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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Conception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refinement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refinement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Refinement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refinement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-URLs_and_URNs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#URLs_and_URNs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>URLs and URNs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-URLs_and_URNs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_URIs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_URIs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Example URIs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_URIs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-URI_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#URI_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>URI references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-URI_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-URL_munging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#URL_munging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>URL munging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-URL_munging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_XML_namespaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_XML_namespaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Relation to XML namespaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_XML_namespaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Uniform Resource Identifier</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF" title="معرف الموارد الموحد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معرف الموارد الموحد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identificador_uniforme_de_recursos" title="Identificador uniforme de recursos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Identificador uniforme de recursos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Chtne_ressursiidentifikaator" title="Ühtne ressursiidentifikaator – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ühtne ressursiidentifikaator" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identificador_de_recursos_uniforme" title="Identificador de recursos uniforme – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Identificador de recursos uniforme" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شناسانه منبع یکسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شناسانه منبع یکسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%ED%95%A9_%EC%9E%90%EC%9B%90_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="통합 자원 식별자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통합 자원 식별자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88" title="यूआरआई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूआरआई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengidentifikasi_Sumber_Seragam" title="Pengidentifikasi Sumber Seragam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengidentifikasi Sumber Seragam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_identifier" title="Uniform resource identifier – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Uniform resource identifier" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienotais_resursu_identifikators" title="Vienotais resursu identifikators – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vienotais resursu identifikators" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="യൂണിഫോം റിസോഴ്സ് ഐഡന്റിഫയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂണിഫോം റിസോഴ്സ് ഐഡന്റിഫയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengecam_Sumber_Sejagat" title="Pengecam Sumber Sejagat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengecam Sumber Sejagat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_identifier" title="Uniform resource identifier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uniform resource identifier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL" title="URL – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="URL" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identificator_uniform_de_resurse" title="Identificator uniform de resurse – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Identificator uniform de resurse" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Uniform Resource Identifier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednotn%C3%BD_identifik%C3%A1tor_prostriedku" title="Jednotný identifikátor prostriedku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jednotný identifikátor prostriedku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="சீரான வள அடையாளங்காட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீரான வள அடையாளங்காட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Уніфікований ідентифікатор ресурсів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уніфікований ідентифікатор ресурсів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="یو آر آئی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یو آر آئی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI" title="URI – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="URI" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%83%E4%B8%80%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E8%A8%98%E8%AA%8D" title="劃一資源記認 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="劃一資源記認" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6" title="统一资源标识符 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="统一资源标识符" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=URI_scheme&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="URI scheme">URI scheme</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">String used to identify a name of a web or internet resource</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"URI" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/URI_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="URI (disambiguation)">URI (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Uniform Resource Identifier</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">URI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="nickname" lang="en">RFC 3986</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">2005</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First published</th><td class="infobox-data">January 2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data">RFC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_Thomas_Fielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Thomas Fielding">Roy Thomas Fielding</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">Larry Masinter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domain</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#section-1.1">https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#section-1.1</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>Uniform Resource Identifier</b> (<b>URI</b>), formerly <b>Universal Resource Identifier</b>, is a unique sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20051_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20051-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as resources on a webpage, mail address, phone number,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20057_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20057-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> books, real-world objects such as people and places, concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20055_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20055-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> URIs are used to identify anything described using the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> (RDF), for example, concepts that are part of an <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontology</a> defined using the <a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a> (OWL), and people who are described using the <a href="/wiki/FOAF_(ontology)" class="mw-redirect" title="FOAF (ontology)">Friend of a Friend vocabulary</a> would each have an individual URI. </p><p>URIs which provide a means of locating and <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">retrieving</a> information resources on a network (either on the Internet or on another private network, such as a computer filesystem or an <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">Intranet</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">Uniform Resource Locators</a> (<b>URLs</b>). Therefore, URLs are a subset of URIs, ie. every URL is a URI (and not necessarily the other way around).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20057_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20057-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other URIs provide only a unique name, without a means of locating or retrieving the resource or information about it; these are <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">Uniform Resource Names</a> (URNs). The web technologies that use URIs are not limited to <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conception">Conception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>URIs and URLs have a shared history. In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee's</a> proposals for <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> implicitly introduced the idea of a URL as a short string representing a resource that is the target of a <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlink</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, people referred to it as a "hypertext name"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "document name". </p><p>Over the next three and a half years, as the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web's</a> core technologies of <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> developed, a need to distinguish a string that provided an address for a resource from a string that merely named a resource emerged. Although not yet formally defined, the term <i>Uniform Resource Locator</i> came to represent the former, and the more contentious <i>Uniform Resource Name</i> came to represent the latter. In July 1992 Berners-Lee's report on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) "UDI (Universal Document Identifiers) <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_a_feather_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of a feather (computing)">BOF</a>" mentions URLs (as Uniform Resource Locators), URNs (originally, as Unique Resource Numbers), and the need to charter a new working group.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1992 the IETF "URI Working Group" met for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the debate over defining URLs and URNs, it became evident that the concepts embodied by the two terms were merely aspects of the fundamental, overarching, notion of resource <i>identification</i>. In June 1994, the IETF published Berners-Lee's first <i>Request for Comments</i> that acknowledged the existence of URLs and URNs. Most importantly, it defined a formal syntax for <i>Universal Resource Identifiers</i> (i.e. URL-like strings whose precise syntaxes and semantics depended on their schemes). In addition, the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1630">1630</a> attempted to summarize the syntaxes of URL schemes in use at the time. It acknowledged -- <i>but did not standardize</i>—the existence of relative URLs and fragment identifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1630_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1630-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refinement">Refinement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Refinement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1738">1738</a> formally defined relative and absolute URLs, refined the general URL syntax, defined how to resolve relative URLs to absolute form, and better enumerated the URL schemes then in use.