>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration" title="Chief Secretary for Administration">Chief Secretary</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1843 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_Malcolm" title="George Alexander Malcolm">George Malcolm</a> (<i>first</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1993–1997 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anson_Chan" title="Anson Chan">Anson Chan</a> (<i>last</i>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> to 20th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Chuenpi" title="Convention of Chuenpi">British occupation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 1841</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 August 1842</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 October 1860</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 June 1898</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation of Hong Kong</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1941 –<br />30 August 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1997</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 1996 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,217,556<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,796/km<sup>2</sup> (15,011.6/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1996<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$154 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$23,843</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1996<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$160 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$24,698</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1996)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 51.8<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkred">high inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1995)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.808<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a> (from 1937)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_dollar" title="Trade dollar">Trade dollar</a> (1895–1937)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish dollar</a> (until 1895)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cash_(currency_unit)" title="Chinese cash (currency unit)">Chinese cash</a> (until 1895)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:HK" title="ISO 3166-2:HK">HK</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County"><b>1841</b>:<br />Xin'an County</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong"><b>1945</b>:<br />Japanese Hong Kong</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong"><b>1941</b>:<br />Japanese Hong Kong</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><b>1997</b>:<br />Hong Kong</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">British Hong Kong</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">英屬香港</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">英属香港</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yīngshǔ Xiānggǎng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄧㄥㄕㄨˇ ㄒㄧㄤㄍㄤˇ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Ying<sup>1</sup>-shu<sup>3</sup> Hsiang<sup>1</sup>-kang<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ying-shǔ Sianggǎng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[íŋ.ʂù ɕjáŋ.kàŋ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Yīng suhk hēung góng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jing1 suk6 hoeng1 gong2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[jɪŋ˥ sʊk̚˨ hœŋ˥ kɔŋ˧˥]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From 1841 to 1997, except for a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">brief period</a> of Japanese occupation during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> between 1941 and 1945, <b>Hong Kong</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">British crown colony</a> and, from 1981 until its handover, a <a href="/wiki/British_Dependent_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dependent Territory">dependent territory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. The colonial period began with the British occupation of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Chuenpi" title="Convention of Chuenpi">Convention of Chuenpi</a> in 1841 of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> and ended with the <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">handover of Hong Kong</a> in July 1997. </p><p>In accordance with Art. III of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a> of 1842, signed in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>, the island of Hong Kong was ceded in perpetuity to Great Britain. It was established as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> in 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1860, the British expanded the colony with the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula" title="Kowloon Peninsula">Kowloon Peninsula</a> and was further extended in 1898 when the British obtained <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">a 99-year lease</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a>. Although the Qing had to cede Hong Kong Island and Kowloon in perpetuity as per the treaty, the leased New Territories comprised 86.2% of the colony and more than half of the entire colony's population. With the lease nearing its end during the late 20th century, Britain did not see any viable way to administer the colony by dividing it, whilst the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> would not consider extending the lease or allow continued British administration thereafter. </p><p>With the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a> in 1984, which stated that the economic and social systems in Hong Kong would remain relatively unchanged for 50 years, the British government agreed to <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">transfer the entire territory</a> to China upon the expiration of the New Territories lease in 1997 – with Hong Kong becoming a <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region</a> (SAR) until at least 2047.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JointDec_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JointDec-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:British_Hong_Kong#Globalize_tag" title="Talk:British Hong Kong">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_establishment">Colonial establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" title="History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an County</a></div> <p>In 1836, the imperial government of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> undertook a major policy review of the opium trade, which had been first introduced to the Chinese by <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> then <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> traders over many centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-cowell97_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cowell97-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-robson_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schiff_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trocki99_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trocki99-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trocki02_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trocki02-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a> took on the task of suppressing the opium trade. In March 1839, he became Special Imperial Commissioner in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>, where he ordered the foreign traders to surrender their opium stock. He confined the British to the <a href="/wiki/Canton_Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton Factories">Canton Factories</a> and cut off their supplies. Chief Superintendent of Trade, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Elliot" title="Charles Elliot">Charles Elliot</a>, complied with Lin's demands to secure a safe exit for the British, with the costs involved to be resolved between the two governments. When Elliot promised that the British government would pay for their opium stock, the merchants surrendered their 20,283 chests of opium, which were <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_opium_at_Humen" title="Destruction of opium at Humen">destroyed in public</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang20049–10_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang20049–10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_painting_of_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Early_painting_of_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg/220px-Early_painting_of_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Early_painting_of_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg/330px-Early_painting_of_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Early_painting_of_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg/440px-Early_painting_of_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2979" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>Possibly the earliest painting of Hong Kong Island, showing the waterfront settlement which became <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Hong_Kong" title="Victoria, Hong Kong">Victoria City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1839, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">British Cabinet</a> decided that the Chinese should be made to pay for the destruction of British property, either by the threat or use of force. An expeditionary force was placed under Elliot and his cousin, Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Elliot_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1784)" title="George Elliot (Royal Navy officer, born 1784)">George Elliot</a>, as joint <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenipotentiaries">plenipotentiaries</a> in 1840. Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> stressed to the Chinese government that the British government did not question China's right to prohibit opium, but it objected to the way this was handled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang20049–10_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang20049–10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He viewed the sudden strict enforcement as laying a trap for the foreign traders, and the confinement of the British with supplies cut off was tantamount to starving them into submission or death. He instructed the Elliot cousins to occupy one of the <a href="/wiki/Zhoushan" title="Zhoushan">Chusan Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_Bay" title="Hangzhou Bay">Hangzhou Bay</a> delta across from <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, then to present a letter from himself to a Chinese official for the <a href="/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor" title="Daoguang Emperor">Emperor of China</a>, then to proceed to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bohai" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Bohai">Gulf of Bohai</a> for a treaty, and if the Chinese resisted, then to blockade the key ports of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200411_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200411-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston demanded a territorial base in the Chusan Islands for trade so that British merchants "may not be subject to the arbitrary caprice either of the Government of Peking, or its local Authorities at the Sea-Ports of the Empire".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200421_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200421-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1841, Elliot negotiated with Lin's successor, <a href="/wiki/Qishan_(official)" title="Qishan (official)">Qishan</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Chuenpi" title="Convention of Chuenpi">Convention of Chuenpi</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>. On 20 January, Elliot announced "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements", which included the cession of the barren <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a> and its harbour to the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelsh1997_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsh1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-repository_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-repository-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elliot chose Hong Kong Island instead of Chusan because he believed a settlement nearer to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> would cause an "indefinite protraction of hostilities", whereas Hong Kong Island's harbour was a valuable base for the British trading community in Canton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200411,_21_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200411,_21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British rule began with the occupation of the island on 26 January.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200411_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200411-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commodore <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bremer" title="Gordon Bremer">Gordon Bremer</a>, commander-in-chief of British forces in China, took formal possession of the island at <a href="/wiki/Possession_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Possession Point">Possession Point</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> was raised under a <i><a href="/wiki/Feu_de_joie" title="Feu de joie">fire of joy</a></i> from the marines and a <a href="/wiki/21-gun_salute" title="21-gun salute">royal salute</a> from the warships.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong Island was ceded in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a> on 29 August 1842 and established as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> after the ratification exchanged between the <a href="/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor" title="Daoguang Emperor">Daoguang Emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> was completed on 26 June 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200412_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200412-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1842, Hong Kong had become the major arms supply port in the Asia-Pacific region.