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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-width:2px;border-style:ridge;border-color:grey;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Confederation" title="Category:Canadian Confederation">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fathers_of_Confederation_LAC_c001855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fathers_of_Confederation_LAC_c001855.jpg/240px-Fathers_of_Confederation_LAC_c001855.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fathers_of_Confederation_LAC_c001855.jpg/360px-Fathers_of_Confederation_LAC_c001855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fathers_of_Confederation_LAC_c001855.jpg/480px-Fathers_of_Confederation_LAC_c001855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#EEE;padding:0.1em 0;;font-size:95%;"> Conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;;font-size:95%;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown, 1864</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quebec, 1864</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">London, 1866</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#EEE;padding:0.1em 0;;font-size:95%;"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;;font-size:95%;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Fathers of Confederation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_elite" title="Laurentian elite">Laurentian elite</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#EEE;padding:0.1em 0;;font-size:95%;"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;;font-size:95%;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Confederation_Party" title="Anti-Confederation Party">Anti-Confederation Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Affair" title="Chesapeake Affair"><i>Chesapeake</i> Affair</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Coalition" title="Great Coalition">Great Coalition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Resolutions" title="Quebec Resolutions">Quebec Resolutions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair"><i>Trent</i> Affair</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1867_Canadian_federal_election" title="1867 Canadian federal election">1867 Canadian federal election</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;font-size:95%;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Confederation_sidebar" title="Template:Canadian Confederation sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Confederation_sidebar" title="Template talk:Canadian Confederation sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Confederation_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Confederation sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Quebec Conference</b> was held from October 10 to 24, 1864, to discuss a proposed <a href="/wiki/Canadian_confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian confederation">Canadian confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in response to the shift in political ground when the United Kingdom and the United States had come very close to engaging in war with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the overall goal of the conference was to elaborate on policies surrounding federalism and creating a single state, both of which had been discussed at the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference</a> around a month earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Canada West</a> leader <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> requested <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck" title="Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck">Charles Monck</a> to invite all representatives from the three Maritime provinces and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland</a> to meet with the candidates who formed the United Canada to Quebec in October 1864. Although Newfoundland sent two observers, it did not participate directly in the proceedings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_beginnings_at_Charlottetown">The beginnings at Charlottetown</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The beginnings at Charlottetown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Charlottetown Conference of September 1864, laid the foundations for the Quebec Conference and was a significant meeting that would determine what would be discussed in the Quebec Conference. During the Conference, the Canadians found support for the confederation, as discussions pointed towards a unified decision to unite the provinces under the name of Canada. The Canada West member, Macdonald, who would be highly prominent in the Quebec Conference, began to find allies that would enable him to have a more dominant and influential role in the Quebec Conference a month later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore201539_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201539-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One key alliance made in the Charlottetown Conference that would transfer over to the Quebec Conference was made between the Maritime delegates and Macdonald as they saw him as less abrasive than the other Canada West official, <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">George Brown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore201539_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201539-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald appealed to the Maritime populace as he seemed a more friendly and diplomatic alliance than George Brown, and in terms of Canada East politician, <a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier" title="George-Étienne Cartier">George-Étienne Cartier</a>, Macdonald was an anglophone, and although Cartier was prominent at the discussions at Charlottetown, the Maritime politicians were yet to get used to the influence and power of the francophone politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore201540_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201540-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the fifth and final day of the conference, it was clear that a second part of the confederation deal was on the verge of being consummated and that the Charlottetown Conference had been making a breakthrough on the policy of Confederation. The Maritime politicians, however, struggled to agree and accept the details of the Canadians' proposal. On 10 September 1864, in Halifax three days later, they drew up plans to hold another conference in Quebec to finalize the negotiations made during the last few days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017124_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017124-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They drew up motions for the Quebec Conference after the conclusion of Charlottetown, where they would focus on the confederation of British North America. They also agreed to invite a delegation from Newfoundland, as they were not involved in negotiations at Charlottetown<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017124–125_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017124–125-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the members of Charlottetown wanted to include all provinces of Canada in the negotiations at the Quebec Conference as the Charlottetown Conference had laid the foundations of discussions at the Quebec Conference. During the period between the two sessions, the members of Charlottetown prepared a list of resolutions that would be passed at the Quebec Conference, which proposed the constitution of a new union. These were going to become the "<a href="/wiki/Quebec_Resolutions" title="Quebec Resolutions">72 Resolutions</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner196051_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner196051-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conference">Conference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conference involved 33 delegates from various regions of Canada. The meeting included members from Canada East- George-Étienne Cartier, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Paschal_Tach%C3%A9" title="Étienne-Paschal Taché">Étienne-Paschal Taché</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D%27Arcy_McGee" title="Thomas D'Arcy McGee">Thomas