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<li id="toc-Cuba_under_Fulgencio_Batista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba_under_Fulgencio_Batista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cuba under Fulgencio Batista</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba_under_Fulgencio_Batista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuban_Revolution_and_Golden_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_Revolution_and_Golden_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cuban Revolution and Golden exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_Revolution_and_Golden_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_"Cuba_de_ayer"_myth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_"Cuba_de_ayer"_myth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Development of the "<i>Cuba de ayer</i>" myth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_"Cuba_de_ayer"_myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tenets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubadeayersevivehoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cubadeayersevivehoy.jpg/270px-Cubadeayersevivehoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cubadeayersevivehoy.jpg/405px-Cubadeayersevivehoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cubadeayersevivehoy.jpg/540px-Cubadeayersevivehoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4028" data-file-height="2689" /></a><figcaption>Restaurant roof in Little Havana reading "<i>donde la Cuba de Ayer se vive hoy!</i>", which means in English: " where the Cuba of yesterday is lived today".</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of the <i><b>Cuba de ayer</b></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Cuba of yesterday</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a mythologized idyllic view of Cuba before the overthrow of the Batista government in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>. This idealized vision of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">pre-revolutionary Cuba</a> typically reinforces the ideas that Cuba before 1959 was an elegant, sophisticated, and largely white country that was ruined by the government of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>. The Cuban exiles who fled after 1959 are viewed as majorly white, and had no general desire to leave Cuba but did so to flee tyranny. </p><p>Cuban exiles who uphold this image of the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> view their version of Cuban culture as more desirable than American culture, and that it is best to recreate their lost culture of the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> in the United States. Proponents of the image of the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> also view Cuba as a more worthy country to live in than the United States and hope to return Cuba to the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> after the hoped for fall of the government of Fidel Castro. Critics of the idea of the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> claim it is a nationalist myth created for white Cuban exiles that ignores the reality of Cuban life before 1959, and embraces an exotic vision of Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miami_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miami-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuba_de_ayer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba_under_Fulgencio_Batista">Cuba under Fulgencio Batista</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuba_de_ayer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cuba under Fulgencio Batista"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evangelina_Elizondo_at_Tropicana_Club_Cuba,_c._1950s_(cropped)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Evangelina_Elizondo_at_Tropicana_Club_Cuba%2C_c._1950s_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Evangelina_Elizondo_at_Tropicana_Club_Cuba%2C_c._1950s_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Evangelina_Elizondo_at_Tropicana_Club_Cuba%2C_c._1950s_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Evangelina_Elizondo_at_Tropicana_Club_Cuba%2C_c._1950s_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Evangelina_Elizondo_at_Tropicana_Club_Cuba%2C_c._1950s_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Evangelina_Elizondo_at_Tropicana_Club_Cuba%2C_c._1950s_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Actress <a href="/wiki/Evangelina_Elizondo" title="Evangelina Elizondo">Evangelina Elizondo</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Tropicana_Club" title="Tropicana Club">Tropicana Club</a> in Havana, 1950s. An image of the idealized era of Cuba encompassing the <i>Cuba de ayer</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 10, 1952, three months before the elections, Batista, with army backing, <a href="/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1952 Cuban coup d'état">staged a coup and seized power</a>. He ousted outgoing President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pr%C3%ADo_Socarr%C3%A1s" title="Carlos Prío Socarrás">Carlos Prío Socarrás</a>, canceled the elections and took control of the government as a provisional president. The United States recognized his government on March 27.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his seizure of power, Batista inherited a country that was relatively prosperous for Latin America. According to Batista's government, although a third of Cubans still lived in poverty, Cuba was one of the five most developed countries in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-heroic_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heroic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, Cuba's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) per capita was roughly equal to that of Italy at the time, although still only a sixth of that of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-gonzalez_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gonzalez-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, although corruption and inequality were rife under Batista, Cuban industrial workers' wages rose significantly. In 1953, the average Cuban family only had an income of $6.00 a week, 15% to 20% of the labor force was chronically unemployed, and only a third of the homes had running water.<sup id="cite_ref-JFK1960_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFK1960-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gonzalez_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gonzalez-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, the average industrial salary in Cuba became the world's eighth-highest in 1958, and the average agricultural wage was higher than some European nations (although, according to one sample from 1956 to 1957, agricultural workers could only find employment for an average of 123 days per year while farm owners, rural tenants and sharecroppers worked an average of only 135 days per year).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1950s, Havana served as "a hedonistic playground for the world's elite", producing sizable gambling, prostitution and drug profits for the <a href="/wiki/American_mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="American mafia">American mafia</a>, corrupt law-enforcement officials, and their politically elected <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CubanH_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CubanH-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the assessment of the Cuban-American historian Louis Perez, "Havana was then what Las Vegas has become."