CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cantabrian Wars - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f9007072-a5fa-4fb2-b159-120d53728426","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cantabrian_Wars","wgTitle":"Cantabrian Wars","wgCurRevisionId":1252600854,"wgRevisionId":1252600854,"wgArticleId":2647722,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 Latin-language sources (la)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007","Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)","Political parties in Cantabria","Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula","History of Cantabria","History of Asturias","1st century BC in the Roman Republic", "1st century BC in the Roman Empire","20s BC conflicts","10s BC conflicts","Augustus","1st century BC in Hispania","Wars involving the Roman Empire","Wars involving the Roman Republic"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cantabrian_Wars","wgRelevantArticleId":2647722,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1340107","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init" :"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Cantabrian_Wars.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Cantabrian_Wars.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cantabrian Wars - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cantabrian_Wars rootpage-Cantabrian_Wars skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cantabrian+Wars" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cantabrian+Wars" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cantabrian+Wars" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cantabrian+Wars" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Antecedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antecedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Antecedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antecedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armies_and_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armies_and_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Armies and strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armies_and_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bellum_Asturicum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bellum_Asturicum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bellum Asturicum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bellum_Asturicum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>End of the conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantabrian Wars</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кантабрийска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кантабрийска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_c%C3%A0ntabres" title="Guerres càntabres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerres càntabres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantabrischer_Krieg" title="Kantabrischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kantabrischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_c%C3%A1ntabras" title="Guerras cántabras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerras cántabras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantabraj_militoj" title="Kantabraj militoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kantabraj militoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantabriar_Gerrak" title="Kantabriar Gerrak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kantabriar Gerrak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_cantabres" title="Guerres cantabres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerres cantabres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_c%C3%A1ntabras" title="Guerras cántabras – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerras cántabras" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B8%ED%83%80%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="칸타브리아 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칸타브리아 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_cantabriche" title="Guerre cantabriche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre cantabriche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantabrijas_kari" title="Kantabrijas kari – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kantabrijas kari" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrische_Oorlogen" title="Cantabrische Oorlogen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cantabrische Oorlogen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_kantabryjska" title="Wojna kantabryjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna kantabryjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_Cant%C3%A1bricas" title="Guerras Cantábricas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerras Cantábricas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Кантабрийские войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кантабрийские войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantabrijski_ratovi" title="Kantabrijski ratovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kantabrijski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кантабрійські війни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кантабрійські війни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="坎塔布里亚战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="坎塔布里亚战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1340107#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cantabrian_Wars" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cantabrian_Wars" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cantabrian_Wars" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&oldid=1252600854" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cantabrian_Wars&id=1252600854&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCantabrian_Wars"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCantabrian_Wars"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cantabrian_Wars&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cantabrian_Wars" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1340107" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Final stage of the Roman conquest of Hispania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Cantabrian Wars<br /><i>Bellum Cantabricum</i><br />Cantabrian and Asturian Wars<br /><i>Bellum Cantabricum et Asturicum</i><sup id="cite_ref-uchicago1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantabrian_Wars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cantabrian_Wars.jpg/300px-Cantabrian_Wars.