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_expansion">Growth and expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Growth and expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_Gardens_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Spring_Gardens_1846.jpg/220px-Spring_Gardens_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Spring_Gardens_1846.jpg/330px-Spring_Gardens_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Spring_Gardens_1846.jpg/440px-Spring_Gardens_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="2461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spring_Garden_Lane" title="Spring Garden Lane">Spring Garden Lane</a>, 1846</figcaption></figure> <p>The Treaty of Nanking failed to satisfy British expectations of a major expansion of trade and profit, which led to increasing pressure for a revision of the terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200429_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200429-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1856, Chinese authorities in Canton detained the <i>Arrow</i>, a Chinese-owned ship registered in Hong Kong to enjoy the protection of the British flag. The Consul in Canton, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Smith_Parkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Smith Parkes">Harry Parkes</a>, claimed the hauling down of the flag and arrest of the crew were "an insult of very grave character". Parkes and <a href="/wiki/John_Bowring" title="John Bowring">Sir John Bowring</a>, the fourth <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor of Hong Kong</a>, seized the incident to pursue a forward policy. In March 1857, Palmerston appointed <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin">Lord Elgin</a> as Plenipotentiary, with the aim of securing a new and satisfactory treaty. A French expeditionary force joined the British to avenge the execution of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Chapdelaine" title="Auguste Chapdelaine">a French missionary</a> in 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200432–33_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200432–33-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1860, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taku_Forts_(1860)" title="Battle of Taku Forts (1860)">capture of the Taku Forts</a> and occupation of Beijing led to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a>. In the Treaty of Tientsin, the Chinese accepted British demands to open more ports, navigate the Yangtze River, legalise the opium trade and have diplomatic representation in Beijing. During the conflict, the British occupied the <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula" title="Kowloon Peninsula">Kowloon Peninsula</a>, where the flat land was valuable training and resting ground. The area in what is now south of <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Street" title="Boundary Street">Boundary Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stonecutters_Island" title="Stonecutters Island">Stonecutters Island</a> was ceded in the Convention of Peking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200433,_35_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200433,_35-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_1930s_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hong_Kong_1930s_07.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_1930s_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hong_Kong_1930s_07.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_1930s_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hong_Kong_1930s_07.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_1930s_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Hong Kong in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1898, the British sought to extend Hong Kong for defence. After negotiations began in April 1898, with the British Minister in Beijing, <a href="/wiki/Claude_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude MacDonald">Sir Claude MacDonald</a>, representing Britain, and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a> leading the Chinese, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Convention_of_Peking" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Convention of Peking">Second Convention of Peking</a> was signed on 9 June. Since the foreign powers had agreed by the late 19th century that it was no longer permissible to acquire outright sovereignty over any parcel of Chinese territory, and in keeping with the other territorial cessions China made to <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_concession" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiautschou Bay concession">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhouwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhouwan">France</a> that same year, the extension of Hong Kong took the form of a 99-year lease. The lease consisted of the rest of Kowloon south of the <a href="/wiki/Sham_Chun_River" title="Sham Chun River">Sham Chun River</a> and 230 islands, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a>. The British formally took possession on 16 April 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200438–41_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200438–41-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_occupation">Japanese occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japanese occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_HK_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Battle_of_HK_01.jpg/220px-Battle_of_HK_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Battle_of_HK_01.jpg/330px-Battle_of_HK_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Battle_of_HK_01.jpg/440px-Battle_of_HK_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>Japanese troops crossing the border from the mainland, 1941</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation of Hong Kong</a></div> <p>In 1941, during the Second World War, the British reached an agreement with the Chinese government under Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> that if <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> attacked Hong Kong, the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">Chinese National Army</a> would attack the Japanese from the rear to relieve pressure on the British garrison. On 8 December, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a> began when Japanese air bombers effectively destroyed British air power in one attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang2004121_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang2004121-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, the Japanese breached the <a href="/wiki/Gin_Drinkers_Line" title="Gin Drinkers Line">Gin Drinkers Line</a> in the New Territories. The British commander, Major-General <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Maltby" title="Christopher Maltby">Christopher Maltby</a>, concluded that the island could not be defended for long unless he withdrew his brigade from the mainland. On 18 December, the Japanese crossed <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Harbour" title="Victoria Harbour">Victoria Harbour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang2004122_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang2004122-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 25 December, organised defence was reduced into pockets of resistance. Maltby recommended a surrender to Governor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Aitchison_Young" title="Mark Aitchison Young">Sir Mark Young</a>, who accepted his advice to reduce further losses. A day after the invasion, Chiang ordered three corps under General <a href="/wiki/Yu_Hanmou" title="Yu Hanmou">Yu Hanmou</a> to march towards Hong Kong. The plan was to launch a New Year's Day attack on the Japanese in the Canton region, but before the Chinese infantry could attack, the Japanese had broken Hong Kong's defences. The British casualties were 2,232 killed or missing and 2,300 wounded. The Japanese reported 1,996 killed and 6,000 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang2004123–124_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang2004123–124-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese soldiers committed atrocities, including rape, on many locals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnow200481_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnow200481-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population fell in half, from 1.6 million in 1941 to 750,000 at war's end because of fleeing refugees; they returned in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese imprisoned the ruling British colonial elite and sought to win over the local merchant gentry by appointments to advisory councils and neighbourhood watch groups. The policy worked well for Japan and produced extensive collaboration from both the elite and the middle class, with far less terror than in other Chinese cities. Hong Kong was transformed into a Japanese colony, with Japanese businesses replacing the British. However, the Japanese Empire had severe logistical difficulties and by 1943 the food supply for Hong Kong was problematic. The overlords became more brutal and corrupt, and the Chinese gentry became disenchanted. With the surrender of Japan, the transition back to British rule was smooth, for on the mainland the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist</a> forces were preparing for a civil war and ignored Hong Kong. In the long run the occupation strengthened the pre-war social and economic order among the Chinese business community by eliminating some conflicts of interests and reducing the prestige and power of the British.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_British_rule">Restoration of British rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Restoration of British rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1950s in Hong Kong">1950s in Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1960s in Hong Kong">1960s in Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1970s in Hong Kong">1970s in Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1980s in Hong Kong">1980s in Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1990s in Hong Kong">1990s in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Re-occupied._30_August_1945,_Hong_Kong,_Before,_during_and_After_the_Re-occupation_of_the_Crown_Colony._A30509.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hong_Kong_Re-occupied._30_August_1945%2C_Hong_Kong%2C_Before%2C_during_and_After_the_Re-occupation_of_the_Crown_Colony._A30509.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_Re-occupied._30_August_1945%2C_Hong_Kong%2C_Before%2C_during_and_After_the_Re-occupation_of_the_Crown_Colony._A30509.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hong_Kong_Re-occupied._30_August_1945%2C_Hong_Kong%2C_Before%2C_during_and_After_the_Re-occupation_of_the_Crown_Colony._A30509.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_Re-occupied._30_August_1945%2C_Hong_Kong%2C_Before%2C_during_and_After_the_Re-occupation_of_the_Crown_Colony._A30509.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hong_Kong_Re-occupied._30_August_1945%2C_Hong_Kong%2C_Before%2C_during_and_After_the_Re-occupation_of_the_Crown_Colony._A30509.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_Re-occupied._30_August_1945%2C_Hong_Kong%2C_Before%2C_during_and_After_the_Re-occupation_of_the_Crown_Colony._A30509.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2350" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>British forces reoccupy Hong Kong under Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Harcourt" title="Cecil Harcourt">Cecil Harcourt</a>, 30 August 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 August 1945, when Japan announced its unconditional surrender, the British formed a naval task group to sail towards Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang2004133_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang2004133-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 September, Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Harcourt" title="Cecil Harcourt">Cecil Harcourt</a> proclaimed a military administration with himself as its head. He formally accepted the Japanese surrender on 16 September in <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Hong_Kong" title="Government House, Hong Kong">Government House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang2004138_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang2004138-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young, upon his return as governor in May 1946, pursued political reform known as the "<a href="/wiki/Young_Plan_(Hong_Kong)" title="Young Plan (Hong Kong)">Young Plan</a>", believing that, to counter the Chinese government's determination to recover Hong Kong, it was necessary to give local inhabitants a greater stake in the territory by widening the political franchise to include them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang2004143–144_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang2004143–144-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong remained a part of the UK and overseas colonies from 1949 until it transitioned its colony to a British dependent territory in 1983. </p><p>The economy was the main concern after the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. Hong Kong welcomed business from both the PRC and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Investments from Taiwan were particularly lucrative, and Taiwanese interests were given preferential treatment in state compensation and justice. The <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">Triads</a> were strongly embedded in Taiwanese economic connections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Preface_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Preface-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political activity, covert activity and low intensity violence - including assassinations - by Chinese and Taiwanese agents was tolerated so long as it did not disrupt public order or threaten British sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Ignoring_Assassins''_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Ignoring_Assassins''-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong was a base for American-sponsored Taiwanese and anti-communist insurgents and terrorists operating in southern China in the 1950s and early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Long_faced_communists''_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Long_faced_communists''-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''History_of_KMT_enemy_status''_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''History_of_KMT_enemy_status''-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_2:_''The_colonial_anatomy:_The_1956_riot'';_section_''Pointing_the_finger''_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_2:_''The_colonial_anatomy:_The_1956_riot'';_section_''Pointing_the_finger''-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British claimed that increasing policing to control movement from Hong Kong to China was impractical, and that the mutual <a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">open border</a> policy was responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_2:_''The_colonial_anatomy:_The_1956_riot'';_section_''Pointing_the_finger''_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_2:_''The_colonial_anatomy:_The_1956_riot'';_section_''Pointing_the_finger''-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong's value as a conduit for <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> shielded it from most PRC pressure during the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Conclusion''_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Conclusion''-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hong Kong received Chinese <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> - "Rightists" - fleeing the Chinese Civil War and communist persecution. They became cheap labour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''The_slaughter''_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''The_slaughter''-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were recruited in Hong Kong as anti-communist militants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Long_faced_communists''_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Long_faced_communists''-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major cause of the <a href="/wiki/1956_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1956 Hong Kong riots">1956 Hong Kong riots</a> started by "Rightists" was poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_2:_''The_colonial_anatomy:_The_1956_riot'';_section_''Pointing_the_finger''_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_2:_''The_colonial_anatomy:_The_1956_riot'';_section_''Pointing_the_finger''-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The response to the riots favoured the Rightists; Rightist instigators were lightly prosecuted, compensation was denied to communists and bystanders, and the communists were officially blamed as coinstigators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''Introduction''_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''Introduction''-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lax persecution of the riots Rightists instigators was used by the PRC to criticize the "airy use of the rule of law as a pragmatic stand-in