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1738_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1738-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreed definition and syntax of URNs had to wait until the publication of IETF <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2141">2141</a><sup id="cite_ref-rfc2141_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2141-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in May 1997. </p><p>The publication of IETF <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">2396</a><sup id="cite_ref-rfc2396_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2396-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in August 1998 saw the URI syntax become a separate specification<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2396_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2396-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most of the parts of RFCs 1630 and 1738 relating to URIs and URLs in general were revised and expanded by the IETF. The new RFC changed the meaning of <i>U</i> in <i>URI</i> from "Universal" to "Uniform." </p><p>In December 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2732">2732</a><sup id="cite_ref-rfc2732_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2732-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided a minor update to RFC 2396, allowing URIs to accommodate <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> addresses. A number of shortcomings discovered in the two specifications led to a community effort, coordinated by RFC 2396 co-author <a href="/wiki/Roy_Fielding" title="Roy Fielding">Roy Fielding</a>, that culminated in the publication of IETF <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a><sup id="cite_ref-rfc3986_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in January 2005. While obsoleting the prior standard, it did not render the details of existing URL schemes obsolete; RFC 1738 continues to govern such schemes except where otherwise superseded. IETF <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616">2616</a><sup id="cite_ref-rfc2616_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2616-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, refines the <code>http</code> scheme. Simultaneously, the IETF published the content of RFC 3986 as the full standard STD 66, reflecting the establishment of the URI generic syntax as an official Internet protocol. </p><p>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium's</a> (W3C) Technical Architecture Group (TAG) published a guide to <a href="/wiki/Best_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Best practices">best practices</a> and canonical URIs for publishing multiple versions of a given resource.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, content might differ by language or by size to adjust for capacity or settings of the device used to access that content. </p><p>In August 2002, IETF <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3305">3305</a><sup id="cite_ref-rfc3305_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3305-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pointed out that the term "URL" had, despite widespread public use, faded into near obsolescence, and serves only as a reminder that some URIs act as addresses by having schemes implying network accessibility, regardless of any such actual use. As URI-based standards such as <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> make evident, resource identification need not suggest the retrieval of resource representations over the Internet, nor need they imply network-based resources at all. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a> uses the HTTP URI scheme to identify both documents and concepts for practical uses, a distinction which has caused confusion as to how to distinguish the two. The <i>TAG</i> published an e-mail in 2005 with a solution of the problem, which became known as the <i>httpRange-14 resolution</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The W3C subsequently published an Interest Group Note titled <i>Cool URIs for the Semantic Web</i>, which explained the use of <a href="/wiki/Content_negotiation" title="Content negotiation">content negotiation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/HTTP_303" title="HTTP 303">HTTP 303</a> response code for redirections in more detail.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="URLs_and_URNs">URLs and URNs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: URLs and URNs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">Uniform Resource Name</a> (URN) is a URI that identifies a resource by name in a particular namespace. A URN may be used to talk about a resource without implying its location or how to access it. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">International Standard Book Number</a> (ISBN) system, <i>ISBN 0-486-27557-4</i> identifies a specific edition of the <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> play <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i>. The URN for that edition would be <i>urn:isbn:0-486-27557-4</i>. However, it gives no information as to where to find a copy of that book. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">Uniform Resource Locator</a> (URL) is a URI that specifies the means of acting upon or obtaining the representation of a resource, i.e. specifying both its primary access mechanism and network location. For example, the URL <code>http://example.org/wiki/Main_Page</code> refers to a resource identified as <code>/wiki/Main_Page</code>, whose representation is obtainable via the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (<i>http:</i>) from a network host whose <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain name</a> is <code>example.org</code>. (In this case, HTTP usually implies it to be in the form of <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and related code. In practice, that is not necessarily the case, as HTTP allows specifying arbitrary formats in its header.) </p><p>A URN is analogous to a person's name, while a URL is analogous to their street address. In other words, a URN identifies an item and a URL provides a method for finding it. </p><p> Technical publications, especially standards produced by the IETF and by the W3C, normally reflect a view outlined in a <a href="/wiki/W3C_Recommendation" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C Recommendation">W3C Recommendation</a> of 30 July 2001, which acknowledges the precedence of the term URI rather than endorsing any formal subdivision into URL and URN. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>URL is a useful but informal concept: a URL is a type of URI that identifies a resource via a representation of its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network "location"), rather than by some other attributes it may have.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As such, a URL is simply a URI that happens to point to a resource over a network.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc3305_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3305-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in non-technical contexts and in software for the World Wide Web, the term "URL" remains widely used. Additionally, the term "web address" (which has no formal definition) often occurs in non-technical publications as a synonym for a URI that uses the <i>http</i> or <i>https</i> schemes. Such assumptions can lead to confusion, for example, in the case of XML namespaces that have a <a href="#Relation_to_XML_namespaces">visual similarity to resolvable URIs</a>. </p><p> Specifications produced by the <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a> prefer <i>URL</i> over <i>URI</i>, and so newer HTML5 APIs use <i>URL</i> over <i>URI</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Standardize on the term URL. URI and IRI [Internationalized Resource Identifier] are just confusing. In practice a single algorithm is used for both so keeping them distinct is not helping anyone. URL also easily wins the search result popularity contest.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While most URI schemes were originally designed to be used with a particular <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (computing)">protocol</a>, and often have the same name, they are semantically different from protocols. For example, the scheme <i>http</i> is generally used for interacting with <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">web resources</a> using HTTP, but the scheme <i><a href="/wiki/File_URI_scheme" title="File URI scheme">file</a></i> has no protocol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax"><span class="anchor" id="syntax"></span> Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_URI_schemes" title="List of URI schemes">List of URI schemes</a></div> <p>A URI has a scheme that refers to a specification for assigning identifiers within that scheme. As such, the URI syntax is a federated and extensible naming system wherein each scheme's specification may further restrict the syntax and semantics of identifiers using that scheme. The URI generic syntax is a superset of the syntax of all URI schemes. It was first defined in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">2396</a>, published in August 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2396_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2396-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finalized in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>, published in January 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200546_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200546-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A URI is composed from an allowed set of <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> characters consisting of <a href="/wiki/Filename" title="Filename">reserved characters</a> (gen-delims: <code>:</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>?</code>, <code>#</code>, <code>[</code>, <code>]</code>, and <code>@</code>; sub-delims: <code>!</code>, <code>$</code>, <code>&</code>, <code>'</code>, <code>(</code>, <code>)</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>+</code>, <code>,</code>, <code>;</code>, and <code>=</code>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200513–14_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200513–14-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unreserved characters (<a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">uppercase and lowercase letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">decimal digits</a>, <code>-</code>, <code>.