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cantabrian_Wars.jpg/450px-Cantabrian_Wars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cantabrian_Wars.jpg/600px-Cantabrian_Wars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="408" /></a></span><br />Territories of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> where the Cantabrian Wars took place</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>29–19 BC</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">modern <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Province of León">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Palencia" title="Province of Palencia">Palencia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Roman victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Cantabria, Asturias and Gallaecia fell under Roman control as part of <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Corocotta" title="Corocotta">Corocotta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Gaus%C3%B3n" title="Gausón">Gausón</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Antistius_Vetus_(consul_6_BC)" title="Gaius Antistius Vetus (consul 6 BC)">Gaius Antistius Vetus</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Firmius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Firmius (page does not exist)">Gaius Firmius</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 70,000–100,000<br />(Based on pop. estimate)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 70,000–80,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Total</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Heavy</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> The casualties are unusual in that both the Roman army did not take prisoners, nor did the Celts allow themselves to be taken alive as slaves. The result was a massive slaughter of Cantabri and Astures at the end of the conflict.</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cantabrian_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Cantabrian_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Cantabrian Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Cantabrian_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Cantabrian Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Cantabrian_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Cantabrian Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cantabrian_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Cantabrian Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aracillum_(25_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Aracillum (25 BC)">Aracillum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Asturica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Asturica (page does not exist)">Asturica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Amaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Amaia (page does not exist)">Amaia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bergidum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bergidum (page does not exist)">Bergidum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliobriga" title="Juliobriga">Juliobriga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lancia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lancia (page does not exist)">Lancia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vellica" title="Battle of Vellica">Vellica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mons_Vindius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mons Vindius (page does not exist)">Mons Vindius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Monte_Bernorio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Monte Bernorio (page does not exist)">Monte Bernorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_M%C3%A9dulas" title="Las Médulas">Mons Medullius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Template:Campaignbox Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula"><span class="wrap">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars" title="Celtiberian Wars">Celtiberian Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Celtiberian_War" title="First Celtiberian War">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Celtiberian_War" title="Second Celtiberian War">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cantabrian Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Cantabrian Wars</b> (29–19 BC) (<i>Bellum Cantabricum</i>), sometimes also referred to as the <b>Cantabrian and Asturian Wars</b> (<i>Bellum Cantabricum et Asturicum</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were the final stage of the two-century long <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Hispania">Roman conquest of Hispania</a>, in what today are the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Province of León">León</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, Rome waged a bloody conflict against the <a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a> still resisting Roman occupation, the last independent <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> nations of <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>. These warlike peoples fiercely resisted Roman domination; ten years of war and eight <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> with their <a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">auxiliary troops</a> – more than 50,000 soldiers in total – were needed to subdue the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Cantabrian133_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantabrian133-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Augustus moved to Segisama (modern <a href="/wiki/Sasamon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasamon">Sasamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgos_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgos province">Burgos</a>) in 26 BC to supervise the campaign in person. The major fighting was completed in 19 BC, although there were minor rebellions until 16 BC and the Romans had to station two legions there for seventy more years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antecedents">Antecedents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Antecedents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Sub occasu pacata erat fere omnis Hispania, nisi quam Pyrenaei desinentis scopulis inhaerentem citerior adluebat Oceanus. Hic duae validissimae gentes, Cantabri et Astures, inmunes imperii agitabant.</i><br />("In the west almost all Spain had been subjugated, except that part which adjoins the cliffs where the Pyrenees end and is washed by the nearer waters of the ocean. Here two powerful nations, the Cantabrians and the Asturians, lived in freedom from the rule of Rome.")