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</div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">1900s</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/1900s" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:1900s" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" 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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the decade 1900–1909. For the century 1901–2000, see <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>.</div> The 1900s (pronounced "nineteen-hundreds") was a <a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">decade</a> that began on January 1, 1900, and ended on December 31, 1909. The <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a> (1901–1910) covers a similar span of time. The term "nineteen-hundreds" is sometimes also used to mean the entire century from January 1, 1900, to December 31, 1999 (the years beginning with "19"). <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/1900s_decademontage2.png/335px-1900s_decademontage2.png" decoding="async" width="335" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/1900s_decademontage2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="489" usemap="#ImageMap_a2d13f20c62ef63a" resource="/wiki/File:1900s_decademontage2.png"><map name="ImageMap_a2d13f20c62ef63a"><area href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" shape="rect" coords="1,1,168,108" alt="Wright Flyer" title="Wright Flyer"><area href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" shape="rect" coords="170,1,334,108" alt="Atrocities in the Congo Free State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State"><area href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" shape="rect" coords="168,111,334,225" alt="1908 Messina earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake"><area href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" shape="rect" coords="168,227,334,328" alt="Philippine–American War" title="Philippine–American War"><area href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" shape="rect" coords="1,227,165,328" alt="Panama Canal" title="Panama Canal"><area href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" shape="rect" coords="1,111,83,225" alt="Russo-Japanese War" title="Russo-Japanese War"><area href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" shape="rect" coords="84,111,165,225" alt="1905 Russian Revolution" title="1905 Russian Revolution"></map><figcaption>From left, clockwise: The <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> achieve the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">first manned flight</a> with a motorized <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina" title="Kitty Hawk, North Carolina">Kitty Hawk</a> in 1903; A missionary points to the severed hand of a Congolese villager, symbolic of Belgian <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">atrocities in the Congo Free State</a>; The <a href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake">1908 Messina earthquake</a> kills 75,000–82,000 people and becomes the most destructive earthquake ever to strike Europe; America gains control over the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> in 1902, after the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>; Rock being moved to construct the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>; Admiral <a href="/wiki/Heihachiro_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Heihachiro Togo">Togo</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a> in 1905, part of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, leading to Japanese victory and their establishment as a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>, while Russia's defeat eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/1905_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Revolution">1905 Revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> The <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> continued, with the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kano_Emirate" title="Kano Emirate">Kano Emirate</a> being conquered by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kouss%C3%A9ri" title="Battle of Kousséri">French Empire conquering Borno</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Wars" title="Adamawa Wars">German Empire conquering the Adamawa Emirate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mufilo" title="Battle of Mufilo">Portuguese Empire conquering the Ovambo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities in the Congo Free State</a> were committed by private companies and the <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a>, with a resultant population decline<a href="#cite_note-congodecline-2">[note 1]</a> of 1 to 15 million. From 1904 to 1908, German colonial forces in <a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">South West Africa</a> led a <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">campaign of ethnic extermination and collective punishment</a>, genociding 24,000 to 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Hereros</a> and 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian crises</a> led to worsened tensions in Europe that would ultimately lead to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in the next decade. <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> became independent. The deadliest conventional war of this decade was the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, fought over rival <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperial</a> ambitions in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>. Russia suffered a humiliating defeat in this conflict, contributing to a growing domestic unrest which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>. Unconventional wars of similar scale include insurrections in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippines (1899–1913)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">China (1899–1901)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Days%27_War" title="Thousand Days' War">Colombia (1899–1902)</a>. Lesser conflicts include interstate wars such as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902), the <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti%E2%80%93Rashidi_war" title="Kuwaiti–Rashidi war">Kuwaiti–Rashidi war</a> (1900–1901), and the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi%E2%80%93Rashidi_War_(1903%E2%80%931907)" title="First Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)">Saudi–Rashidi War</a> (1903–1907), as well as failed uprisings and revolutions in <a href="/wiki/Bailundo_revolt" title="Bailundo revolt">Portuguese Angola (1902–1904)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Rumelia (1903)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1904_Sasun_uprising" title="1904 Sasun uprising">Ottoman Eastern Anatolia (1904)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1904" title="Revolution of 1904">Uruguay (1904)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_uprising_in_Madagascar" title="1904–1905 uprising in Madagascar">French Madagascar (1905–1906)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution_of_1905" title="Argentine Revolution of 1905">Argentina (1905)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persia (1905–1911)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">German East Africa (1905–1907)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1907_Romanian_peasants%27_revolt" title="1907 Romanian peasants' revolt">Romania (1907)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1906%E2%80%931907" title="Chinese famine of 1906–1907">A major famine took place in China from 1906 to 1907</a>, possibly leading to 20–25 million deaths. This famine was directly caused by the 1906 China floods (April–October 1906), which hit the Huai River particularly hard and destroyed both the summer and autumn harvest. The <a href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake">1908 Messina earthquake</a> caused 75,000–82,000 deaths. <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave feminism</a> made advances, with universities being opened for women in Japan, Bulgaria, Cuba, Russia, and Peru. In 1906, Finland granted women the right to vote,<a href="#cite_note-finlande1-3">[2]</a> the first European country to do so.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-4">[3]</a> The foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> by <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a> in 1903 led to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragettes</a> in Great Britain and Ireland. In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">a revolution took place</a> in the Ottoman Empire, where the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> movement restored the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Ottoman constitution of 1876</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a>. Subsequently, ethnic tensions rose, and in 1909, <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">up to 30,000 mainly Armenian civilians in Adana were massacred</a> by Muslim civilians. The decade saw the widespread application of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine" title="History of the internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> including mass production of the automobile, as well as the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a> performed the first recorded controlled, powered, sustained heavier than air flight on December 17, 1903. <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Bolton,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bolton, Quebec">East Bolton, Quebec</a>, Canada made what appeared to be[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] the first audio radio broadcasts of entertainment and music ever made to a general audience. The first huge success of American cinema, as well as the largest experimental achievement to this point, was the 1903 film <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)">The Great Train Robbery</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter" title="Edwin S. Porter">Edwin S. Porter</a>, while the world's first feature film, <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="The Story of the Kelly Gang">The Story of the Kelly Gang</a>, was released on December 26, 1906, in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia. Popular books of this decade included <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Peter_Rabbit" title="The Tale of Peter Rabbit">The Tale of Peter Rabbit</a> (1902) and <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Green_Gables" title="Anne of Green Gables">Anne of Green Gables</a> (1908), which sold 45 million and 50 million copies respectively. Popular songs of this decade include "<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/What_Are_They_Doing_in_Heaven%3F" title="What Are They Doing in Heaven?">What Are They Doing in Heaven?</a>", which have been featured in 42 and 16 <a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnals</a> respectively. During the decade, the world population increased from 1.60 to 1.75 billion, with approximately 580 million births and 450 million deaths in total. As of November 2024, 4 people from this decade remain alive (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_living_people" title="List of oldest living people">List of oldest living people</a>), all of them women. The last living man from this decade was <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_P%C3%A9rez" title="Juan Vicente Pérez">Juan Vicente Pérez</a> (27 May 1909 – 2 April 2024). <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Pronunciation_varieties">1 Pronunciation varieties</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Demographics">2 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Politics_and_wars">3 Politics and wars</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Major_political_changes">3.1 Major political changes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Wars">3.2 Wars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Internal_conflicts">3.3 Internal conflicts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Colonization">3.4 Colonization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Decolonization">3.5 Decolonization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Prominent_political_events">3.6 Prominent political events</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Disasters">4 Disasters</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Natural_disasters">4.1 Natural disasters</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Non-natural_disasters">4.2 Non-natural disasters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Assassinations_and_attempts">5 Assassinations and attempts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Economics">6 Economics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Science_and_technology">7 Science and technology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Science">7.1 Science</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Technology">7.2 Technology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Popular_culture">8 Popular culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Literature">8.1 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Art">8.2 Art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Film">8.3 Film</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Music">8.4 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Fashion">8.5 Fashion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Historic_events">8.6 Historic events</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Sports">8.7 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Food">8.8 Food</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#People">9 People</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Modern_artists">9.1 Modern artists</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Other_notable_people">9.2 Other notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Sports_figures">9.3 Sports figures</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Baseball">9.3.1 Baseball</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Boxing">9.3.2 Boxing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Cricket">9.3.3 Cricket</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Last_survivors">9.4 Last survivors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Timeline">10.1 Timeline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Notes">13 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Pronunciation_varieties">Pronunciation varieties</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pronunciation varieties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> There are several main varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced. Using 1906 as an example, they are "nineteen-oh-six", "nineteen-six", and "nineteen-aught-six". Which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. "Nineteen-oh-six" is the most common; "nineteen-six" is less common. In <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, "nineteen-aught-six" is also recognized but not much used.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></div> Estimates for the world population by 1900 vary from 1.563 to 1.710 billion. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;font-size:small;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">PRB</a> (1973–2016)<a href="#cite_note-Population_Reference_Bureau-5">[4]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">UN</a> (2015)<a href="#cite_note-The_World_at_Six_Billion,_1999-6">[5]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Maddison</a> (2008)<a href="#cite_note-www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics-7">[6]</a> </th> <th>HYDE (2010)<a href="#cite_note-HYDE2010-8">[7]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/John_Tanton" title="John Tanton">Tanton</a> (1994)<a href="#cite_note-thesocialcontract.com-9">[8]</a> </th> <th>Biraben (1980)<a href="#cite_note-French_1980,_pp._1-10">[9]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Colin_McEvedy" title="Colin McEvedy">McEvedy</a> & Jones (1978)<a href="#cite_note-Richard_Jones_1978-11">[10]</a> </th> <th>Thomlinson (1975)<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12">[11]</a> </th> <th>Durand (1974)<a href="#cite_note-John_D._Durand_1974-13">[12]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Colin_Clark_(economist)" title="Colin Clark (economist)">Clark</a> (1967)<a href="#cite_note-Colin_Clark_1967-14">[13]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1,656M </td> <td>1,650M </td> <td>1,563M </td> <td>1,654M<a href="#cite_note-mnp.nl-15">[14]</a> </td> <td>1,600M </td> <td>1,633M </td> <td>1,625M </td> <td>1,600M </td> <td>1,650–1,710M </td> <td>1,668M </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Politics_and_wars">Politics and wars</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics and wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_1900s" title="List of sovereign states in the 1900s">List of sovereign states in the 1900s</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg/200px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3118" data-file-height="4267"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 274px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg/200px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="274" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg/300px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg/400px-China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A shocked <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">mandarin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> robe in the back, with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">Wilhelm II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>), and a <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>) stabbing into a <a href="/wiki/King_cake" title="King cake">king cake</a> with Chine ("China" in French) written on it. A portrayal of New Imperialism and its effects on <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">China</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_political_changes">Major political changes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Major political changes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> sign <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars">Wars</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars:_1900%E2%80%931944#1900%E2%80%931919" title="List of wars: 1900–1944">List of wars: 1900–1944 § 1900–1919</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> ends.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> takes place (1899–1902).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti%E2%80%93Rashidi_war" title="Kuwaiti–Rashidi war">Kuwaiti–Rashidi war</a> takes place (1900–1901).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> establishes the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> as a world power.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Riyadh_(1902)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Riyadh (1902)">Battle of Riyadh</a> was a minor battle of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dilam" title="Battle of Dilam">Battle of Dilam</a> was a major battle of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">Rashidi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Saudi</a> rebels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Rashidi_War_(1903%E2%80%931907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)">First Saudi–Rashidi War</a> was engaged between the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia">Saudi loyal forces</a> of the newborn <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Riyadh" title="Emirate of Riyadh">Emirate of Riyadh</a> versus the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ha%27il" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Ha'il">Emirate of Ha'il</a>.</li> <li>The Ottomans <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_Persia_(1906)" title="Ottoman invasion of Persia (1906)">invade Persia</a> and capture a strip of territory (1906).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_conflicts">Internal conflicts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Internal conflicts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> ends.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1906_Mesopotamia_uprising" title="1906 Mesopotamia uprising">Mesopotamia uprising of 1906</a>.</li> <li>Demand for <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule Movement">Home Rule</a> for Ireland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua Genocide">Herero and Namaqua Genocide</a> in German <a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a> (modern Namibia).</li> <li>Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Bitlis_uprising_(1907)" title="Bitlis uprising (1907)">uprising in Bitlis</a> against the Ottoman Empire in 1907.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonization">Colonization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Colonization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>January 1, 1901, British colonies in Australia <a href="/wiki/Australian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Federation">federate</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decolonization">Decolonization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decolonization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>May 20, 1902 – <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> gains independence from the United States</li> <li>June 7, 1905 – The <a href="/wiki/Stortinget" class="mw-redirect" title="Stortinget">Norwegian Parliament</a> declares the union with Sweden <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden_in_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905">dissolved</a>, and Norway achieves full independence.</li> <li>October 5, 1908 – <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">declares its independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_political_events">Prominent political events</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prominent political events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>January 22, 1901, the death of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.</li> <li>August 9, 1902, the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Edward_VII_and_Alexandra" title="Coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra">coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra</a>, as king and queen of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dominions">British Dominions</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Disasters">Disasters</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Disasters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_disasters">Natural disasters</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Natural disasters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunguska-Map-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tunguska-Map-fr.svg/300px-Tunguska-Map-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tunguska-Map-fr.svg/300px-Tunguska-Map-fr.