</code>, <code>_</code>, and <code>~</code>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200513–14_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200513–14-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the character <code>%</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200512_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syntax components and subcomponents are separated by <i>delimiters</i> from the reserved characters (only from generic reserved characters for components) and define <i>identifying data</i> represented as unreserved characters, reserved characters that do not act as delimiters in the component and subcomponent respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3986_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §2">: §2 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Percent-encoding" title="Percent-encoding">percent-encodings</a> when the corresponding character is outside the allowed set or is being used as a delimiter of, or within, the component. A percent-encoding of an identifying data <a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octet</a> is a sequence of three characters, consisting of the character <code>%</code> followed by the two hexadecimal digits representing that octet's numeric value.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3986_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §2.1">: §2.1 </span></sup> </p><p>The URI generic syntax consists of five <i>components</i> organized hierarchically in order of decreasing significance from left to right:<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3986_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §3">: §3 </span></sup> </p> <pre>URI = scheme ":" ["//" authority] path ["?" query] ["#" fragment] </pre> <p>A component is <i>undefined</i> if it has an associated delimiter and the delimiter does not appear in the URI; the scheme and path components are always defined.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3986_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §5.2.1">: §5.2.1 </span></sup> A component is <i>empty</i> if it has no characters; the scheme component is always non-empty.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3986_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §3">: §3 </span></sup> </p><p>The authority component consists of <i>subcomponents</i>: </p> <pre>authority = [userinfo "@"] host [":" port] </pre> <p>This is represented in a <a href="/wiki/Syntax_diagram" title="Syntax diagram">syntax diagram</a> as: </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:URI_syntax_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="URI syntax diagram"><img alt="URI syntax diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/URI_syntax_diagram.svg/1068px-URI_syntax_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1068" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/URI_syntax_diagram.svg/1602px-URI_syntax_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/URI_syntax_diagram.svg/2136px-URI_syntax_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </p><p>The URI comprises: </p> <ul><li>A non-empty <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="scheme"></span><span class="vanchor-text">scheme</span></span></b> component followed by a colon (<code>:</code>), consisting of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus (<code>+</code>), period (<code>.</code>), or hyphen (<code>-</code>). Although schemes are case-insensitive, the canonical form is lowercase and documents that specify schemes must do so with lowercase letters. Examples of popular schemes include <code><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">http</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/HTTP_Secure" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP Secure">https</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">ftp</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Mailto" title="Mailto">mailto</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/File_URI_scheme" title="File URI scheme">file</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Data_URI_scheme" title="Data URI scheme">data</a></code> and <code><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat#URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">irc</a></code>. URI schemes should be registered with the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)</a>, although non-registered schemes are used in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An optional <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="authority"></span><span class="vanchor-text">authority</span></span></b> component preceded by two slashes (<code>//</code>), comprising: <ul><li>An optional <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="userinfo"></span><span class="vanchor-text">userinfo</span></span></b> subcomponent followed by an at symbol (<code>@</code>), that may consist of a <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">user name</a> and an optional <a href="/wiki/Password" title="Password">password</a> preceded by a colon (<code>:</code>). Use of the format <code>username:password</code> in the userinfo subcomponent is deprecated for security reasons. Applications should not render as clear text any data after the first colon (<code>:</code>) found within a userinfo subcomponent unless the data after the colon is the empty string (indicating no password).</li> <li>A <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="host"></span><span class="vanchor-text">host</span></span></b> subcomponent, consisting of either a registered name (including but not limited to a <a href="/wiki/Hostname" title="Hostname">hostname</a>) or an <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>. <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> addresses must be in <a href="/wiki/Dot-decimal_notation" title="Dot-decimal notation">dot-decimal notation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> addresses must be enclosed in brackets (<code>[]</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3986_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §3.2.2">: §3.2.2 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An optional <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="port"></span><span class="vanchor-text">port</span></span></b> subcomponent preceded by a colon (<code>:</code>), consisting of decimal digits.</li></ul></li> <li>A <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="path"></span><span class="vanchor-text">path</span></span></b> component, consisting of a sequence of path segments separated by a slash (<code>/</code>). A path is always defined for a URI, though the defined path may be empty (zero length). A segment may also be empty, resulting in two consecutive slashes (<code>//</code>) in the path component. A path component may resemble or map exactly to a <a href="/wiki/Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">file system path</a> but does not always imply a relation to one. If an authority component is defined, then the path component must either be empty or begin with a slash (<code>/</code>). If an authority component is undefined, then the path cannot begin with an empty segment—that is, with two slashes (<code>//</code>)—since the following characters would be interpreted as an authority component.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2396_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2396-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §3.3">: §3.3 </span></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>By convention, in <b>http</b> and <b>https</b> URIs, the last part of a <i>path</i> is named <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="pathinfo"></span><span class="vanchor-text">pathinfo</span></span></b> and it is optional. It is composed by zero or more path segments that do not refer to an existing physical resource name (e.g. a file, an internal module program or an executable program) but to a logical part (e.g. a command or a qualifier part) that has to be passed separately to the first part of the path that identifies an executable module or program managed by a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>; this is often used to select dynamic content (a document, etc.) or to tailor it as requested (see also: <a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a> and PATH_INFO, etc.).</dd> <dd>Example: <dl><dd>URI: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"http://www.example.com/questions/3456/my-document"</code></dd> <dd>where: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"/questions"</code> is the first part of the <i>path</i> (an executable module or program) and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"/3456/my-document"</code> is the second part of the <i>path</i> named <i>pathinfo</i>, which is passed to the executable module or program named <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"/questions"</code> to select the requested document.</dd></dl></dd> <dd>An <b>http</b> or <b>https</b> URI containing a <i>pathinfo</i> part without a <a href="#query">query</a> part may also be referred to as a '<a href="/wiki/Clean_URL" title="Clean URL">clean URL</a>,' whose last part may be a '<a href="/wiki/Clean_URL#Slug" title="Clean URL">slug</a>.'</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; font-size: 0.9em; margin-left: 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th>Query delimiter </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ampersand (<code>&</code>) </td> <td><code>key1=value1&key2=value2</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Semicolon (<code>;</code>)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><code>key1=value1;key2=value2</code> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>An optional <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="query"></span><span class="vanchor-text">query</span></span></b> component preceded by a question mark (<code>?</code>), consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Query_string" title="Query string">query string</a> of non-hierarchical data. Its syntax is not well defined, but by convention is most often a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Attribute%E2%80%93value_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Attribute–value pair">attribute–value pairs</a> separated by a <a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimiter</a>.</li> <li>An optional <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="fragment"></span><span class="vanchor-text">fragment</span></span></b> component preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">hash</a> (<code>#</code>). The fragment contains a <a href="/wiki/Fragment_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragment identifier">fragment identifier</a> providing direction to a secondary resource, such as a section heading in an article identified by the remainder of the URI. When the primary resource is an <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> document, the fragment is often an <a href="/wiki/HTML#Attributes" title="HTML"><code>id</code> attribute</a> of a specific element, and web browsers will scroll this element into view.</li></ul> <p>The scheme- or implementation-specific reserved character <code>+</code> may be used in the scheme, userinfo, host, path, query, and fragment, and the scheme- or implementation-specific reserved characters <code>!