<sup id="cite_ref-Smithson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relatedly, it is estimated that by the end of the 1950s the city of Havana had 270 brothels.<sup id="cite_ref-CubaBefore_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CubaBefore-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, drugs, be it marijuana or cocaine, were so plentiful at the time that one American magazine in 1950 proclaimed "Narcotics are hardly more difficult to obtain in Cuba than a shot of rum. And only slightly more expensive."<sup id="cite_ref-CubanH_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CubanH-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the playwright <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a> described Batista's Cuba in <i>The Nation</i> as "hopelessly corrupt, a Mafia playground, (and) a bordello for Americans and other foreigners."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 26, 1953, just over a year after Batista's second coup, a small group of revolutionaries attacked the <a href="/wiki/Moncada_Barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncada Barracks">Moncada Barracks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago</a>. Government forces easily defeated the assault and jailed its leaders, while many others fled the country. The primary leader of the attack, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, was a young attorney who had run for parliament in the canceled 1952 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of the Moncada assault, Batista suspended constitutional guarantees and increasingly relied on police tactics in an attempt to "frighten the population through open displays of brutality."<sup id="cite_ref-PBSBatista_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBSBatista-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1955, student riots and anti-Batista demonstrations had become frequent, and unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-horowitz_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horowitz-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were dealt with through increasing repression. All youth were seen as suspected revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-ILAshapiro_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILAshapiro-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its continued opposition to Batista and the large amount of revolutionary activity taking place on its campus, the University of Havana was temporarily closed on November 30, 1956 (it did not reopen until 1959 under the first revolutionary government).<sup id="cite_ref-Cuba_1963_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuba_1963-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 25 November 1956, the yacht <a href="/wiki/Granma_(yacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="Granma (yacht)">la Granma</a> carrying the Castro brothers and 80 other rebels including <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Ernesto "Che" Guevara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Cienfuegos" title="Camilo Cienfuegos">Camilo Cienfuegos</a> headed from Mexico to Cuba. On 2 December,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After arriving and exiting the ship, the band of rebels were attacked by government forces but began to make their way into the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Maestra" title="Sierra Maestra">Sierra Maestra</a> mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group of survivors included Fidel and Raúl Castro, Che Guevara and <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Cienfuegos" title="Camilo Cienfuegos">Camilo Cienfuegos</a>. The dispersed survivors would link up again with the help of peasant sympathizers and would form the core leadership of a rebel guerrilla army.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuban_Revolution_and_Golden_exile">Cuban Revolution and Golden exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuba_de_ayer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cuban Revolution and Golden exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golden_exile" title="Golden exile">Golden exile</a></div> <p>On 31 December 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Clara" title="Battle of Santa Clara">Battle of Santa Clara</a> took place in a scene of great confusion. The city of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_Cuba" title="Santa Clara, Cuba">Santa Clara</a> fell to the combined rebel forces of Che Guevara, Cienfuegos, and Revolutionary Directorate (RD) rebels led by Comandantes <a href="/wiki/Rolando_Cubela" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolando Cubela">Rolando Cubela</a>, Juan ("El Mejicano") Abrahantes, and <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Morgan" title="William Alexander Morgan">William Alexander Morgan</a>. News of these defeats caused Batista to panic. He fled Cuba by air for the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> just hours later on 1 January 1959. Comandante William Alexander Morgan, leading RD rebel forces, continued fighting as Batista departed and had captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Cienfuegos" title="Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a> by 2 January.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the success of the Cuban Revolution the first to emigrate were those who were associated with or worked for the old Batista regime. The U.S. embassy in Havana and consulate in Santiago would regularly grant visas to Cubans wishing to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-mig_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mig-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of 1959 various new policies enacted by the revolutionary government had affected Cuban life such as the redistribution of property, nationalization of religious and private schools, and the banning of racially exclusive social clubs. Those that began to leave the island were driven by them being negatively affected by new economic policies, their distaste with new national public schools, or anxiety over government supported racial integration. The government would quickly label exiles who left as "racists", discouraging Afro-Cubans to also emigrate. These conditions caused the majority of those who emigrated to be either upper or middle class, white, and catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-race_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-race-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many middle class emigrants were often professionals that were tied to American companies that were nationalized.<sup id="cite_ref-cc_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the emigrants that would leave believed they would be returning soon to Cuba,<sup id="cite_ref-open_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believing the U.S. would soon intervene and overthrow the Fidel Castro government.