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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Production_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Production overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical developments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical developments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A&R_team" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A&R_team"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>A&R team</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A&R_team-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Record_producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Record_producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Record producers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Record_producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tape_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tape_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tape recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tape_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multitrack_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multitrack_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Multitrack recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multitrack_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Electronic instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performer-producer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performer-producer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Performer-producer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performer-producer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Digital production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_producing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_producing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Women in producing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_producing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Record producer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiekprodusent" title="Musiekprodusent – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Musiekprodusent" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikproduzent" title="Musikproduzent – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Musikproduzent" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC_%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="منتج أغاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منتج أغاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productor_musical" title="Productor musical – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Productor musical" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiqi_prod%C3%BCseri" title="Musiqi prodüseri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Musiqi prodüseri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آلبوم یاپیمجیسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلبوم یاپیمجیسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%95" title="রেকর্ড প্রযোজক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেকর্ড প্রযোজক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Музычны прадзюсар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Музычны прадзюсар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Музычны прадусар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Музычны прадусар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Музикален продуцент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Музикален продуцент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzi%C4%8Dki_producent" title="Muzički producent – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Muzički producent" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productor_musical" title="Productor musical – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Productor musical" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudebn%C3%AD_producent" title="Hudební producent – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hudební producent" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynhyrchydd_recordiau" title="Cynhyrchydd recordiau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cynhyrchydd recordiau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikproducer" title="Musikproducer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Musikproducer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musihkkabuvttadeaddji" title="Musihkkabuvttadeaddji – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Musihkkabuvttadeaddji" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikproduzent" title="Musikproduzent – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musikproduzent" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muusikaprodutsent" title="Muusikaprodutsent – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muusikaprodutsent" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μουσικός παραγωγός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουσικός παραγωγός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productor_discogr%C3%A1fico" title="Productor discográfico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Productor discográfico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzikproduktisto" title="Muzikproduktisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muzikproduktisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko-ekoizle" title="Disko-ekoizle – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disko-ekoizle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="تهیه‌کننده موسیقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تهیه‌کننده موسیقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alisateur_artistique" title="Réalisateur artistique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réalisateur artistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9iritheoir_ceoil" title="Léiritheoir ceoil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Léiritheoir ceoil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produci%C3%B3n_musical" title="Produción musical – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Produción musical" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%80%EC%84%9C" title="음악 프로듀서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음악 프로듀서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Երաժշտական պրոդյուսեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երաժշտական պրոդյուսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="रिकार्ड निर्माता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिकार्ड निर्माता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazbeni_producent" title="Glazbeni producent – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glazbeni producent" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produser_rekaman" title="Produser rekaman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Produser rekaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productor_discographic" title="Productor discographic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Productor discographic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhiqizi_wesiqoshwa" title="Umkhiqizi wesiqoshwa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umkhiqizi wesiqoshwa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppt%C3%B6kustj%C3%B3ri" title="Upptökustjóri – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Upptökustjóri" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produttore_discografico" title="Produttore discografico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Produttore discografico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99" title="מפיק מוזיקלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפיק מוזיקלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95" title="ಸಂಗೀತ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಗೀತ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჩანაწერის პროდიუსერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩანაწერის პროდიუსერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtayarishaji_wa_Muziki" title="Mtayarishaji wa Muziki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtayarishaji wa Muziki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berhemh%C3%AAner%C3%AA_muz%C3%AEk%C3%AA" title="Berhemhênerê muzîkê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Berhemhênerê muzîkê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%ABzikas_producents" title="Mūzikas producents – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mūzikas producents" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Музички продуцент – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Музички продуцент" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მუსიკალური პროდიუსერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მუსიკალური პროდიუსერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="منتج تسجيلات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منتج تسجيلات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerbit_rakaman" title="Penerbit rakaman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penerbit rakaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pambuek_rendo" title="Pambuek rendo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pambuek rendo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziekproducent" title="Muziekproducent – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muziekproducent" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="रेकर्ड निर्माता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेकर्ड निर्माता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC" title="音楽プロデューサー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音楽プロデューサー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikkprodusent" title="Musikkprodusent – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Musikkprodusent" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikkprodusent" title="Musikkprodusent – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Musikkprodusent" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producent_muzyczny" title="Producent muzyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Producent muzyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produtor_musical" title="Produtor musical – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Produtor musical" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produc%C4%83tor_muzical" title="Producător muzical – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Producător