</code>, <code>$</code>, <code>&</code>, <code>'</code>, <code>(</code>, <code>)</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>,</code>, <code>;</code>, and <code>=</code> may be used in the userinfo, host, path, query, and fragment. Additionally, the generic reserved character <code>:</code> may be used in the userinfo, path, query and fragment, the generic reserved characters <code>@</code> and <code>/</code> may be used in the path, query and fragment, and the generic reserved character <code>?</code> may be used in the query and fragment.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3986_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §A">: §A </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_URIs">Example URIs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Example URIs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following figure displays example URIs and their component parts. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1195917819">.mw-parser-output .pre-borderless{border:none}</style><pre class="pre"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">userinfo</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 177, 17)">host</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">port</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">┌──┴───┐</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 177, 17)">┌──────┴──────┐</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">┌┴─┐</span> https://john.doe@www.example.com:1234/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">└─┬─┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(176, 0, 177)">└─────────────┬─────────────┘</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">└───────┬───────┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 178, 17)">└────────────┬────────────┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">└┬┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">scheme</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(176, 0, 177)">authority</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">path</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 178, 17)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 178, 17)">query</span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">fragment</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">userinfo</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 177, 17)">host</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">port</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">┌──┴───┐</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 177, 17)">┌──────┴──────┐</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">┌┴─┐</span> https://john.doe@www.example.com:1234/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#:~:text=whatever <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">└─┬─┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(176, 0, 177)">└─────────────┬─────────────┘</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">└───────┬───────┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 178, 17)">└────────────┬────────────┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">└───────┬───────┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">scheme</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(176, 0, 177)">authority</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">path</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 178, 17)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 178, 17)">query</span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">fragment</span> ldap://[2001:db8::7]/c=GB?objectClass?one <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">└┬─┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(176, 0, 177)">└─────┬─────┘</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">└─┬─┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 178, 17)">└──────┬──────┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">scheme</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(176, 0, 177)">authority</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">path</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 178, 17)">query</span> mailto:John.Doe@example.com <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">└─┬──┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">└────┬─────────────┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">scheme</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">path</span> news:comp.infosystems.www.servers.unix <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">└┬─┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">└─────────────┬─────────────────┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">scheme</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">path</span> tel:+1-816-555-1212 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">└┬┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">└──────┬──────┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">scheme</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">path</span> telnet://192.0.2.16:80/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">└─┬──┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(176, 0, 177)">└─────┬─────┘</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">│</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">scheme</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(176, 0, 177)">authority</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">path</span> urn:oasis:names:specification:docbook:dtd:xml:4.1.2 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">└┬┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">└──────────────────────┬──────────────────────┘</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(178, 111, 0)">scheme</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:rgb(0, 76, 178)">path</span></pre> <p>DOIs (<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">digital object identifiers</a>) fit within the <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">Handle System</a> and fit within the URI system, <a href="/wiki/Handle_System#DOIs-Handles-URIs" title="Handle System">as facilitated by appropriate syntax</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="URI_references">URI references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: URI references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>URI reference</i> is either a URI or a <i>relative reference</i> when it does not begin with a scheme component followed by a colon (<code>:</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3986_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §4.1">: §4.1 </span></sup> A path segment that contains a colon character (e.g., <code>foo:bar</code>) cannot be used as the first path segment of a relative reference if its path component does not begin with a slash (<code>/</code>), as it would be mistaken for a scheme component. Such a path segment must be preceded by a dot path segment (e.g., <code>./foo:bar</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3986_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §4.2">: §4.2 </span></sup> </p><p>Web document <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup languages</a> frequently use URI references to point to other resources, such as external documents or specific portions of the same logical document:<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3986_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §4.4">: §4.4 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, the value of the <code>src</code> attribute of the <code>img</code> element provides a URI reference, as does the value of the <code>href</code> attribute of the <code>a</code> or <code>link</code> element;</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, the <a href="/wiki/System_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="System identifier">system identifier</a> appearing after the <code>SYSTEM</code> keyword in a <a href="/wiki/Document_Type_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Document Type Definition">DTD</a> is a fragmentless URI reference;</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a>, the value of the <code>href</code> attribute of the <code>xsl:import</code> element/instruction is a URI reference; likewise the first argument to the <code>document()</code> function.</li></ul> <pre>https://example.com/path/resource.txt#fragment //example.com/path/resource.txt /path/resource.txt path/resource.txt ../resource.txt ./resource.txt resource.txt #fragment </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolution">Resolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Resolving</i> a URI reference against a <i>base URI</i> results in a <i>target URI</i>. This implies that the base URI exists and is an <i>absolute URI</i> (a URI with no fragment component). The base URI can be obtained, in order of precedence, from:<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3986_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §5.1">: §5.1 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>the reference URI itself if it is a URI;</li> <li>the content of the representation;</li> <li>the entity encapsulating the representation;</li> <li>the URI used for the actual retrieval of the representation;</li> <li>the context of the application.</li></ul> <p>Within a representation with a well defined base URI of </p> <pre>http://a/b/c/d;p?q </pre> <p>a relative reference is resolved to its target URI as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3986_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §5.4">: §5.4 </span></sup> </p> <pre>"g:h" -> "g:h" "g" -> "http://a/b/c/g" "./g" -> "http://a/b/c/g" "g/" -> "http://a/b/c/g/" "/g" -> "http://a/g" "//g" -> "http://g" "?y" -> "http://a/b/c/d;p?y" "g?y" -> "http://a/b/c/g?y" "#s" -> "http://a/b/c/d;p?q#s" "g#s" -> "http://a/b/c/g#s" "g?y#s" -> "http://a/b/c/g?y#s" ";x" -> "http://a/b/c/;x" "g;x" -> "http://a/b/c/g;x" "g;x?y#s" -> "http://a/b/c/g;x?y#s" "" -> "http://a/b/c/d;p?q" "." -> "http://a/b/c/" "./" -> "http://a/b/c/" ".." -> "http://a/b/" "../" -> "http://a/b/" "../g" -> "http://a/b/g" "../.." -> "http://a/" "../../" -> "http://a/" "../../g" -> "http://a/g" </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="URL_munging">URL munging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: URL munging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>URL munging is a technique by which a <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a> is appended to a URL, usually at the end, after a "?" <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis#Token" title="Lexical analysis">token</a>. It is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a> as a mechanism of adding functionality to <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>. In a versioning system, for example, to add a "checkout" command to a URL, it is written as <code>http://editing.com/resource/file.php?command=checkout</code>. It has the advantage of both being easy for <a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI parsers</a> and also acts as an intermediary between HTTP and underlying resource, in this case.