<sup id="cite_ref-quod_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quod-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_"Cuba_de_ayer"_myth"><span id="Development_of_the_.22Cuba_de_ayer.22_myth"></span>Development of the "<i>Cuba de ayer</i>" myth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuba_de_ayer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development of the "Cuba de ayer" myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This first wave of upper-class emigrants from Cuba in the immediate years after the Cuban Revolution would leave the island with only memories of Cuba from the era of Fulgencio Batista. These memories formed the genesis of the idealized image of the <i>Cuba de ayer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Exile_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exile-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cuban exiles who came immediately after the revolution were largely shocked by American racism which differed in expression from Cuban racism. In Cuba no formal de jure racial segregation existed. Whatever social manifestations of racism existed in Cuba were often ignored or unknown to the upper-class white emigres arriving in Miami. The sight of formal racial segregation in the American south by Cuban exiles reinforced the idea that the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> was free of racism unlike the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reconstruction of outlawed businesses and social organizations in Cuba by exiles now in Miami, reaffirmed the memories of the idyllic <i>Cuba de ayer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Exile_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exile-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reconstruction came from the waning of a hope to return to a Cuba without <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> in power, so Cuban exiles began to model their communities in the image of the <i>Cuba de ayer</i>. The most notable of these communities is Miami's <a href="/wiki/Little_Havana" title="Little Havana">Little Havana</a> neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-Immigrants_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immigrants-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Little_Havana" title="Little Havana">Little Havana</a> became an epicenter for Cuban life in Miami, specifically in how many institutions are Cuban owned and modeled in the image of nostalgia for the <i>Cuba de ayer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Cuban emigres came decades later and sometimes viewed the recreation of <i>Cuba de ayer</i> in Miami as an over-sanitized image of Cuba, but despite this the nostalgia of <i>Cuba de ayer</i> still permeated in many Cuban communities that were established earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Immigrants_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immigrants-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1990s the image of the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> became quite popular among Cuban Americans due to its promotion in the music of Cuban acts like <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Estefan" title="Gloria Estefan">Gloria Estefan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Willy_Chirino" title="Willy Chirino">Willy Chirino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diversion_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diversion-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuban nostalgia that permeated Cuban-American culture in the 1990s is theorized by professor Michael Bustamante to have been a reaction to the newer cultural attitudes brought by newer Cuban emigrants from the <a href="/wiki/1994_Cuban_rafter_crisis" title="1994 Cuban rafter crisis">1994 Cuban rafter crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenets">Tenets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuba_de_ayer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tenets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The propagation of the idea of the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> includes many ideas as to what Cuban society was like before 1959, and the nature of Cuban exiles in the United States. </p> <ul><li>The <i>Cuba de ayer</i> was free of mass racism. Some cases of discrimination may have existed but Cuban society was at large far less racist than the United States at the time, and the races in Cuba generally respected one another.<sup id="cite_ref-dream_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dream-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Cuba de ayer</i> is also viewed as generally socially cohesive and was without any political repression.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Cuba de ayer</i> was much more economically advanced than the Cuba of today. In order to return Cuba to the economic successes of the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> Cuban exiles will have to intervene and reconstruct Cuba as a capitalistic and democratic society. Resident Cubans lack the economic tools and moral character to reconstruct the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> so Cuban exiles in Miami will have to do it.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Cuba de ayer</i> no longer physically exists but should be carried on through the cultural and moral behavior of Cuban exiles.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nostalgia for the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> is sophisticated and distinguishes the more civilized Cuban exiles from those without sophistication, such as <a href="/wiki/Marial_boatlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Marial boatlift">marielitos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balseros" title="Balseros">Balseros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diversion_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diversion-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A Cuban exile is more at home in their true homeland which is the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> rather than the United States which only serves as a subpar temporary home.<sup id="cite_ref-Exile_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exile-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuba_de_ayer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Miguel_A._De_La_Torre" title="Miguel A. De La Torre">Miguel A. De La Torre</a> has written on the nature of the idea of the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> and is often critical of it. He has written that the actual Cuba of Fulgencio Batista was not as idyllic as made out to be and was solely designed for American tourists' benefit in that it was mostly populated by brothels and casinos. He has also asserted that nostalgia for the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> is an incredibly restrictive model for Cuban exilic identity.<sup id="cite_ref-dream_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dream-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alan A. Aja has argued that Cuban exiles desire to maintain a claim to the homeland of the <i>Cuba de ayer</i> which they view as a sophisticated homeland, is an attempt at maintaining racial whiteness and ignoring the racism in Batista's Cuba as well as racism in Miami.<sup id="cite_ref-Miami_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miami-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuba_de_ayer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDe_La_Torre2003" class="citation book cs1">De La Torre, Miguel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkzV8Q_Aj4wC&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA32"><i>La Lucha for Cuba Religion and Politics on the Streets of Miami</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520930100" title="Special:BookSources/9780520930100"><bdi>9780520930100</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719231927/https://www.google.com/books/edition/La_Lucha_for_Cuba/vkzV8Q_Aj4wC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA32&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Lucha+for+Cuba+Religion+and+Politics+on+the+Streets+of+Miami&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780520930100&rft.aulast=De+La+Torre&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvkzV8Q_Aj4wC%26dq%3Dcuba%2Bde%2Bayer%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvalos2021" class="citation book cs1">Avalos, Hector (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_M1GEAAAQBAJ&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA78"><i>Introduction to the U.S. Latina and Latino Religious Experience</i></a>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004496583" title="Special:BookSources/9789004496583"><bdi>9789004496583</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719232001/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Introduction_to_the_U_S_Latina_and_Latin/_M1GEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA78&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+U.S.