muzical" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Музыкальный продюсер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыкальный продюсер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagata_Fai_Musika" title="Tagata Fai Musika – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tagata Fai Musika" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producenti_i_muzik%C3%ABs" title="Producenti i muzikës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Producenti i muzikës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Record producer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudobn%C3%BD_producent" title="Hudobný producent – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hudobný producent" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasbeni_producent" title="Glasbeni producent – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glasbeni producent" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بەرھەمھێنەری تۆمار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرھەمھێنەری تۆمار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Музички продуцент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Музички продуцент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzi%C4%8Dki_producent" title="Muzički producent – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Muzički producent" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuottaja_(musiikki)" title="Tuottaja (musiikki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuottaja (musiikki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikproducent" title="Musikproducent – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musikproducent" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87" title="โปรดิวเซอร์เพลง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรดิวเซอร์เพลง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plak_yap%C4%B1mc%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Plak yapımcısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plak yapımcısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Музичний продюсер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музичний продюсер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="پیش کار موسیقی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیش کار موسیقی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_s%E1%BA%A3n_xu%E1%BA%A5t_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhà sản xuất nhạc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà sản xuất nhạc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%88%B6%E4%BD%9C%E4%BA%BA" title="音乐制作人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="音乐制作人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E8%A3%BD%E4%BD%9C%E4%BA%BA" title="音樂製作人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音樂製作人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produktor%C3%AA_albumi" title="Produktorê albumi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Produktorê albumi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E8%A3%BD%E4%BD%9C%E4%BA%BA" title="音樂製作人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="音樂製作人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Individual supervising a musical project</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Musical production" redirects here. For musical production in the sense of a live performance involving music and choreography, see <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Record producer</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Music producer, record producer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Instrumental skills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arranging" class="mw-redirect" title="Arranging">arranging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">vocal coaching</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">Recording studios</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">Music executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineering">recording engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_producer" title="Executive producer">executive producer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">film producer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">A&R</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>record producer</b> or <b>music producer</b> is a music creating project's overall supervisor whose responsibilities can involve a range of creative and technical leadership roles. Typically the job involves hands-on oversight of recording sessions; ensuring artists deliver acceptable and quality performances, supervising the technical engineering of the recording, and coordinating the production team and process. The producer's involvement in a musical project can vary in depth and scope. Sometimes in popular genres the producer may create the recording's entire sound and structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Moorefield-2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moorefield-2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201413_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in classical music recording, for example, the producer serves as more of a liaison between the conductor and the engineering team. The role is often likened to that of a <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">film director</a> though there are important differences.<sup id="cite_ref-Moorefield-2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moorefield-2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinct from the role of an <a href="/wiki/Executive_producer" title="Executive producer">executive producer</a>, who is mostly involved in the recording project on an administrative level, and from the <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineer</a> who operates the recording technology. </p><p>Varying by project, the producer may or may not choose all of the artists.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If employing only <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesized</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampled</a> instrumentation, the producer may be the sole artist.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, some artists do their own production.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some producers are their own engineers,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operating the technology across the project: preproduction, recording, <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)" title="Audio mixing (recorded music)">mixing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Audio_mastering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio mastering">mastering</a>. Record producers' precursors were "A&R men", who likewise could blend entrepreneurial, creative, and technical roles,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201413_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but often exercised scant creative influence,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as record production still focused, into the 1950s, on simply improving the record's sonic match to the artists' own live performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advances in recording technology, especially the 1940s advent of <a href="/wiki/Tape_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape recording">tape recording</a>—which <a href="/wiki/Les_Paul" title="Les Paul">Les Paul</a> promptly innovated further to develop <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hurtig_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurtig-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and the 1950s rise of electronic instruments, turned record production into a specialty.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In popular music, then, producers like <a href="/wiki/George_Martin" title="George Martin">George Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Spector" title="Phil Spector">Phil Spector</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a> led its evolution into its present use of elaborate techniques and unrealistic sounds, creating songs impossible to originate live.<sup id="cite_ref-Moorefield-2010_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moorefield-2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kot-2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kot-2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1980s, production's move from analog to digital further expanded possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By now, DAWs, or <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstations</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Logic_Pro" title="Logic Pro">Logic Pro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pro_Tools" title="Pro Tools">Pro Tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Studio_One_(software)" title="Studio One (software)">Studio One</a>, turn an ordinary computer into a production console,<sup id="cite_ref-Kadis-2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadis-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joseph-2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph-2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby a solitary novice can become a skilled producer in a thrifty home studio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newman-2018_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s, efforts began to increase the prevalence of producers and engineers who are women, heavily outnumbered by men and prominently accoladed only in classical music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hertweck-2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hertweck-2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beatles_and_George_Martin_in_studio_1966.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Beatles_and_George_Martin_in_studio_1966.JPG/220px-Beatles_and_George_Martin_in_studio_1966.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Beatles_and_George_Martin_in_studio_1966.JPG/330px-Beatles_and_George_Martin_in_studio_1966.