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitehead199838_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead199838-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_XML_namespaces">Relation to XML namespaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relation to XML namespaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, a <a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">namespace</a> is an abstract domain to which a collection of element and attribute names can be assigned. The namespace name is a character string which must adhere to the generic URI syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison2006_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the name is generally not considered to be a URI,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold2004_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the URI specification bases the decision not only on lexical components, but also on their intended use. A namespace name does not necessarily imply any of the semantics of URI schemes; for example, a namespace name beginning with <i>http:</i> may have no connotation to the use of the <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>. </p><p>Originally, the namespace name could match the syntax of any non-empty URI reference, but the use of relative URI references was deprecated by the W3C.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A separate W3C specification for namespaces in XML 1.1 permits <a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">Internationalized Resource Identifier</a> (IRI) references to serve as the basis for namespace names in addition to URI references.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2006_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2006-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Resource_Identifier" title="Extensible Resource Identifier">Extensible Resource Identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">Internationalized Resource Identifier</a> (IRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_resource_locator" title="Internet resource locator">Internet resource locator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_uniform_resource_locator" title="Persistent uniform resource locator">Persistent uniform resource locator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Naming_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Naming Convention">Uniform Naming Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Directory_Description_Language" title="Resource Directory Description Language">Resource Directory Description Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier" title="Universally unique identifier">Universally unique identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_URI_schemes" title="List of URI schemes">List of URI schemes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A report published in 2002 by a joint W3C/IETF working group aimed to normalize the divergent views held within the IETF and W3C over the relationship between the various 'UR*' terms and standards. While not published as a full standard by either organization, it has become the basis for the above common understanding and has informed many standards since then.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The procedures for registering new URI schemes were originally defined in 1999 by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2717">2717</a>, and are now defined by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7595">7595</a>, published in June 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7595_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7595-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For URIs relating to resources on the World Wide Web, some web browsers allow <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.0</code> portions of dot-decimal notation to be dropped or raw integer IP addresses to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866">1866</a> (obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2854">2854</a>) encourages CGI authors to support ';' in addition to '&'.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1866_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1866-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §8.2.1">: §8.2.1 </span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20051-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20051_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Masinter, Larry 2005</a>, p. 1, "Abstract"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20057-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20057_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20057_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Masinter, Larry 2005</a>, p. 7; "1.1.2. Examples", "1.1.3. URI, URL, and URN"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20055-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry20055_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Masinter, Larry 2005</a>, p. 5, "Resource: the term "resource" is used in a general sense for whatever might be identified by a URI"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer" class="citation web cs1">Palmer, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infomesh.net/html/history/early/">"The Early History of HTML"</a>. <i>infomesh.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infomesh.net&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+HTML&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfomesh.net%2Fhtml%2Fhistory%2Fearly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/Addressing/Addressing.html">"W3 Naming Schemes"</a>. <i>www.w3.org</i>. 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=W3+Naming+Schemes&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FHistory%2F19921103-hypertext%2Fhypertext%2FWWW%2FAddressing%2FAddressing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/24.pdf">"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Internet Engineering Task Force"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 193<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Twenty-Fourth+Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.pages=193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fproceedings%2F24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/25.pdf">"Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Internet Engineering Task Force"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 501<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Twenty-Fifth+Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.pages=501&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fproceedings%2F25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1630-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc1630_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-Lee1994" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a> (June 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1630"><i>Universal Resource Identifiers in WWW: A Unifying Syntax for the Expression of Names and Addresses of Objects on the Network as used in the World-Wide Web</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1630">10.17487/RFC1630</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1630">1630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+Resource+Identifiers+in+WWW%3A+A+Unifying+Syntax+for+the+Expression+of+Names+and+Addresses+of+Objects+on+the+Network+as+used+in+the+World-Wide+Web&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1994-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1630&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Informational.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1738-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc1738_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Berners-LeeL._MasinterM._McCahill1994" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">T. Berners-Lee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">L. Masinter</a>; M. McCahill (December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1738"><i>Uniform Resource Locators (URL)</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1738">10.17487/RFC1738</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1738">1738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniform+Resource+Locators+%28URL%29&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1738&rft.au=T.+Berners-Lee&rft.au=L.+Masinter&rft.au=M.+McCahill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Obsolete.</i> Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4248">4248</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4266">4266</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1808">1808</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2368">2368</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">2396</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6196">6196</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6270">6270</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8089">8089</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2141-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2141_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Moats1997" class="citation cs1">R. Moats (May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2141"><i>URN Syntax</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2141">10.17487/RFC2141</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2141">2141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=URN+Syntax&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1997-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2141&rft.au=R.+Moats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Proposed Standard.</i> Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8141">8141</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2396-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2396_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2396_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2396_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2396_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Berners-LeeR._FieldingL._Masinter1998" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">T. Berners-Lee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_Fielding" title="Roy Fielding">R. Fielding</a>; L. Masinter (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396"><i>Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2396">10.17487/RFC2396</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">2396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniform+Resource+Identifiers+%28URI%29%3A+Generic+Syntax&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2396&rft.au=T.+Berners-Lee&rft.au=R.+Fielding&rft.au=L.+Masinter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Obsolete.</i> Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2732">2732</a>. Updates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1808">1808</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1738">1738</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2732-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2732_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._HindenB._CarpenterL._Masinter1999" class="citation cs1">R. Hinden; B. Carpenter; L. Masinter (December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2732"><i>Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2732">10.17487/RFC2732</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2732">2732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Format+for+Literal+IPv6+Addresses+in+URL%27s&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2732&rft.au=R.+Hinden&rft.au=B.+Carpenter&rft.au=L.+Masinter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Obsolete.