for <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>" that characterized British colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Long_faced_communists''_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Long_faced_communists''-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, Hong Kong suppressed cells of Taiwanese militants in response to demands from the PRC; the PRC provided a list of Taiwanese agents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''British_admissions''_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''British_admissions''-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, Britain no longer considered a Taiwanese conquest of China to be realistic;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''The_KMT_liability_in_regional_politics''_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''The_KMT_liability_in_regional_politics''-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the evolving discourse on human rights also made it difficult to legitimize being a sponsor of <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''Conclusion''_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''Conclusion''-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_of_sovereignty">Transfer of sovereignty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transfer of sovereignty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></div> <p>The Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed by both the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the Premier of the People's Republic of China on 19 December 1984 in Beijing. The Declaration entered into force with the exchange of instruments of ratification on 27 May 1985 and was registered by the People's Republic of China and United Kingdom governments at the United Nations on 12 June 1985. In the Joint Declaration, the People's Republic of China Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a>, Kowloon, and the New Territories) with effect from 1 July 1997 and the United Kingdom Government declared that it would relinquish Hong Kong to the PRC with effect from 1 July 1997. In the document, the People's Republic of China Government also declared its basic policies regarding Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One Country, Two Systems</a> principle agreed between the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China, the socialist system of People's Republic of China would not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), and Hong Kong's previous capitalist system and its way of life would remain unchanged for a period of 50 years. The Joint Declaration provides that these basic policies shall be stipulated in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a>. The ceremony of the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration took place at 18:00, 19 December 1984 at the Western Main Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office</a> at first proposed a list of 60–80 Hong Kong people to attend the ceremony. The number was finally extended to 101. The list included Hong Kong government officials, members of the Legislative and Executive Councils, chairmen of <a href="/wiki/The_Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Banking_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation">The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Chartered Bank">Standard Chartered Bank</a>, Hong Kong celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/Li_Ka-shing" title="Li Ka-shing">Li Ka-shing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pao_Yue-kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Pao Yue-kong">Pao Yue-kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fok_Ying-tung" class="mw-redirect" title="Fok Ying-tung">Fok Ying-tung</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lee" title="Martin Lee">Martin Lee Chu-ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Szeto_Wah" title="Szeto Wah">Szeto Wah</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_handover_ceremony" title="Hong Kong handover ceremony">handover ceremony</a> was held at the new wing of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Convention_and_Exhibition_Centre" title="Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre">Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wan_Chai" title="Wan Chai">Wan Chai</a> on the night of 30 June 1997. The principal British guest was <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a> (Charles III, King of the United Kingdom) who read a farewell speech on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Queen</a>. The newly elected <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">Foreign Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Robin Cook</a>; the departing <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Governor">Governor of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Defence Staff</a> of the United Kingdom, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Charles_Guthrie,_Baron_Guthrie_of_Craigiebank" title="Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank">Sir Charles Guthrie</a>, also attended. </p><p>Representing China were the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP General Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung Chee-hwa</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a>. This event was broadcast on television and radio stations across the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:331px;max-width:331px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees,_May_8,_2007_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg/105px-Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg/158px-Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg/210px-Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2060" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a><br />(1952–1997)</small></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chris_Patten_-2008-10-31-_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Chris_Patten_-2008-10-31-_%28cropped%29.jpg/107px-Chris_Patten_-2008-10-31-_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Chris_Patten_-2008-10-31-_%28cropped%29.jpg/161px-Chris_Patten_-2008-10-31-_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Chris_Patten_-2008-10-31-_%28cropped%29.jpg/214px-Chris_Patten_-2008-10-31-_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor</a><br />(1992–1997)</small></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anson_Chan_20051219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Anson_Chan_20051219.jpg/107px-Anson_Chan_20051219.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Anson_Chan_20051219.jpg/161px-Anson_Chan_20051219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Anson_Chan_20051219.jpg/214px-Anson_Chan_20051219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1240" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Anson_Chan" title="Anson Chan">Anson Chan</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Secretary of Hong Kong">Chief Secretary</a><br />(1993–1997)</small></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Hong Kong was a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> of the United Kingdom and maintained an administration roughly modelled after the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Letters_Patent_1917" title="Hong Kong Letters Patent 1917">Letters Patent</a> formed the constitutional basis of the colonial government and the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Royal_Instructions_1917" title="Hong Kong Royal Instructions 1917">Royal Instructions</a> detailed how the territory should be governed and organised. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor</a> was the head of government and appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarch</a> to serve as the representative of the Crown in the colony. Executive power was highly concentrated with the Governor, who himself appointed almost all members of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council</a> and also served as President of both chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenPaper_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenPaper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government provided oversight for the colonial government; the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a> formally approved any additions to the Legislative and Executive Councils<sup id="cite_ref-GreenPaper_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenPaper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Sovereign held sole authority to amend the Letters Patent and Royal Instructions. </p><p>The Executive Council determined administrative policy changes and considered primary legislation before passing it to the Legislative Council for approval. This advisory body also itself issued secondary legislation under a limited set of colonial ordinances. The Legislative Council debated proposed legislation and was responsible for the appropriation of public funds. This chamber was reformed in the last years of colonial rule to introduce more democratic representation.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenPaper_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenPaper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indirectly elected <a href="/wiki/1985_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1985 Hong Kong legislative election">functional constituency seats were introduced in 1985</a> and popularly elected <a href="/wiki/1991_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1991 Hong Kong legislative election">geographical constituency seats in 1991</a>. <a href="/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="1994 Hong Kong electoral reform">Further electoral reform in 1994</a> effectively made the legislature broadly representative. The administrative Civil Service was led by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration" title="Chief Secretary for Administration">Colonial Secretary</a> (later Chief Secretary), who was deputy to the Governor.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenPaper_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenPaper-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong;_the_Government_House_and_grounds._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037343.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hong_Kong%3B_the_Government_House_and_grounds._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037343.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong%3B_the_Government_House_and_grounds._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037343.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hong_Kong%3B_the_Government_House_and_grounds._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037343.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong%3B_the_Government_House_and_grounds._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037343.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hong_Kong%3B_the_Government_House_and_grounds._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037343.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong%3B_the_Government_House_and_grounds._Photograph._Wellcome_V0037343.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3329" data-file-height="2638" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Hong_Kong" title="Government House, Hong Kong">Government House</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1873</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The judicial system was based on <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_law" title="Traditional Chinese law">Chinese customary law</a> taking a secondary role in civil cases involving Chinese residents.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court (Hong Kong)">Supreme Court of Hong Kong</a> was the highest court and ruled on all civil and criminal cases in the colony. During the early colonial period, extraterritorial appellate cases from other regions of China involving British subjects were also tried in this court. Further appeals from the Supreme Court were heard by the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>, which exercised final adjudication over the entire British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1975 the Hong Kong government introduced a programme to measure public opinion of government efforts, known as Movement of Opinion Direction (MOOD).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cadets">Cadets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cadets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_dollar_Victoria_of_Hong_Kong_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1_dollar_Victoria_of_Hong_Kong_1867.jpg/250px-1_dollar_Victoria_of_Hong_Kong_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1_dollar_Victoria_of_Hong_Kong_1867.jpg/375px-1_dollar_Victoria_of_Hong_Kong_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1_dollar_Victoria_of_Hong_Kong_1867.jpg/500px-1_dollar_Victoria_of_Hong_Kong_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2890" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coin</a>: 1 dollar Victoria of Hong Kong, issued in 1866, 1867, 1868, it was the first official currency of British Hong Kong and also the first <a href="/wiki/Trade_dollar" title="Trade dollar">trade dollar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Trade_dollar_of_UK_1902B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1_Trade_dollar_of_UK_1902B.png/250px-1_Trade_dollar_of_UK_1902B.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1_Trade_dollar_of_UK_1902B.png/375px-1_Trade_dollar_of_UK_1902B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1_Trade_dollar_of_UK_1902B.png/500px-1_Trade_dollar_of_UK_1902B.png 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coin</a>: 1 British Trade Dollar, issued from 1895 to 1935, was originally used for the British colonies and protectorates in the Far East, including British Hong Kong, the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>... but after the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_dollar" title="Straits dollar">Straits dollar</a> in 1903, the British trade dollar was only used by Hong Kong.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1861, Governor <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Rosmead" title="Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead">Sir Hercules Robinson</a> introduced the Hong Kong Cadetship, which recruited young graduates from Britain to learn <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and written Chinese for two years, before deploying them on a fast track to the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">Civil Service</a>. Cadet officers gradually formed the backbone of the civil administration. After the Second World War, ethnic Chinese were allowed into the service, followed by women. Cadets were renamed Administrative Officers in the 1950s, and they remained the elite of the Civil Service during British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200425–26_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200425–26-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Overseas_Hong_Kong" title="British Forces Overseas Hong Kong">British Forces Overseas Hong Kong</a></div> <p>Prior to and during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the garrison was composed of <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> battalions and locally enlisted personnel (LEPs) who served as regular members in the Hong Kong Squadron of the Royal Navy or the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Military_Service_Corps" title="Hong Kong Military Service Corps">Hong Kong Military Service Corps</a> and their associate land units. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hong Kong Brigade (page does not exist)">Hong Kong Brigade</a> served as the main garrison formation. After the outbreak of the Second World War, the garrison was reinforced with <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a> units. A second brigade, the Kowloon Infantry Brigade, was formed to assist in commanding the expanded force. The garrison was defeated during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. </p><p>After the Second World War and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation of Hong Kong</a>, the British military reestablished a presence. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, the British Army raised the <a href="/wiki/40th_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="40th Division (United Kingdom)">40th Infantry Division</a> and dispatched it to garrison Hong Kong. It later left for combat in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and the defense of the territory was taken up by additional British forces who were rotated from Europe. The garrison was further supplemented by LEPs, and <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas</a>. The latter came from <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, but formed part of the British Army. The size of the garrison during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> fluctuated and ended up being based around one brigade. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Regiment" title="Royal Hong Kong Regiment">Royal Hong Kong Regiment</a>, a military unit which was part of the Hong Kong Government, was trained and organised along the lines of a British <a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="Army Reserve (United Kingdom)">Territorial Army</a> unit. As such, it was supported by British Army regular personnel holding key positions. These British Army personnel, for their duration of service to the Royal Hong Kong Regiment, were seconded to the Hong Kong Government. In the post-WWII era, the majority of the regiment's members were local citizens of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> descent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK-architecture-BOCHK-Bank-of-China-Building-under-construction-1988-00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/HK-architecture-BOCHK-Bank-of-China-Building-under-construction-1988-00.jpg/220px-HK-architecture-BOCHK-Bank-of-China-Building-under-construction-1988-00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/HK-architecture-BOCHK-Bank-of-China-Building-under-construction-1988-00.jpg/330px-HK-architecture-BOCHK-Bank-of-China-Building-under-construction-1988-00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/HK-architecture-BOCHK-Bank-of-China-Building-under-construction-1988-00.jpg/440px-HK-architecture-BOCHK-Bank-of-China-Building-under-construction-1988-00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Harbour" title="Victoria Harbour">Victoria Harbour</a> in 1988, showing the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China_Tower,_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong">Bank of China Tower</a> being built</figcaption></figure> <p>The stability, security, and predictability of <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">British law</a> and government enabled Hong Kong to flourish as a centre for international trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200457_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200457-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the colony's first decade, the revenue from the opium trade was a key source of government funds. The importance of opium reduced over time, but the colonial government was dependent on its revenues until the Japanese occupation in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200457_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200457-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the largest businesses in the early colony were operated by British, American, and other expatriates, Chinese workers provided the bulk of the manpower to build a new port city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200458_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200458-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1980s, many ethnic Chinese people had become major business figures in Hong Kong. Amongst these billionaires was Sir <a href="/wiki/Li_Ka-shing" title="Li Ka-shing">Li Ka-shing</a>, who had become one of the colony's wealthiest people by this time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British Hong Kong was characterised as a hybrid of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">West</a>. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blended with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the vast majority of the population was ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong developed a distinct identity from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development, with mainstream culture was derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China. This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tended to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents' sense of local identity remained post-handover, with the majority of the population (52%) identifying as "Hongkongers", while 11% described themselves as "Chinese". The remaining population held mixed identities, 23% as "Hongkonger in China" and 12% as "Chinese in Hong Kong".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Chinese family values, including <a href="/wiki/Family_honor" title="Family honor">family honour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Sex_selection" title="Sex selection">preference for sons</a>, remained prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear families</a> were the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families were not unusual.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In British-ruled Hong Kong, polygamy was legal until 1971 pursuant to the colonial practice of not interfering in local customs that British authorities viewed as relatively harmless to the public order.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spiritual concepts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">feng shui</a></i> were observed; large-scale construction projects often hired consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to <i>feng shui</i> was believed to determine the success of a business. <i><a href="/wiki/Bagua" title="Bagua">Bagua</a></i> mirrors were regularly used to deflect evil spirits,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and buildings often lack <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerology" title="Chinese numerology">floor numbers with a 4</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Languages of Hong Kong</a></div> <p>A prominent example of cultural integration in everyday life in British Hong Kong, was the use of <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> as a common <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>, and also the sole <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the colony until 1974, when Chinese was accorded co-official status.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to British English being taught in <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a>, there were also English-medium schools operated by the <a href="/wiki/English_Schools_Foundation" title="English Schools Foundation">English Schools Foundation</a>, established in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the metro system, the metro lines were named after places instead of numbered, unlike <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, where metro lines were numbered. Roads were named after British royals, governors, famous people, cities and towns across the UK and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Chinese cities</a> and places. Aside from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> was celebrated as the second-most important festival. In <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> were directly translated from those in English. A <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> speaker might recognise the words but not understand the meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An assortment of items in a Dim Sum breakfast meal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg/167px-Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg/251px-Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg/334px-Dim_Sum_Breakfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="French Toast on left, Milk Tea on right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg/167px-Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg/251px-Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg/334px-Cha_Chaan_Teng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><i>(left)</i> Typical fare at a dim sum restaurant; <i>(right)</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng" title="Cha chaan teng">cha chaan teng</a></i> breakfast food with <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong-style_milk_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong-style milk tea">Hong Kong-style milk tea</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Food in Hong Kong under British rule was primarily based on <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese cuisine</a>, despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice was the staple food, and was usually served plain with other dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-LongHKFood_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LongHKFood-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freshness of ingredients was emphasised. Poultry and seafood were commonly sold live at <a href="/wiki/Wet_market" title="Wet market">wet markets</a>, and ingredients were used as quickly as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and <i><a href="/wiki/Siu_yeh" title="Siu yeh">siu yeh</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a>, as part of <i><a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">yum cha</a></i> (brunch), was a dining-out tradition with family and friends. Dishes include <a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">congee</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cha_siu_bao" title="Cha siu bao">cha siu bao</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Siu_yuk" title="Siu yuk">siu yuk</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_tart" title="Egg tart">egg tarts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mango_pudding" title="Mango pudding">mango pudding</a>. Local versions of Western food were served at <i><a href="/wiki/Cha_chaan_teng" title="Cha chaan teng">cha chaan teng</a></i> (Hong Kong-style cafes). Common <i>cha chaan teng</i> menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong-style_milk_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong-style milk tea">Hong Kong-style milk tea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LongHKFood_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LongHKFood-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cinema of Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of Bruce Lee in a fighting pose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.jpg/220px-Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.jpg/330px-Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.jpg/440px-Hong_kong_bruce_lee_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Bruce Lee on the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_Stars,_Hong_Kong" title="Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong">Avenue of Stars</a>, a tribute to the city's film industry</figcaption></figure> <p>Film making in Hong Kong began as early as 1909, but Hong Kong was not a film making hub until the late 1940s, when a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory; these movie veterans helped build the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Suzie_Wong_(film)" title="The World of Suzie Wong (film)">The World of Suzie Wong</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Dragon" title="The Way of the Dragon">The Way of the Dragon</a></i> was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the 1980s, films such as <i><a href="/wiki/A_Better_Tomorrow" title="A Better Tomorrow">A Better Tomorrow</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/As_Tears_Go_By_(film)" title="As Tears Go By (film)">As Tears Go By</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Zu_Warriors_from_the_Magic_Mountain" title="Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain">Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain</a></i> expanded global interest beyond <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">martial arts films</a>; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as <i><a href="/wiki/Farewell_My_Concubine_(film)" title="Farewell My Concubine (film)">Farewell My Concubine</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/To_Live_(1994_film)" title="To Live (1994 film)">To Live</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Wong_Kar_Wai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wong Kar Wai">Wong Kar Wai</a> movies. The city's martial arts film roots were evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donnie_Yen" title="Donnie Yen">Donnie Yen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chow_Yun-fat" title="Chow Yun-fat">Chow Yun-fat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Yeoh" title="Michelle Yeoh">Michelle Yeoh</a> frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films. At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually declined to about 60 in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Music of Hong Kong</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leslie_Cheung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Leslie Cheung with a microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Leslie_Cheung.jpg/164px-Leslie_Cheung.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Leslie_Cheung.jpg/246px-Leslie_Cheung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Leslie_Cheung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="241" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andy_Lau_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A serious-looking Andy Lau, seated and wearing a suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Andy_Lau_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Andy_Lau_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Andy_Lau_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Andy_Lau_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Andy_Lau_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Andy_Lau_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Cheung" title="Leslie Cheung">Leslie Cheung</a> <i>(left)</i> was considered a pioneering Cantopop artist, and <a href="/wiki/Andy_Lau" title="Andy Lau">Andy Lau</a> was an icon of Hong Kong music and film for several decades as a member of the Four Heavenly Kings.</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">Cantopop</a> was a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s. Evolving from Shanghai-style <i><a href="/wiki/Shidaiqu" title="Shidaiqu">shidaiqu</a></i>, it was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a> and Western pop.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local media featured songs by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Sam_Hui" title="Sam Hui">Sam Hui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anita_Mui" title="Anita Mui">Anita Mui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Cheung" title="Leslie Cheung">Leslie Cheung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Tam" title="Alan Tam">Alan Tam</a>; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the <a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Heavenly Kings (Hong Kong)">Four Heavenly Kings</a> dominated Asian record charts.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a general decline since late in the decade,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western classical music historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong and remained a large part of local musical education.