</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Anneus_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Anneus Florus">Lucius Anneus Florus</a>, Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum omnium annorum DCC Libri duo (Bellum Cantabricum et Asturicum)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a> first appear in history during earlier wars in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, where they served as <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> on various sides. In this way, in the years preceding the wars in Cantabria and Asturias, the Roman military became familiar with the warlike characteristics of the peoples of northern Hispania. There are accounts, for instance, of Cantabrians in the army of <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. Additionally, there is evidence that they fought alongside the <a href="/wiki/Vaccaei" title="Vaccaei">Vaccaei</a> in 151 BC, and helped break the Roman <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Numantia" title="Siege of Numantia">siege of Numantia</a>. It is also believed that there were Cantabrian troops present in the <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Sertorian Wars</a>. According to Julius Caesar's testimony, there were Cantabrians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilerda" title="Battle of Ilerda">battle of Ilerda</a> in 49 BC. </p><p>With all these antecedents, the Cantabrians began to be known throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Roman troops even lost one of their <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">standards</a> to them, an extremely grave event. Such were the disasters and the embarrassments that, although the Roman historians justified the campaigns as retribution for Cantabrian incursions into the Roman-controlled <a href="/wiki/Meseta_Central" title="Meseta Central">Meseta Central</a>, there must have been a certain lust after Asturian gold and Cantabrian iron as well. </p><p>The Astures entered the historical record in the late 3rd century BC, being listed among the Iberian mercenaries of <a href="/wiki/Hasdrubal_Barca" title="Hasdrubal Barca">Hasdrubal Barca</a>’s army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Metaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Metaurus">battle of Metaurus</a> River in 207 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Second Punic War, their history is less clear. Rarely mentioned in the sources regarding the <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roman_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Civil War">Roman Civil Wars</a> of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, they re-emerged from a relative obscurity just prior to the outbreak of the first Astur-Cantabrian war in the late 1st century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gallaeci faced the very first Roman incursion into their territory by consul Decimus Junius Brutus, whose campaign reached as far as the river <i>Limia</i>. Later in 61-60 BC the propraetor of Hispania Ulterior Julius Caesar faced the Gallaeci in a combined sea-and-land battle at Brigantium (also designated Carunium; Betanzos – La Coruña), where the Gallaeci were forced to swear nominal fealty to Rome. However, this did not stop several of the Gallaecian tribes to wage war on Rome alongside the rest of the Celtic resistance, and were only finally subdued when the Legates <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Antistius_Vetus_(consul_6_BC)" title="Gaius Antistius Vetus (consul 6 BC)">Gaius Antistius Vetus</a> and Gaius Firmius waged further wars against resisting <a href="/wiki/Oppida" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppida">Oppida</a> in the densely forested regions of western Gallaecia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armies_and_strategies">Armies and strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Armies and strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a>, the Cantabri used <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> tactics, avoiding direct attacks on Roman forces because of their inferior numbers. Their better knowledge of the difficult and mountainous terrain allowed them to conduct quick surprise strikes with <a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">ranged weapons</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambushes</a> followed by quick retreats, causing great damage to the Roman columns and supply lines. </p><p>According to what remains from representations on coins and <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_stelae" title="Cantabrian stelae">Cantabrian stelae</a>, the Cantabri were skilled in light arms. <a href="/wiki/Lucan_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucan (poet)">Lucan</a> referred to this when he wrote, <i>Cantaber exiguis et longis Teutonus armis</i> (The Cantabrian with his short weapons and the <a href="/wiki/Teuton" class="mw-redirect" title="Teuton">Teuton</a> with his long ones). They were equipped with short <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">daggers</a>, short <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javelins" class="mw-redirect" title="Javelins">javelins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lances</a>, round or oval <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shields</a> of wood, and leather chest protection. They also used the <i>bipennis</i>, a type of double-headed <a href="/wiki/Battle_axe" title="Battle axe">battle axe</a> specific to the peoples of northern Hispania. There is no proof of their use of <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">slings</a>, although it is quite probable that they knew and used them. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantabria_prerromana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cantabria_prerromana.svg/440px-Cantabria_prerromana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cantabria_prerromana.svg/660px-Cantabria_prerromana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cantabria_prerromana.svg/880px-Cantabria_prerromana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>The map shows the borders of the Roman Cantabria during the Cantabrian Wars, in relationship to today's <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a>, along with the tribes that lived there, the neighboring peoples, towns and geographical features, according to classical sources.