</i> Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc3986-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3986_13-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Berners-LeeR._FieldingL._Masinter2005" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">T. Berners-Lee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_Fielding" title="Roy Fielding">R. Fielding</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">L. Masinter</a> (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986"><i>Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3986">10.17487/RFC3986</a></span>. STD 66. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniform+Resource+Identifier+%28URI%29%3A+Generic+Syntax&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3986&rft.au=T.+Berners-Lee&rft.au=R.+Fielding&rft.au=L.+Masinter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Internet Standard 66.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2732">2732</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">2396</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1808">1808</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6874">6874</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7320">7320</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8820">8820</a>. Updates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1738">1738</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2616-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2616_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._FieldingJ._GettysJ._MogulH._Frystyk1999" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Fielding" title="Roy Fielding">R. Fielding</a>; J. Gettys; J. Mogul; <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Frystyk_Nielsen" title="Henrik Frystyk Nielsen">H. Frystyk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">L. Masinter</a>; P. Leach; <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">T. Berners-Lee</a> (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616"><i>Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2616">10.17487/RFC2616</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616">2616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypertext+Transfer+Protocol+--+HTTP%2F1.1&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1999-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2616&rft.au=R.+Fielding&rft.au=J.+Gettys&rft.au=J.+Mogul&rft.au=H.+Frystyk&rft.au=L.+Masinter&rft.au=P.+Leach&rft.au=T.+Berners-Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Obsolete.</i> Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230">7230</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231">7231</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232">7232</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7233">7233</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7234">7234</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7235">7235</a>. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2068">2068</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2817">2817</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5785">5785</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6266">6266</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6585">6585</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman2006" class="citation web cs1">Raman, T.V. (2006-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/doc/alternatives-discovery.html">"On Linking Alternative Representations To Enable Discovery And Publishing"</a>. <i>www.w3.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=On+Linking+Alternative+Representations+To+Enable+Discovery+And+Publishing&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=T.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2001%2Ftag%2Fdoc%2Falternatives-discovery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc3305-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3305_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3305_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeallingDenenberg2002" class="citation cs1">Mealling, Michael H.; Denenberg, Ray (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3305"><i>Report from the Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning Interest Group: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), URLs, and Uniform Resource Names (URNs): Clarifications and Recommendations</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3305">10.17487/RFC3305</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3305">3305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+from+the+Joint+W3C%2FIETF+URI+Planning+Interest+Group%3A+Uniform+Resource+Identifiers+%28URIs%29%2C+URLs%2C+and+Uniform+Resource+Names+%28URNs%29%3A+Clarifications+and+Recommendations&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3305&rft.aulast=Mealling&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft.au=Denenberg%2C+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Informational.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFielding2005" class="citation web cs1">Fielding, Roy (2005-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-tag/2005Jun/0039.html">"[httpRange-14] Resolved"</a>. <i>lists.w3.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lists.w3.org&rft.atitle=%5BhttpRange-14%5D+Resolved&rft.date=2005-06-18&rft.aulast=Fielding&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Fwww-tag%2F2005Jun%2F0039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauermann2008" class="citation web cs1">Sauermann, Leo (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris/">"Cool URIs for the Semantic Web"</a>. <i>www.w3.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=Cool+URIs+for+the+Semantic+Web&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Sauermann&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fcooluris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFURI_Planning_Interest_Group,_W3C/IETF2001" class="citation web cs1">URI Planning Interest Group, W3C/IETF (September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/uri-clarification/">"URIs, URLs, and URNs: Clarifications and Recommendations 1.0"</a>. <i>www.w3.org</i>. W3C/IETF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=URIs%2C+URLs%2C+and+URNs%3A+Clarifications+and+Recommendations+1.0&rft.date=2001-09&rft.au=URI+Planning+Interest+Group%2C+W3C%2FIETF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Furi-clarification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#url-apis-elsewhere">"URL Standard: 6.3. URL APIs elsewhere"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=URL+Standard%3A+6.3.+URL+APIs+elsewhere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furl.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23url-apis-elsewhere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#goals">"URL Standard: Goals"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=URL+Standard%3A+Goals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furl.spec.whatwg.org%2F%23goals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200546-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200546_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Masinter, Larry 2005</a>, p. 46; "9. Acknowledgements"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200513–14-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200513–14_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200513–14_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Masinter, Larry 2005</a>, pp. 13–14; "2.2. Reserved Characters", "2.3. Unreserved Characters"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200512-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry200512_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Masinter, Larry 2005</a>, pp. 12; "2.1. Percent-Encoding"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc7595-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc7595_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenHardie2015" class="citation cs1">Hansen, Tony; Hardie, Ted (June 2015). Thaler, Dave (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7595"><i>Guidelines and Registration Procedures for URI Schemes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7595">10.17487/RFC7595</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. BCP 35. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7595">7595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidelines+and+Registration+Procedures+for+URI+Schemes&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7595&rft.issn=2070-1721&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Hardie%2C+Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Best Current Practice.</i> Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8615">8615</a>. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4395">4395</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence2014-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence2014_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawrence2014">Lawrence (2014)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1866-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc1866_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-LeeConnolly1995" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; Connolly, Daniel W. (November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866"><i>Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1866">10.17487/RFC1866</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866">1866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypertext+Markup+Language+-+2.0&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1995-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1866&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Connolly%2C+Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Historic.</i> Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2854">2854</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead199838-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitehead199838_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitehead1998">Whitehead 1998</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2006-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison2006_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrison2006">Morrison (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold2004-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold2004_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold2004">Harold (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2009-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2009_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW3C2009">W3C (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW3C2006-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW3C2006_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW3C2006">W3C (2006)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-Lee,_Tim;_Fielding,_Roy_T.;_Masinter,_Larry2005" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_Fielding" title="Roy Fielding">Fielding, Roy T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">Masinter, Larry</a> (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986"><i>RFC 3986 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax</i></a>. Internet Engineering Task Force. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3986">10.17487/RFC3986</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+3986+Uniform+Resource+Identifier+%28URI%29%3A+Generic+Syntax&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3986&rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C+Tim%3B+Fielding%2C+Roy+T.%3B+Masinter%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Identifier&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elliotte_Rusty_Harold" title="Elliotte Rusty Harold">Harold, Elliotte Rusty</a> (2004). <i>XML 1.1 Bible</i> (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Publishing">Wiley Publishing</a>. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-4986-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-4986-1"><bdi>978-0-7645-4986-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=XML+1.1+Bible&rft.pages=291&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Wiley+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7645-4986-1&rft.aulast=Harold&rft.aufirst=Elliotte+Rusty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIETF2015" class="citation cs1">Hansen, Tony; Hardie, Ted (June 2015). Thaler, Dave (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7595">"Guidelines and Registration Procedures for URI Schemes"</a>. <i>IETF Request for Comments (RFC) Pages - Test</i>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7595">10.17487/RFC7595</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7595">7595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IETF+Request+for+Comments+%28RFC%29+Pages+-+Test&rft.atitle=Guidelines+and+Registration+Procedures+for+URI+Schemes&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7595&rft.issn=2070-1721&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Hardie%2C+Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wayne_Morrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Wayne Morrison">Morrison, Michael Wayne</a> (2006). "Hour 5: <i>Putting Namespaces to Use</i>". <i>Sams Teach Yourself XML</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sams_Publishing" title="Sams Publishing">Sams Publishing</a>. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hour+5%3A+Putting+Namespaces+to+Use&rft.btitle=Sams+Teach+Yourself+XML&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Sams+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Michael+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFURI_Planning_Interest_Group2009" class="citation web cs1">URI Planning Interest Group, W3C/IETF (2001-09-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/uri-clarification/">"URIs, URLs, and URNs: Clarifications and Recommendations 1.0"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=URIs%2C+URLs%2C+and+URNs%3A+Clarifications+and+Recommendations+1.0&rft.date=2001-09-21&rft.au=URI+Planning+Interest+Group%2C+W3C%2FIETF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Furi-clarification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW3C2001" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/2001/tag/doc/alternatives-discovery.html">"On Linking Alternative Representations To Enable Discovery And Publishing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 2006 [2001]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Linking+Alternative+Representations+To+Enable+Discovery+And+Publishing&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2001%2Ftag%2Fdoc%2Falternatives-discovery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW3C2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Bray" title="Tim Bray">Bray, Tim</a>; Hollander, Dave; Layman, Andrew; Tobin, Richard, eds. (2006-08-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/#iri-use">"Namespaces in XML 1.1 (Second Edition)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 2.2 Use of URIs as Namespace Names<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Namespaces+in+XML+1.1+%28Second+Edition%29&rft.pages=2.2+Use+of+URIs+as+Namespace+Names&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2006-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FREC-xml-names%2F%23iri-use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW3C2008" class="citation web cs1">Ayers, Danny; Völkel, Max (2008-12-03). Sauermann, Leo; Cyganiak, Richard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris/">"Cool URIs for the Semantic Web"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cool+URIs+for+the+Semantic+Web&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=V%C3%B6lkel%2C+Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fcooluris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW3C2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Bray" title="Tim Bray">Bray, Tim</a>; Hollander, Dave; Layman, Andrew; Tobin, Richard; Thompson, Henry S., eds. (2009-12-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/#iri-use">"Namespaces in XML 1.0 (Third Edition)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 2.2 Use of URIs as Namespace Names<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Namespaces+in+XML+1.0+%28Third+Edition%29&rft.pages=2.2+Use+of+URIs+as+Namespace+Names&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2009-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FREC-xml-names%2F%23iri-use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRFC_18661995" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Connolly_(computer_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Connolly (computer scientist)">Connolly, Daniel "Dan"</a> (November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866#section-8.2.1"><i>Hypertext Markup Language – 2.0</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. sec. 8.2.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1866">10.17487/RFC1866</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6628570">6628570</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866">1866</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypertext+Markup+Language+%E2%80%93+2.0&rft.pages=sec.-8.2.1&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=1995-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6628570%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Connolly%2C+Daniel+%22Dan%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1866%26%23035%3Bsection-8.2.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRFC_23961998" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_T._Fielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy T. Fielding">Fielding, Roy T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">Masinter, Larry</a> (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396"><i>Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2396">10.17487/RFC2396</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2396">2396</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniform+Resource+Identifiers+%28URI%29%3A+Generic+Syntax&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2396&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Fielding%2C+Roy+T.&rft.au=Masinter%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRFC_39862005" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_T._Fielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy T. Fielding">Fielding, Roy T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">Masinter, Larry</a> (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986"><i>Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3986">10.17487/RFC3986</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniform+Resource+Identifiers+%28URI%29%3A+Generic+Syntax&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3986&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Fielding%2C+Roy+T.&rft.au=Masinter%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRFC_3986,_section_32005" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_T._Fielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy T. Fielding">Fielding, Roy T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Masinter" title="Larry Masinter">Masinter, Larry</a> (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#section-3">"Syntax Components"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986"><i>Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. sec. 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3986">10.17487/RFC3986</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986">3986</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syntax+Components&rft.btitle=Uniform+Resource+Identifiers+%28URI%29%3A+Generic+Syntax&rft.pages=sec.-3&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3986&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Fielding%2C+Roy+T.&rft.au=Masinter%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3986%26%23035%3Bsection-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2014" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence, Eric (2014-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ieinternals/archive/2014/03/06/browser-arcana-ipv4-ipv6-literal-urls-dotted-va-dotless.aspx">"Browser Arcana: IP Literals in URLs"</a>. <i>IEInternals</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEInternals&rft.atitle=Browser+Arcana%3A+IP+Literals+in+URLs&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fieinternals%2Farchive%2F2014%2F03%2F06%2Fbrowser-arcana-ipv4-ipv6-literal-urls-dotted-va-dotless.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniform+Resource+Identifier" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead1998" class="citation journal cs1">Whitehead, E.J (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/722228">"WebDAV: IEFT standard for collaborative authoring on the Web"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Internet_Computing" title="IEEE Internet Computing">IEEE Internet Computing</a></i>. <b>2</b> (5): 34–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F4236.722228">10.1109/4236.722228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0131">1941-0131</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">Ontologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataspaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataspaces">Dataspaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_system" title="Rule-based system">Rule-based systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analytics" title="Semantic analytics">Semantic analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_broker" title="Semantic broker">Semantic broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_computing" title="Semantic computing">Semantic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_reasoner" title="Semantic reasoner">Semantic reasoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">Semantic search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_service-oriented_architecture" title="Semantic service-oriented architecture">Semantic service-oriented architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_(web_decentralization_project)" title="Solid (web decentralization project)">Solid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_logic" title="Description logic">Description logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXBRL" class="mw-redirect" title="IXBRL">iXBRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">Knowledge extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_2.0" title="Library 2.0">Library 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Science_Trust" title="Web Science Trust">Web Science Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syntax and supporting technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</a> <ul><li><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">URI</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriG_(syntax)" title="TriG (syntax)">TriG</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/N-Triples" title="N-Triples">N-Triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriX_(serialization_format)" title="TriX (serialization format)">TriX</a> (no W3C standard)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Resource_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Resource