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Beatles_and_George_Martin_in_studio_1966.JPG/440px-Beatles_and_George_Martin_in_studio_1966.JPG 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Music producer <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Martin">Sir George Martin</a>, best known for his work with <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, pictured with members <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> at a recording session at <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios" title="Abbey Road Studios">Abbey Road</a> in 1966</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_overview">Production overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_producer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Production overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a broad project, the creation of a popular music recording may be split across three specialists: the <a href="/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">executive producer</a>, who oversees business partnerships and financing; the vocal producer or vocal arranger, who aids vocal performance via expert critique and coaching of vocal technique, and the record producer or music producer, who, often called simply the producer, directs the overall creative process of recording the song in its final mix. </p><p>The producer's roles can include gathering ideas, composing music, choosing <a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">session musicians</a>, proposing changes to song arrangements, coaching the performers, controlling sessions, supervising the <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)" title="Audio mixing (recorded music)">audio mixing</a>, and, in some cases, supervising the <a href="/wiki/Audio_mastering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio mastering">audio mastering</a>. A producer may give creative control to the artists themselves, taking a supervisory or advisory role instead. As to qualifying for a <a href="/wiki/Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy">Grammy</a> nomination, the <a href="/wiki/The_Recording_Academy" title="The Recording Academy">Recording Academy</a> defines a producer:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201413_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The person who has overall creative and technical control of the entire recording project, and the individual recording sessions that are part of that project. He or she is present in the recording studio or at the location recording and works directly with the artist and engineer. The producer makes creative and aesthetic decisions that realize both the artist's and label's goals in the creation of musical content. Other duties include, but are not limited to: keeping budgets and schedules; adhering to deadlines; hiring musicians, singers, studios, and engineers; overseeing other staffing needs; and editing (Classical projects). </p><p>The producer often selects and collaborates with a mixing engineer, who focuses on the especially technological aspects of the recording process, namely, operating the electronic equipment and blending the raw, recorded tracks of the chosen performances, whether vocal or instrumental, into a <i>mix</i>, either stereo or surround sound. Then a mastering engineer further adjusts this recording for distribution on the chosen media. A producer may work on only one or two songs or on an artist's entire album, helping develop the album's overall vision. The record producers may also take on the role of executive producer, managing the budget, schedules, contracts, and negotiations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_developments">Historical developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_producer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A&R_team"><span id="A.26R_team"></span>A&R team</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_producer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A&R team"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>(Artists and Repertoires)</b> </p><p>In the 1880s, the record industry began by simply having the artist perform at a <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson-2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, the trade journal <i><a href="/wiki/Talking_Machine_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Talking Machine World">Talking Machine World</a></i>, covering the phonography and record industry, reported that Eddie King, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Records">Victor Records</a>' manager of the "New York <a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">artist and repertoire</a> department", had planned a set of recordings in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber201841_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber201841-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, folklorist <a href="/wiki/Archie_Green" title="Archie Green">Archie Green</a> called this perhaps the earliest printed use of <i>A&R man</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber201841_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber201841-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actually, it says neither "A&R man" nor even "A&R", an initialism perhaps coined by <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> magazine in 1946, and entering wide use in the late 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber201841_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber201841-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s and 1930s, A&R executives, like <a href="/wiki/Ben_Selvin" title="Ben Selvin">Ben Selvin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Shilkret" title="Nathaniel Shilkret">Nathaniel Shilkret</a> at Victor Records, and Bob Haring at <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Records" title="Brunswick Records">Brunswick Records</a> became the precursors of record producers, supervising recording and often leading session orchestras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Major_record_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Major record label">major record labels</a> increasingly opened official A&R departments, whose roles included supervision of recording.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber201841_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber201841-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, independent recording studios opened, helping originate <i>record producer</i> as a specialty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> But despite a tradition of some A&R men writing music, <i>record production</i> still referred to just the manufacturing of record discs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Record_producers">Record producers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_producer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Record producers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, pioneering A&R managers who transitioned influentially to record production as now understood, while sometimes owning independent labels, include <a href="/wiki/J._Mayo_Williams" title="J. Mayo Williams">J. Mayo Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hammond_(record_producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hammond (record producer)">John Hammond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon moving from Columbia Records to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a>, Hammond appointed <a href="/wiki/Mitch_Miller" title="Mitch Miller">Mitch Miller</a> to lead Mercury's popular recordings in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miller then produced country-pop crossover hits by <a href="/wiki/Patti_Page" title="Patti Page">Patti Page</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Laine" title="Frankie Laine">Frankie Laine</a>, moved from Mercury to Columbia, and became a leading A&R man of the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the decade, A&R executives increasingly directed songs' sonic signatures, although many still simply teamed singers with musicians, while yet others exercised virtually no creative influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>record producer</i> in its current meaning—the creative director of song production—appearing in a 1953 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> magazine, became widespread in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, a formal distinction was elusive for some time more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A&R managers might still be creative directors, like <a href="/wiki/William_%22Mickey%22_Stevenson" class="mw-redirect" title="William "Mickey" Stevenson">William "Mickey" Stevenson</a>, hired by <a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> record label.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018283_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018283-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tape_recording">Tape recording</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_producer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tape recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947, the American market gained audio recording onto magnetic tape.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the record industry's 1880s dawn, rather, recording was done by <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>, etching the sonic waveform vertically <i>into</i> a cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1930s, a gramophone etched it laterally <i>across</i> a disc.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip-1998_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constrained in tonal range, whether bass or treble, and in <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a>, records made a grand, concert piano sound like a small, upright piano, and maximal duration was four and a half minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson-2016_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Philip-1998_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selections and performance were often altered accordingly, and playing this disc—the wax master—destroyed it.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip-1998_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finality often caused anxiety that restrained performance to prevent error.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip-1998_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1940s, during World War II, the Germans refined audio recording onto magnetic tape—uncapping recording duration and allowing immediate playback, rerecording, and editing—a technology that premised emergence of record producers in their current roles.