D'Arcy McGee</a>. Those from Canada West included George Brown and John A. Macdonald. Members in New Brunswick who also featured were <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_Gray_(New_Brunswick_politician)" title="John Hamilton Gray (New Brunswick politician)">John Hamilton Gray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Samuel Leonard Tilley</a>. Nova Scotian delegates featured <a href="/wiki/Adams_George_Archibald" title="Adams George Archibald">Adams George Archibald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a>. Newfoundland sent two delegates whose mere purpose was to observe proceedings and Prince Edward Island sent <a href="/wiki/George_Coles_(politician)" title="George Coles (politician)">George Coles</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Pope_(Canadian_politician)" title="William Henry Pope (Canadian politician)">William Henry Pope</a>. The two Newfoundland delegates were <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Carter" title="Frederick Carter">Frederick Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Shea" title="Ambrose Shea">Ambrose Shea</a>, who were not government members. Overall Nova Scotia had five members, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island had seven each, and the total made up all the delegates, making up all of the Maritime delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017125_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017125-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 32 delegates in total, and were given sets of calling cards, with the names and photo identification so everyone was clear with names and where certain people represented.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conference lasted 14 days, but to some people, such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Goff_Penny" title="Edward Goff Penny">Edward Goff Penny</a>, editor of the Montreal Herald, and an eventual senator, complained that this was too little time to conclude proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColquhoun196457_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColquhoun196457-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major source of conflict at the conference was between those who favoured a "legislative union" a unitary state, such as John A. Macdonald, and those who favoured stronger provincial rights. The Conference tied in very closely with the discussions of the aforementioned Charlottetown Conference, as the topics being discussed in Quebec centred around whether the country should have a strong and single central government, or a more encompassing federal system.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives from the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Maritimes">Maritimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) tended to argue for provincial rights, fearing they would lose their cultural identity under a centralized unitary state. John A. Macdonald thought the failure of a weak central power was evident in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, which was still being fought in the United States as the delegates met in Charlottetown and Quebec. The delegates eventually compromised, dividing powers between a "general" parliament and "local" provincial legislatures. They also decided to have an elected lower house, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>, and an appointed upper house, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>, although there was considerable debate about how many senators each province would have. The Prince Edward Island delegation called for a scheme similar to the <a href="/wiki/Triple-E_Senate" title="Triple-E Senate">Triple-E Senate</a> proposal of the 1990s. Eventually, a proposed structure for the government was written out in the form of the seventy-two resolutions at the end of the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following on from the topic of the proposed division of the central government into the upper house, that would be based on regional representation and the lower house that would represent the population, this was a key topic in both the Charlottetown Conference and the Quebec Conference. This topic was discussed at length during the conference with one examiner outlining that the meeting on October 24, 1864, that the topic was "debated all day with considerable warmth and ability but no agreement come to". He also outlined that "lower Canada complains that in the number proposed for her, 24, she would be unfairly represented (in the upper house), with it being proposed that upper Canada should have the same number."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite197284_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite197284-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discussion carried on over into the Quebec Conference in the hope that an agreement could be eventually made considering that it was not concluded at the end of the Charlottetown Conference. </p><p>In terms of what the regions as a whole desired, it was quite overtly clear. Delegates from the Maritimes feared that a legislative union which the aforementioned John A. Macdonald was promoting, as they believed it would result in the loss of their identity as other nations would have an overbearing influence. However, the smaller Maritime colonies saw the Senate as a means of strengthening their regional representation to offset their regional weakness in the so-called lower house. Cartier represented the interests of Quebec at the conference. Like the delegates from the Maritimes, he was more invested in the conference although he made it abundantly clear that the province needed a strong provincial government that would be able to protect their language, civil customs and local laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis2013425_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis2013425-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he was not wholeheartedly against such political reform, he believed that Quebec should still maintain its identity. </p><p>In terms of priorities at the Conference, there were many differing agendas, especially the Maritime regions that, as mentioned earlier, saw a federalized state as beneficial to their economy and commerce. An example of this was the role of <a href="/wiki/John_A._Carter_(Newfoundland_politician)" title="John A. Carter (Newfoundland politician)">John A. Carter</a>, one of the Newfoundland diplomats invited to the conference, as he outlined the importance of the fisheries to the Newfoundland economy, and that a newly formed federalized state would open up a wide field of enterprise both with internal trade in Canada and within the continent of North America as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, one concern of the Maritime colonies was that they benefited from free trade and the aforementioned commerce of fishing for their livelihood, Canada was more concerned about industrialization in all the provinces, creating significant improvements to the Canadian economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner196053_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner196053-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a concern was raised during the Conference as the Maritime colonies wished to maintain their stable economy. In contrast, some members from Prince Edward Island was highly skeptical of a union as advocated by Macdonald, as they were concerned about the Island's autonomy if there was a confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore201541_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201541-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of particularism, with paranoia surrounding an overpowering Canada dictating Maritime policy, was a salient characteristic of political thinking among numerous people in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner196052_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner196052-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That demonstrated that even within the Maritimes, there were varying degrees of skepticism, with some parts more in favour than others highlighting the complexities of the Maritimes. One key figure, Charles Tupper who was a politician from Nova Scotia who formed close alliances with John A. Macdonald, sympathized with the goal of confederation and stated that the Maritimes "could never hope to occupy a position of influence or importance except in connection with their larger sister Canada."