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tunguska-Map-fr.svg/450px-Tunguska-Map-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tunguska-Map-fr.svg/600px-Tunguska-Map-fr.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>June 30, 1908: The <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska event</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_Street,_San_Francisco,_in_ruins_(1906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Market_Street%2C_San_Francisco%2C_in_ruins_%281906%29.jpg/220px-Market_Street%2C_San_Francisco%2C_in_ruins_%281906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Market_Street%2C_San_Francisco%2C_in_ruins_%281906%29.jpg/220px-Market_Street%2C_San_Francisco%2C_in_ruins_%281906%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Market_Street%2C_San_Francisco%2C_in_ruins_%281906%29.jpg/330px-Market_Street%2C_San_Francisco%2C_in_ruins_%281906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Market_Street%2C_San_Francisco%2C_in_ruins_%281906%29.jpg/440px-Market_Street%2C_San_Francisco%2C_in_ruins_%281906%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ruins from the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a>, remembered as one of the worst <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> in United States history</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>September 8, 1900 – A powerful <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricane</a> <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Hurricane_of_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston Hurricane of 1900">hits</a> <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a>, US, killing about 8,000.</li> <li>April 19, 1902 – A <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_1902_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemala 1902 earthquake">magnitude 7.5 earthquake</a> rocks <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, killing 2,000.</li> <li>May 8, 1902 – In <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pel%C3%A9e" title="Mount Pelée">Mount Pelée</a> erupts, destroying the town of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre</a> and killing over 30,000.</li> <li>April 7, 1906 – <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> erupts and devastates <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.</li> <li>April 18, 1906 – The <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a> (estimated magnitude 7.8) on the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> destroys much of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, US, killing at least 3,000, with 225,000–300,000 left homeless, and $350 million in damages.</li> <li>September 18, 1906 – A <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong.</li> <li>January 14, 1907 – <a href="/wiki/1907_Kingston_earthquake" title="1907 Kingston earthquake">An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica</a> kills more than 1,000.</li> <li>June 30, 1908 – The <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska event</a> or "Russian explosion" near the <a href="/wiki/Podkamennaya_Tunguska_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Podkamennaya Tunguska River">Podkamennaya Tunguska River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Krasnoyarsk Krai">Krasnoyarsk Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> occurs resulting in the flattening 2,000 km2 (770 sq mi) of forest. It is believed to have been caused by the <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">air burst</a> of a large <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> fragment, at an altitude of 5–10 kilometres (3–6 mi) above the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></li> <li>December 28, 1908 – <a href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake">An earthquake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> destroys <a href="/wiki/Messina,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Messina, Italy">Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, killing over 80,000 people.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-natural_disasters">Non-natural disasters</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-natural disasters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>April 26, 1900 – The <a href="/wiki/1900_Hull-Ottawa_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="1900 Hull-Ottawa fire">Great Lumber Fire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hull,_Quebec" title="Hull, Quebec">Hull</a> kills 7 and leaves 15,000 homeless.</li> <li>May 1, 1900 – The <a href="/wiki/Scofield_Mine_disaster" title="Scofield Mine disaster">Scofield Mine disaster</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scofield,_Utah" title="Scofield, Utah">Scofield, Utah</a>, caused by explosion killing at least 200 men.</li> <li>June 30, 1900 – <a href="/wiki/1900_Hoboken_Docks_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="1900 Hoboken Docks Fire">Hoboken Docks Fire</a>: The German passenger ships Saale, Main, Bremen, and Kaiser William der Grosse, all owned by the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Lloyd" class="mw-redirect" title="North German Lloyd">North German Lloyd</a> Steamship line, catch fire at the docks in <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken, New Jersey</a>, US . The fire began on a wharf and spread to the adjacent piers, warehouses, and smaller craft, killing 326 people.</li> <li>May 3, 1901 – The <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_1901" title="Great Fire of 1901">Great Fire of 1901</a> begins in <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>, US.</li> <li>July 10, 1902 – The <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Mill_Mine" title="Rolling Mill Mine">Rolling Mill Mine disaster</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown, Pennsylvania</a>, US, kills 112 miners.</li> <li>August 10, 1903 – <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_train_fire" title="Paris Métro train fire">Paris Métro train fire</a>.</li> <li>December 30, 1903 – A <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Theater_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Theater Fire">fire at the Iroquois Theater</a> in Chicago, US, kills 600.</li> <li>February 7, 1904 – The <a href="/wiki/Great_Baltimore_Fire" title="Great Baltimore Fire">Great Baltimore Fire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, US, destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours.</li> <li>June 15, 1904 – A fire aboard the steamboat <a href="/wiki/General_Slocum" class="mw-redirect" title="General Slocum">General Slocum</a> in New York City's East River kills 1,021.</li> <li>June 28, 1904 – The Danish ocean liner <a href="/wiki/SS_Norge" title="SS Norge">SS Norge</a> runs aground and sinks close to <a href="/wiki/Rockall" title="Rockall">Rockall</a>, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants.</li> <li>January 22, 1906 – The <a href="/wiki/SS_Valencia" title="SS Valencia">SS Valencia</a> strikes a reef off <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>, Canada, killing over 100 (officially 136) in the ensuing disaster.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Assassinations_and_attempts">Assassinations and attempts</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Assassinations and attempts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McKinleyAssassination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/McKinleyAssassination.jpg/220px-McKinleyAssassination.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="639"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 234px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/McKinleyAssassination.jpg/220px-McKinleyAssassination.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="234" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/McKinleyAssassination.jpg/330px-McKinleyAssassination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/McKinleyAssassination.jpg/440px-McKinleyAssassination.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A sketch of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Leon Czolgosz</a> shooting U.S. President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>1900 </td> <td>July 29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Umberto I of Italy">Umberto I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italy</a> </td> <td>Assassinated by anarchist <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Bresci" title="Gaetano Bresci">Gaetano Bresci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 </td> <td>March 6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>Attempted assassination in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> by Deidrich Weiland.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 </td> <td>September 6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">United States</a> </td> <td>Dies 8 days after being shot at the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition" title="Pan-American Exposition">Pan-American Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, by American anarchist <a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Leon Czolgosz</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1904 </td> <td>June 16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ivanovich_Bobrikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Ivanovich Bobrikov">Nikolai Bobrikov</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Finland" title="Governor-General of Finland">Governor-General</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Finland" title="Governor-General of Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td>Assassinated by nationalist nobleman <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Schauman" title="Eugen Schauman">Eugen Schauman</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1905 </td> <td>February 6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eliel_Soisalon-Soininen" title="Eliel Soisalon-Soininen">Eliel Soisalon-Soininen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Justice" title="Chancellor of Justice">Chancellor of Justice</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td>Assassinated in his apartment in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> by Lennart Hohenthal. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1905 </td> <td>June 13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Diligiannis" title="Theodoros Diligiannis">Theodoros Diligiannis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>Killed by gambler Antonios Gherakaris, reportedly for measures taken against gambling places. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907 </td> <td>March 11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dimitar_Petkov" title="Dimitar Petkov">Dimitar Petkov</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Prime Minister</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td>Killed by an anarchist. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907 </td> <td>August 31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ali_Asghar_Khan_Amin_al-Soltan" title="Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin al-Soltan">Amin al-Soltan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Prime Minister</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>Killed in front of the Parliament. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908 </td> <td>February 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">King</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Portugal</a> </td> <td>Assassinated in Lisbon, Portugal. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1909 </td> <td>October 26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>Also <a href="/wiki/Resident-General_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident-General of Korea">Resident-General of Korea</a>, assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Ahn_Jung-geun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahn Jung-geun">Ahn Jung-geun</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> train station in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, for many grievances against Japan, including the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong" title="Empress Myeongseong">Empress Myeongseong</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">Korea</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1909 </td> <td>November 14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Lorenzo_Falc%C3%B3n" title="Ramón Lorenzo Falcón">Ramón Lorenzo Falcón</a> </td> <td>Chief of Police </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td>Falcon was killed when a bomb was planted on his carriage by <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Radowitzky" title="Simón Radowitzky">Simón Radowitzky</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (October 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The cost of an American postage stamp was worth 1 cent.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Science and technology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Science" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_in_1905_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Albert_Einstein_in_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-Albert_Einstein_in_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="245"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Albert_Einstein_in_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-Albert_Einstein_in_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Albert_Einstein_in_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg/315px-Albert_Einstein_in_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Albert_Einstein_in_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>During 1905 the physicist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> published <a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis papers">four articles</a> – each revolutionary and groundbreaking in its field.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>March 17, 1905 – <a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis papers">Annus Mirabilis papers</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> publishes his paper "On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light", in which he explains the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a>, using the notion of <a href="/wiki/Light_quanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Light quanta">light quanta</a>. For this paper Einstein received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.</li> <li>May 11, 1905 – <a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis papers">Annus Mirabilis papers</a> – Albert Einstein submits his doctoral dissertation "On the Motion of Small Particles...", in which he explains <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a>.</li> <li>June 30, 1905 – <a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis papers">Annus Mirabilis papers</a> – Albert Einstein publishes the article "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", where he reveals his theory of <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>.</li> <li>September 27, 1905 – <a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis papers">Annus Mirabilis papers</a> – Albert Einstein submits his paper "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?", in which he develops an argument for the equation <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">E = mc2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck%27s_law" title="Planck's law">Planck's law of black-body radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismographs">Seismographs</a> built in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, in 1900</li> <li>Practical <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner">air conditioner</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a> in 1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geiger_counter" title="Geiger counter">Geiger counter</a> (measures radioactivity) invented by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a> in 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> discover <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>, they coin the term <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Third law of thermodynamics">Third law of thermodynamics</a> by <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics" title="History of quantum mechanics">Quantum Hypothesis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> in 1900<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_Calmette-Gu%C3%A9rin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacillus Calmette-Guérin">Bacillus Calmette-Guérin</a> (BCG) immunization for <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> is first developed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Technology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Widespread application of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine" title="History of the internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> including mass production of the automobile. <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a> demonstrated the <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a> in the 1900 <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">Exposition Universelle</a> (World's Fair) in Paris using peanut oil fuel (see <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>). The Diesel engine takes the Grand Prix. The exposition was attended by 50 million people.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The same year <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Maybach" title="Wilhelm Maybach">Wilhelm Maybach</a> designed an engine built at <a href="/wiki/Daimler_Motoren_Gesellschaft" title="Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft">Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft</a>—following the specifications of <a href="/wiki/Emil_Jellinek" title="Emil Jellinek">Emil Jellinek</a>—who required the engine to be named Daimler-Mercedes after his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Merc%C3%A9d%C3%A8s_Jellinek" title="Mercédès Jellinek">Mercédès Jellinek</a>. In 1902, the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_35_hp" title="Mercedes 35 hp">Mercedes 35 hp</a> automobiles with that engine were put into production by DMG.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></li> <li>Wide popularity of home <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>. "The market for home machines was created through technological innovation and pricing: Phonographs, gramophones, and graphophones were cleverly adapted to run by spring-motors (you wound them up), rather than by messy batteries or treadle mechanisms, while the musical records were adapted to reproduce loudly through a horn attachment. The cheap home machines sold as the $10 Eagle graphophone and the $40 (later $30) Home phonograph in 1896, the $20 Zon-o-phone in 1898, the $3 Victor Toy in 1900, and so on. Records sold because their fidelity improved, mass production processes were soon developed, advertising worked, and prices dropped from one and two dollars to around 35 cents.".<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> In 1907, a <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Records</a> recording of <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> singing <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Ruggero Leoncavallo</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Vesti_la_giubba" title="Vesti la giubba">Vesti la giubba</a>" becomes the first to sell a million copies.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></li> <li>1899–1900 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Alva Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a> of <a href="/wiki/Milan,_Ohio" title="Milan, Ohio">Milan, Ohio</a>, invents the nickel-alkaline storage <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_battery" title="History of the battery">battery</a>. On May 27, 1901, Edison establishes the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Storage_Battery_Company" title="Edison Storage Battery Company">Edison Storage Battery Company</a> to develop and manufacture them.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> "It proved to be Edison's most difficult project, taking ten years to develop a practical alkaline battery. By the time Edison introduced his new alkaline battery, the <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> powered car had so improved that <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a> were becoming increasingly less common, being used mainly as <a href="/wiki/Delivery_(commerce)" title="Delivery (commerce)">delivery vehicles</a> in cities. However, the Edison alkaline battery proved useful for lighting <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">railway cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railway_signal" title="Railway signal">signals</a>, maritime <a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">buoys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Davy_lamp" title="Davy lamp">miners lamps</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> mining with the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Ore-Milling_Company" title="Edison Ore-Milling Company">Edison Ore-Milling Company</a>, the heavy investment Edison made over ten years was repaid handsomely, and the storage battery eventually became Edison's most profitable product. Further, Edison's work paved the way for the modern alkaline battery."<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></li> <li>1900 – The <a href="/wiki/Brownie_(camera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownie (camera)">Brownie</a> <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> is invented; this was the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> company. The Brownie popularized low-cost <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> and introduced the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Snapshot_(photography)" title="Snapshot (photography)">snapshot</a>. The first Brownie was introduced in February 1900,<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Zeppelin_ascent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/First_Zeppelin_ascent.jpg/220px-First_Zeppelin_ascent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="591"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/First_Zeppelin_ascent.jpg/220px-First_Zeppelin_ascent.