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip-1998_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multitrack_recording">Multitrack recording</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_producer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Multitrack recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the recording industry, a record was attained by simply having all of the artists perform together live in one take.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-Hurtig_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurtig-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by recording a musical element while playing a previously recorded record, <a href="/wiki/Les_Paul" title="Les Paul">Les Paul</a> developed a recording technique called "sound on sound".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this, the final recording could be built piece by piece and tailored, effecting an editing process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one case, Paul produced a song via 500 recorded discs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, besides the tedium of this process, it serially degraded the sound quality of previously recorded elements, rerecorded as ambient sound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet in 1948, Paul adopted tape recording, enabling true multitrack recording by a new technique, "<a href="/wiki/Overdubbing" title="Overdubbing">overdubbing</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To enable overdubbing, Paul revised the tape recorder itself by adding a second playback head, and terming it the <i>preview head</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurtig_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurtig-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joining the preexisting recording head, erase head, and playback head, the preview head allows the artist to hear the extant recording over headphones playing it in synchrony, "in sync", with the present performance being recorded alone on an isolated track.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurtig_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurtig-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This isolation of multiple tracks enables countless mixing possibilities. Producers began recording initially only the "bed tracks"—the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm section</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">bassline</a>, drums, and rhythm guitar—whereas vocals and instrument solos could be added later. A <a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">horn section</a>, for example, could record a week later, and a <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">string section</a> another week later. A singer could perform her own backup vocals, or a guitarist could play 15 layers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_instruments">Electronic instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_producer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electronic instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phil_Spector_with_MFQ_1965.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Phil_Spector_with_MFQ_1965.png/220px-Phil_Spector_with_MFQ_1965.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Phil_Spector_with_MFQ_1965.png/330px-Phil_Spector_with_MFQ_1965.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Phil_Spector_with_MFQ_1965.png/440px-Phil_Spector_with_MFQ_1965.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phil_Spector" title="Phil Spector">Phil Spector</a> producing <a href="/wiki/Modern_Folk_Quartet" title="Modern Folk Quartet">Modern Folk Quartet</a>, 1966</figcaption></figure><p>Across the 1960s, popular music increasingly switched from acoustic instruments, like piano, <a href="/wiki/Upright_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Upright bass">upright bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">acoustic guitar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instruments</a>, to electronic instruments, like <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard (musical instrument)">keyboards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a>, employing <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">instrument amplifiers</a> and speakers. These could mimic acoustic instruments or create utterly new sounds. Soon, by combining the capabilities of tape, multitrack recording, and electronic instruments, producers like <a href="/wiki/Phil_Spector" title="Phil Spector">Phil Spector</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Martin" title="George Martin">George Martin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Meek" title="Joe Meek">Joe Meek</a> rendered sounds unattainable live.<sup id="cite_ref-Kot-2016_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kot-2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teo_Macero" title="Teo Macero">Teo Macero</a>, producing <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>'s 1970 album <i><a href="/wiki/Bitches_Brew" title="Bitches Brew">Bitches Brew</a></i>, spliced sections of extensive improvisation sessions. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performer-producer">Performer-producer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_producer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Performer-producer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Record_producer" title="Special:EditPage/Record producer">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brian_Wilson_Pet_Sounds_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brian_Wilson_Pet_Sounds_3.jpg/220px-Brian_Wilson_Pet_Sounds_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brian_Wilson_Pet_Sounds_3.jpg/330px-Brian_Wilson_Pet_Sounds_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brian_Wilson_Pet_Sounds_3.jpg/440px-Brian_Wilson_Pet_Sounds_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brian_Wilson" title="Brian Wilson">Brian Wilson</a> during a recording session, 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1960s, rock acts like <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">the Kinks</a> produced some of their own songs, although many such songs are officially credited to specialist producers. Yet especially influential was the Beach Boys, whose band leader <a href="/wiki/Brian_Wilson" title="Brian Wilson">Brian Wilson</a> took over from his father Murry within a couple of years after the band's commercial breakthrough. By 1964, Wilson had taken Spector's techniques to unseen sophistication. Wilson alone produced all Beach Boys recordings between 1963 and 1967. Using multiple studios and multiple attempts of instrumental and vocal tracks, Wilson selected the best combinations of performance and audio quality, and used tape editing to assemble a composite performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_production">Digital production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_producer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digital production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1980s advent of digital processes and formats rapidly replaced analog processes and formats, namely, tape and vinyl. Although recording onto quality tape, at least half an inch wide and traveling 15 inches per second, had limited "tape hiss" to silent sections, digital's higher <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a>, SNR, abolished it.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons-2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital also imparted to the music a perceived "pristine" sound quality, if also a loss of analog recordings' perceived "warm" quality and better-rounded bass.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons-2006_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet whereas editing tape media requires physically locating the target audio on the ribbon, cutting there, and splicing pieces, editing digital media offers inarguable advantages in ease, efficiency, and possibilities. </p><p>In the 1990s, digital production reached affordable home computers via production software. By now, recording and mixing are often centralized in DAWs, <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstations</a>—for example, <a href="/wiki/Pro_Tools" title="Pro Tools">Pro Tools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic_Pro" title="Logic Pro">Logic Pro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ableton_Live" title="Ableton Live">Ableton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steinberg_Cubase" title="Steinberg Cubase">Cubase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reason_(software)" title="Reason (software)">Reason</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FL_Studio" title="FL Studio">FL Studio</a>—for which <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plugins</a>, by third parties, effect <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Studio_Technology" title="Virtual Studio Technology">virtual studio technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadis-2013_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadis-2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DAWs fairly standard in the industry are Logic Pro and Pro Tools.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph-2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph-2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical devices involved include the main mixer, <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> controllers to communicate among equipment, the recording device itself, and perhaps effects gear that is outboard. Yet literal recording is sometimes still analog, onto tape, whereupon the raw recording is <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">converted to a digital signal</a> for processing and editing, as some producers still find audio advantages to recording onto tape.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons-2006_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conventionally, tape is more forgiving of <a href="/wiki/Overmodulation" title="Overmodulation">overmodulation</a>, whereby dynamic peaks exceed the maximal recordable signal level: tape's limitation, a physical property, is magnetic capacity, which tapers off, smoothing the overmodulated waveform even at a signal nearly 15 decibels too "hot", whereas a digital recording is ruined by harsh distortion of "<a href="/wiki/Clipping_(audio)" title="Clipping (audio)">clipping</a>" at any overshoot.