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cantabrian also used <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a>, and some of their <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">tactics</a> would be adopted by the Roman army. Examples include the <i><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_circle" title="Cantabrian circle">circulus cantabricus</a></i>, a circular formation of javelin-throwing horsemen, and the <i>cantabricus impetus</i>, a massive frontal attack against enemy lines with the goal of breaching them, as described by <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Arrianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Arrianus">Flavius Arrianus</a>. </p><p>The tenacity of the Cantabrian enemy was such that Augustus was obliged to deploy eight legions in the conflict:<sup id="cite_ref-Cantabrian136_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantabrian136-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legio_I_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Legio I Augusta">I <i>Augusta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Augusta" title="Legio II Augusta">II <i>Augusta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_IIII_Macedonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Legio IIII Macedonica">IV <i>Macedonica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Alaudae" title="Legio V Alaudae">V <i>Alaudae</i></a> (operated in Asturias)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Victrix" title="Legio VI Victrix">VI <i>Victrix</i></a> (operated in Asturias)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">IX <i>Hispana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Gemina" title="Legio X Gemina">X <i>Gemina</i></a> (operated in Asturias)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_XX_Valeria_Victrix" title="Legio XX Valeria Victrix">XX <i>Valeria Victrix</i></a></li></ul> <p>as well as various auxiliary units: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia#Alae" title="Auxilia">Ala</a> <i>Augusta</i></li> <li>Ala <i>Parthorum</i></li> <li>Ala II <i>Gallorum</i></li> <li>Ala II <i>Thracum Victrix Civium Romanorum</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia#Cohortes" title="Auxilia">Cohors</a> II <i>Gallorum</i></li> <li>Cohors IV <i>Thracum Aequitata</i></li></ul> <p>These units totaled 50,000 soldiers (30,000 legionaries and 20,000 auxiliaries).<sup id="cite_ref-Cantabrian136_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantabrian136-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman navy</a> was also sent to the Cantabrian coast from <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a>. It was an important factor in the Roman victory, since it completed the encirclement of the Cantabri begun by the ground forces. It is calculated that, in total, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Army">Roman Army</a> deployed 70,000 men, although these calculations vary amongst authors, because they used a figure of 5,000 men per legion. In reality, the figure should surpass 80,000 men counting auxiliaries since, through the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a>, the legion had about 6,000 soldiers. However, in Augustus' time, although a legion was officially composed of 6,200 men, for various reasons, the number usually oscillated between 5,000 and 8,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bellum_Asturicum">Bellum Asturicum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bellum Asturicum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellum-Asturicum-Cantabricum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bellum-Asturicum-Cantabricum.png/440px-Bellum-Asturicum-Cantabricum.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bellum-Asturicum-Cantabricum.png/660px-Bellum-Asturicum-Cantabricum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bellum-Asturicum-Cantabricum.png/880px-Bellum-Asturicum-Cantabricum.png 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Roman campaigns versus the Cantabri and the Astures<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#52BA65; color:black;"> </span> 26 BC campaign</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EE1E3A; color:black;"> </span> 25 BC campaign</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C878B2; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Callaicus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus">D. J. Brutus</a> 137 BC campaign</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCD33; color:black;"> </span> Caesar arrival</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Astures joined the Cantabri in a common defense. In spring 25 BC, there were three Roman legions established near the Astura River (modern <a href="/wiki/Esla_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Esla River">Esla River</a>), with troops from <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a>. According to the contemporary Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a> in his <i>Epitome of Roman History</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the forces of the Astures Transmontani came down from their snow-covered mountains (which is perfectly possible in the <a href="/wiki/Picos_de_Europa" title="Picos de Europa">Picos de Europa</a> in spring) and assembled near the Astura River, preparing to attack the three Roman winter camps. </p><p>However, the <i>Brigaecini</i> people of the Astures Cismontani in the <a href="/wiki/Benavente,_Zamora" title="Benavente, Zamora">Benavente</a> region informed Augustus of these plans. Augustus gave Brigantum, the camp of Augustan Asturica, to the <i>Brigaeci</i> as a reward for their help. Additionally, he shared land in the plains to the allies. His general Publius Carisius<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attacked the <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astur</a> armies (probably commanded by <a href="/wiki/Gaus%C3%B3n" title="Gausón">Gausón</a>), forcing them to take refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillfort</a> of Lancia, the most important Astures Cismontani fort according to <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a>. </p><p>Once Lancia was besieged, the forces of the Astures took refuge in the <i>Mons Medullius</i> (some scholars locate it at <a href="/wiki/Las_M%C3%A9dulas" title="Las Médulas">Las Médulas</a> basing their opinions on <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a> who specifically names the site in his history of Rome). The Roman legions besieged the mountain, building a fifteen-mile-long <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">ditch</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Orosius</a>, the Cantabri soldiers preferred to commit suicide with their own weapons and <a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew tree</a> poison rather than surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Battle of Mons Medullius, the rest of the Gallaecian resistance was hunted relentlessly and eventually subdued by 19 BC. </p><p>A year after his arrival, Augustus had to retire to <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, presumably because of illness. The conflict, however, lasted more than ten years; it serves as a reference that the Romans conquered all of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> in less than seven years. It was one of only two campaigns directed personally by Augustus against barbarians, the other being the one against the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> from 