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/First_Zeppelin_ascent.jpg/330px-First_Zeppelin_ascent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/First_Zeppelin_ascent.jpg/440px-First_Zeppelin_ascent.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The first ascent of LZ1 over Lake Constance (the Bodensee) in 1900.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1900 – The first <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">zeppelin</a> flight occurs over <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> near <a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Friedrichshafen</a>, Germany on July 2, 1900.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dieselmotor_vs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dieselmotor_vs.jpg/200px-Dieselmotor_vs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1905"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 285px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dieselmotor_vs.jpg/200px-Dieselmotor_vs.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dieselmotor_vs.jpg/300px-Dieselmotor_vs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dieselmotor_vs.jpg/400px-Dieselmotor_vs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A diesel engine built by <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN AG</a> in 1906</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1901 – First electric <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a> is invented by George Canfield Blickensderfer of <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</a>. It was part of a line of <a href="/wiki/Blickensderfer_typewriter" title="Blickensderfer typewriter">Blickensderfer typewriters</a>, known for its portability.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></li> <li>1901 – <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kress" title="Wilhelm Kress">Wilhelm Kress</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> creates his <a href="/wiki/Kress_Drachenflieger" title="Kress Drachenflieger">Kress Drachenflieger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. Power was provided by a Daimler petrol engine driving two large <a href="/wiki/Auger_(drill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auger (drill)">auger</a>-style two-bladed propellers, the first attempt to use an internal combustion engine to power a heavier-than-air aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-NicolaouStephane-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></li> <li>1901 – The first radio <a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">receiver</a> (successfully received a radio transmission). This receiver was developed by <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>. Marconi established a wireless transmitting station at Marconi House, <a href="/wiki/Rosslare_Strand" title="Rosslare Strand">Rosslare Strand</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a>, Ireland in 1901 to act as a link between <a href="/wiki/Poldhu" title="Poldhu">Poldhu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clifden" title="Clifden">Clifden</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a>. He soon made the announcement that on December 12, 1901, using a 500-foot (150 m) kite-supported antenna for reception, the message was received at <a href="/wiki/Signal_Hill_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Hill (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Signal Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St John</a>'s, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> (now part of Canada), signals transmitted by the company's new high-power station at Poldhu, Cornwall. The distance between the two points was about 2,200 miles (3,500 km). Heralded as a great scientific advance, there was—and continues to be—some skepticism about this claim, partly because the signals had been heard faintly and sporadically. There was no independent confirmation of the reported reception, and the transmissions, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> letter S sent repeatedly, were difficult to distinguish from <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_noise" title="Atmospheric noise">atmospheric noise</a>. (A detailed technical review of Marconi's early transatlantic work appears in John S. Belrose's work of 1995.)<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The Poldhu transmitter was a two-stage circuit.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The first stage operated at a lower voltage and provided the energy for the second stage to spark at a higher voltage.</li> <li>1902 – <a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a> of <a href="/wiki/Angola,_New_York" title="Angola, New York">Angola, New York</a>, invented the first indoor <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>. "He designed his spray driven air conditioning system which controlled both temperature and humidity using a <a href="/wiki/Nozzle" title="Nozzle">nozzle</a> originally designed to spray <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a>. He built his "Apparatus for Treating Air" (U.S. Pat. #808897) which was patented in 1906 and using chilled coils which not only controlled heat but could lower the humidity to as low as 55%. The device was even able to adjust the humidity level to the desired setting creating what would become the framework for the modern air conditioner. By adjusting the air movement and temperature level to the refrigeration coils he was able to determine the size and capacity of the unit to match the need of his customers. While Carrier was not the first to design a system like this his was much more stable, successful and safer than other versions and took air conditioning out of the Dark Ages and into the realm of science."<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></li> <li>1902/1906/1908 – <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Mackenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Mackenzie">Sir James Mackenzie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone, Scotland</a>, invented an early <a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">lie detector</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">polygraph</a>. MacKenzie's polygraph "could be used to monitor the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular</a> responses of his patients by taking their <a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">pulse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> He had developed an early version of his device in the 1890s, but had Sebastian Shaw, a <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> watchmaker, improve it further. "This instrument used a clockwork mechanism for the paper-rolling and time-marker movements and it produced ink recordings of physiological functions that were easier to acquire and to interpret. It has been written that the modern polygraph is really a modification of Dr. Mackenzie's clinical ink polygraph."<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> A more modern and effective polygraph machine would be invented by John Larson in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></li> <li>1902 – <a href="/wiki/Georges_Claude" title="Georges Claude">Georges Claude</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">neon lamp</a>. He applied an electrical discharge to a sealed tube of <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> gas, resulting in a red glow. Claudes started working on neon tubes which could be put to use as ordinary light bulbs. His first public display of a neon lamp took place on December 11, 1910, in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In 1912, Claude's associate began selling neon discharge tubes as <a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">advertising signs</a>. They were introduced to U.S. in 1923 when two large neon signs were bought by a Los Angeles <a href="/wiki/Packard" title="Packard">Packard</a> car dealership. The glow and arresting red color made neon advertising completely different from the competition.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></li> <li>1902 – <a href="/wiki/Teasmade" title="Teasmade">Teasmade</a>, a device for making <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> automatically, is patented on April 7, 1902, by <a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">gunsmith</a> Frank Clarke of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England. He called it "An Apparatus Whereby a Cup of Tea or Coffee is Automatically Made" and it was later marketed as "A Clock That Makes Tea!". However, his original machine and all rights to it had been purchased from its actual inventor <a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Richardson_(inventor)" title="Albert E. Richardson (inventor)">Albert E. Richardson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">clockmaker</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne" title="Ashton-under-Lyne">Ashton-under-Lyne</a>. The device was commercially available by 1904.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilmore_monoplane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Gilmore_monoplane.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="121"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Gilmore_monoplane.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="121" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gilmore's second, larger plane</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1902 – <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Gilmore" title="Lyman Gilmore">Lyman Gilmore</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, United States is awarded a patent for a <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>, intended for use in aerial vehicles. At the time he was living in <a href="/wiki/Red_Bluff,_California" title="Red Bluff, California">Red Bluff, California</a>. At a later date, Gilmore claimed to have incorporated his engine in "a <a href="/wiki/Monoplane" title="Monoplane">monoplane</a> with a 32-foot <a href="/wiki/Wingspan" title="Wingspan">wingspan</a>" and to have performed his debut flight in May 1902. While occasionally credited with the first powered flight in aviation history, there is no supporting evidence for his account.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> While Gilmore was probably working on aeronautical experiments since the late 1890s and reportedly had correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierpont_Langley" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Pierpont Langley">Samuel Pierpont Langley</a>, there exists no photo of his creations earlier than 1908.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></li> <li>1902 – The <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, United States create the 1902 version of the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Glider" title="Wright Glider">Wright Glider</a>. It was the third free-flight glider built by them and tested at <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina" title="Kitty Hawk, North Carolina">Kitty Hawk, North Carolina</a>. This was the first of the brothers' gliders to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">yaw control</a>, and its design led directly to the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">1903 Wright Flyer</a>. The brothers designed the 1902 glider during the winter of 1901–1902 at their home in <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>. They designed the wing based on data from extensive airfoil tests conducted on a homemade <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a>. They built many of the components of the glider in Dayton, but they completed assembly at their Kitty Hawk camp in September 1902. They began testing on September 19. Over the next five weeks, they made between 700 and 1000 glide flights (as estimated by the brothers, who did not keep detailed records of these tests). The longest of these was 622.5 ft (189.7 m) in 26 seconds. "In its final form, the 1902 Wright glider was the world's first fully controllable aircraft."<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1903-ford-rc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/1903-ford-rc.jpg/250px-1903-ford-rc.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="443"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/1903-ford-rc.jpg/250px-1903-ford-rc.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/1903-ford-rc.jpg/375px-1903-ford-rc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/1903-ford-rc.jpg/500px-1903-ford-rc.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1903%E2%80%931904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Model A (1903–1904)">Ford Model A</a> was the first car produced by <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> beginning production in 1903.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1903 – <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> produces its first car – the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1903%E2%80%931904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Model A (1903–1904)">Ford Model A</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearse_aeroplane_replica,_South_Canterbury_Museum-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pearse_aeroplane_replica%2C_South_Canterbury_Museum-2.jpg/200px-Pearse_aeroplane_replica%2C_South_Canterbury_Museum-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2613"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pearse_aeroplane_replica%2C_South_Canterbury_Museum-2.jpg/200px-Pearse_aeroplane_replica%2C_South_Canterbury_Museum-2.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pearse_aeroplane_replica%2C_South_Canterbury_Museum-2.jpg/300px-Pearse_aeroplane_replica%2C_South_Canterbury_Museum-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pearse_aeroplane_replica%2C_South_Canterbury_Museum-2.jpg/400px-Pearse_aeroplane_replica%2C_South_Canterbury_Museum-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A replica of Pearse's monoplane</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1903 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pearse" title="Richard Pearse">Richard Pearse</a> of New Zealand supposedly successfully flew and landed a powered heavier-than-air machine on March 31, 1903<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Verifiable eyewitnesses describe Pearse crashing into a hedge on two separate occasions during 1903. His monoplane must have risen to a height of at least three metres on each occasion. Good evidence exists that on March 31, 1903, Pearse achieved a powered, though poorly controlled, flight of several hundred metres. Pearse himself said that he had made a powered takeoff, "but at too low a speed for [his] controls to work". However, he remained airborne until he crashed into the hedge at the end of the field.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></li> <li>1903 – <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jatho" title="Karl Jatho">Karl Jatho</a> of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> performs a series of flights at Vahrenwalder Heide, near <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, between August and November, 1903. Using first a pusher <a href="/wiki/Triplane" title="Triplane">triplane</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">biplane</a>. "His longest flight, however, was only 60 meters at 3–4 meters altitude." He then quit his efforts, noting his motor was too weak to make longer or higher flights.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The plane was equipped with a single-cylinder 10 hp (7.5 kW) Buchet engine driving a two-bladed pusher propeller and made hops of up to 200 ft (61 m), flying up to 10 ft (3.0 m) high. In comparison, Orville Wright's first controlled flight four months later was of 36 m (118 ft) in 12 seconds although Wilbur flew 59 seconds and 852 ft (260 m) later that same day. Either way Jatho managed to fly a powered heavier-than-air machine earlier than his American counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></li> <li>1903 – <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anderson_(inventor)" title="Mary Anderson (inventor)">Mary Anderson</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Windscreen_wiper" title="Windscreen wiper">windshield wipers</a>. In November 1903 Anderson was granted her first <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> for an automatic car window cleaning device controlled inside the car, called the windshield wiper.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Her device consisted of a lever and a swinging arm with a rubber blade. The lever could be operated from inside a vehicle to cause the spring-loaded arm to move back and forth across the windshield. Similar devices had been made earlier, but Anderson's was the first to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_flight2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/250px-First_flight2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6603" data-file-height="4280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/250px-First_flight2.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/375px-First_flight2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/First_flight2.jpg/500px-First_flight2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The first flight by <a href="/wiki/Orville_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Orville Wright">Orville Wright</a> made on December 17, 1903.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1903 – The <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> fly at <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina" title="Kitty Hawk, North Carolina">Kitty Hawk, North Carolina</a>. Their airplane, the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a>, performed the first recorded controlled, powered, sustained heavier than air flight on December 17, 1903. In the day's fourth flight, Wilbur Wright flew 279 meters (915 feet) in 59 seconds. First three flights were approximately 120, 175, and 200 ft (61 m), respectively. The Wrights laid particular stress on fully and accurately describing all the requirements for controlled, powered flight and put them into use in an aircraft which took off from a level launching rail, with the aid of a headwind to achieve sufficient airspeed before reaching the end of the rail.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> It is one of the various candidates regarded as the first flying machine.</li> <li>1904 – <a href="/wiki/SS_Haimun" title="SS Haimun">SS Haimun</a> sends its first news story on March 15, 1904.<a href="#cite_note-amazon-64">[63]</a> It was a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamer ship</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">war correspondent</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_James_(war_correspondent)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lionel James (war correspondent) (page does not exist)">Lionel James</a> in 1904 during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. It is the first known instance of a "press boat" dedicated to war correspondence during naval battles. The recent advent of <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a> meant that reporters were no longer limited to submitting their stories from land-based offices, and The Times spent 74 days outfitting and equipping the ship,<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> installing a <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest#Audion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee De Forest">De Forest transmitter</a> aboard the ship.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_Canal_under_construction,_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg/200px-Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1660"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 206px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg/200px-Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="206" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg/300px-Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg/400px-Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Construction work on the <a href="/wiki/Gaillard_Cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaillard Cut">Gaillard Cut</a> is shown in this photograph from 1907</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1904–1914 – The <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> constructed by the United States in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, which had <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">just gained independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. The Canal is a 77 km (48 mi) <a href="/wiki/Ship_canal" title="Ship canal">ship canal</a> that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and a key conduit for international maritime trade. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the canal had an enormous impact on shipping between the two oceans, replacing the long and treacherous route via the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> at the southernmost tip of South America. A ship sailing from New York to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> via the canal travels 9,500 km (5,900 mi), well under half the 22,500 km (14,000 mi) route around Cape Horn.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The project starts on May 4, 1904, known as Acquisition Day. The United States government purchased all Canal properties on the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> from the New Panama Canal Company, except the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Railway" title="Panama Canal Railway">Panama Railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The project begun under the administration of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, continued in that of <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> and completed in that of <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> The Chief engineers were <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Goethals" title="George Washington Goethals">George Washington Goethals</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></li> <li>1904 – The <a href="/wiki/Welte-Mignon" title="Welte-Mignon">Welte-Mignon</a> <a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">reproducing piano</a> is created by Edwin Welte and Karl Bockisch. Both employed by the "Michael Welte und Söhne" firm of <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>. "It automatically replayed the tempo, phrasing, dynamics and pedalling of a particular performance, and not just the notes of the music, as was the case with other player pianos of the time." In September, 1904, the Mignon was demonstrated in the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Trade_Fair" title="Leipzig Trade Fair">Leipzig Trade Fair</a>. In March, 1905 it became better known when showcased "at the <a href="/wiki/Showroom" title="Showroom">showrooms</a> of Hugo Popper, a manufacturer of roll-operated <a href="/wiki/Orchestrion" title="Orchestrion">orchestrions</a>". By 1906, the Mignon was also exported to the United States, installed to pianos by the firms <a href="/wiki/Feurich" title="Feurich">Feurich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons" title="Steinway & Sons">Steinway & Sons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></li> <li>1904 – <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Holt" title="Benjamin Holt">Benjamin Holt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holt_Manufacturing_Company" title="Holt Manufacturing Company">Holt Manufacturing Company</a> invents one of the first practical <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">continuous tracks</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a>. While the date of invention was reportedly November 24, 1904, Holt would not receive a patent until December, 1907.