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons-2006_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In digital recording, however, a recent advancement, <a href="/wiki/32-bit_floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit floating point">32-bit float</a>, enables DAWs to undo clipping.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, some criticize digital instruments and workflows for excess automation, allegedly impairing creative or sonic control.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, as production technology has drastically changed, so have the knowledge demands,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although DAWs enables novices, even teenagers at home, to learn production independently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have attained professional competence before ever working with an artist.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman-2018_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_in_producing">Women in producing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_producer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Women in producing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audio_mixer_faders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Audio_mixer_faders.jpg/170px-Audio_mixer_faders.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Audio_mixer_faders.jpg/255px-Audio_mixer_faders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Audio_mixer_faders.jpg/340px-Audio_mixer_faders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Mixing console</figcaption></figure><p>Among female record producers, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Moy" title="Sylvia Moy">Sylvia Moy</a> was the first at <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gail_Davies" title="Gail Davies">Gail Davies</a> the first on Nashville's <a href="/wiki/Music_Row" title="Music Row">Music Row</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Gabriel" title="Ethel Gabriel">Ethel Gabriel</a>, with <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA</a>, the first at a <a href="/wiki/Major_record_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Major record label">major record label</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lillian_McMurry" title="Lillian McMurry">Lillian McMurry</a>, owning <a href="/wiki/Trumpet_Records" title="Trumpet Records">Trumpet Records</a>, produced influential <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> records. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Wilma_Cozart_Fine" title="Wilma Cozart Fine">Wilma Cozart Fine</a> produced hundreds of records for <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a>' classical division. For classical production, three women have won Grammy awards, and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Sherman" title="Judith Sherman">Judith Sherman</a>'s 2015 win was her fifth.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman-2018_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet in nonclassical, no woman has won <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Producer_of_the_Year,_Non-Classical" title="Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical">Producer of the Year</a>, awarded since 1975 and only one even nominated for a record not her own, Linda Perry.<sup id="cite_ref-Leight-2018_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leight-2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Christy" title="Lauren Christy">Lauren Christy</a>'s 2004 nomination, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Perry" title="Linda Perry">Linda Perry</a>'s 2019 nomination was the next for a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-Leight-2018_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leight-2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On why no woman had ever won it, Perry commented, "I just don't think there are that many women interested."<sup id="cite_ref-Newman-2018_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.K., <a href="/wiki/Lynsey_de_Paul" title="Lynsey de Paul">Lynsey de Paul</a> was an early female record producer, having produced both of her Ivor Novello award-winning songs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Across the decades, many female artists have produced their own music. For instance, artists <a href="/wiki/Kate_Bush" title="Kate Bush">Kate Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> (even that of <a href="/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child" title="Destiny's Child">Destiny's Child</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Carters" title="The Carters">the Carters</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lana_Del_Rey" title="Lana Del Rey">Lana Del Rey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lorde" title="Lorde">Lorde</a> have produced or coproduced<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ariana_Grande" title="Ariana Grande">Ariana Grande</a> who produces and arranges her vocals as well as being an audio engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still among specialists, despite some prominent women, including <a href="/wiki/Missy_Elliott" title="Missy Elliott">Missy Elliott</a> in hip hop and <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Massy" title="Sylvia Massy">Sylvia Massy</a> in rock, the vast majority have been men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the 2010s, asked for insights that she herself had gleaned as a woman who has specialized successfully in the industry, Wendy Page remarked, "The difficulties are usually very short-lived. Once people realize that you can do your job, sexism tends to lower its ugly head."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, when tasked to explain her profession's sex disparity, Page partly reasoned that record labels, dominated by men, have been, she said, "mistrustful of giving a woman the reins of an immense, creative project like making a record."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2013199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the reasons are multiple and not fully clear, although prominently proposed factors include types of sexism and scarcity of female role models in the profession.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman-2018_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women producers known for producing records not their own include Sonia Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson and Carla Olson. </p><p>In January 2018, a research team led by Stacy L. Smith, founder and director of the <a href="/wiki/Annenberg_Foundation" title="Annenberg Foundation">Annenberg</a> Inclusion Initiative,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based in the <a href="/wiki/USC_Annenberg_School_for_Communication_and_Journalism" title="USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism">USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stereotyped_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stereotyped-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> issued a report,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimating that in the prior several years, about 2% of popular songs' producers were female.<sup id="cite_ref-Hertweck-2019_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hertweck-2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also that month, <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> magazine queried, "Where are all the female music producers?"<sup id="cite_ref-Newman-2018_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's second annual report, released in February 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its department at USC reported, "2018 saw an outcry from artists, executives and other music industry professionals over the lack of women in music" and "the plight of women in music", where women were allegedly being "stereotyped, sexualized, and shut out".<sup id="cite_ref-Stereotyped_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stereotyped-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in February 2019, the <a href="/wiki/The_Recording_Academy" title="The Recording Academy">Recording Academy</a>'s Task Force on Diversity and Inclusion announced an initiative whereby over 200 artists and producers—ranging from <a href="/wiki/Cardi_B" title="Cardi B">Cardi B</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maroon_5" title="Maroon 5">Maroon 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>—agreed to consider at least two women for each producer or engineer position.<sup id="cite_ref-Hertweck-2019_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hertweck-2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academy's website, <i>Grammy.com</i>, announced, "This initiative is the first step in a broader effort to improve those numbers and increase diversity and inclusion for all in the music industry."<sup id="cite_ref-Hertweck-2019_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hertweck-2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_producer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/28px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/42px-45_record.png 1.5x, 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production">Hip hop production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">Music executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_producer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Moorefield-2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moorefield-2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moorefield-2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moorefield-2010_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoorefield2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Moorefield" title="Virgil Moorefield">Moorefield, V.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3dpT-V6m4kC&pg=PR13">"Introduction"</a>. <i>The Producer as Composer: Shaping the Sounds of Popular Music</i>. MIT Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26101-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26101-2"><bdi>978-0-262-26101-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Producer+as+Composer%3A+Shaping+the+Sounds+of+Popular+Music&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-262-26101-2&rft.aulast=Moorefield&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL3dpT-V6m4kC%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201413-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201413_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201413_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201413_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgess2014">Burgess 2014</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson-2014_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2014" class="citation book cs1">Watson, A. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-00631-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-00631-0"><bdi>978-1-135-00631-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Production+in+and+Beyond+the+Recording+Studio&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Human+Geography&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-00631-0&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsnqQBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://recordingconnection.com/reference-library/what-does-a-music-producer-do/">"Music Production: What Does a Music Producer Do?"</a>. <i>Recording Connection</i>. 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recording+Connection&rft.atitle=Music+Production%3A+What+Does+a+Music+Producer+Do%3F&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frecordingconnection.com%2Freference-library%2Fwhat-does-a-music-producer-do%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://productionadvice.co.uk/what-is-a-producer/">"What does a music producer do, anyway ?"</a>. <i>Production Advice</i>. 26 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Production+Advice&rft.atitle=What+does+a+music+producer+do%2C+anyway+%3F&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproductionadvice.co.uk%2Fwhat-is-a-producer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardHuber2018300_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWardHuber2018">Ward & Huber 2018</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurtig-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hurtig_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurtig_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurtig_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurtig_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtig" class="citation book cs1">Hurtig, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ByJG1iwUHBAC&pg=PA8"><i>Multi-Track Recording for Musicians</i></a>. 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Bowling Green, OH: <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University" title="Bowling Green State University">Bowling Green State University</a> Popular Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-369-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-369-9"><bdi>978-0-87972-369-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+Eras%3A+Interpretation+of+Music+%26+Society%2C+1954%E2%80%931984&rft.place=Bowling+Green%2C+OH&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Bowling+Green+State+University+Popular+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87972-369-9&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF0xAUXaBYqoC%26dq%3Dworld%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201450_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgess2014">Burgess 2014</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philip-1998-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philip-1998_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip-1998_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip-1998_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip-1998_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip-1998_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip1998" class="citation book cs1">Philip, Robert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kEy1MRsnVHIC&pg=PA75">"Pianists on record in the early twentieth century"</a>. In Rowland, D. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Piano</i>. Cambridge Companions to Music. 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Smith"</a>. <i>USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism</i>. 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USC+Annenberg+School+for+Communication+and+Journalism&rft.atitle=Stacy+L.+Smith&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fannenberg.usc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fstacy-l-smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stereotyped-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stereotyped_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stereotyped_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://annenberg.usc.edu/news/research-and-impact/stereotyped-sexualized-and-shut-out-plight-women-music">"Stereotyped, sexualized and shut out: The plight of women in music"</a>. <i>USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism</i>. 5 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USC+Annenberg+School+for+Communication+and+Journalism&rft.atitle=Stereotyped%2C+sexualized+and+shut+out%3A+The+plight+of+women+in+music&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fannenberg.usc.edu%2Fnews%2Fresearch-and-impact%2Fstereotyped-sexualized-and-shut-out-plight-women-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithChoueitiPieperCase2018" class="citation report cs1">Smith, Stacy L.; Choueiti, Marc; Pieper, Katherine; Case, Ariana; Villanueva, Sylvia; Onyeabor, Ozodi; Kim, Dorga (25 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.uscannenberg.org/docs/inclusion-in-the-recording-studio.pdf">Inclusion in the recording studio? Gender and race/ethnicity of artists, songwriters & producers across 600 popular songs from 2012–2017</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Annenberg Inclusion Initiative. University of Southern California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Inclusion+in+the+recording+studio%3F+Gender+and+race%2Fethnicity+of+artists%2C+songwriters+%26+producers+across+600+popular+songs+from+2012%E2%80%932017&rft.series=Annenberg+Inclusion+Initiative&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stacy+L.&rft.au=Choueiti%2C+Marc&rft.au=Pieper%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Case%2C+Ariana&rft.au=Villanueva%2C+Sylvia&rft.au=Onyeabor%2C+Ozodi&rft.au=Kim%2C+Dorga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.uscannenberg.org%2Fdocs%2Finclusion-in-the-recording-studio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithChoueitiPieperClark2019" class="citation report cs1">Smith, Stacy L.; Choueiti, Marc; Pieper, Katherine; Clark, Hannah; Case, Ariana; Villanueva, Sylvia (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.uscannenberg.org/docs/aii-inclusion-recording-studio-2019.pdf">Inclusion in the recording studio? Gender and race/ethnicity of artists, songwriters & producers across 700 popular songs from 2012–2018</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Annenberg Inclusion Initiative. University of Southern California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Inclusion+in+the+recording+studio%3F+Gender+and+race%2Fethnicity+of+artists%2C+songwriters+%26+producers+across+700+popular+songs+from+2012%E2%80%932018&rft.series=Annenberg+Inclusion+Initiative&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California&rft.date=2019-02&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stacy+L.&rft.au=Choueiti%2C+Marc&rft.au=Pieper%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Clark%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Case%2C+Ariana&rft.au=Villanueva%2C+Sylvia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.uscannenberg.org%2Fdocs%2Faii-inclusion-recording-studio-2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_producer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_James_Burgess" title="Richard James Burgess">Burgess, R.J.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWEUAAAAQBAJ"><i>The Art of Music Production: The Theory and Practice</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935932-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935932-5"><bdi>978-0-19-935932-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Music+Production%3A+The+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-935932-5&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlWEUAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2014" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, R.J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeISDAAAQBAJ"><i>The History of Music Production</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935716-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935716-1"><bdi>978-0-19-935716-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Music+Production&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-935716-1&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeISDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondson2013" class="citation book cs1">Edmondson, Jacqueline, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQPXAQAAQBAJ"><i>Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories that Shaped our Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39348-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39348-8"><bdi>978-0-313-39348-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+American+Life%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Songs%2C+Styles%2C+Stars%2C+and+Stories+that+Shaped+our+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39348-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQPXAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonCurtis2005" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, David; <a href="/wiki/Maestro_Curtis" title="Maestro Curtis">Curtis, Maestro</a> (2005). <i>The Art of Producing</i>. Alfred Music. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931140-44-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-931140-44-8"><bdi>1-931140-44-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Producing&rft.pub=Alfred+Music&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-931140-44-8&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Maestro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGronowSaunioMoseley1998" class="citation book cs1">Gronow, P.; Saunio, I.; Moseley, C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko9vQgAACAAJ"><i>An International History of the Recording Industry</i></a>. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70173-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70173-5"><bdi>978-0-304-70173-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+International+History+of+the+Recording+Industry&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-304-70173-5&rft.aulast=Gronow&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Saunio%2C+I.