35 to 33 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_conflict">End of the conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: End of the conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this conflict, unusually, the Romans chose not to take prisoners. Moreover, there was a tradition among the Celts of preferring suicide to slavery. They did this by sword, by fire, or, primarily, by poisoning themselves with potions made for the purpose. According to <a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a> they used a concoction made from the seeds of the <a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew tree</a>, a plant with mythic significance for the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> said that they belittled death and pain, to the point of singing hymns of victory while being <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucified</a>. For them, according to Strabo, to die as soldiers and free men was a victory. </p><p>The major fighting was completed in 19 BC, although there were minor rebellions until 16 BC. Rome, as was their practice with other territories, began to impose their reforms. Despite the mass deaths, local resistance was such that the Romans had to station two legions (<a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Gemina" title="Legio X Gemina">X <i>Gemina</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Macedonica" title="Legio IV Macedonica">IV <i>Macedonica</i></a>) there for seventy more years. </p><p>Through the Cantabrian War and the surrender of the Cantabri to Rome (it would be inexact to state that the Astures ever surrendered; Augustus refused the common victory celebration in his return to Rome), the Roman legions adopted from them the solar symbol of twin crosses and lunar symbols, such as the Cantabri <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1baro" class="mw-redirect" title="Lábaro">lábaro</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They would still be carrying this standard 300 years later. The Roman army also copied from the Cantabri the cavalry tactics <i>circulus cantabricus</i> and <i>cantabricus impetus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-peralta_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peralta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attalus.org/translate/orosius6B.html#21">Orosius, <i>Histories against the Pagans</i>, vi.21</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uchicago1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFlorus1929" class="citation book cs1">Florus (1929). "XXXIII – The War against the Cantabrians and Asturians". In E. S. Forster (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Florus/Epitome/2I*.html"><i>The Epitome of Roman History, Book II</i></a>. Loeb Classical Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXIII+%E2%80%93+The+War+against+the+Cantabrians+and+Asturians&rft.btitle=The+Epitome+of+Roman+History%2C+Book+II&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Florus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FFlorus%2FEpitome%2F2I%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantabrian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cantabrian133-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cantabrian133_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabanal_Alonso1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rabanal Alonso, Manuel Abilio (coord.) (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=515838"><i>La Historia de León, Vol. 1: Prehistoria y Edad Antigua</i></a> (in Spanish). Universidad de León. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7719-817-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-7719-817-9"><bdi>84-7719-817-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Historia+de+Le%C3%B3n%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Prehistoria+y+Edad+Antigua&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Le%C3%B3n&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=84-7719-817-9&rft.aulast=Rabanal+Alonso&rft.aufirst=Manuel+Abilio+%28coord.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Flibro%3Fcodigo%3D515838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantabrian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i>Ad Urbe Condita</i>, 27: 43–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, <i>Istorion</i>, 11: 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Magie in <i>Classical Philology</i> 1920 gives the pertinent passages in Florus and Orosius and critically assesses and corrects the inconsistent topography of the sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cantabrian136-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cantabrian136_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cantabrian136_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabanal_Alonso1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rabanal Alonso, Manuel Abilio (coord.) (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=515838"><i>La Historia de León, Vol. 1: Prehistoria y Edad Antigua</i></a> (in Spanish). Universidad de León. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7719-817-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-7719-817-9"><bdi>84-7719-817-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Historia+de+Le%C3%B3n%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Prehistoria+y+Edad+Antigua&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Le%C3%B3n&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=84-7719-817-9&rft.aulast=Rabanal+Alonso&rft.aufirst=Manuel+Abilio+%28coord.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Flibro%3Fcodigo%3D515838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantabrian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/florus2.html#33">"Florus: Epitome of Roman Wars"</a> (in Latin). Thelatinlibrary.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florus%3A+Epitome+of+Roman+Wars&rft.pub=Thelatinlibrary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fflorus2.html%2333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantabrian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050217011240/http://www.rovenet.com/tno/carisius_leg%5Ccarisius.html">"P. Carisius"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rovenet.com/tno/carisius_leg%5Ccarisius.html">the original</a> on 2005-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P.