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></li> <li>1905 – <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Montgomery" title="John Joseph Montgomery">John Joseph Montgomery</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States designs tandem-wing <a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">gliders</a>. His pilot <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Maloney" title="Daniel J. Maloney">Daniel Maloney</a> performs a number of public exhibitions of high altitude flights in March and April 1905 in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara, California</a>, area. These flights received national media attention and demonstrated superior control of the design, with launches as high as 4,000 feet (1,200 m) and landings made at predetermined locations. The gliders were launched from balloons.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></li> <li>1905 – The Wright Brothers introduce their <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer_III" title="Wright Flyer III">Wright Flyer III</a>. On October 5, 1905, Wilbur flew 24 miles (39 km) in 39 minutes 23 seconds,<a href="#cite_note-sharpe-77">[76]</a> longer than the total duration of all the flights of <a href="/wiki/1903_in_aviation" title="1903 in aviation">1903</a> and <a href="/wiki/1904_in_aviation" title="1904 in aviation">1904</a>. Ending with a safe landing when the fuel ran out. The flight was seen by a number of people, including several invited friends, their father Milton, and neighboring farmers.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Four days later, they wrote to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, offering to sell the world's first practical fixed-wing aircraft.</li> <li>1906 – The Gabel Automatic Entertainer, an early <a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">jukebox</a>-like machine, is invented by John Gabel. It is the first such device to play a series of gramophone records. "The Automatic Entertainer with 24 selections, was produced and patented by the John Gabel owned company in Chicago. The first model (constructed in 1905) was produced in 1906 with an exposed 40 inch horn (102 cm) on top, and it is today often considered the real father of the modern multi-selection disc-playing phonographs. John Gabel and his company did in fact receive a special prize at the <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Pan-Pacific_Peace_Exposition_(1937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagoya Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition (1937)">Pan-Pacific Exposition</a> for the Automatic Entertainer."<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santos_Dumont_flight_23_Oct_1906.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Santos_Dumont_flight_23_Oct_1906.gif/200px-Santos_Dumont_flight_23_Oct_1906.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="315"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Santos_Dumont_flight_23_Oct_1906.gif/200px-Santos_Dumont_flight_23_Oct_1906.gif" data-width="200" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Santos_Dumont_flight_23_Oct_1906.gif/300px-Santos_Dumont_flight_23_Oct_1906.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Santos_Dumont_flight_23_Oct_1906.gif/400px-Santos_Dumont_flight_23_Oct_1906.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a> realizes the first official flight, October 23, 1906, Bagatelle field.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1906 – The <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a> releases the <a href="/wiki/Victrola" class="mw-redirect" title="Victrola">Victrola</a>, the most popular <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">gramophone</a> model until the late 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The Victrola is also the first <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">playback</a> machine containing an internal horn.<a href="#cite_note-ContinuumVictor-82">[81]</a> Victor also erects the world's largest illuminated billboard at the time, on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a> in New York City, to advertise the company's records.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></li> <li>1906 – <a href="/wiki/Traian_Vuia" title="Traian Vuia">Traian Vuia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> takes off with his "Traian Vuia 1", an early <a href="/wiki/Monoplane" title="Monoplane">monoplane</a>. His flight was performed in <a href="/wiki/Montesson" title="Montesson">Montesson</a> near Paris and was about 12 meters long.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></li> <li>1906 – <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Ellehammer" title="Jacob Ellehammer">Jacob Ellehammer</a> of Denmark constructs the <a href="/wiki/Ellehammer_semi-biplane" title="Ellehammer semi-biplane">Ellehammer semi-biplane</a>. In this machine, he made a tethered flight on September 12, 1906, becoming the second European to make a powered flight.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></li> <li>1906 – <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Santos-Dumont_14-bis" title="Santos-Dumont 14-bis">Santos-Dumont 14-bis</a> make the first public flight of an <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> on October 23, 1906, in Paris. The flying machine was the first fixed-wing aircraft officially witnessed to take off, fly, and land. Santos Dumont is considered the "Father of Aviation" in his country of birth, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> His flight is the first to have been certified by the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9ro-Club_de_France" title="Aéro-Club de France">Aéro-Club de France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> (FAI).<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> On November 12, 1906, Santos Dumont succeeded in setting the first world record recognized by the Aero-Club De France by flying 220 metres in less than 22 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a></li> <li>1906 – Sound <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a>. Fessenden and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Alexanderson" title="Ernst Alexanderson">Ernst Alexanderson</a> developed a high-frequency <a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a>-transmitters, an improvement on an already existing device. The improved model operated at a transmitting frequency of approximately 50 kHz, although with far less power than Fessenden's rotary-spark transmitters. The alternator-transmitter achieved the goal of transmitting quality audio signals, but the lack of any way to amplify the signals meant they were somewhat weak. On December 21, 1906, Fessenden made an extensive demonstration of the new alternator-transmitter at Brant Rock, showing its utility for point-to-point wireless telephony, including interconnecting his stations to the wire telephone network. A detailed review of this demonstration appeared in The American Telephone Journal.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Meanwhile, De Forest had developed the <a href="/wiki/Audion_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Audion tube">Audion tube</a> an electronic <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> device. He received a patent in January, 1907.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> "DeForest's audion vacuum tube was the key component of all radio, telephone, radar, television, and computer systems before the invention of the transistor in 1947."<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></li> <li>1906 – <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Bolton,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bolton, Quebec">East Bolton, Quebec</a>, Canada made what appear to be the first audio radio broadcasts of entertainment and music ever made to a general audience. (Beginning in 1904, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> had broadcast daily time signals and weather reports, but these employed <a href="/wiki/Spark-gap_transmitter" title="Spark-gap transmitter">spark-gap transmitters</a>, transmitting in <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>). On the evening of December 24, 1906 (<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>), Fessenden used the alternator-transmitter to send out a short program from <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Bluff-Brant_Rock,_Massachusetts" title="Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, Massachusetts">Brant Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth County, Massachusetts">Plymouth County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. It included a phonograph record of <a href="/wiki/Ombra_mai_f%C3%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ombra mai fù">Ombra mai fù</a> (Largo) by <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, followed by Fessenden himself playing the song <a href="/wiki/O_Holy_Night" title="O Holy Night">O Holy Night</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>. Finishing with reading a passage from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>: 'Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace to men of good will' (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> 2:14). On December 31, <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a>, a second short program was broadcast. The main audience for both these transmissions was an unknown number of shipboard radio operators along the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a>. Fessenden claimed that the Christmas Eve broadcast had been heard "as far down" as <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, while the New Year Eve's broadcast had reached places in the Caribbean. Although now seen as a landmark, these two broadcasts were barely noticed at the time and soon forgotten— the only first-hand account appears to be a letter Fessenden wrote on January 29, 1932, to his former associate, Samuel M. Kinter.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-ContinuumRadio-96">[95]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe-diascope.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe-diascope.jpeg/220px-Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe-diascope.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1604"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe-diascope.jpeg/220px-Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe-diascope.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe-diascope.jpeg/330px-Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe-diascope.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe-diascope.jpeg/440px-Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe-diascope.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a> becomes the first commercial color photography process.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1907 – The <a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a> which was patented in 1903 becomes the first commercial color photography process.</li> <li>1907 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> invented the "Universal Electric Motor" which made it possible to operate <a href="/wiki/Dictation_machine" title="Dictation machine">dictation machines</a>, etc. on all lighting circuits.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></li> <li>1907 – The <a href="/wiki/Photostat_machine" title="Photostat machine">Photostat machine</a> begins the modern era of document imaging. The Photostat machine was invented in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, United States by Oscar Gregory in 1907, and the Photostat Corporation was incorporated in <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> in 1911. "Rectigraph and Photostat machines (Plates 40–42) combined a large camera and a developing machine and used sensitized paper furnished in 350-foot rolls. "The prints are made direct on sensitized paper, no negative, plate or film intervening. The usual exposure is ten seconds. After the exposure has been made the paper is cut off and carried underneath the exposure chamber to the developing bath, where it remains for 35 seconds, and is then drawn into a fixing bath. While one print is being developed or fixed, another exposure can be made. When the copies are removed from the fixing bath, they are allowed to dry by exposure to the air, or may be run through a drying machine. The first print taken from the original is a 'black' print; the whites in the original are black and the blacks, white. (Plate 43) A white 'positive' print of the original is made by rephotographing the black print. As many positives as required may be made by continuing to photograph the black print." (The American Digest of Business Machines, 1924.) Du Pont Co. files include black prints of graphs dating from 1909, and the company acquired a Photostat machine in 1912. ... A 1914 Rectigraph ad stated that the U.S. government had been using Rectigraphs for four years and stated that the machines were being used by insurance companies and abstract and title companies. ... In 1911, a Photostat machine was $500."<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg/250px-1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="672"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg/250px-1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg/375px-1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg/500px-1908_Ford_Model_T.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a> set 1908 as the historic year that the automobile came into popular usage as it is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1908 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> introduces the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a>. The first production Model T was built on September 27, 1908, at the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Piquette_Avenue_Plant" title="Ford Piquette Avenue Plant">Ford Piquette Avenue Plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that "put America on wheels"; some of this was because of Ford's innovations, including <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> production instead of individual hand crafting, as well as the concept of paying the workers a wage proportionate to the cost of the car, so that they would provide a ready made market.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></li> <li>1909 – <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sint-Martens-Latem" title="Sint-Martens-Latem">Sint-Martens-Latem</a>, Belgium officially announces his creation of <a href="/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">Bakelite</a>. The announcement was made at the February 1909 meeting of the New York section of the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aice-101">[100]</a> Bakelite is an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and popular <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CHF-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowden-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-104">[103]</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_literature#1900s" title="List of years in literature">List of years in literature § 1900s</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly_list_of_bestselling_novels_in_the_United_States_in_the_1900s" class="mw-redirect" title="Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1900s">Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1900s</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="771"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 215px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="215" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill.jpg/225px-Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill.jpg/300px-Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>4 out of 10 best-selling American books in the 1900s were written by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(novelist)" title="Winston Churchill (novelist)">Winston Churchill</a> (1871 – 1947)</figcaption></figure> The best selling books of the decade were <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Green_Gables" title="Anne of Green Gables">Anne of Green Gables</a> (1908) and <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Peter_Rabbit" title="The Tale of Peter Rabbit">The Tale of Peter Rabbit</a> (1902), which sold 50 million<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> and 45 million<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> copies respectively. <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian writers</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> literary style, an <a href="/wiki/Ekavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekavian">Ekavian</a> writing form which set basis for the later standardization of the Serbian language. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a>, the founder of political <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, published <a href="/wiki/The_Old_New_Land" title="The Old New Land">The Old New Land</a> in 1902, outlining Herzl's vision for a Jewish state in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. Below are the best-selling books in the United States of each year, as determined by <a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <ul><li>1900: <a href="/wiki/To_Have_and_to_Hold_(Johnston_novel)" title="To Have and to Hold (Johnston novel)">To Have and to Hold</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Johnston" title="Mary Johnston">Mary Johnston</a></li> <li>1901: <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_(novel)" title="The Crisis (novel)">The Crisis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(novelist)" title="Winston Churchill (novelist)">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/The_Virginian_(novel)" title="The Virginian (novel)">The Virginian</a> by <a href="/wiki/Owen_Wister" title="Owen Wister">Owen Wister</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Lady_Rose%27s_Daughter_(novel)" title="Lady Rose's Daughter (novel)">Lady Rose's Daughter</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Augusta_Ward" title="Mary Augusta Ward">Mary Augusta Ward</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/The_Crossing_(Churchill_novel)" title="The Crossing (Churchill novel)">The Crossing</a> by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(novelist)" title="Winston Churchill (novelist)">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_William_Ashe" title="The Marriage of William Ashe">The Marriage of William Ashe</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Augusta_Ward" title="Mary Augusta Ward">Mary Augusta Ward</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Coniston_(novel)" title="Coniston (novel)">Coniston</a> by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(novelist)" title="Winston Churchill (novelist)">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lady_of_the_Decoration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Lady of the Decoration (page does not exist)">The Lady of the Decoration</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frances_Little" title="Frances Little">Frances Little</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Mr._Crewe%27s_Career" title="Mr. Crewe's Career">Mr. Crewe's Career</a> by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(novelist)" title="Winston Churchill (novelist)">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Inner_Shrine_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Inner Shrine (novel) (page does not exist)">The Inner Shrine</a> by Anonymous (<a href="/wiki/Basil_King" title="Basil King">Basil King</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Art" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_de_Picasso,_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Portrait_de_Picasso%2C_1908.jpg/150px-Portrait_de_Picasso%2C_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="619"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 208px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Portrait_de_Picasso%2C_1908.jpg/150px-Portrait_de_Picasso%2C_1908.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Portrait_de_Picasso%2C_1908.jpg/225px-Portrait_de_Picasso%2C_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Portrait_de_Picasso%2C_1908.jpg/300px-Portrait_de_Picasso%2C_1908.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> in 1908, who, along with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, was considered a leader in <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> paints <a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a>, considered by some to be the birth of modern art.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> art movement peaked in popularity at the turn of the 20th century (1890–1905).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> art movement peaked in popularity in France between 1907 and 1911.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a> art movement peaked in popularity between 1905 and 1907.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Film" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1900s_in_film" title="1900s in film">1900s in film</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2010)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_train_robbery_still.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Great_train_robbery_still.jpg/180px-Great_train_robbery_still.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="405"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Great_train_robbery_still.jpg/180px-Great_train_robbery_still.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Great_train_robbery_still.jpg/270px-Great_train_robbery_still.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Great_train_robbery_still.jpg/360px-Great_train_robbery_still.