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publicly funded <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra">Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently hosted musicians and conductors from overseas. The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Chinese_Orchestra" title="Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra">Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra</a>, composed of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_orchestra" title="Chinese orchestra">classical Chinese instruments</a>, was the leading Chinese ensemble and played a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_and_recreation">Sport and recreation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sport and recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sport in Hong Kong">Sport in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_cheering,_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cheering rugby fans, seen from the stands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg/220px-Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg/330px-Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg/440px-Crowd_cheering%2C_Hong_Kong_Sevens_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sevens" title="Hong Kong Sevens">Hong Kong Sevens</a>, considered the premier tournament of the <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Sevens_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rugby Sevens Series">World Rugby Sevens Series</a>, was played each spring.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite its small area, the territory regularly hosted the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sevens" title="Hong Kong Sevens">Hong Kong Sevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Marathon" title="Hong Kong Marathon">Hong Kong Marathon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tennis_Classic" title="Hong Kong Tennis Classic">Hong Kong Tennis Classic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year_Cup" title="Lunar New Year Cup">Lunar New Year Cup</a>, and hosted the inaugural <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">AFC Asian Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1995_Dynasty_Cup" title="1995 Dynasty Cup">1995 Dynasty Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hong Kong was separately represented from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">mainland China</a>, with its own sports teams in international competitions. The territory participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952 and earned <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Olympics" title="Hong Kong at the Olympics">four gold medals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lee_Lai-shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee Lai-shan">Lee Lai-shan</a> won the territory's first Olympic gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Atlanta Olympics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1972 and 1996, Hong Kong athletes won <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Paralympics" title="Hong Kong at the Paralympics">60 medals at the Paralympic Games</a>. As part of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, British Hong Kong participated in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, in which it won <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Hong Kong at the Commonwealth Games">17 medals</a>, the city's last appearance in the Games being in <a href="/wiki/1994_Commonwealth_Games" title="1994 Commonwealth Games">1994</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a> races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Dragon Boat Festival">Tuen Ng Festival</a>. The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tourism_Board" title="Hong Kong Tourism Board">Tourism Board</a>'s efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Jockey_Club" title="Hong Kong Jockey Club">Hong Kong Jockey Club</a>, known between 1960 and 1996 as the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club, became the territory's largest taxpayer.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three forms of gambling were legal in Hong Kong: lotteries, horse racing, and football.<sup id="cite_ref-JockeyClub_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JockeyClub-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissent">Dissent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:British_Hong_Kong" title="Talk:British Hong Kong">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg/220px-1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg/330px-1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg/440px-1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>Police confrontation during the 1967 leftist riots</figcaption></figure> <p>During China's turbulent 20th century, Hong Kong served as a safe haven for dissidents, political refugees, and officials who lost power. British policy allowed dissidents to live in Hong Kong as long as they did not break local laws or harm British interests. The implementation of this policy varied according to what the senior officials thought constituted British interests and the state of relations with China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200480–81_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200480–81-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_strike" title="Canton–Hong Kong strike">Canton–Hong Kong strike</a> (1925–1926) was anti-imperialist in nature. The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1966_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong 1966 riots">1966 riots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a>-led <a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 riots</a>, essentially spillovers from the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, were large scale demonstrations fuelled by tensions surrounding labour disputes and dissatisfaction towards the government.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the 1967 riots started as a labour dispute, the incident escalated quickly after the leftist camp and mainland officials stationed in Hong Kong seized the opportunity to mobilise their followers to protest against the colonial government.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> supporters organised the <a href="/wiki/Anti-British_Struggle_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-British Struggle Committee">Anti-British Struggle Committee</a> during the riots. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Steve_Tsang" title="Steve Tsang">Steve Tsang</a>, director of the China Institute of the <a href="/wiki/SOAS_University_of_London" title="SOAS University of London">School of Oriental and African Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, wrote that it was "ironic" that despite Hong Kong being a symbol of China's humiliation by Britain, there was not one major movement started by the Chinese residents of the colony for its retrocession to China, even though there had been several upsurges of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang19951_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang19951-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explained: </p> <blockquote> <p>In the 1920s, the working class Chinese of Hong Kong did not have a good reason to rally around the Hong Kong government, and they were more susceptible to appeals based on Chinese nationalism. Consequently, the call of the Communists was basically heeded by the working men, and their actions practically paralysed the colony for a year. By the [end of the] 1960s, however, the attempts by the Hong Kong government to maintain stability and good order which helped improve everyone's living conditions, and ... the beginning of the emergence of a Hong Kong identity, changed the attitude of the local Chinese. They overwhelmingly rallied around the colonial British regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang1995246_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang1995246-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Hospital,_Hong_Kong" title="British Military Hospital, Hong Kong">British Military Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Schools_Foundation" title="English Schools Foundation">British Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Regiment" title="Royal Hong Kong Regiment">Royal Hong Kong Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Hong_Kong)" title="Special Branch (Hong Kong)">Political Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Flags of Elizabeth II">Flags of Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Overseas_Hong_Kong" title="British Forces Overseas Hong Kong">British Forces Overseas Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander_British_Forces_in_Hong_Kong" title="Commander British Forces in Hong Kong">Commander British Forces in Hong Kong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-language-status-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-language-status_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No specific variety of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> was listed in legislation, but <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> was the <i>de facto</i> standard as it was the native variety of the colony; Chinese was made official in 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demonym-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-demonym_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hongkonger</i> and <i>Hong Konger</i> were both used by the British administrators of Hong Kong.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The office of Colonial Secretary was renamed to <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration" title="Chief Secretary for Administration">Chief Secretary</a> in 1976.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/hist/1991_2000/B11200831996XXXXE0100.pdf">Main Results</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>1996 Population By-Census</i> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Census_and_Statistics_Department_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)">Census and Statistics Department</a>. December 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013094501/https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/hist/1991_2000/B11200831996XXXXE0100.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Main+Results&rft.pub=Census+and+Statistics+Department&rft.date=1996-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.hk%2Fpub%2Fhist%2F1991_2000%2FB11200831996XXXXE0100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1996&ey=1996&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=63&pr1.y=12&c=532&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=">"Hong Kong"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119201906/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1996&ey=1996&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=63&pr1.y=12&c=532&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2018%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fsy%3D1996%26ey%3D1996%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26pr1.x%3D63%26pr1.y%3D12%26c%3D532%26s%3DNGDPD%252CPPPGDP%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr04-05/english/sec/library/0405fs07e.pdf">Gini Coefficient Fact Sheet</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a>. December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173916/http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr04-05/english/sec/library/0405fs07e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Gini+Coefficient+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=Legislative+Council&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legco.gov.hk%2Fyr04-05%2Fenglish%2Fsec%2Flibrary%2F0405fs07e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/HKG.pdf">Hong Kong</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Human Development Report 2016</i> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713113505/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/HKG.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fall%2Fthemes%2Fhdr_theme%2Fcountry-notes%2FHKG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupton1965" class="citation journal cs1">Lupton, Colina (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23881414">"Government and People in Hong Kong 1841-1962: A Constitutional History"</a>. <i>Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">95–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23881414">23881414</a>. <q>Given the fact that Hong Kong received a Crown Colony form of constitution in 1843 and still retains it in 1965, there must be something which explains its tranquillity in the midst of a continent of upheaval.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Hong+Kong+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Government+and+People+in+Hong+Kong+1841-1962%3A+A+Constitutional+History&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23881414%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lupton&rft.aufirst=Colina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23881414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/draftagreementbe00hong/page/n5">A Draft Agreement Between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Future of Hong Kong</a></i> (1984). pp. 1, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JointDec-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JointDec_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmab.gov.hk/en/issues/joint3.htm">"The Joint Declaration"</a>. <i>Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau – The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China</i>. 1 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716061613/https://www.cmab.gov.hk/en/issues/joint3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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PBS Frontline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923053042/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opium+Kings&rft.pub=PBS+Frontline&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Cowell&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fheroin%2Fetc%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robson-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-robson_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Robson1999" class="citation book cs1">Philip Robson (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forbiddendrugs0000robs"><i>Forbidden Drugs</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-262955-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-262955-5"><bdi>978-0-19-262955-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forbidden+Drugs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-262955-5&rft.au=Philip+Robson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforbiddendrugs0000robs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schiff-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schiff_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_L._Schiff_Jr.2002" class="citation news cs1">Paul L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Pharmaceutical+Education&rft.atitle=Opium+and+its+alkaloids&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Paul+L.+Schiff+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa3833%2Fis_200207%2Fai_n9107282%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trocki99-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trocki99_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrocki1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_A._Trocki" title="Carl A. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19918-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19918-6"><bdi>978-0-415-19918-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opium%2C+empire+and+the+global+political+economy%3A+a+study+of+the+Asian+opium+trade%2C+1750%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19918-6&rft.aulast=Trocki&rft.aufirst=Carl+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDDNvkSC26bcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trocki02-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trocki02_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_A._Trocki2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_A._Trocki" title="Carl A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opium+as+a+commodity+and+the+Chinese+drug+plague&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Carl+A.