+Latina+and+Latino+Religious+Experience&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004496583&rft.aulast=Avalos&rft.aufirst=Hector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_M1GEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcuba%2Bde%2Bayer%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miami-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miami_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miami_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAja2016" class="citation book cs1">Aja, Alan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSD0DAAAQBAJ&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA199"><i>Miami's Forgotten Cubans Race, Racialization, and the Miami Afro-Cuban Experience</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. <span class="nowrap">180–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137570451" title="Special:BookSources/9781137570451"><bdi>9781137570451</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719231927/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Miami_s_Forgotten_Cubans/lSD0DAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA199&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miami%27s+Forgotten+Cubans+Race%2C+Racialization%2C+and+the+Miami+Afro-Cuban+Experience&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781137570451&rft.aulast=Aja&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlSD0DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcuba%2Bde%2Bayer%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This date is given in many sources although there is none that seemed to be clearly definitive. The closest is a recommendation from US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> to President Truman on March 24 recommending recognition on that date: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcheson1952" class="citation web cs1">Acheson, Dean (March 24, 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v04/d327">"Continuation of Diplomatic Relations with Cuba"</a>. <i>Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State</i>. United States Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215052446/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v04/d327">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian+of+the+United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Continuation+of+Diplomatic+Relations+with+Cuba&rft.date=1952-03-24&rft.aulast=Acheson&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1952-54v04%2Fd327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heroic-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heroic_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12851254">"The Cuban revolution at 50: Heroic myth and prosaic failure"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. December 30, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120920/http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12851254">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Cuban+revolution+at+50%3A+Heroic+myth+and+prosaic+failure&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D12851254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gonzalez-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gonzalez_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gonzalez_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFServando_Gonzalez" class="citation book cs1">Servando Gonzalez. <i>The Secret Fidel Castro</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Fidel+Castro&rft.au=Servando+Gonzalez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JFK1960-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JFK1960_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25660">Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 6, 1960</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174405/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25660">Archived</a> October 14, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor1970" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, James (1970). <i>The Origins of Socialism in Cuba</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801405426" title="Special:BookSources/9780801405426"><bdi>9780801405426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Socialism+in+Cuba&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780801405426&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CubanH-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CubanH_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CubanH_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecubanhistory.com/2012/05/william-morgan-a-rebel-americano-in-cuba/">William Morgan: A Rebel "Americano" in Cuba</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171106045606/http://www.thecubanhistory.com/2012/05/william-morgan-a-rebel-americano-in-cuba/">Archived</a> 2017-11-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <i>The Cuban History</i>, May 16, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smithson_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/before-the-revolution-159682020/">Before the Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319192822/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/before-the-revolution-159682020/">Archived</a> 2022-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Natasha Geiling, <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>, July 31, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CubaBefore-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CubaBefore_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/09/cuban-revolution-fidel-castro-casinos-batista/">Cuba Before the Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528015155/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/09/cuban-revolution-fidel-castro-casinos-batista">Archived</a> 2022-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Farber" title="Samuel Farber">Samuel Farber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)"><i>Jacobin Magazine</i></a>, September 6, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/visit-castro/">'A Visit With Castro'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020021504/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/visit-castro/">Archived</a> 2021-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a>, The Nation, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2012" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Daniel C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130128161552/http://www.mcfarlandbooks.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-6506-4"><i>An Air War with Cuba</i></a>. NC, USA: McFarland. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6506-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6506-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-6506-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcfarlandbooks.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-6506-4">the original</a> on 2013-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Air+War+with+Cuba&rft.place=NC%2C+USA&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6506-4&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcfarlandbooks.com%2Fbook-2.php%3Fid%3D978-0-7864-6506-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBSBatista-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBSBatista_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/castro/peopleevents/p_batista.html">American Experience: Fulgencio Batista</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041230061559/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/castro/peopleevents/p_batista.html">Archived</a> 2004-12-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <i>PBS</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horowitz-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horowitz_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Louis_Horowitz" title="Irving Louis Horowitz">Horowitz, Irving Louis</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hx2_y7Vu-PUC&pg=PA463"><i>Cuban communism</i></a>. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books. p. 662. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-672-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-672-5"><bdi>978-0-88738-672-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424184812/https://books.google.com/books?id=hx2_y7Vu-PUC&pg=PA463">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuban+communism&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=662&rft.pub=Transaction+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88738-672-5&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Irving+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhx2_y7Vu-PUC%26pg%3DPA463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1971" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh (March 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116404995262/page/1173"><i>Cuba; the Pursuit of Freedom</i></a>. New York: Harper & Row. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116404995262/page/1173">1173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-014259-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-014259-9"><bdi>978-0-06-014259-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%3B+the+Pursuit+of+Freedom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1173&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1971-03&rft.isbn=978-0-06-014259-9&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116404995262%2Fpage%2F1173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILAshapiro-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ILAshapiro_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Invisible Latin America</i>, by Samuel Shapiro, Ayer Publishing, 1963, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-2521-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8369-2521-1">0-8369-2521-1</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuba_1963-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cuba_1963_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historia de Cuba: Desde Colon hasta Castro</i>. Carlos Márquez Sterling. Miami, Florida. 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/thehistoryofcuba/p/09granma.htm">"Cuban Revolution: The Voyage of the Granma"</a>. Latin American History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405213137/http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/thehistoryofcuba/p/09granma.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>The yacht, designed for only 12 passengers and supposedly with a maximum capacity of 25, also had to carry fuel for a week as well as food and weapons for the soldiers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuban+Revolution%3A+The+Voyage+of+the+Granma&rft.pub=Latin+American+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatinamericanhistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fthehistoryofcuba%2Fp%2F09granma.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastro2007">Castro (2007)</a>, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1998">Thomas (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517164246/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2014">"Opiniones: Haydee Santamaría, una mujer revolucionaria"</a> (in Spanish). La Ventana. 2 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2014">the original</a> on 17 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opiniones%3A+Haydee+Santamar%C3%ADa%2C+una+mujer+revolucionaria&rft.pub=La+Ventana&rft.date=2004-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaventana.casa.cult.cu%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaria2002">Faria (2002)</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mig-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mig_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/cuban-migration-postrevolution-exodus-ebbs-and-flows">"Cuban Migration: A Postrevolution Exodus Ebbs and Flows"</a>. <i>migrationpolicy.org</i>. 3 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810061932/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/cuban-migration-postrevolution-exodus-ebbs-and-flows">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=migrationpolicy.org&rft.atitle=Cuban+Migration%3A+A+Postrevolution+Exodus+Ebbs+and+Flows&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Fcuban-migration-postrevolution-exodus-ebbs-and-flows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-race-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-race_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Benson, Devyn Spence (22 March 2019). <i>Not blacks, but citizens!: racial politics in revolutionary Cuba, 1959-1961</i> (Thesis). The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17615%2Fys7q-8n14">10.17615/ys7q-8n14</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161971505">161971505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Not+blacks%2C+but+citizens%21%3A+racial+politics+in+revolutionary+Cuba%2C+1959-1961&rft.inst=The+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill+University+Libraries&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17615%2Fys7q-8n14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161971505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Devyn+Spence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cc-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cc_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitzSuchlicki2001" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Irving; Suchlicki, Jaime (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd1zNGHKjccC&q=1959+cuban+exodus&pg=PA411"><i>Cuban Communism</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">413–</span>417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412820875" title="Special:BookSources/9781412820875"><bdi>9781412820875</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719231927/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd1zNGHKjccC&q=1959+cuban+exodus&pg=PA411">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuban+Communism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E413-%3C%2Fspan%3E417&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781412820875&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft.au=Suchlicki%2C+Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRd1zNGHKjccC%26q%3D1959%2Bcuban%2Bexodus%26pg%3DPA411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-open-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-open_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuany1999" class="citation journal cs1">Duany, Jorge (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fplc.464">"Cuban communities in the United States: migration waves, settlement patterns and socioeconomic diversity"</a>. <i>Pouvoirs dans la Caraïbe Revue du Centre de recherche sur les pouvoirs locaux dans la