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Justus_D._Barnes" title="Justus D. Barnes">Justus D. Barnes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Porter">Edwin Porter</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)">The Great Train Robbery</a>, 1903</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>April 2, 1902 – Electric Theatre, the first <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theater</a> in the United States, opens in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.</li> <li>The first huge success of American cinema, as well as the largest experimental achievement to this point, was the 1903 film <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)">The Great Train Robbery</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter" title="Edwin S. Porter">Edwin S. Porter</a>.</li> <li>The world's first feature film, <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="The Story of the Kelly Gang">The Story of the Kelly Gang</a> is released on December 26, 1906, in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Popular songs of the 1900s include "<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/What_Are_They_Doing_in_Heaven%3F" title="What Are They Doing in Heaven?">What Are They Doing in Heaven?</a>", which have been featured in 42<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> and 16<a href="#cite_note-hymnary-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnals</a> respectively. <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23, 1900</a> - The <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra">Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra</a> makes its <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> debut with <a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Victor Herbert</a> conducting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3, 1900</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adonais" title="Adonais">Adonais</a>, overture by <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">George Whitefield Chadwick</a> is premiered by the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15, 1900</a> – The second and third movements of <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">Concerto No.2 in C Minor for Piano</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sergej_Rachmaninov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergej Rachmaninov">Sergej Rachmaninov</a> receive their world premiere in Moscow, with Rachmaninov playing the solo part.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29th</a>, <a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a> - <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Reszke" title="Jean de Reszke">Jean de Reszke</a>'s final performance of the season with the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> turns into his farewell performance with that company as he sings the title role in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner's</a> <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27, 1901</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>'s Trois Nocturnes is given in its first complete performance as <a href="/wiki/Camille_Chevillard" title="Camille Chevillard">Camille Chevillard</a> conducts the <a href="/wiki/Lamoureux_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamoureux Orchestra">Lamoureux Orchestra</a> in Paris.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a> - First complete performance of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto no. 2</a> in <a href="/wiki/C_minor" title="C minor">C Minor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> with Rachmaninoff playing the solo part.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16th</a>, <a href="/wiki/1902" title="1902">1902</a> - <a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Scott Joplin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Signature_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Signature song">signature</a> <a href="/wiki/Rag_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rag (music)">rag</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Entertainer_(rag)" title="The Entertainer (rag)">The Entertainer</a>", is released.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18, 1904</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 5</a> is premiered by the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCrzenich_Orchestra_Cologne" title="Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne">Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne</a> with Mahler conducting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a> - <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> releases his masterpiece and <a href="/wiki/Signature_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Signature song">signature song</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Clair_de_lune_(Debussy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clair de lune (Debussy)">Clair de Lune</a>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_27" title="January 27">January 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1907" title="1907">1907</a> – Executives of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> removes <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Repertoire" title="Repertoire">repertoire</a> following <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protests</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> was indecent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26, 1908</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)">Symphony No. 2</a> receives its première.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15, 1908</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rapsodie_espagnole" title="Rapsodie espagnole">Rapsodie espagnole</a> receives its première in Paris.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11, 1908</a> – <a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Samaras" title="Spyridon Samaras">Spyridon Samaras</a>'s opera Rhea is premiered in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> (Teatro Verdi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19, 1908</a> – Première of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 7</a> in Prague.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_25" title="January 25">January 25, 1909</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Elektra_(opera)" title="Elektra (opera)">Elektra</a> receives its debut performance at the <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Dresden State Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a> – First production <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Bedřich Smetana</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Prodan%C3%A1_nev%C4%9Bsta" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodaná nevěsta">Prodaná nevěsta</a> (The Bartered Bride) in the USA v <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ema_Destinov%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ema Destinová">Ema Destinová</a> in the titul role.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22, 1909</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Thomas Beecham</a> conducts the first concert with his newly established Beecham Symphony Orchestra in the UK.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">November 8, 1909</a> – <a href="/wiki/Boston_Opera_House_(1909)" title="Boston Opera House (1909)">Boston Opera House</a> in the United States opens with a performance of <a href="/wiki/La_Gioconda_(opera)" title="La Gioconda (opera)">La Gioconda</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Nordica" title="Lillian Nordica">Lillian Nordica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louise_Homer" title="Louise Homer">Louise Homer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28, 1909</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._3_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Piano Concerto No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)">Piano Concerto No. 3</a> is premièred in New York City.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18, 1909</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Enescu" title="George Enescu">George Enescu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Octet_(Enescu)" title="Octet (Enescu)">Octet for Strings</a> and Piano Quartet No. 1 in D Major are premiered together on a program also featuring his Sept chansons de Clement Marot, Op. 15, at the Salle des agriculteurs in Paris, as part of the "Soirées d'Art" concert series.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fashion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1900s_in_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1900s in fashion">1900s in fashion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2010)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_events">Historic events</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historic events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Liz%C3%A1rraga" title="Agustín Lizárraga">Agustín Lizárraga</a> discovers <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a> on July 14, 1902. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (August 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (July 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> starts for the first time in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Food" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>U.S. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a> Louis Lassen of <a href="/wiki/Louis%27_Lunch" title="Louis' Lunch">Louis' Lunch</a> makes the first modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburger</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">sandwich</a>. According to family legend, one day in 1900 a local businessman dashed into the small New Haven lunch wagon and pleaded for a lunch to go. According to the Lassen family, the customer, Gary Widmore, exclaimed "Louie! I'm in a rush, slap a meatpuck between two planks and step on it!".<a href="#cite_note-bbq-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-colin-113">[112]</a> Louis Lassen, the establishment's owner, placed his own blend of ground steak trimmings between two slices of toast and sent the gentleman on his way, so the story goes, with America's alleged first hamburger being served.<a href="#cite_note-ctm-114">[113]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="People">People</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: People" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_artists">Modern artists</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Modern artists" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Matisse,_1913,_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg/170px-Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="1290"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 202px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg/170px-Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="202" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg/255px-Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg/340px-Henri_Matisse%2C_1913%2C_photograph_by_Alvin_Langdon_Coburn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Umberto Boccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain" title="André Derain">André Derain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Juan Gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Fernand Léger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Kazimir Malevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Rouault" title="Georges Rouault">Georges Rouault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Henri Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pinkham_Ryder" title="Albert Pinkham Ryder">Albert Pinkham Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gino_Severini" title="Gino Severini">Gino Severini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Toulouse-Lautrec" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri Toulouse-Lautrec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Valadon" title="Suzanne Valadon">Suzanne Valadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Vlaminck" title="Maurice de Vlaminck">Maurice de Vlaminck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte" title="Gustave Caillebotte">Gustave Caillebotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Alfred Sisley</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_notable_people">Other notable people</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigmund_freud_um_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sigmund_freud_um_1905.jpg/170px-Sigmund_freud_um_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1294"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sigmund_freud_um_1905.jpg/170px-Sigmund_freud_um_1905.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sigmund_freud_um_1905.jpg/255px-Sigmund_freud_um_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sigmund_freud_um_1905.jpg/340px-Sigmund_freud_um_1905.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, 1905</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Liz%C3%A1rraga" title="Agustín Lizárraga">Agustín Lizárraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_d%27Albert" title="Eugen d'Albert">Eugen d'Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hugo Alfvén">Hugo Alfvén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egbert_Van_Alstyne" title="Egbert Van Alstyne">Egbert Van Alstyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broncho_Billy_Anderson" title="Broncho Billy Anderson">Broncho Billy Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_Arbuckle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty Arbuckle">Fatty Arbuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Daniel_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Daniel Armstrong">Louis Daniel Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Kurt Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Bayes" title="Nora Bayes">Nora Bayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagdish Chandra Bose">Jagdish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Boggs" title="Francis Boggs">Francis Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bridge" title="Frank Bridge">Frank Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bryan_(lyricist)" title="Alfred Bryan (lyricist)">Alfred Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_P._Bryan" title="Vincent P. Bryan">Vincent P. Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Charpentier" title="Gustave Charpentier">Gustave Charpentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurland_Chattaway" title="Thurland Chattaway">Thurland Chattaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cilea" title="Francesco Cilea">Francesco Cilea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_D._Cobb" title="Will D. Cobb">Will D. Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Cole_(composer)" title="Bob Cole (composer)">Bob Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Converse" title="Frederick Converse">Frederick Converse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Creamer" title="Henry Creamer">Henry Creamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walford_Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Walford Davies">Henry Walford Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dawson_(bass-baritone)" title="Peter Dawson (bass-baritone)">Peter Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Frederick Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dresser" title="Paul Dresser">Paul Dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Edwards_(vaudeville)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gus Edwards (vaudeville)">Gus Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Enna" title="August Enna">August Enna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Manuel de Falla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Farrar" title="Geraldine Farrar">Geraldine Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Fisher" title="Fred Fisher">Fred Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Le_Flem" title="Paul Le Flem">Paul Le Flem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Friml" title="Rudolf Friml">Rudolf Friml</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Fu%C4%8D%C3%ADk_(composer)" title="Julius Fučík (composer)">Julius Fučík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelita_Galli-Curci" title="Amelita Galli-Curci">Amelita Galli-Curci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Garden" title="Mary Garden">Mary Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_German" title="Edward German">Edward German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Alexander Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_de_Gogorza" title="Emilio de Gogorza">Emilio de Gogorza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Granados" title="Enrique Granados">Enrique Granados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_d%27Hardelot" title="Guy d'Hardelot">Guy d'Hardelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Harty" title="Hamilton Harty">Hamilton Harty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Haydn_Quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="The Haydn Quartet">The Haydn Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Held" title="Anna Held">Anna Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Victor Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Hoffmann" title="Max Hoffmann">Max Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Holzmann" title="Abe Holzmann">Abe Holzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horsley" title="David Horsley">David Horsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_John_Hurt" title="Mississippi John Hurt">Mississippi John Hurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C3%B6_Huszka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenö Huszka">Jenö Huszka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Ippolitov-Ivanov" title="Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov">Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Jacobs-Bond" title="Carrie Jacobs-Bond">Carrie Jacobs-Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jerome" title="William Jerome">William Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Rosamond_Johnson" title="J. Rosamond Johnson">J. Rosamond Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Scott Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Kahn" title="Gus Kahn">Gus Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kern" title="Jerome Kern">Jerome Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Laemmle" title="Carl Laemmle">Carl Laemmle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Lauder" title="Harry Lauder">Harry Lauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Lead Belly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Leh%C3%A1r" title="Franz Lehár">Franz Lehár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggiero_Leoncavallo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruggiero Leoncavallo">Ruggiero Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lincke" title="Paul Lincke">Paul Lincke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Marshall_(ragtime_composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Marshall (ragtime composer)">Arthur Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Karlovich_Medtner" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Karlovich Medtner">Nikolai Karlovich Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Melba" title="Nellie Melba">Nellie Melba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Mills" title="Kerry Mills">Kerry Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Murray_(singer)" title="Billy Murray (singer)">Billy Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Nesbit" title="Evelyn Nesbit">Evelyn Nesbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethelbert_Woodbridge_Nevin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethelbert Woodbridge Nevin">Ethelbert Woodbridge Nevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norworth" title="Jack Norworth">Jack Norworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzslav_Nov%C3%A1k" title="Vítězslav Novák">Vítězslav Novák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maude_Nugent" title="Maude Nugent">Maude Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Olcott" title="Sidney Olcott">Sidney Olcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Path%C3%A9" title="Charles Pathé">Charles Pathé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter" title="Edwin S. Porter">Edwin S. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landon_Ronald" title="Landon Ronald">Landon Ronald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarebresole" title="Paul Sarebresole">Paul Sarebresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Schwartz" title="Jean Schwartz">Jean Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scott_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Scott (musician)">James Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Selig" title="William Selig">William Selig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Smith_(composer)" title="Chris Smith (composer)">Chris Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Smith" title="Harry B. Smith">Harry B. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Smyth" title="Ethel Smyth">Ethel Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kirke_Spoor" title="George Kirke Spoor">George Kirke Spoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Villiers_Stanford" title="Charles Villiers Stanford">Charles Villiers Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_B._Sterling" title="Andrew B. Sterling">Andrew B. Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(composer)" title="Oscar Straus (composer)">Oscar Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Von_Tilzer" title="Harry Von Tilzer">Harry Von Tilzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Turpin" title="Tom Turpin">Tom Turpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_Victoria" title="Vesta Victoria">Vesta Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Wenrich" title="Percy Wenrich">Percy Wenrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Williams" title="Bert Williams">Bert Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Williams_(songwriter)" title="Harry Williams (songwriter)">Harry Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanno_Wolf-Ferrari" title="Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari">Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Woodforde-Finden" title="Amy Woodforde-Finden">Amy Woodforde-Finden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Zangwill" title="Israel Zangwill">Israel Zangwill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin" title="Ferdinand von Zeppelin">Ferdinand von Zeppelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Zimmerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles A. Zimmerman">Charles A. Zimmerman</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_figures">Sports figures</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sports figures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baseball">Baseball</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Baseball" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_baseball_in_the_United_States" title="History of baseball in the United States">History of baseball in the United States</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Bender" title="Chief Bender">Chief Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Brown" title="Mordecai Brown">3-Finger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Chesbro" title="Jack Chesbro">Jack Chesbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty_Cobb" title="Ty Cobb">Ty Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pud_Galvin" title="Pud Galvin">Pud Galvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addie_Joss" title="Addie Joss">Addie Joss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap_Lajoie" title="Nap Lajoie">Nap Lajoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Leever" title="Sam Leever">Sam Leever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christy_Mathewson" title="Christy Mathewson">Christy Mathewson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McGraw" title="John McGraw">John McGraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kid_Nichols" title="Kid Nichols">Kid Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Plank" title="Eddie Plank">Eddie Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tris_Speaker" title="Tris Speaker">Tris Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rube_Waddell" title="Rube Waddell">Rube Waddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honus_Wagner" title="Honus Wagner">Honus Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Walsh" title="Ed Walsh">Big Ed Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cy_Young" title="Cy Young">Cy Young</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boxing">Boxing</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Boxing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Boxing Hall of Fame">International Boxing Hall of Fame</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Burns_(Canadian_boxer)" title="Tommy Burns (Canadian boxer)">Tommy Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Hart" title="Marvin Hart">Marvin Hart</a> (boxing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Jeffries" title="James J. Jeffries">James J. Jeffries</a> (boxing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a> (boxing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kid_McCoy" title="Kid McCoy">Kid McCoy</a> (boxing)</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cricket">Cricket</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cricket" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Armstrong" title="Warwick Armstrong">Warwick Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Barnes" title="Sydney Barnes">Sydney Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Blythe" title="Colin Blythe">Colin Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Len_Braund" title="Len Braund">Len Braund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Faulkner" title="Aubrey Faulkner">Aubrey Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_Foster" class="mw-redirect" title="Tip Foster">Tip Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.B._Fry" class="mw-redirect" title="C.B. Fry">C.B. Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Lilley" title="Dick Lilley">Dick Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayward" title="Tom Hayward">Tom Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_Hill" title="Clem Hill">Clem Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hirst" title="George Hirst">George Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Noble" title="Monty Noble">Monty Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K.S._Ranjitsinhji" class="mw-redirect" title="K.S. Ranjitsinhji">K.S. Ranjitsinhji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Rhodes" title="Wilfred Rhodes">Wilfred Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Sherwell" title="Percy Sherwell">Percy Sherwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thompson_(cricketer)" title="George Thompson (cricketer)">George Thompson (cricketer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Trumper" title="Victor Trumper">Victor Trumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Tyldesley" title="Johnny Tyldesley">Johnny Tyldesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Vogler" title="Bert Vogler">Bert Vogler</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_survivors">Last survivors</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Last survivors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are currently four remaining verified living people born in the 1900s decade, all of whom are women. They are <a href="/wiki/Tomiko_Itooka" title="Tomiko Itooka">Tomiko Itooka</a> (born 23 May 1908) of Japan (also the world's oldest living person), <a href="/wiki/Inah_Canabarro_Lucas" title="Inah Canabarro Lucas">Inah Canabarro Lucas</a> (born 8 June 1908) of Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Caterham" title="Ethel Caterham">Ethel Caterham</a> (born 21 August 1909) of the United Kingdom, and Okagi Hayashi (born 2 September 1909), also of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The last surviving man born during this decade was <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_P%C3%A9rez" title="Juan Vicente Pérez">Juan Vicente Pérez</a> of Venezuela (27 May 1909 – 2 April 2024).<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">List of decades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_literature#1900s" title="List of years in literature">1900s in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorians</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">people</a> to mature in the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a> in the year <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a>, the generation whose older members became adults in the 1900s.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Timeline" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade: <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a> • <a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a> • <a href="/wiki/1902" title="1902">1902</a> • <a href="/wiki/1903" title="1903">1903</a> • <a href="/wiki/1904" title="1904">1904</a> • <a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a> • <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a> • <a href="/wiki/1907" title="1907">1907</a> • <a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</a> • <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHale1911" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Bayard_Hale" title="William Bayard Hale">Hale, Williams Bayard</a> (January 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13855">"A Dramatic Decade of History: What The First Ten Years Of The Twentieth Century Witnessed Of International Stir – A Time Prolific In Wars, Revolutions And Revolts, National Tragedy And Intrigue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a>. XXI: 13855–13868. Retrieved July 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=A+Dramatic+Decade+of+History%3A+What+The+First+Ten+Years+Of+The+Twentieth+Century+Witnessed+Of+International+Stir+%E2%80%93+A+Time+Prolific+In+Wars%2C+Revolutions+And+Revolts%2C+National+Tragedy+And+Intrigue&rft.volume=XXI&rft.pages=13855-13868&rft.date=1911-01&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Williams+Bayard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZm0AAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA13855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson1911" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchinson, Woods (January 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13881">"The Conquest Of The Great Diseases: The National Death-Rate Reduced 10 PerCent, The Discovery Of The Hook-Worm And The "Typhoid Fly", Meningitis And Syphilis Both Conquered During The Decade, The Passing Of Yellow Fever"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a>. XXI: 13881–13883. Retrieved July 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=The+Conquest+Of+The+Great+Diseases%3A+The+National+Death-Rate+Reduced+10+PerCent%2C+The+Discovery+Of+The+Hook-Worm+And+The+%22Typhoid+Fly%22%2C+Meningitis+And+Syphilis+Both+Conquered+During+The+Decade%2C+The+Passing+Of+Yellow+Fever&rft.volume=XXI&rft.pages=13881-13883&rft.date=1911-01&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Woods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZm0AAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA13881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeys1911" class="citation journal cs1">Keys, C.M. (January 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13884">"Ten Years Of Industrial America: Manufacturing Industry Far Outpacing Agriculture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a>. XXI: 13884–13897. Retrieved July 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=Ten+Years+Of+Industrial+America%3A+Manufacturing+Industry+Far+Outpacing+Agriculture&rft.volume=XXI&rft.pages=13884-13897&rft.date=1911-01&rft.aulast=Keys&rft.aufirst=C.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZm0AAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA13884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1911" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hines_Page" title="Walter Hines Page">Page, Walter Hines</a> (January 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13877">"The Astronomical Romance Of A Decade: The Story of Ten Years' Advance In Knowledge Of The Heavens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a>. XXI: 13877–13880. Retrieved July 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=The+Astronomical+Romance+Of+A+Decade%3A+The+Story+of+Ten+Years%27+Advance+In+Knowledge+Of+The+Heavens&rft.volume=XXI&rft.pages=13877-13880&rft.date=1911-01&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Walter+Hines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZm0AAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA13877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan1911" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Mahan, Alfred T.</a> (January 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13898">"The Battleship Of All-Big-Guns: How The Coming Of The "Dreadnought" Made The World's Navies Partly Obsolete, Germany's Growing Commerce Is Responsible For Changes In Many Navies, The Rise of Three Great Navies In Ten Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a>. XXI: 13898–13902. Retrieved July 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=The+Battleship+Of+All-Big-Guns%3A+How+The+Coming+Of+The+%22Dreadnought%22+Made+The+World%27s+Navies+Partly+Obsolete%2C+Germany%27s+Growing+Commerce+Is+Responsible+For+Changes+In+Many+Navies%2C+The+Rise+of+Three+Great+Navies+In+Ten+Years&rft.volume=XXI&rft.pages=13898-13902&rft.date=1911-01&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZm0AAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA13898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloss1911" class="citation journal cs1">Sloss, Robert (January 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13869">"The Children Of The Gas-Engine: The Revolution In Speed And In Convenience In Transportation – Automobiles, Motor-Cycles, Motor-Boats, Aeroplanes And Other Queer Craft That Ten Years Have Brought"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Work">The World's Work: A History of Our Time</a>. XXI: 13869–13877. Retrieved July 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=The+Children+Of+The+Gas-Engine%3A+The+Revolution+In+Speed+And+In+Convenience+In+Transportation+%E2%80%93+Automobiles%2C+Motor-Cycles%2C+Motor-Boats%2C+Aeroplanes+And+Other+Queer+Craft+That+Ten+Years+Have+Brought&rft.volume=XXI&rft.pages=13869-13877&rft.date=1911-01&rft.aulast=Sloss&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZm0AAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA13869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscherson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neal_Ascherson" title="Neal Ascherson">Ascherson, Neal</a> (1999). The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo (New ed.). London: Granta. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86207-290-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86207-290-6"><bdi>1-86207-290-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King+Incorporated%3A+Leopold+the+Second+and+the+Congo&rft.place=London&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Granta&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86207-290-6&rft.aulast=Ascherson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-finlande1-3"><a href="#cite_ref-finlande1_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US">"Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs"</a>. Finlande.nl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US">the original</a> on April 23, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finnish+women+won+the+right+to+vote+a+hundred+years+ago+%E2%80%93+Embassy+of+Finland%2C+The+Hague+%3A+Current+Affairs&rft.pub=Finlande.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finlande.nl%2Fpublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcontentid%3D112162%26nodeid%3D35916%26contentlan%3D2%26culture%3Den-US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-4"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml">"BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved November 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Radio+4+%E2%80%93+Woman%27s+Hour+%E2%80%93+Women%27s+History+Timeline%3A+1900+%E2%80%93+1909&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Fwomanshour%2Ftimeline%2F1900.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Population_Reference_Bureau-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Population_Reference_Bureau_5-0">^</a> Data from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Home.aspx">Population Reference Bureau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520091122/http://www.prb.org/Home.aspx">Archived</a> 2008-05-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2016 estimate: (a) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf16/prb-wpds2016-web-2016.pdf">"2016 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828162128/http://www.prb.org/pdf16/prb-wpds2016-web-2016.pdf">Archived</a> August 28, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2015 estimate: (b) Toshiko Kaneda, 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf15/2015-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">"2015 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180219062132/http://www.prb.org/pdf15/2015-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">Archived</a> February 19, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2014 estimate: (c) Carl Haub, 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf14/2014-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">"2014 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218233032/http://www.prb.org/pdf14/2014-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">Archived</a> February 18, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2013 estimate: (d) Carl Haub, 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">"2013 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226072048/http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">Archived</a> February 26, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2012 estimate: (e) Carl Haub, 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf12/2012-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">"2012 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140521191647/http://www.prb.org/pdf12/2012-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">Archived</a> May 21, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2011 estimate: (f) Carl Haub, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf11/2011population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">"2011 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118162350/http://www.prb.org/pdf11/2011population-data-sheet_eng.pdf">Archived</a> November 18, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2010 estimate: (g) Carl Haub, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf10/10wpds_eng.pdf">"2010 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109060416/http://www.prb.org/pdf10/10wpds_eng.pdf">Archived</a> January 9, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2009 estimate: (h) Carl Haub, 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf">"2009 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf">Archived</a> April 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2008 estimate: (i) Carl Haub, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf08/08WPDS_Eng.pdf">"2008 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171219150624/http://www.prb.org/pdf08/08WPDS_Eng.pdf">Archived</a> December 19, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2007 estimate: (j) Carl Haub, 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2007/2007WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx">"2007 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110224205549/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2007/2007WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx">Archived</a> 2011-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2006 estimate: (k) Carl Haub, 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2006/2006WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx">"2006 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222075621/http://prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2006/2006WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx">Archived</a> 2010-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2005 estimate: (l) Carl Haub, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2005/2005WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx">"2005 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414150237/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2005/2005WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx">Archived</a> 2011-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2004 estimate: (m) Carl Haub, 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf04/04WorldDataSheet_ENG.pdf">"2004 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329104249/http://www.prb.org/pdf04/04worlddatasheet_eng.pdf">Archived</a> March 29, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2003 estimate: (n) Carl Haub, 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~psc/WorldPopulationDS03_Eng.pdf">"2003 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819182509/http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~psc/WorldPopulationDS03_Eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2002 estimate: (o) Carl Haub, 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf/worldpopulationds02_eng.pdf">"2002 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209093516/http://www.prb.org/pdf/WorldPopulationDS02_Eng.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2001 estimate: (p) Carl Haub, 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/18790/publi_pdf2_pop_and_soc_english_370.en.pdf">"2001 World Population Data Sheet"</a>. 2000 estimate: (q) 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2000/9BillionWorldPopulationby2050.aspx">"9 Billion World Population by 2050"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201050626/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2000/9BillionWorldPopulationby2050.aspx">Archived</a> 2018-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 1997 estimate: (r) 1997, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epidemiolog.net/evolving/DemographyBasics.pdf">"Studying Populations"</a>. Estimates for 1995 and prior: (s) Carl Haub, 1995, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/popin/popis/journals/poptoday/today0295.html">"How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?"</a> Population Today, Vol. 23 (no. 2), pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_World_at_Six_Billion,_1999-6"><a href="#cite_ref-The_World_at_Six_Billion,_1999_6-0">^</a> Data from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.</a> 1950–2100 estimates (only medium variants shown): (a) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpp/">World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511162049/http://esa.un.org/unpp/">Archived</a> 2011-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Estimates prior to 1950: (b) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbillion.htm">"The World at Six Billion", 1999.</a> Estimates from 1950 to 2100: (c) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_history3.aspx">"Population of the entire world, yearly, 1950 - 2100", 2013.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119132504/http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_history3.aspx">Archived</a> November 19, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2014: (d) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf">"2014 World Urbanization Prospects", 2014.</a> 2015: (e) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf">"2015 World Urbanization Prospects", 2015.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm">Archived</a> March 20, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics-7"><a href="#cite_ref-www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics_7-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworldeconomy.org/publications/worldeconomy/">Angus Maddison, 2003, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Vol. 2, OECD, Paris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513232041/http://www.theworldeconomy.org/publications/worldeconomy/">Archived</a> May 13, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-64-10412-7" title="Special:BookSources/92-64-10412-7">92-64-10412-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls">"Statistical Appendix"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130172908/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/historical_statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls">Archived</a> January 30, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2008, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes. Figures for 1820 onwards are annual, wherever possible. For earlier years, benchmark figures are shown for 1 AD, 1000 AD, 1500, 1600 and 1700." "OECD countries GDP revised and updated 1991-2003 from National Accounts for OECD Countries, vol. I, 2006. Norway 1820-1990 GDP from Ola Grytten (2004), "The Gross Domestic Product for Norway, 1830-2003" in Eitrheim, Klovland and Qvigstad (eds), Historical Monetary Statistics for Norway, 1819-2003, Norges Bank, Oslo. Latin American GDP 2000-2003 revised and updated from ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook 2004 and preliminary version of the 2005 Yearbook supplied by Andre Hofman. For Chile, GDP 1820-2003 from Rolf Lűders (1998), "The Comparative Economic Performance of Chile 1810-1995", Estudios de Economia, vol. 25, no. 2, with revised population estimates from Diaz, J., R. Lűders, and G. Wagner (2005) Chili 1810-2000: la Republica en Cifras, mimeo, Instituto de Economia, Universidad Católica de Chile. For Peru, GDP 1896-1990 and population 1896-1949 from Bruno Seminario and Arlette Beltran, Crecimiento Economico en el Peru 1896-1995, Universidad del Pacifico, 1998. " "For Asia there are amendments to the GDP estimates for South and North Korea, 1911-74, to correct an error in Maddison (2003). Estimates for the Philippines, 1902-1940 were amended in line with Richard Hooley (2005), 'American Economic Policy in the Philippines, 1902-1940', Journal of Asian Economics, 16. 