+Trocki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanities.qut.edu.au%2Fresearch%2Fsocialchange%2Fdocs%2Fconf_papers2002%2FTrockiCarl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang20049–10-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang20049–10_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang20049–10_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsang2004">Tsang 2004</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200411-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200411_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200411_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsang2004">Tsang 2004</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200421-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200421_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsang2004">Tsang 2004</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsh1997-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelsh1997_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelsh1997">Welsh 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-repository-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-repository_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJYZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63">The Chinese Repository</a></i>. 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London: Henry Colburn. p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200412-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200412_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsang2004">Tsang 2004</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll2020" class="citation book cs1">Driscoll, Mark W. (2020). <i>The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection</i>. 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Nova Publishers. p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang2004133-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang2004133_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsang2004">Tsang 2004</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang2004138-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang2004138_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsang2004">Tsang 2004</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang2004143–144-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang2004143–144_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsang2004">Tsang 2004</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Preface-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Preface_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, Preface.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Ignoring_Assassins''-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Ignoring_Assassins''_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, Chapter 1: <i>Communist anatomy (1950–1955)</i>; section <i>Ignoring Assassins</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Long_faced_communists''-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Long_faced_communists''_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Long_faced_communists''_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Long_faced_communists''_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, Chapter 1: <i>Communist anatomy (1950–1955)</i>; section <i>Long faced communists</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''History_of_KMT_enemy_status''-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''History_of_KMT_enemy_status''_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, Chapter 3: <i>1963</i>; section <i>History of KMT enemy status</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_2:_''The_colonial_anatomy:_The_1956_riot'';_section_''Pointing_the_finger''-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_2:_''The_colonial_anatomy:_The_1956_riot'';_section_''Pointing_the_finger''_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_2:_''The_colonial_anatomy:_The_1956_riot'';_section_''Pointing_the_finger''_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_2:_''The_colonial_anatomy:_The_1956_riot'';_section_''Pointing_the_finger''_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, Chapter 2: <i>The colonial anatomy: The 1956 riot</i>; section <i>Pointing the finger</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Conclusion''-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''Conclusion''_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, Chapter 1: <i>Communist anatomy (1950–1955)</i>; section <i>Conclusion</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''The_slaughter''-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_1:_''Communist_anatomy_(1950–1955)'';_section_''The_slaughter''_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, Chapter 1: <i>Communist anatomy (1950–1955)</i>; section <i>The slaughter</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''Introduction''-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''Introduction''_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, Chapter 3: <i>1963</i>; section <i>Introduction</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''British_admissions''-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''British_admissions''_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, Chapter 3: <i>1963</i>; section <i>British admissions</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''The_KMT_liability_in_regional_politics''-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''The_KMT_liability_in_regional_politics''_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, Chapter 3: <i>1963</i>; section <i>The KMT liability in regional politics</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''Conclusion''-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2019Chapter_3:_''1963'';_section_''Conclusion''_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2019">Price 2019</a>, Chapter 3: <i>1963</i>; section <i>Conclusion</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmcoprc.gov.hk/eng/zcjs/yglz/t17767.htm">"How did the Chinese Government settle the question of Hong Kong through negotiations?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_in_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region">Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region</a>. 15 November 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313183627/http://www.fmcoprc.gov.hk/eng/zcjs/yglz/t17767.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hong Kong: Government Printer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, D. J. (April 1983). "A Requiem for Chinese Customary Law in Hong Kong". <i>The International and Comparative Law Quarterly</i> <b>32</b> (2): 347–379. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/759499">759499</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Oliver (2014). "A Worthy Predecessor? The Privy Council on Appeal from Hong Kong, 1853 to 1997". In Ghai, Y.; Young, S. <i>Hong Kong's Court of Final Appeal: The Development of the Law in China's Hong Kong</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2533284%E2%80%AF">2533284 </a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMok2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mok, Florence (9 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0920203X18787431">"Public opinion polls and covert colonialism in British Hong Kong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Information" title="China Information">China Information</a></i>. <b>33</b>: <span class="nowrap">66–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0920203X18787431">10.1177/0920203X18787431</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150104890">150104890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Information&rft.atitle=Public+opinion+polls+and+covert+colonialism+in+British+Hong+Kong&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0920203X18787431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150104890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mok&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0920203X18787431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200425–26-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200425–26_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsang2004">Tsang 2004</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200457-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200457_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200457_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsang2004">Tsang 2004</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200458-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200458_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsang2004">Tsang 2004</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 167–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHe2013">He 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTam2017">Tam 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLam2015">Lam 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563.html">"HKU POP releases survey on Hong Kong people's ethnic identity and the 2018 review and 2019 forecast survey"</a>. Public Opinion Programme, University of Hong Kong. 27 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090214/https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/english/release/release1563.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HKU+POP+releases+survey+on+Hong+Kong+people%27s+ethnic+identity+and+the+2018+review+and+2019+forecast+survey&rft.pub=Public+Opinion+Programme%2C+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2018-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkupop.hku.hk%2Fenglish%2Frelease%2Frelease1563.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFamily_Survey2013">Family Survey 2013</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopulation_By-Census2016">Population By-Census 2016</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLary2022" class="citation book cs1">Lary, Diana (2022). <i>China's grandmothers : gender, family, and aging from late Qing to twenty-first century</i>. 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href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChu2017">Chu 2017</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithMoirBrennanRambarran2017">Smith et al. 2017</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHo2011">Ho 2011</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhoshal2011">Ghoshal 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorneManzenreiter2002">Horne & Manzenreiter 2002</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamChang2005">Lam & Chang 2005</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamChang2005">Lam & Chang 2005</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSofieldSivan2003">Sofield & Sivan 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oSrjAAAAMAAJ&q=%227+per+cent+on+bets+and+25+per+cent+on+cash%22&dq=%227+per+cent+on+bets+and+25+per+cent+on+cash%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifvsaPsOKIAxUCUkEAHYZbJPQQ6AF6BAgJEAI"><i>Annual Report on Hong Kong</i></a>, H.M. Stationery Office, 1975, page 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JockeyClub-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JockeyClub_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLittlewood2010">Littlewood 2010</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang200480–81-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang200480–81_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsang2004">Tsang 2004</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheung, Gary Ka-wai (2009). <i>Hong Kong's Watershed: The 1967 Riots</i>. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheung, Gary (10 June 2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1971502/when-cultural-revolution-spilled-over-riots-hong-kong">When the Cultural Revolution spilled over into riots in Hong Kong – and changed lives forever</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512084353/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1971502/when-cultural-revolution-spilled-over-riots-hong-kong#">Archived</a> 12 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>South China Morning Post</i>. Retrieved 10 July 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang19951-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang19951_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsang1995">Tsang 1995</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsang1995246-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsang1995246_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsang1995">Tsang 1995</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2007" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, John M. (2007). <i>A concise history of Hong Kong</i>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3422-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3422-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-3422-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Hong+Kong&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3422-3&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanChow2006" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Cecilia; Chow, Amy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzUvGEw7Z0AC"><i>Death, Dying and Bereavement: a Hong Kong Chinese Experience</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-787-2"><bdi>978-962-209-787-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716061612/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzUvGEw7Z0AC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death%2C+Dying+and+Bereavement%3A+a+Hong+Kong+Chinese+Experience&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-962-209-787-2&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft.au=Chow%2C+Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzUvGEw7Z0AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChu2017" class="citation book cs1">Chu, Yiu-wai (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62I2DwAAQBAJ"><i>Hong Kong Cantopop: A Concise History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8390-58-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-8390-58-8"><bdi>978-988-8390-58-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716061634/https://books.google.com/books?id=62I2DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Cantopop%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-988-8390-58-8&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Yiu-wai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D62I2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurryHanstedt2014" class="citation book cs1">Curry, Janel; Hanstedt, Paul (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRH4AwAAQBAJ"><i>Reading Hong Kong, Reading Ourselves</i></a>. City University of Hong Kong Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-937-235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-937-235-4"><bdi>978-962-937-235-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716061612/https://books.google.com/books?id=eRH4AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Hong+Kong%2C+Reading+Ourselves&rft.pub=City+University+of+Hong+Kong+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-962-937-235-4&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Janel&rft.au=Hanstedt%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeRH4AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerFowler2008" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Jeaneane D.; Fowler, Merv (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpJNfIAZltoC"><i>Chinese Religions: Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-172-6"><bdi>978-1-84519-172-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716061612/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpJNfIAZltoC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Religions%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-172-6&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Jeaneane+D.