+Carisius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rovenet.com%2Ftno%2Fcarisius_leg%255Ccarisius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantabrian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attalus.org/translate/orosius6B.html#21">Orosius, <i>Histories against the Pagans</i>, vi.21</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peralta-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peralta_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeralta_Labrador2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peralta Labrador, Eduardo (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.uva.es/index.php/hispaanti/article/download/2270/1801/">"Los auxiliares cántabros del ejército romano y las maniobras de la caballería romana"</a> [The Cantabrian auxiliaries of the Roman Army and the manoeuvers of Roman Cavalry]. <i>Hispania Antiqua</i> (in Spanish). Universidad de Valladolid: 123–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24197%2Fha.XLII.2018.123-198">10.24197/ha.XLII.2018.123-198</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2530-6464">2530-6464</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239812828">239812828</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania+Antiqua&rft.atitle=Los+auxiliares+c%C3%A1ntabros+del+ej%C3%A9rcito+romano+y+las+maniobras+de+la+caballer%C3%ADa+romana&rft.pages=123-198&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239812828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2530-6464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24197%2Fha.XLII.2018.123-198&rft.aulast=Peralta+Labrador&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.uva.es%2Findex.php%2Fhispaanti%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F2270%2F1801%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACantabrian+Wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Los Cántabros antes de Roma, 2ª edición</i>: Dr. Eduardo Peralta Labrador, Real Academia de la Historia. (2003)<span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><i>Las Guerras Cántabras</i>: Angel Ocejo Herrero y vv.aa.<span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><i>Estelas Cántabras: Símbolos de un pueblo</i>: Juan Carlos Cabria Gutiérrez, editorial Brenes XXI.<span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><i>Onomástica de Cantabria - Los Nombres de Persona Cántabros</i>: Jesús J. Maroñas.<span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><i>Roma y la Conquista del Norte Peninsular</i>: Carmen Fernández Ochoa, Historia de Asturias - La Nueva España.<span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><i>The Conquest of North-West Spain. Legio VII Gemina</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Ronald Syme</a>. 1970 <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guerrascantabras.net/">The Cantabrian War Association</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guerrascantabras.es/">Cantabrian Wars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celtiberia.net/articulo.asp?id=814">The Cantabrian Wars in Celtiberia.net</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celtiberia.net/articulo.asp?id=819">History of the Cantabrian Wars in Celtiberia.net</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050829040130/http://www.cantabriajoven.com/historia/romanizacion.html">The formidable Cantabri soldiers</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200648/http://www.historiayarqueologia.com/profiles/blogs/las-guerras-astur-cantabras-y-la-conquista-de-asturiaS">The Astur-Cantabrian wars and the conquest of Asturias</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cantabria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cantabria_topics" title="Template:Cantabria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cantabria_topics" title="Template talk:Cantabria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cantabria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cantabria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cantabria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantabria#History" title="Cantabria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cantabrian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cantabria" title="Duchy of Cantabria">Duchy of Cantabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934" title="Asturian miners' strike of 1934">October 1934</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative divisions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Cantabria" title="Comarcas of Cantabria">Comarcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Cantabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Cantabria">Municipalities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Mountains" title="Cantabrian Mountains">Cantabrian Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_Cantabria" title="Category:Caves of Cantabria">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Cantabria" title="Category:Mountains of Cantabria">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Cantabria" title="Category:Rivers of Cantabria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Cantabria" title="Category:Valleys of Cantabria">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_Cantabria" title="Category:Landforms of Cantabria">Other landforms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cantabrian_elections" title="Template:Cantabrian elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Cantabria" title="Parliament of Cantabria">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Cantabria" title="Government of Cantabria">Government</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cantabria" title="President of Cantabria">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Cantabria" title="Statute of Autonomy of Cantabria">Statute of Autonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santander_Airport" title="Santander Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercan%C3%ADas_Cantabria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercanías Cantabria (page does not exist)">Commuter rail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Cantabria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Cantabria (page does not exist)">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_Cantabria" title="Category:Transport in Cantabria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrias">Cantabria People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cantabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cantabria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaita_asturiana" title="Gaita asturiana">Gaita asturiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantabrian literature (page does not exist)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Asturias">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Cantabria" title="Category:Museums in Cantabria">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantabria_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantabria architecture (page does not exist)">Pre-romanesque art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Cantabria" title="Category:Sport in Cantabria">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himno_a_la_Monta%C3%B1a" title="Himno