Caraïbe</i> (11): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fplc.464">10.4000/plc.464</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pouvoirs+dans+la+Cara%C3%AFbe+Revue+du+Centre+de+recherche+sur+les+pouvoirs+locaux+dans+la+Cara%C3%AFbe&rft.atitle=Cuban+communities+in+the+United+States%3A+migration+waves%2C+settlement+patterns+and+socioeconomic+diversity&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fplc.464&rft.aulast=Duany&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fplc.464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quod-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quod_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedraza1998" class="citation journal cs1">Pedraza, Silvia (Winter 1998). "Cuba's Revolution and Exodus". <i>Journal of the International Institute</i>. <b>5</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.4750978.0005.204">2027/spo.4750978.0005.204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Institute&rft.atitle=Cuba%27s+Revolution+and+Exodus&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.4750978.0005.204&rft.aulast=Pedraza&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exile-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Exile_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exile_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exile_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBr0DQAAQBAJ&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA269"><i>Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities</i></a>. Brill. 2015. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401205924" title="Special:BookSources/9789401205924"><bdi>9789401205924</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719231932/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Exile_Cultures_Misplaced_Identities/VBr0DQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA269&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exile+Cultures%2C+Misplaced+Identities&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789401205924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBr0DQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcuba%2Bde%2Bayer%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrera2001" class="citation book cs1">Herrera, Andrea (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4GLZpiK4WMC&dq=idealized+cuba&pg=PA41"><i>ReMembering Cuba Legacy of a Diaspora</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292731479" title="Special:BookSources/9780292731479"><bdi>9780292731479</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ReMembering+Cuba+Legacy+of+a+Diaspora&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780292731479&rft.aulast=Herrera&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4GLZpiK4WMC%26dq%3Didealized%2Bcuba%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Immigrants-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Immigrants_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Immigrants_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N4rSBF8wMn8C&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA52"><i>Immigrants Outside Megalopolis Ethnic Transformation in the Heartland</i></a>. Lexington Books. 2008. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739119198" title="Special:BookSources/9780739119198"><bdi>9780739119198</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719231932/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Immigrants_Outside_Megalopolis/N4rSBF8wMn8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA52&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigrants+Outside+Megalopolis+Ethnic+Transformation+in+the+Heartland&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780739119198&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN4rSBF8wMn8C%26dq%3Dcuba%2Bde%2Bayer%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bQBsyqkJmOMC&dq=little+havana+cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA228"><i>Defining Travel Diverse Visions</i></a>. University Press of Mississippi. 2001. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578064113" title="Special:BookSources/9781578064113"><bdi>9781578064113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+Travel+Diverse+Visions&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781578064113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQBsyqkJmOMC%26dq%3Dlittle%2Bhavana%2Bcuba%2Bde%2Bayer%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diversion-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diversion_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diversion_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaguna2017" class="citation book cs1">Laguna, Alberto (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YgPRDgAAQBAJ&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA93"><i>Diversión Play and Popular Culture in Cuban America</i></a>. NYU Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781479836017" title="Special:BookSources/9781479836017"><bdi>9781479836017</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719231952/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Diversi%C3%B3n/YgPRDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA93&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversi%C3%B3n+Play+and+Popular+Culture+in+Cuban+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781479836017&rft.aulast=Laguna&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYgPRDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcuba%2Bde%2Bayer%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBustamante2021" class="citation book cs1">Bustamante, Michael (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8_9DwAAQBAJ&dq=cuban+nostalgia&pg=PA230"><i>Cuban Memory Wars Retrospective Politics in Revolution and Exile</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469662046" title="Special:BookSources/9781469662046"><bdi>9781469662046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuban+Memory+Wars+Retrospective+Politics+in+Revolution+and+Exile&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781469662046&rft.aulast=Bustamante&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF8_9DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcuban%2Bnostalgia%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dream-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dream_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dream_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cwtKAwAAQBAJ&dq=cuba+de+ayer+miami&pg=PA195"><i>A Dream Unfinished Theological Reflections on America from the Margins</i></a>. Wipf & Stock Publishers. 2007. pp. <span class="nowrap">190–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556354410" title="Special:BookSources/9781556354410"><bdi>9781556354410</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719231951/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Dream_Unfinished/cwtKAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=cuba+de+ayer+miami&pg=PA195&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dream+Unfinished+Theological+Reflections+on+America+from+the+Margins&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781556354410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcwtKAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcuba%2Bde%2Bayer%2Bmiami%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Arcus2013" class="citation book cs1">D'Arcus, Bruce (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZLcAAAAQBAJ&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA117"><i>Boundaries of Dissent Protest and State Power in the Media Age</i></a>. Taylor and Francis. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134728374" title="Special:BookSources/9781134728374"><bdi>9781134728374</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719231952/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Boundaries_of_Dissent/aZLcAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=cuba+de+ayer&pg=PA117&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries+of+Dissent+Protest+and+State+Power+in+the+Media+Age&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781134728374&rft.aulast=D%27Arcus&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZLcAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcuba%2Bde%2Bayer%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDtZLthPhJAC&dq=cuba+de+ayer+white&pg=PA230"><i>Sexuality and the Sacred, Second Edition Sources for Theological Reflection</i></a>. Presbyterian Publishing Corporation. 2010. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664233662" title="Special:BookSources/9780664233662"><bdi>9780664233662</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719231952/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sexuality_and_the_Sacred/ZDtZLthPhJAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=cuba+de+ayer+white&pg=PA230&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexuality+and+the+Sacred%2C+Second+Edition+Sources+for+Theological+Reflection&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780664233662&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZDtZLthPhJAC%26dq%3Dcuba%2Bde%2Bayer%2Bwhite%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirmat2014" class="citation book cs1">Firmat, Gustavo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWfUBAAAQBAJ&dq=cuba+de+ayer+miami&pg=PA84"><i>A Cuban in Mayberry Looking Back at America's Hometown</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292759251" title="Special:BookSources/9780292759251"><bdi>9780292759251</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719232011/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Cuban_in_Mayberry/ZWfUBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=cuba+de+ayer+miami&pg=PA84&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cuban+in+Mayberry+Looking+Back+at+America%27s+Hometown&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780292759251&rft.aulast=Firmat&rft.aufirst=Gustavo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWfUBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcuba%2Bde%2Bayer%2Bmiami%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuba_de_ayer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro, Fidel</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Ramonet" title="Ignacio Ramonet">Ignacio Ramonet</a> (ed.). <i>Fidel Castro: My Life</i>. Translated by Andrew Hurley. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-102626-8"><bdi>978-0-14-102626-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fidel+Castro%3A+My+Life&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-102626-8&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Fidel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaria2002" class="citation book cs1">Faria, Miguel A. (2002). <i>Cuba in revolution : escape from a lost paradise</i>. Macon, Ga.: Hacienda Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9641077-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9641077-3-1"><bdi>978-0-9641077-3-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba+in+revolution+%3A+escape+from+a+lost+paradise&rft.place=Macon%2C+Ga.&rft.pub=Hacienda+Pub&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9641077-3-1&rft.aulast=Faria&rft.aufirst=Miguel+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1998" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh (1998). <i>Cuba, or, The pursuit of freedom</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306808277" title="Special:BookSources/0306808277"><bdi>0306808277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuba%2C+or%2C+The+pursuit+of+freedom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0306808277&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuba+de+ayer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuba_de_ayer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="Mass killing">mass killings</a><br />and atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Atrocities against Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs during WWII</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Wikipedia controversy">Croatian Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Katyn" title="Anti-Katyn">Katyn massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre#Armenian_reactions" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing Massacre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_cover-up_of_Japanese_war_crimes" title="American cover-up of Japanese war crimes">U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide#Media_coverage_in_Myanmar" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holocaust30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria_victim_theory" title="Austria victim theory">Austria victim theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Clean <i>Wehrmacht</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rommel_myth" title="Rommel myth">Rommel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Speer_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Speer myth">Speer myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiani_brava_gente" title="Italiani brava gente">Italians, the good people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_syndrome" title="Vichy syndrome">Vichy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005"><i>Sonderaktion</i> 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other whitewashing<br />of governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuba de ayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_myth" title="Czechoslovak myth">Czechoslovak myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_state_terrorism_in_Argentina" title="Denial of state terrorism in Argentina">Denial of state terrorism in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood_theory" title="Driftwood theory">Driftwood theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos apologism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil (page does not exist)">Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negacionismo_da_ditadura_militar_brasileira" class="extiw" title="pt:Negacionismo da ditadura militar brasileira">pt</a>]</span> / <a href="/wiki/Negationism_of_the_military_dictatorship_of_Chile" title="Negationism of the military dictatorship of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Legacy" title="Operation Legacy">Operation Legacy (UK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity" title="Allah as a lunar deity">Allah as a lunar deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiquization" title="Antiquization">Antiquization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burnings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe#Political_implications" title="Great Zimbabwe">Censorship of Great Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i></li> <li>Destruction of cultural heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Erased" title="The Erased">Izbrisani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT erasure">LGBT erasure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Like_sheep_to_the_slaughter" title="Like sheep to the slaughter">Like sheep to the slaughter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_success_story" title="Cuban success story">Myth of the golden exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time hypothesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pseudohistory_Theory" title="Western Pseudohistory Theory">Western Pseudohistory Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespeare authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_losses_of_Thailand" title="Territorial losses of Thailand">Territorial losses