1820 estimates were amended for Hong Kong, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand." "Asian countries GDP revised and updated 1998-2003 from AsianOutlook, April 2005. Population estimates for all countries except China and Indonesia revised and updated 1950-2008 and 2030 from International Data Base, International Programs Center, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census, April 2005 version. China's population 1990-2003 from China Statistical Yearbook 2005, China Statistics Press, Beijing. Indonesian population 1950-2003 kindly supplied by Pierre van der Eng. The figures now include three countries previously omitted: Cook Islands, Nauru and Tuvalu." </li> <li id="cite_note-HYDE2010-8"><a href="#cite_ref-HYDE2010_8-0">^</a> Klein Goldewijk, K., A. Beusen, M. de Vos and G. van Drecht (2011). The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced land use change over the past 12,000 years, Global Ecology and Biogeography20(1): 73-86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1466-8238.2010.00587.x">10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/download/index-2.html">pbl.nl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423205228/https://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/download/index-2.html">Archived</a> April 23, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). HYDE (History Database of the Global Environment), 2010. HYDE 3.1 gives estimates for 5000 BC, 1000 BC and "AD 0". HYDE estimates are higher than those by <a href="/wiki/Colin_McEvedy" title="Colin McEvedy">Colin McEvedy</a> (1978) but lower than those by Massimo Livi Bacci (1989, 2012). (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221004127/http://itbulk.org/population/world-population-history/">graphs (itbulk.org)</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-thesocialcontract.com-9"><a href="#cite_ref-thesocialcontract.com_9-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc0403/article_329.shtml">John H. Tanton, 1994, "End of the Migration Epoch? Time For a New Paradigm", The Social Contract, Vol. 4 (no 3), pp. 162–173</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-French_1980,_pp._1-10"><a href="#cite_ref-French_1980,_pp._1_10-0">^</a> Slightly updated data from original paper in French: (a) Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13. Original paper in French: (b) Jean-Noël Biraben, 1979, "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes", Population, Vol. 34 (no. 1), pp. 13–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_Jones_1978-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Richard_Jones_1978_11-0">^</a> Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, 1978, Atlas of World Population History, Facts on File, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-1031-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-1031-3">0-7139-1031-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Thomlinson" title="Ralph Thomlinson">Ralph Thomlinson</a>, 1975, Demographic Problems: Controversy over population control, 2nd Ed., Dickenson Publishing Company, Ecino, CA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8221-0166-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8221-0166-1">0-8221-0166-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-John_D._Durand_1974-13"><a href="#cite_ref-John_D._Durand_1974_13-0">^</a> John D. Durand, 1974, "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation", University of Pennsylvania, Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Colin_Clark_1967-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Colin_Clark_1967_14-0">^</a> Colin Clark, 1967, Population Growth and Land Use, St. Martin's Press, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-01126-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-01126-0">0-333-01126-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-mnp.nl-15"><a href="#cite_ref-mnp.nl_15-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0959683609356587">Data</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/index.html">History Database of the Global Environment.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227200550/http://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/index.html">Archived</a> February 27, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> K. Klein Goldewijk, A. Beusen and P. Janssen, "HYDE 3.1: Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way", from table on pg. 2, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasechnik1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pasechnik, I. P. (1986). "Refinement of the moment of explosion of the Tunguska meteorite from the seismic data". Cosmic Matter and the Earth (in Russian). Novosibirsk: Nauka. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Refinement+of+the+moment+of+explosion+of+the+Tunguska+meteorite+from+the+seismic+data&rft.btitle=Cosmic+Matter+and+the+Earth&rft.place=Novosibirsk&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Pasechnik&rft.aufirst=I.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarinellaFoschiniFroeschléGonczi2001" class="citation journal cs1">Farinella, Paolo; Foschini, L.; Froeschlé, Christiane; Gonczi, R.; Jopek, T. J.; Longo, G.; Michel, Patrick (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-th.bo.infn.it/tunguska/aah2886.pdf">"Probable asteroidal origin of the Tunguska Cosmic Body"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics">Astronomy & Astrophysics</a>. 377 (3): 1081–1097. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A&A...377.1081F">2001A&A...377.1081F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20011054">10.1051/0004-6361:20011054</a>. Retrieved August 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Probable+asteroidal+origin+of+the+Tunguska+Cosmic+Body&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1081-1097&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20011054&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001A%26A...377.1081F&rft.aulast=Farinella&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Foschini%2C+L.&rft.au=Froeschl%C3%A9%2C+Christiane&rft.au=Gonczi%2C+R.&rft.au=Jopek%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Longo%2C+G.&rft.au=Michel%2C+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-th.bo.infn.it%2Ftunguska%2Faah2886.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrayner1994" class="citation journal cs1">Trayner, Chris (1994). "Perplexities of the Tunguska Meteorite". <a href="/wiki/The_Observatory_(journal)" title="The Observatory (journal)">The Observatory</a>. 114: 227–231. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Obs...114..227T">1994Obs...114..227T</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&rft.atitle=Perplexities+of+the+Tunguska+Meteorite&rft.volume=114&rft.pages=227-231&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Obs...114..227T&rft.aulast=Trayner&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuggan2007" class="citation book cs1">Duggan, Christopher (2007). The Force of Destiny. A History of Italy Since 1796. Allen Lane. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713997095" title="Special:BookSources/9780713997095"><bdi>9780713997095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Force+of+Destiny.+A+History+of+Italy+Since+1796.&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780713997095&rft.aulast=Duggan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "Kaiser Hit by a Missile Thrown into His Carriage", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 7, 1901, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> "Kaiser Suffers from His Wound— Injuries Received by German Emperor More Serious than First Reported— Details of the Assault", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 8, 1901, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927164150/http://www.theseniorlist.com/2013/09/postcards-from-the-edge-september-30-1909/">"1909 Postcard sent from Northern Pacific Train Conductor back home"</a>. 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Retrieved October 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buzzle&rft.atitle=History+of+Radio+%E2%80%93+Who+Invented+the+Radio%3F&rft.au=Abhay+Burande&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzle.com%2Farticles%2Fhistory-of-radio-who-invented-the-radio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://gardenofpraise/ibdbell.htm">http://gardenofpraise/ibdbell.htm</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611043607/http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/01%20articles/rudolph_diesel.htm">"Martin Leduc, "Biography of Rudolph Diesel""</a>. 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April 17, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> "The most thorough account of the history of the phonograph is still Oliver Read and Walter L. Welch, Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph, 2nd ed. (Indianapolis, IN: Howard W. Sams & Co., 1976). For a recent version of the story see Leonard DeGraaf, "Thomas Edison and the Origins of the Entertainment Phonograph" NARAS Journal 8 (Winter/Spring 1997/8) 43–69, as well as William Howland Kenney's recent and welcome Recorded Music in American Life: The Phonograph and Popular Memory, 1890–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Much of the technocentric focus of literature on the phonograph (a focus Kenney's cultural history finally shifts) may derive from the interests of collectors, for whom I have the utmost respect. In the interest of simplicity, I am going to use the eventual American generic, "phonograph," for the graphophone and gramophone as well as the phonograph. Of course in Britain and much of the postcolonial world, the generic is "gramophone."" </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009182818/http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/papers/gitelman.html#fn2">"How Users Define New Media: A History of the Amusement Phonograph"</a>. mit.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/papers/gitelman.html#fn2">the original</a> on October 9, 2016. 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Retrieved January 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=si.edu&rft.atitle=The+Wright+Brothers+%E2%80%93+The+1902+Glider&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasm.si.edu%2Fwrightbrothers%2Ffly%2F1902%2Fglider.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> John David Anderson, "Introduction to flight" (2004), page 30. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-123818-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-123818-2">0-07-123818-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Rodliffe, C. Geoffrey. Richard Pearse: Pioneer Aviator. Auckland, New Zealand: Museum of Transport and Technology. 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Retrieved January 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monash.edu.au&rft.atitle=The+Pioneers+%3A+An+Anthology+%3A+Karl+Jatho+%281873%E2%80%931933%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctie.monash.edu.au%2Fhargrave%2Fjatho.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001104405/http://www.flyingmachines.org/jatho.html">"FLYING MACHINES – Karl Jatho"</a>. flyingmachines.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmachines.org/jatho.html">the original</a> on October 1, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flyingmachines.org&rft.atitle=FLYING+MACHINES+%E2%80%93+Karl+Jatho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingmachines.org%2Fjatho.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> United States Patent 743,801, Issue Date: November 10, 1903 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/speeches/02-16.htm">Women Hold Patents on Important Inventions; USPTO recognizes inventive women during Women's History Month</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090511103740/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/speeches/02-16.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United States Patent and Trademark Office press release #02–16, March 1, 2002, accessed March 3, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030318180434/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/anderson.html">Many Anderson: Windshield Wipers</a>, September 2001, Inventor of the Week Archive, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> School of Engineering website, accessed March 3, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewrightbrothers.org/fivefirstflights.html"> "1903 – Who Made the First Flight?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423162519/http://www.thewrightbrothers.org/fivefirstflights.html">Archived</a> 2015-04-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> TheWrightBrothers.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-amazon-64"><a href="#cite_ref-amazon_64-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Slattery" title="Peter Slattery">Slattery, Peter</a>. "Reporting the Russo-Japanese War,1904–5", 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1901903575">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, "First messages from the Yellow Sea", March 11, 2004.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202235256/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/the_hitch/article1042746.ece">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> The De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Tower: Bulletin No. 1, Summer 1904. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1913" class="citation book cs1">Scott, William R. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czbrats.com/AmPan/index.htm">The Americans in Panama</a>. New York: Statler Publishing Company. Retrieved January 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Americans+in+Panama&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Statler+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czbrats.com%2FAmPan%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czbrats.com/Builders/100years/brooke.htm">"May 4, 1904"</a>. czbrats.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=czbrats.com&rft.atitle=May+4%2C+1904&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czbrats.com%2FBuilders%2F100years%2Fbrooke.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001145746/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/end.html">"Panama Canal History – End of the Construction"</a>. pancanal.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/end.html">the original</a> on October 1, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pancanal.com&rft.atitle=Panama+Canal+History+%E2%80%93+End+of+the+Construction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pancanal.com%2Feng%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fend.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65375">"Woodrow Wilson: Address to a Joint Session of Congress on Panama Canal Tolls"</a>. ucsb.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Woodrow+Wilson%3A+Address+to+a+Joint+Session+of+Congress+on+Panama+Canal+Tolls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D65375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goofy313g.free.fr/calisota_online/exist/stevens.html">"John F. Stevens"</a>. free.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=free.fr&rft.atitle=John+F.+Stevens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoofy313g.free.fr%2Fcalisota_online%2Fexist%2Fstevens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622031957/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/biographies/goethals.html">"George Washington Goethals"</a>. pancanal.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/biographies/goethals.html">the original</a> on June 22, 2007. Retrieved January 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pancanal.com&rft.atitle=George+Washington+Goethals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pancanal.com%2Feng%2Fhistory%2Fbiographies%2Fgoethals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pianola.org/reproducing/reproducing_welte.cfm">"Welte-Mignon Reproducing Piano"</a>. The Pianola Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welte-Mignon+Reproducing+Piano&rft.pub=The+Pianola+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pianola.org%2Freproducing%2Freproducing_welte.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017162514/http://www.kipnotes.com/AgriculturalMachinery.htm">"Holen Sie Ihr Wissen aus dem Internet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kipnotes.com/">the original</a> on October 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holen+Sie+Ihr+Wissen+aus+dem+Internet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kipnotes.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326053518/http://www.flyingmachines.org/mont.html">"FLYING MACHINES – John J. Montgomery"</a>. flyingmachines.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmachines.org/mont.html">the original</a> on March 26, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flyingmachines.org&rft.atitle=FLYING+MACHINES+%E2%80%93+John+J.+Montgomery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingmachines.org%2Fmont.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091217090939/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/montgomery.html">"Flying Wings : An Anthology : John Joseph Montgomery (1858–1911)"</a>. monash.edu.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/montgomery.html">the original</a> on December 17, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monash.edu.au&rft.atitle=Flying+Wings+%3A+An+Anthology+%3A+John+Joseph+Montgomery+%281858%E2%80%931911%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctie.monash.edu.au%2Fhargrave%2Fmontgomery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharpe-77"><a href="#cite_ref-sharpe_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2000" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Michael (2000). Biplanes, Triplanes and Seaplanes. Friedman/Fairfax. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58663-300-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58663-300-4"><bdi>978-1-58663-300-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biplanes%2C+Triplanes+and+Seaplanes&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Friedman%2FFairfax&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58663-300-4&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.dayton.lib.oh.us/archives/wbcollection/wbscrapbooks1/WBScrapbooks10007.html">Dayton Metro Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090905015136/http://home.dayton.lib.oh.us/archives/wbcollection/wbscrapbooks1/WBScrapbooks10007.html">Archived</a> 2009-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Note: Dayton Metro Library has a document showing durations, distances and a list of witnesses to the long flights in late September-early October 1905. Retrieved: May 23, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> The life of John Gabel (1872–1955) and the history of his company is described in detail in an article well written by Rick Crandall. The article entitled "Diary Disclosures of John Gabel: A Pioneer in Automatic Music", based on an unpublished diary, was published in the autumn, 1984, newsletter of The Musical Box Society International (Vol. XXX, No. 2), and contains a lot of interesting historic information. Another story about John Gabel and his Automatic Entertainer appeared in the newsletter "Antique Phonograph Monthly" (Vol. VII, No. 8) published by Allen Koenigsberg in the summer, 1984. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juke-box.dk/gert-history88-13.htm">Gert J. Almind, "Jukebox History 1888–1913"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard" class="citation book cs1">Millard, Andre. "Gramophone". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. p. 512.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gramophone&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World&rft.pages=512&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ContinuumVictor-82"><a href="#cite_ref-ContinuumVictor_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornDavid_Sanjek" class="citation book cs1">Horn, David; David Sanjek. "Victor". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 768–769.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Victor&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World&rft.pages=768-769&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=David+Sanjek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaing" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Laing" title="Dave Laing">Laing, Dave</a>. "Advertising of Popular Music". The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. pp. 530–532.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Advertising+of+Popular+Music&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World&rft.pages=530-532&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Ralph S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyaviators.com/evuia.htm">"Traian Vuia"</a>. earlyaviators.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earlyaviators.com&rft.atitle=Traian+Vuia&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Ralph+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlyaviators.com%2Fevuia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickLanePatterson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dick, Ron; Lane, Amanda Wright; Patterson, Dan (2003). The Early Years (Aviation Century). Boston Mills Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55046-407-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55046-407-8"><bdi>1-55046-407-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Years+%28Aviation+Century%29&rft.pub=Boston+Mills+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55046-407-8&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Lane%2C+Amanda+Wright&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_D._Crouch" title="Tom D. Crouch">Crouch, Tom D.