a la Montaña">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cantabria" title="Coat of arms of Cantabria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cantabria" title="Flag of Cantabria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_labarum" title="Cantabrian labarum">Cantabrian labarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_stelae" title="Cantabrian stelae">Cantabrian stelae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cantabria" title="Category:Cantabria">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Roman_wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Template:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Template talk:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Roman Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Roman_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">Ancient Roman wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Wars of the<br />Roman Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Etruscan_Wars" title="Roman–Etruscan Wars">Roman–Etruscan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman-Aequian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Aequian wars">Roman-Aequian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Latin_wars" title="Roman–Latin wars">Roman–Latin wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Hernici" title="Roman conquest of the Hernici">Roman–Hernician wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars" title="Roman–Volscian wars">Roman–Volscian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sabine_wars" title="Roman–Sabine wars">Roman–Sabine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars" title="Roman–Gallic wars">Roman–Gallic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Seleucid_war" title="Roman–Seleucid war">Roman–Seleucid war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars" title="Celtiberian Wars">Celtiberian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cantabrian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">Achaean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servile_Wars" title="Servile Wars">Servile Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Servile_War" title="First Servile War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Servile_War" title="Second Servile War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Octavianum" title="Bellum Octavianum">Bellum Octavianum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War" title="First Mithridatic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War" title="Second Mithridatic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman–Parthian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Wars of the<br />Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Germanic wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)" title="Gothic War (376–382)">Gothic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">Boudican revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Civil war of 69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War" title="Domitian's Dacian War">Domitian's Dacian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Civil wars of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">Military history of ancient Rome</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&oldid=1252600854">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&oldid=1252600854</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Cantabria" title="Category:Political parties in Cantabria">Political parties in Cantabria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Category:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Cantabria" title="Category:History of Cantabria">History of Cantabria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Asturias" title="Category:History of Asturias">History of Asturias</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st_century_BC_in_the_Roman_Republic" title="Category:1st century BC in the Roman Republic">1st century BC in the Roman Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st_century_BC_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:1st century BC in the Roman Empire">1st century BC in the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20s_BC_conflicts" title="Category:20s BC conflicts">20s BC conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:10s_BC_conflicts" title="Category:10s BC conflicts">10s BC conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Augustus" title="Category:Augustus">Augustus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st_century_BC_in_Hispania" title="Category:1st century BC in Hispania">1st century BC in Hispania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:Wars involving the Roman Empire">Wars involving the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Roman_Republic" title="Category:Wars involving the Roman Republic">Wars involving the Roman Republic</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)">CS1 Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2007" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)">Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 02:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_Wars&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vz8dh","wgBackendResponseTime":166,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.579","walltime":"0.744","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2149,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":72430,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7079,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":60644,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 631.950 1 -total"," 22.68% 143.340 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.17% 127.480 11 Template:In_lang"," 16.24% 102.618 3 Template:Cite_book"," 15.02% 94.930 1 Template:Campaignbox_Cantabrian_Wars"," 14.81% 93.605 2 Template:Campaignbox"," 11.75% 74.242 1 Template:Cantabria_topics"," 11.06% 69.872 1 Template:Country_topics"," 10.55% 66.673 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.37% 40.225 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.362","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18857769,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-tggkq","timestamp":"20241122152748","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cantabrian Wars","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cantabrian_Wars","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1340107","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1340107","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-09-09T16:39:24Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T02:39:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/82\/Cantabrian_Wars.jpg","headline":"conflict"}</script> </body> </html>