of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azerbaijan103" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Falsification_of_history_in_Azerbaijan" title="Falsification of history in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Destruction of Armenian heritage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cemetery_in_Julfa" title="Armenian cemetery in Julfa">Cemetery in Julfa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_Armenian_heritage_in_Nakhchivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Destruction of Armenian heritage in Nakhchivan (page does not exist)">Nakhchivan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Разрушение армянского наследия в Нахиджеване">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_on_granting_Nizami_the_status_of_the_national_poet_of_Azerbaijan" title="Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan">Nizami Ganjavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(irredentist_concept)" title="Western Azerbaijan (irredentist concept)">Western Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borussian_myth" title="Borussian myth">Borussian myth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_Langemarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of Langemarck (page does not exist)">Myth of Langemarck</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos_von_Langemarck" class="extiw" title="de:Mythos von Langemarck">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel / Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians" title="There was no such thing as Palestinians">There was no such thing as Palestinians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" title="Allegations of genocide in Donbas">Allegations of genocide in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian nation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Historical_Unity_of_Russians_and_Ukrainians" title="On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians">On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Crimean_Tatars_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Denial of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Union">Denial of Crimean Tatars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">Denial of Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Commission" title="1776 Commission">1776 Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_slaves_myth" title="Irish slaves myth">Irish slaves myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS%C4%B0MKK" title="ASİMKK">ASİMKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_the_Causes_of_the_War" title="Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War">Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CODOH" class="mw-redirect" title="CODOH">CODOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Voice" title="Dalit Voice">Dalit Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheckArmenia.com" title="FactCheckArmenia.com">FactCheckArmenia.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_zur_Rechtlichen_und_Humanit%C3%A4ren_Unterst%C3%BCtzung" title="Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung">Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Genocide_Memorial_and_Museum" title="Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum">Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Armenian_Research" title="Institute for Armenian Research">Institute for Armenian Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeschichtliche_Forschungsstelle_Ingolstadt" title="Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt">Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Town_Betrayed" title="A Town Betrayed">A Town Betrayed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Verdade_Sufocada" title="A Verdade Sufocada">A Verdade Sufocada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverage_of_the_Hillsborough_disaster_by_The_Sun" title="Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun">Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by <i>The Sun</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatline_(B.o.B_song)" title="Flatline (B.o.B song)">Flatline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Folk_og_Land" title="Folk og Land">Folk og Land</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Palestinian_People" title="A History of the Palestinian People">A History of the Palestinian People (2017)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Diaries" title="Hitler Diaries">Hitler Diaries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hoax_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Hoax of the Twentieth Century">The Hoax of the Twentieth Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_More_Than_a_Wolf_Whistle" title="I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle">I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_%E2%80%93_istina" title="Jasenovac – istina">Jasenovac – istina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Historical_Review" title="Journal of Historical Review">Journal of Historical Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Side:_The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Nazism_and_Zionism" title="The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism">The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ottoman_Lieutenant" title="The Ottoman Lieutenant">The Ottoman Lieutenant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Report_about_Case_Srebrenica" title="Report about Case Srebrenica">Report about Case Srebrenica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_to_Review_the_Global_Vision_of_the_Holocaust" title="International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust">International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arndt_Verlag" title="Arndt Verlag">Arndt Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.J._Fedorowicz_Publishing" title="J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing">J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munin_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Munin Verlag">Munin Verlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa Verlag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial" title="Legality of Holocaust denial">Statute law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verbotsgesetz_1947" title="Verbotsgesetz 1947">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Holocaust_denial_law" title="Belgian Holocaust denial law">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayssot_Act" title="Gayssot Act">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksverhetzung" title="Volksverhetzung">Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Zundel" title="R v Zundel">R v Zundel</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehideux_and_Isorni_v_France" title="Lehideux and Isorni v France">Lehideux and Isorni v France</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irving_v_Penguin_Books_Ltd" title="Irving v Penguin Books Ltd">Irving v Penguin Books Ltd</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perin%C3%A7ek_v._Switzerland" title="Perinçek v. Switzerland">Perinçek v. Switzerland</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime">Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_misconception" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical misconception">Historical misconceptions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history" title="Ash heap of history">Ash heap of history</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">False attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furtive_fallacy" title="Furtive fallacy">Furtive fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Genocide justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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