</a> (2004). Wings: A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32620-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32620-9"><bdi>0-393-32620-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wings%3A+A+History+of+Aviation+from+Kites+to+the+Space+Age&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-393-32620-9&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=Tom+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinterLinden2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Winter" title="Frank H. Winter">Winter, Frank H.</a>; Linden, F. Robert Van Der (2003). 100 Years of Flight: A Chronology of Aerospace History, 1903–2003. Library of Flight Series. <a href="/wiki/AIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="AIAA">AIAA</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56347-562-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56347-562-6"><bdi>1-56347-562-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Years+of+Flight%3A+A+Chronology+of+Aerospace+History%2C+1903%E2%80%932003&rft.series=Library+of+Flight+Series&rft.pub=AIAA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-56347-562-6&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rft.au=Linden%2C+F.+Robert+Van+Der&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Hansen" title="James R. Hansen">Hansen, James R.</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/First_Man:_The_Life_of_Neil_A._Armstrong" title="First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong">First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5631-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5631-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-5631-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Man%3A+The+Life+of+Neil+A.+Armstrong&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5631-5&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm">Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm">Archived</a> 2007-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde homologué par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)." </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm">"Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm">the original</a> on November 28, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Santos-Dumont%3A+Pionnier+de+l%27aviation%2C+dandy+de+la+Belle+Epoque.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeroclub.com%2Fsantos_dumont_14bis_index.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> JInes. Ernest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm">"Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> earlyaviators.com, December 25, 2006. Retrieved: August 17, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earlyradiohistory.us/1907fes.htm">"Experiments and Results in Wireless Telephony The American Telephone Journal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experiments+and+Results+in+Wireless+Telephony+The+American+Telephone+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearlyradiohistory.us%2F1907fes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leedeforest.org/inventor.html">"Old Site – Lee de Forest Invented the Radio Tube"</a>. leedeforest.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leedeforest.org&rft.atitle=Old+Site+%E2%80%93+Lee+de+Forest+Invented+the+Radio+Tube&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leedeforest.org%2Finventor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090922235252/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/40.html">"National Inventors Hall of Fame: "Lee Deforest""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invent.org/Hall_Of_Fame/40.html">the original</a> on September 22, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame%3A+%22Lee+Deforest%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invent.org%2FHall_Of_Fame%2F40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFessenden1940" class="citation book cs1">Fessenden, Helen May Trott (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4540711;view=1up;seq=167">Fessenden, Builder of Tomorrows</a>. New York: Coward-McCann. pp. 153–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0405060472" title="Special:BookSources/978-0405060472"><bdi>978-0405060472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fessenden%2C+Builder+of+Tomorrows&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=153-154&rft.pub=Coward-McCann&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-0405060472&rft.aulast=Fessenden&rft.aufirst=Helen+May+Trott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4540711%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ContinuumRadio-96"><a href="#cite_ref-ContinuumRadio_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnardDonna_Halper_and_Dave_Laing" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, Stephen; Donna Halper and Dave Laing. 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Twenty-Five Years of Chemical Engineering Progress. Ayer Publishing. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-0149-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-0149-8"><bdi>978-0-8369-0149-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twenty-Five+Years+of+Chemical+Engineering+Progress&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-0149-8&rft.au=American+Institute+of+Chemical+Engineers+Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHF-102"><a href="#cite_ref-CHF_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/leo-hendrik-baekeland">"Leo Hendrik Baekeland"</a>. 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Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/127">127–129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780941901123" title="Special:BookSources/9780941901123"><bdi>9780941901123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leo+Hendrik+Baekeland&rft.btitle=Chemical+achievers+%3A+the+human+face+of+the+chemical+sciences&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=127-129&rft.pub=Chemical+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780941901123&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemicalachiever0000bowd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-104"><a href="#cite_ref-time_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmato1999" class="citation web cs1">Amato, Ivan (March 29, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071106110739/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/baekeland.html">"Time 100: Leo Baekeland"</a>. 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Retrieved May 28, 2014. <q>Louis Lunch.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BBQ+USA%3A+425+Fiery+Recipes+from+All+Across+America&rft.pages=336-337&rft.pub=Workman+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780761120155&rft.au=Raichlen%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstevenraichlensb0000raic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-colin-113"><a href="#cite_ref-colin_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaplan,_Colin2013" class="citation book cs1">Caplan, Colin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KHEbAgAAQBAJ&q=Louis+Lunch&pg=PA108">Legendary Locals of New Haven</a>. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467100960" title="Special:BookSources/9781467100960"><bdi>9781467100960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legendary+Locals+of+New+Haven&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781467100960&rft.au=Caplan%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKHEbAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DLouis%2BLunch%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctm-114"><a href="#cite_ref-ctm_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctmuseumquest.com/?page_id=4954">"Burger at Louis' Lunch"</a>. Connecticut Museum Quest. 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Retrieved April 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=Oldest+man+in+the+world+dies+in+Venezuela+weeks+before+115th+birthday+-+CBS+News&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.aulast=Tabachnick&rft.aufirst=Cara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Foldest-man-guiness-world-records-juan-vicente-perez-dies-venezuela-before-115th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1900s" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-congodecline-2"><a href="#cite_ref-congodecline_2-0">^</a> "I suggest that it is impossible to separate deaths caused by massacre and starvation from those due to the pandemic of sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) which decimated central Africa at the time." - <a href="/wiki/Neal_Ascherson" title="Neal Ascherson">Neal Ascherson</a> (1999)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1900s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1900s">1900s</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/pricesandwages/1900-1909">Prices and Wages by Decade: 1900s</a>—Research guide from the University of Missouri Library shows average wages for various occupations and prices for common items from 1900 to 1909.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1900s&oldid=1259906652">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1900s&oldid=1259906652</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=1900s&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 27 November 2024, at 19:09 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1900" title="عقد 1900 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1900" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1900" title="Anyos 1900 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1900" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1900" title="Década de 1900 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década de 1900" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-c%C3%BC_ill%C9%99r" title="1900-cü illər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1900-cü illər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-an" title="1900-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1900-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1900 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1900 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%D1%8F" title="1900-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1900-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%D1%8F" title="1900-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1900-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%D1%82%D0%B5" title="1900-те – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1900-те" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-te" title="1900-te – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1900-te" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1900" title="Bloavezhioù 1900 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1900" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1900" title="Dècada del 1900 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1900" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1900-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1900-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%931909" title="1900–1909 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1900–1909" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900au" title="1900au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1900au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%27erne" title="1900'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1900'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1900" title="عوام 1900 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1900" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-lohku" title="1900-lohku – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1900-lohku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900er" title="1900er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1900er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900._aastad" title="1900. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1900. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_1900" title="Δεκαετία 1900 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεκαετία 1900" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1900" title="An 1900 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1900" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1900 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1900 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1900" title="Años 1900 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1900" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-aj_jaroj" title="1900-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1900-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900eko_hamarkada" title="1900eko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1900eko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۹۰۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۹۰۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%931909" title="1900–1909 – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1900–1909" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%C3%A1rini" title="1900-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1900-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1900" title="Années 1900 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1900" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-er_jierren" title="1900-er jierren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1900-er jierren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900id%C3%AD" title="1900idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1900idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900an" title="1900an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1900an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1900" title="Década de 1900 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1900" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="1900-гӀа шераш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="1900-гӀа шераш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1900年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1900年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_ngi%C3%A8n-thoi" title="1900 ngièn-thoi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="1900 ngièn-thoi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1900년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1900년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-ih" title="1900-ih – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1900-ih" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1900a" title="Yari 1900a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1900a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-an" title="1900-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1900-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annos_1900" title="Annos 1900 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Annos 1900" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%D1%82%C3%A6" title="1900-тæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1900-тæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901-1910" title="1901-1910 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1901-1910" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1900" title="Anni 1900 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1900" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-20" title="העשור הראשון של המאה ה-20 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העשור הראשון של המאה ה-20" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-an" title="1900-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1900-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1900-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1900-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1900" title="Miaka ya 1900 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1900" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1900-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1900-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94_1900" title="ທົດສະວັດ 1900 – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທົດສະວັດ 1900" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1900" title="Anni 1900 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anni 1900" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900._gadi" title="1900. gadi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1900. gadi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_am%C5%BEiaus_1-asis_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XX amžiaus 1-asis dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XX amžiaus 1-asis dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1900" title="Anni 1900 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1900" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-lugu_vuvvet" title="1900-lugu vuvvet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1900-lugu vuvvet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-as_%C3%A9vek" title="1900-as évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1900-as évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1900-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1900-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १९०० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १९०० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1900" title="عقد 1900 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1900" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-an" title="1900-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1900-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1900 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1900 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-1909" title="1900-1909 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1900-1909" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1900年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1900年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%C3%A5rene" title="1900-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1900-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1900" title="Annaées 1900 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1900" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1900" title="Ans 1900 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ans 1900" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-lar" title="1900-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1900-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="1900 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1900 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_1900._(dekada)" title="Lata 1900. (dekada) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lata 1900. (dekada)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1900" title="Década de 1900 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1900" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1900" title="Anii 1900 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1900" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_watakuna" title="1900 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1900 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1900-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1900-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%D1%81" title="1900-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1900-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900s" title="1900s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1900s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1900" title="Vitet 1900 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1900" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900ini" title="1900ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1900ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900s" title="1900s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1900s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/0._roky_20._storo%C4%8Dia" title="0. roky 20. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="0. roky 20. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900." title="1900. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1900." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%D0%B5" title="1900-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1900-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%931909" title="1900–1909 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1900–1909" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-an" title="1900-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1900-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-luvun_ensikymmen" title="1900-luvun ensikymmen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1900-luvun ensikymmen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-talet_(decennium)" title="1900-talet (decennium) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1900-talet (decennium)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1900கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1900கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1900-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1900-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1900" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1900 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1900" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1900_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1900 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1900 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%27ler" title="1900'ler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1900'ler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%931909" title="1900–1909 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1900–1909" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1900-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1900-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1900ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1900ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1900" title="Thập niên 1900 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1900" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1900" title="Anêyes 1900 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1900" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_nga_dekada" title="1900 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1900 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="1900ער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1900ער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1900年代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1900年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1900年代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1900年代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div 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