&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Merv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpJNfIAZltoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fu, Poshek (2008). "Japanese Occupation, Shanghai Exiles, and Postwar Hong Kong Cinema". <i>The China Quarterly</i>. <b>194</b> (194): <span class="nowrap">380–</span>394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS030574100800043X">10.1017/S030574100800043X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20192203">20192203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154730809">154730809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Japanese+Occupation%2C+Shanghai+Exiles%2C+and+Postwar+Hong+Kong+Cinema&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=194&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E380-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154730809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20192203%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS030574100800043X&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.aufirst=Poshek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGe2017" class="citation news cs1">Ge, Celine (28 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/business/article/2104540/its-fade-out-hong-kongs-film-industry-china-moves-spotlight">"It's fade out for Hong Kong's film industry as China moves into the spotlight"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204204/http://www.scmp.com/business/article/2104540/its-fade-out-hong-kongs-film-industry-china-moves-spotlight">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=It%27s+fade+out+for+Hong+Kong%27s+film+industry+as+China+moves+into+the+spotlight&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft.aulast=Ge&rft.aufirst=Celine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F2104540%2Fits-fade-out-hong-kongs-film-industry-china-moves-spotlight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhoshal2011" class="citation web cs1">Ghoshal, Amoy (1 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531055150/https://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2011/01/07/2293901/asian-cup-know-your-history-part-one-1956-1988">"Asian Cup: Know Your History – Part One (1956–1988)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Goal_(website)" title="Goal (website)">Goal</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2011/01/07/2293901/asian-cup-know-your-history-part-one-1956-1988">the original</a> on 31 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goal&rft.atitle=Asian+Cup%3A+Know+Your+History+%E2%80%93+Part+One+%281956%E2%80%931988%29&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft.aulast=Ghoshal&rft.aufirst=Amoy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goal.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F8%2Fmain%2F2011%2F01%2F07%2F2293901%2Fasian-cup-know-your-history-part-one-1956-1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHe2013" class="citation news cs1">He, Huifeng (13 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1126786/forgotten-stories-huge-escape-hong-kong">"Forgotten stories of the great escape to Hong Kong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228062604/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1126786/forgotten-stories-huge-escape-hong-kong">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Forgotten+stories+of+the+great+escape+to+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Huifeng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Farticle%2F1126786%2Fforgotten-stories-huge-escape-hong-kong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2011" class="citation book cs1">Ho, Wai-chung (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VieYfjWRV0C"><i>School Music Education and Social Change in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18917-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18917-1"><bdi>978-90-04-18917-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716061634/https://books.google.com/books?id=7VieYfjWRV0C">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=School+Music+Education+and+Social+Change+in+Mainland+China%2C+Hong+Kong+and+Taiwan&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18917-1&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Wai-chung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7VieYfjWRV0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorneManzenreiter2002" class="citation book cs1">Horne, John; Manzenreiter, Wolfram (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YD7PWVCABAC"><i>Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27563-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27563-7"><bdi>978-0-415-27563-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%2C+Korea+and+the+2002+World+Cup&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27563-7&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Manzenreiter%2C+Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7YD7PWVCABAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLam2015" class="citation book cs1">Lam, Wai-man (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhXICQAAQBAJ"><i>Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45301-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45301-7"><bdi>978-1-317-45301-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716062113/https://books.google.com/books?id=YhXICQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Political+Culture+of+Hong+Kong%3A+The+Paradox+of+Activism+and+Depoliticization%3A+The+Paradox+of+Activism+and+Depoliticization&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45301-7&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Wai-man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYhXICQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamChang2005" class="citation book cs1">Lam, S.F.; Chang, Julian W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y45FBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Quest for Gold: Fifty Years of Amateur Sports in Hong Kong, 1947–1997</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-765-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-765-0"><bdi>978-962-209-765-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Gold%3A+Fifty+Years+of+Amateur+Sports+in+Hong+Kong%2C+1947%E2%80%931997&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-962-209-765-0&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=S.F.&rft.au=Chang%2C+Julian+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY45FBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlewood2010" class="citation book cs1">Littlewood, Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7eiOi2lbOkC"><i>Taxation Without Representation: The History of Hong Kong's Troublingly Successful Tax System</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-099-6"><bdi>978-962-209-099-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716062114/https://books.google.com/books?id=_7eiOi2lbOkC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taxation+Without+Representation%3A+The+History+of+Hong+Kong%27s+Troublingly+Successful+Tax+System&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-962-209-099-6&rft.aulast=Littlewood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_7eiOi2lbOkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2015" class="citation book cs1">Long, Lucy M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ"><i>Ethnic American Food Today: A Cultural Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2730-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2730-9"><bdi>978-1-4422-2730-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716062116/https://books.google.com/books?id=DBzYCQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+American+Food+Today%3A+A+Cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-2730-9&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Lucy+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDBzYCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithMoirBrennanRambarran2017" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Gareth Dylan; Moir, Zack; Brennan, Matt; Rambarran, Shara; Kirkman, Phil (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JColDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge Research Companion to Popular Music Education</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-6498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-6498-9"><bdi>978-1-4724-6498-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716062114/https://books.google.com/books?id=JColDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Research+Companion+to+Popular+Music+Education&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-6498-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gareth+Dylan&rft.au=Moir%2C+Zack&rft.au=Brennan%2C+Matt&rft.au=Rambarran%2C+Shara&rft.au=Kirkman%2C+Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJColDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2004" class="citation cs2">Snow, Philip (2004), <i>The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation</i>, <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_CT" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven, CT">New Haven, CT</a>: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300103735" title="Special:BookSources/0300103735"><bdi>0300103735</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Hong+Kong%3A+Britain%2C+China+and+the+Japanese+Occupation&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0300103735&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2019" class="citation book cs1">Price, Rohan B.E. (2019). <i>Resistance in Colonial and Communist China, 1950-1963: Anatomy of a Riot</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429424335" title="Special:BookSources/9780429424335"><bdi>9780429424335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance+in+Colonial+and+Communist+China%2C+1950-1963%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Riot&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780429424335&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Rohan+B.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofieldSivan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sofield, Trevor H.B.; Sivan, Atara (2003). "From Cultural Festival to International Sport – The Hong Kong Dragon Boat Races". <i>Journal of Sport & Tourism</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14775080306242">10.1080/14775080306242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144106613">144106613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sport+%26+Tourism&rft.atitle=From+Cultural+Festival+to+International+Sport+%E2%80%93+The+Hong+Kong+Dragon+Boat+Races&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14775080306242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144106613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sofield&rft.aufirst=Trevor+H.B.&rft.au=Sivan%2C+Atara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTam2017" class="citation news cs1">Tam, Luisa (11 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/2110645/self-centred-demanding-materialistic-and-arrogant-how-steer-clear">"Self-centred, demanding, materialistic and arrogant: how to steer clear of the Kong Girls"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. Hong Kong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228174616/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/2110645/self-centred-demanding-materialistic-and-arrogant-how-steer-clear">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Self-centred%2C+demanding%2C+materialistic+and+arrogant%3A+how+to+steer+clear+of+the+Kong+Girls&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft.aulast=Tam&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Farticle%2F2110645%2Fself-centred-demanding-materialistic-and-arrogant-how-steer-clear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsang1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Tsang" title="Steve Tsang">Tsang, Steve</a> (1995), <i>A Documentary History of Hong Kong: Government and Politics</i>, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-392-2" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-392-2"><bdi>962-209-392-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Documentary+History+of+Hong+Kong%3A+Government+and+Politics&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=962-209-392-2&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsang2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Tsang" title="Steve Tsang">Tsang, Steve</a> (2004), <i>A Modern History of Hong Kong</i>, London, England: I.B. Tauris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-419-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-419-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-419-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-419-0&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsh1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Welsh_(writer)" title="Frank Welsh (writer)">Welsh, Frank</a> (1997), <i>A History of Hong Kong</i>, London, England: HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780006388715" title="Special:BookSources/9780006388715"><bdi>9780006388715</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780006388715&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiIngham2003" class="citation book cs1">Xi, Xu; Ingham, Mike (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2f3IAQAAQBAJ"><i>City Voices: Hong Kong writing in English, 1945–present</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-605-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-605-9"><bdi>978-962-209-605-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716062114/https://books.google.com/books?id=2f3IAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Voices%3A+Hong+Kong+writing+in+English%2C+1945%E2%80%93present&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-962-209-605-9&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Xu&rft.au=Ingham%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2f3IAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInland_Revenue_Annual_Report2017" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ird.gov.hk/dar/2016-17/table/en/ar_1617.pdf">Annual Report 2016–17</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Inland_Revenue_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Inland Revenue Department (Hong Kong)">Inland Revenue Department</a>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+2016%E2%80%9317&rft.pub=Inland+Revenue+Department&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ird.gov.hk%2Fdar%2F2016-17%2Ftable%2Fen%2Far_1617.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFamily_Survey2013" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/panels/ws/papers/ws0609cb2-2288-2-e.pdf">Family Survey 2013</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a>. July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Family+Survey+2013&rft.pub=Legislative+Council&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legco.gov.hk%2Fyr13-14%2Fenglish%2Fpanels%2Fws%2Fpapers%2Fws0609cb2-2288-2-e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopulation_By-Census2016" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/data/16bc-main-results.pdf">Main Results</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2016 Population By-Census</i> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Census_and_Statistics_Department_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)">Census and Statistics Department</a>. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Main+Results&rft.pub=Census+and+Statistics+Department&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bycensus2016.gov.hk%2Fdata%2F16bc-main-results.