&rft.au=Moseley%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo9vQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2008" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Michael (2008). <i>Music Theory for Computer Musicians</i>. Course Technology Ptr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59863-503-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59863-503-4"><bdi>978-1-59863-503-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+Theory+for+Computer+Musicians&rft.pub=Course+Technology+Ptr&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59863-503-4&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorefield2005" class="citation book cs1">Moorefield, V. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I8hlAQAACAAJ"><i>The Producer as Composer: Shaping the Sounds of Popular Music</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-33519-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-33519-5"><bdi>978-0-262-33519-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Producer+as+Composer%3A+Shaping+the+Sounds+of+Popular+Music&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-262-33519-5&rft.aulast=Moorefield&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI8hlAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsenVernaWolff1999" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, Eric; Verna, Paul; Wolff, Carlo (1999). <i>The Encyclopedia of Record Producers</i>. New York: Billboard Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7607-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-7607-9"><bdi>978-0-8230-7607-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Record+Producers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Billboard+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8230-7607-9&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Verna%2C+Paul&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardHuber2018" class="citation book cs1">Ward, B.; Huber, P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVVgDwAAQBAJ"><i>A&R Pioneers: Architects of American Roots Music on Record</i></a>. Vanderbilt University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-2177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-2177-4"><bdi>978-0-8265-2177-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%26R+Pioneers%3A+Architects+of+American+Roots+Music+on+Record&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-2177-4&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Huber%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVVgDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZak2001" class="citation book cs1">Zak, A.J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJM6FgvlWw0C"><i>The Poetics of Rock: Cutting Tracks, Making Records</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92815-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92815-2"><bdi>978-0-520-92815-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetics+of+Rock%3A+Cutting+Tracks%2C+Making+Records&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92815-2&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJM6FgvlWw0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecord+producer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_industry" title="Template:Music industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_industry" title="Template talk:Music industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major companies<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mexicana_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Videogramas" title="Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas">AMPROFON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie" title="Bundesverband Musikindustrie">BVMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">BPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Canada" title="Music Canada">Music Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI (worldwide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil" title="Pro-Música Brasil">PMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Música de España">PROMUSICAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">RIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group" title="Universal Music Publishing Group">Universal Music Publishing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music" title="Warner Chappell Music">Warner Chappell Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Publishing" title="Disney Music Publishing">Disney Music Publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels" title="Record label">Major</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Concord_(entertainment_company)" title="Concord (entertainment company)">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels" title="List of independent UK record labels">Independent UK record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Artists_Music_Group" title="Allied Artists Music Group">AAMG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retailers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">Digital music stores</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fnac" title="Fnac">Fnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMV" title="HMV">HMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspien" title="Kaspien">Kaspien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTS_Eventim" title="CTS Eventim">CTS Eventim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment" title="Live Nation Entertainment">Live Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveStyle" title="LiveStyle">LiveStyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Major genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">Easy listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal music">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors<br />and roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_cover#Design" title="Album cover">Album cover design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">Artists and repertoire (A&R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry#Business_structure" title="Music industry">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">Music executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">Music venue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_promotion" title="Radio promotion">Radio promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">Record shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">Road crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">Talent manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_promoter" title="Tour promoter">Tour promoter</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Production" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Sound engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recording_format" title="Recording format">Release<br />formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play (EP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve-inch_single" title="Twelve-inch single">12" single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassette_single" title="Cassette single">Cassette single</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxi_single" title="Maxi single">Maxi single</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">Album</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_album" title="Double album">Double album</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">Mixtape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">Music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_recording" title="Promotional recording">Promotional recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">Eight-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airplay" title="Airplay">Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_residency" title="Concert residency">Concert residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">Music competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">Charts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100" title="Argentina Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Argentina Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100" title="Brasil Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Brasil Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Chart" title="Circle Chart">Circle Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Music" title="G-Music">G-Music chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Italian singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts" title="GfK Entertainment charts">GfK Entertainment charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa" title="Entertainment Monitoring Africa">Entertainment Monitoring Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">New Zealand singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_charts" title="Rolling Stone charts"><i>Rolling Stone</i> Top 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino_Chart" title="Sino Chart">Sino Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_singles_chart" title="UK singles chart">UK singles chart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HitQuarters" title="HitQuarters">HitQuarters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Press" title="Hot Press">Hot Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kerrang!" title="Kerrang!">Kerrang!