Identifier">RRID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemas, ontologies and rules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">Common Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">Rule Interchange Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web_Rule_Language" title="Semantic Web Rule Language">Semantic Web Rule Language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Application-Level_Profile_Semantics_(ALPS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Application-Level Profile Semantics (ALPS) (page does not exist)">ALPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semantic annotation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_RDF" title="Embedded RDF">eRDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRDDL" title="GRDDL">GRDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdata_(HTML)" title="Microdata (HTML)">Microdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAWSDL" title="SAWSDL">SAWSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Platform" title="Facebook Platform">Facebook Platform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOAP" title="DOAP">DOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOAF" title="FOAF">FOAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantically_Interlinked_Online_Communities" title="Semantically Interlinked Online Communities">SIOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microformat vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAtom" title="HAtom">hAtom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCalendar" title="HCalendar">hCalendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCard" title="HCard">hCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HProduct" title="HProduct">hProduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HRecipe" title="HRecipe">hRecipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HReview" title="HReview">hReview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uniform_Resource_Identifier_(URI)_schemes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:URI_schemes" title="Template:URI schemes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:URI_schemes" title="Template talk:URI schemes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:URI_schemes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:URI schemes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uniform_Resource_Identifier_(URI)_schemes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_URI_schemes" title="List of URI schemes">Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/About_URI_scheme" title="About URI scheme">about</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acct_URI_scheme" title="Acct URI scheme">acct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_reference_identifier" title="Content reference identifier">crid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_URI_scheme" title="Data URI scheme">data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_URI_scheme" title="File URI scheme">file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">ftp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_URI_scheme" title="Geo URI scheme">geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">gopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP#Technical_overview" title="HTTP">http</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">https</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Info_URI_scheme" title="Info URI scheme">info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol#URI_scheme" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">ldap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailto" title="Mailto">mailto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">nfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">nntp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIP_URI_scheme" title="SIP URI scheme">sip / sips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_URI_scheme" title="Tag URI scheme">tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View-source_URI_scheme" title="View-source URI scheme">view-source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket#Overview" title="WebSocket">ws / wss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">xmpp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper_Text_Coffee_Pot_Control_Protocol#Commands_and_replies" title="Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol">coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed2k_URI_scheme" title="Ed2k URI scheme">ed2k</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(protocol)" title="Gemini (protocol)">gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_URI_scheme" title="Feed URI scheme">feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_(protocol)" title="Finger (protocol)">finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat#URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">irc / irc6 / ircs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol#URI_scheme" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">ldaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_URI_scheme" title="Magnet URI scheme">magnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rsync" title="Rsync">rsync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger#URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Messenger">ymsgr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_network_protocols_(OSI_model)" title="List of network protocols (OSI model)">Protocol list</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hypermedia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypermedia" title="Template:Hypermedia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hypermedia" title="Template talk:Hypermedia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hypermedia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hypermedia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hypermedia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hypermedia" title="Hypermedia">Hypermedia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">Hyperlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_fiction" title="Hypertext fiction">Hypertext fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypervideo" title="Hypervideo">Hypervideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_hypermedia" title="Adaptive hypermedia">Adaptive hypermedia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_educational_hypermedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive educational hypermedia">educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoring_of_adaptive_hypermedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoring of adaptive hypermedia">authoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlinks_in_virtual_worlds" title="Hyperlinks in virtual worlds">Hyperlinks in virtual worlds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resource identifiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_resource_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource identifier">Uniform resource identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_resource_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationalized resource identifier">Internationalized resource identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_resource_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource name">Uniform resource name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">Uniform resource locator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_resource_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible resource identifier">Extensible resource identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_uniform_resource_locator" title="Persistent uniform resource locator">Persistent uniform resource locator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_URL" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic URL">Semantic URL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_text" title="Anchor text">anchor text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_path" title="Click path">click path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">Domain name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat_navigation#Related:_"Click_here"" title="Mystery meat navigation">click here</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_aspects_of_hyperlinking_and_framing" title="Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing">Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_linking" title="Deep linking">deep linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat link">Fat link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URI_fragment" title="URI fragment">URI fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostname" title="Hostname">Hostname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_linking" title="Inline linking">Inline linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backlink" title="Backlink">inbound link</a>/<a href="/wiki/Backlink" title="Backlink">backlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_referer" title="HTTP referer">HTTP referer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_map" title="Image map">image map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal link">Internal link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark_(World_Wide_Web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookmark (World Wide Web)">Internet bookmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linkback" title="Linkback">linkback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_relation" title="Link relation">Link relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">Link rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_hyperlinking" title="Object hyperlinking">Object hyperlinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_hotspot" title="Screen hotspot">Screen hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_tracking" title="Source tracking">Source tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transclusion" title="Transclusion">transclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="URI scheme">URI scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URL_normalization" class="mw-redirect" title="URL normalization">URL normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URL_redirection" title="URL redirection">URL redirection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">Website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">Web page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">XML namespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_poetry" title="Digital poetry">Digital poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hypertext" title="History of hypertext">History of hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive novel">Interactive novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_hypertext_technology" title="Timeline of hypertext technology">Timeline of hypertext technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_aspects_of_hyperlinking_and_framing" title="Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing">Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Application_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain Application Protocol">Domain Application Protocol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61694#identifiers" 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