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2003" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, David (2003). <i>Hong Kong since 1945: Economic and Social History</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20265-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20265-7"><bdi>978-0-415-20265-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+since+1945%3A+Economic+and+Social+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20265-7&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndacott[Great_Britain]_Department_of_Technical_Co-operation1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Beer_Endacott" title="George Beer Endacott">Endacott, G. B.</a>; [Great Britain] Department of Technical Co-operation (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastern-entrepot-endacott"><i>An Eastern Entrepôt: A Collection of Documents Illustrating the History of Hong Kong</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>. p. 293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Eastern+Entrep%C3%B4t%3A+A+Collection+of+Documents+Illustrating+the+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.place=London&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Endacott&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rft.au=%5BGreat+Britain%5D+Department+of+Technical+Co-operation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastern-entrepot-endacott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLui1990" class="citation book cs1">Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1990). <i>Forts and Pirates: A History of Hong Kong</i>. Hong Kong: Hong Kong History Society. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-627-48901-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-627-48901-6"><bdi>978-9-627-48901-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forts+and+Pirates%3A+A+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+History+Society&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-9-627-48901-6&rft.aulast=Lui&rft.aufirst=Adam+Yuen-chung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu1997" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Shuyong (1997). <i>An Outline History of Hong Kong</i>. Translated by Wang, Wenjiong; Chang, Mingyu. Beijing: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Press" title="Foreign Languages Press">Foreign Languages Press</a>. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-119-01946-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-119-01946-8"><bdi>978-7-119-01946-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-7-119-01946-8&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Shuyong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgo1999" class="citation book cs1">Ngo, Tak-Wing, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yft74UC_QlMC"><i>Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule</i></a>. Routledge studies in Asia's transformations. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20868-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20868-0"><bdi>978-0-415-20868-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong%27s+History%3A+State+and+Society+Under+Colonial+Rule&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+studies+in+Asia%27s+transformations&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20868-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyft74UC_QlMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsh1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Welsh_(writer)" title="Frank Welsh (writer)">Welsh, Frank</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borrowedplacehis0000wels_o7q8"><i>A Borrowed Place: The History of Hong Kong</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Kodansha" title="Kodansha">Kodansha</a>. p. 624. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56836-134-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56836-134-5"><bdi>978-1-56836-134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Borrowed+Place%3A+The+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56836-134-5&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fborrowedplacehis0000wels_o7q8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan1997" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Ming K. (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741000046828">"The Legacy of the British Administration of Hong Kong: A View from Hong Kong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a></i>. <b>151</b> (151). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">567–</span>582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741000046828">10.1017/S0305741000046828</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7410">0305-7410</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/655254">655254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+the+British+Administration+of+Hong+Kong%3A+A+View+from+Hong+Kong&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=151&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E567-%3C%2Fspan%3E582&rft.date=1997-09&rft.issn=0305-7410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F655254%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741000046828&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Ming+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0305741000046828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/British_Hong_Kong" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961224105914/http://info.gov.hk/">Official website of the British Hong Kong Government</a>". 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href="/wiki/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template talk:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hong_Kong361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hong_Kong" title="Outline of Hong Kong">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Hong_Kong" title="Index of articles related to Hong Kong">Index of articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Hong_Kong" title="Prehistoric Hong Kong">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_under_Imperial_China" title="History of Hong Kong under Imperial China">Imperial China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an County and Xin'an County</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" title="History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">1800s–1930s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_during_World_War_I" title="Hong Kong during World War I">WWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1950s in Hong Kong">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1960s in Hong Kong">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1970s in Hong Kong">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1980s in Hong Kong">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1990s in Hong Kong">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2000s in Hong Kong">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2010s in Hong Kong">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2020s in Hong Kong">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Air pollution in Hong Kong">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of places in Hong Kong">Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of bays in Hong Kong">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Hong_Kong" title="Beaches of Hong Kong">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_channels_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of channels in Hong Kong">Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of towns in Hong Kong">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Country parks and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Hong_Kong" title="Environment of Hong Kong">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Land reclamation in Hong Kong">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harbours_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of harbours in Hong Kong">Harbours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_and_peninsulas_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong">Islands and peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes of Hong Kong">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_parks_in_Hong_Kong" title="Marine parks in Hong Kong">Marine parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains,_peaks_and_hills_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of mountains, peaks and hills in Hong Kong">Mountains and peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_public_parks_and_gardens_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong">Public parks and gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of reservoirs of Hong Kong">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_and_nullahs_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of rivers and nullahs in Hong Kong">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of villages in Hong Kong">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Hong_Kong" title="Emblem of Hong Kong">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong" title="Flag of Hong Kong">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Law of Hong Kong">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hong Kong">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Hong_Kong_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of political parties in Hong Kong">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong protests">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">Public services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department" title="Hong Kong Fire Services Department">Fire services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Health_Bureau" title="Food and Health Bureau">Food and Health Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hong_Kong" title="Health in Hong Kong">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of banks in Hong Kong">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of companies of Hong Kong">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_in_Hong_Kong" title="Employment in Hong Kong">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Hawkers in Hong Kong">Hawkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong" title="Port of Hong Kong">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Communications in Hong Kong">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_(business)" title="Hong (business)">The Hongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Tourism in Hong Kong">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport of Hong Kong">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of airlines of Hong Kong">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_services_in_Hong_Kong" title="Bus services in Hong Kong">Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Cycling in Hong Kong">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong#Ferries" title="Transport in Hong Kong">Ferries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">List of roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Rail transport in Hong Kong">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicabs_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicabs of Hong Kong">Taxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hong_Kong" title="Crime in Hong Kong">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Prostitution in Hong Kong">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sex trafficking in Hong Kong">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Architecture of Hong Kong">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Chau_Bun_Festival" title="Cheung Chau Bun Festival">Cheung Chau Bun Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Gambling in Hong Kong">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Hong_Kong" title="Graffiti in Hong Kong">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Heritage conservation in Hong Kong">Heritage conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia_%C3%97_blakeana" title="Bauhinia × blakeana">Hong Kong orchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Hong_Kong" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Hong Kong">Honours system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Hong Kong">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Rock_Spirit" title="Lion Rock Spirit">Lion Rock Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_literature" title="Hong Kong literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDull" title="McDull">McDull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hong_Kong" title="Media of Hong Kong">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of museums in Hong Kong">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai_jong" title="Ngai jong">Ngai jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Demographics of Hong Kong">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hong_Kong" title="Women in Hong Kong">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Hong_Kong" title="Youth in Hong Kong">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public holidays in Hong Kong">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_in_Hong_Kong" title="Shopping in Hong Kong">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sport in Hong Kong">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hong_Kong" title="Television in Hong Kong">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visual art of Hong Kong">Visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJKV" class="mw-redirect" title="CJKV">CJKV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> 1177–1542</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">integrated into the UK</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malacca">Malacca</a> 1824–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malacca" title="Crown Colony of Malacca">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/21px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/42px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/21px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/42px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054923#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata507" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054923#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata507" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054923#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/172385658">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987013003034205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=British_Hong_Kong&params=22.28_N_114.16_E_type:country"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°17′N</span> <span class="longitude">114°10′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.28°N 114.16°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.28; 114.16</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&oldid=1276596323">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&oldid=1276596323</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Hong_Kong" title="Category:British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hong_Kong_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Hong Kong and the Commonwealth of Nations">Hong Kong and the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Hong_Kong" title="Category:19th century in Hong Kong">19th century in Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_Hong_Kong" title="Category:20th century in Hong Kong">20th century in Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1841_establishments_in_Hong_Kong" title="Category:1841 establishments in Hong Kong">1841 establishments in Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1841_establishments_in_the_British_Empire" title="Category:1841 establishments in the British Empire">1841 establishments in the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1997_disestablishments_in_Hong_Kong" title="Category:1997 disestablishments in Hong Kong">1997 disestablishments in Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Concessions_in_China" title="Category:Concessions in China">Concessions in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Category:China–United Kingdom relations">China–United 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