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musica_e_dischi" title="Musica e dischi">Musica e dischi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Q_(magazine)" title="Q (magazine)">Q</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smash_Hits" title="Smash Hits">Smash Hits</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops_(magazine)" title="Top of the Pops (magazine)">Top of the Pops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_V" title="Channel V">Channel V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">CMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)" title="Fuse (TV channel)">Fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)" title="Mnet (TV channel)">Mnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Tres" title="MTV Tres">Tr3s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_(TV_channel)" title="Much (TV channel)">MuchMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Factory" title="The Music Factory">The Music Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA Media">Viva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Network" title="The Country Network">The Country Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idol_(franchise)" title="Idol (franchise)"><i>Idol</i> franchise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popstars" title="Popstars">Popstars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Academy" title="Star Academy">Star Academy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_(franchise)" title="The Four (franchise)">The Four</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(franchise)" title="The Voice (franchise)">The Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor" title="The X Factor">The X Factor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(franchise)" title="Rising Star (franchise)">Rising Star</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">Best-selling music artists</a> <ul><li>In: <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Finland" title="List of best-selling music artists in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_Germany" title="List of highest-certified music artists in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling music artists in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_female_music_artists_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of best-selling female music artists in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(Females)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States" title="List of highest-certified music artists in the United States">United States</a></li> <li>Genre: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Latin_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Latin music artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nationality: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Belgian_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Belgian music artists">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil#Best-selling_Brazilian_artists_worldwide" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biggest-selling_British_music_artists" title="List of biggest-selling British music artists">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estimated_best-selling_Italian_music_artists" title="List of estimated best-selling Italian music artists">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Swedish_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Swedish music artists">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">Best-selling albums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country" title="List of best-selling albums by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">Best-selling singles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country" title="List of best-selling singles by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_musicians" title="Forbes list of the world's highest-paid musicians">Highest-paid musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists" title="List of highest-grossing live music artists">Highest-grossing live music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours">Highest-grossing concert tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by women">by women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_Latin_artists" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by Latin artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concert_tours" title="List of most-attended concert tours">Most-attended concert tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concerts" title="List of most-attended concerts">Most-attended concerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year" title="Global Recording Artist of the Year">Global Recording Artist of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth" title="List of music artists by net worth">Wealthiest musical artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit" title="Album-equivalent unit">Album-equivalent unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backmasking" title="Backmasking">Backmasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_music_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the music industry">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_track" title="Hidden track">Hidden track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_music_deals" title="List of largest music deals">Largest music deals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">Largest recorded music markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums" title="List of most expensive albums">Most expensive albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_records" title="List of most valuable records">Most valuable records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_recording_certification" title="Music recording certification">Music certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Advisory" title="Parental Advisory">Parental Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_sales" title="Record sales">Record sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_album" title="Surprise album">Surprise album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_label" title="White label">White label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_industry" title="Category:Music industry">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_production" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_production" title="Template:Music production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_production" title="Template talk:Music production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music production</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_filter" title="Audio filter">Audio filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastering_(audio)" title="Mastering (audio)">Audio mastering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)" title="Audio mixing (recorded music)">Audio mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_distance" title="Critical distance">Critical distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_loop" title="Effects loop">Effects loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talk_box" title="Talk box">Talk box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">Wah-wah pedal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_(acoustics)" title="Diffusion (acoustics)">Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdubbing" title="Overdubbing">Overdubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_recording" title="Ping-pong recording">Ping-ponging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_in/out" title="Punch in/out">Punch in/out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">Tape loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Signal <br /> processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_time_stretching_and_pitch_scaling" title="Audio time stretching and pitch scaling">Pitch shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">Chorus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delay_(audio_effect)" title="Delay (audio effect)">Delay effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Send_tape_echo_echo_delay" title="Send tape echo echo delay">STEED</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_tracking" title="Double tracking">Double tracking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automatic_double_tracking" title="Automatic double tracking">ADT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducking" title="Ducking">Ducking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exciter_(effect)" title="Exciter (effect)">Exciter effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanging" title="Flanging">Flanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_effect" title="Octave effect">Octave effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_gate" title="Noise gate">Noise gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaser_(effect)" title="Phaser (effect)">Phaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumping_(audio)" title="Pumping (audio)">Pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_echo" title="Reverse echo">Reverse echo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Practices</li><li><br />aesthetics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overproduction_(music)" title="Overproduction (music)">Overproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_studio_as_an_instrument" title="Recording studio as an instrument">Recording studio as an instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenochrony" title="Xenochrony">Xenochrony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Roles</li><li><br /> professions</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandleader" title="Bandleader">Bandleader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter#Music" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriters in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestrator">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Backup singer">Backup singer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Click_track" title="Click track">Click track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)" title="Interpolation (popular music)">Interpolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness_war" title="Loudness war">Loudness war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medley_(music)" title="Medley (music)">Medley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_topics" title="Template:Music topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics" title="Template talk:Music topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br />music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album#Live" title="Album">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br />regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a 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title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of 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[\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-sf2cc","timestamp":"20241122140904","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Record producer","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Record_producer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q183945","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q183945","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-23T22:18:57Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T15:12:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7c\/Beatles_and_George_Martin_in_studio_1966.JPG","headline":"individual who oversees and manages the 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