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore201540_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201540-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That highlighted the varying degrees in which delegates from the Maritimes viewed the idea of confederation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Result">Result</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Result"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overall, the result was a compromise, as each province would have its own legislature and the power of government was divided up between the federal and provincial governments.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was decided that the central administrative area was to be placed in Ottawa, where the central government would reside.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delegates consolidated their previous agreement at the Charlottetown Conference, that the central government would have a lower house based on population and an upper house reflective of regional representation.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three separate regions of Ontario, Quebec, and the three Maritime provinces would all have 24 seats in the appointment chamber. The actual overall result meant that Canada incorporated portions of both the British Unitary system and the American federal system.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "72 Resolutions" were drawn up by the end of the conference, which maintained none of the democratic principles as demonstrated in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruchesi1956151_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruchesi1956151-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolutions did not guarantee the protection for the rights of French Canadians and excluded them extensively in other parts of the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruchesi1956151_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruchesi1956151-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Christian faith was well protected as both Catholics and Protestant minorities were granted Canada’s equality of rights and special privileges in anything involving education. Such resolutions received wide recognition and support from the colonial office. In Lower Canada, Reformers opposed the resolutions but were the only group to do so. In Nova Scotia, pressure was needed to force through legislative approval of the resolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the federal government was given considerable power over the provinces, as was demonstrated under the power of disallowance, which gave the federal government the ability to reject provincial laws of which they did not approve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis2013425_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis2013425-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other regions were considered as a result of the conference, including Newfoundland, British Columbia and the “North West Territory", to eventually enter Canada on equal terms later. Although the Quebec Conference changed the political influence in Canada considerably, the British crown would maintain its position as the head of the government and the protector and head of executive authority.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_72_Resolutions">The 72 Resolutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The 72 Resolutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Resolutions were highly comprehensive. The first few resolutions outlined that the general government would ensure that the intercolonial railway would be completed from Riviere-du-Loup, through New Brunswick and end up at Truro in Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlay1991319_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlay1991319-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The delegates from Nova Scotia also admitted that the building of the railway with the full financial backing of the central government was key in swaying the Maritimes decision to back a centralized government. The arrangements proposed by Alexander Galt in terms of finance, predominantly focusing on existing debts of various debts owed by certain colonies should be divided and shared. Some of the final resolutions outline that her the Queen possess considerable power over the course of proceedings as Resolution 71 underlined that the Queen was to be solicited to determine the rank and name of the federated provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resolution 60 outlined that the central government would tackle the debts of all the provinces and aid the payments of all those involved.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What was eventually enacted was the policy which resulted in each province being compensated by a federal transfer resulting in 80 cents per head.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Quebec resolutions received increasing support from the colonial office, with the only opposing group being the Lower Canadian Reformers who had not been drafted into the coalition. In both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, considerable pressure was needed to formulate and pass through legislative approval. Prince Edward Island did not join the newly formed unified Canada until around 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 72 Resolutions significantly influenced the <i>British North America Act</i>, as will be discussed in the next section, and little was altered or changed to the resolutions when enacted in London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017125_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017125-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_British_North_America_Act,_1867_and_the_Quebec_Conference's_legacy"><span id="The_British_North_America_Act.2C_1867_and_the_Quebec_Conference.27s_legacy"></span>The <i>British North America Act, 1867</i> and the Quebec Conference's legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The British North America Act, 1867 and the Quebec Conference's legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">British North America Act</a></i> received royal assent on 28 March 1867 by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, and by 22 May, all three provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Canada). Upper and Lower Canada were to be split into Ontario (Upper Canada) and Quebec (Lower Canada). All of these provinces were to be unified by 1 July 1867, three years after the agreement was made at the Quebec Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotter1971135_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotter1971135-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the act, it was clearly stated that 'not being more than six months of passing this act, the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick shall form and be one dominion under the name of Canada.' It went onto outline that 'Canada shall be divided into four provinces, named Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriedger19762_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriedger19762-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, although Canada was unified under the <i>British North America Act</i>, the act contained no general declaration or recognition of the fact that Canada was a bilingual and bicultural nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton201212_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton201212-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the <i>British North America Act</i> consolidated the 72 Resolutions as passed by the Quebec Conference. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Delegates">Delegates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Delegates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_East">Canada East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier" title="George-Étienne Cartier">George-Étienne Cartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Chapais" title="Jean-Charles Chapais">Jean-Charles Chapais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tilloch_Galt" title="Alexander Tilloch Galt">Alexander Tilloch Galt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector-Louis_Langevin" title="Hector-Louis Langevin">Hector-Louis Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D%27Arcy_McGee" title="Thomas D'Arcy McGee">Thomas D'Arcy McGee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Paschal_Tach%C3%A9" title="Étienne-Paschal Taché">Étienne-Paschal Taché</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_West">Canada West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canada West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">George Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian politician)">Alexander Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cockburn_(politician,_born_1819)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Cockburn (politician, born 1819)">James Cockburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McDougall_(politician,_born_1822)" class="mw-redirect" title="William McDougall (politician, born 1822)">William McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Mowat" title="Oliver Mowat">Oliver Mowat</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Brunswick">New Brunswick</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Brunswick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Barron_Chandler" title="Edward Barron Chandler">Edward Barron Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fisher_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Fisher (Canadian politician)">Charles Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_Gray_(1814-1889)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hamilton Gray (1814-1889)">John Hamilton Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Johnson" title="John Mercer Johnson">John Mercer Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Peter Mitchell (politician)">Peter Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Steeves" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Steeves">William H. Steeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Samuel Leonard Tilley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nova_Scotia">Nova Scotia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nova Scotia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_George_Archibald" title="Adams George Archibald">Adams George Archibald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Dickey" title="Robert B. Dickey">Robert B. Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Henry" title="William Alexander Henry">William Alexander Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_McCully" title="Jonathan McCully">Jonathan McCully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Ritchie" title="John William Ritchie">John William Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Joseph Howe</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prince_Edward_Island">Prince Edward Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prince Edward Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Coles_(politician)" title="George Coles (politician)">George Coles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_Gray_(1811-1887)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hamilton Gray (1811-1887)">John Hamilton Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heath_Haviland" title="Thomas Heath Haviland">Thomas Heath Haviland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Archibald_Macdonald" title="Andrew Archibald Macdonald">Andrew Archibald Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Palmer_(Canadian_politician)" title="Edward Palmer (Canadian politician)">Edward Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Pope_(Canadian_politician)" title="William Henry Pope (Canadian politician)">William Henry Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Whelan_(Canadian_politician)" title="Edward Whelan (Canadian politician)">Edward Whelan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newfoundland_(observers)"><span id="Newfoundland_.28observers.29"></span>Newfoundland (observers)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Newfoundland (observers)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Carter" title="Frederick Carter">Frederick Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Shea" title="Ambrose Shea">Ambrose Shea</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference</a>, 1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">London Conference, 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Confederation_Party" title="Anti-Confederation Party">Anti-Confederation Party</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBruchesi1956" class="citation book cs1">Bruchesi, Jean (1956). <i>Canada</i>. Toronto, ON: Ryerson Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada&rft.place=Toronto%2C+ON&rft.pub=Ryerson+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Bruchesi&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Conference%2C+1864" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColquhoun1964" class="citation book cs1">Colquhoun, A.H. (1964). <i>The Fathers of the Confederation</i>. 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New York City: Allen Lane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Weeks+in+Quebec+City&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Conference%2C+1864" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotter1971" class="citation book cs1">Trotter, Reginald George (1971). <i>Canadian Federation</i>. 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Lexington, KY: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kentucky Press">University of Kentucky Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+the+Continental+Union&rft.place=Lexington%2C+KY&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Conference%2C+1864" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_Conference,_1864&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:02-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiller1997" class="citation web cs1">Hiller, J.K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/quebec-conference-1864.php">"The Quebec Conference, October 1864"</a>. <i>Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Heritage+Web+Site&rft.atitle=The+Quebec+Conference%2C+October+1864&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hiller&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Farticles%2Fpolitics%2Fquebec-conference-1864.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Conference%2C+1864" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckner2006" class="citation web cs1">Buckner, Phillip A. (February 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-conference/">"Québec Conference"</a>. <i>Historica Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historica+Canada&rft.atitle=Qu%C3%A9bec+Conference&rft.date=2006-02-07&rft.aulast=Buckner&rft.aufirst=Phillip+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fquebec-conference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Conference%2C+1864" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201539-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore201539_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore201539_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore2015">Moore 2015</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore201540-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore201540_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore201540_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore2015">Moore 2015</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017124-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017124_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrikorian2017">Krikorian 2017</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017124–125-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017124–125_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrikorian2017">Krikorian 2017</a>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner196051-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner196051_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner1960">Warner 1960</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017125-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017125_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrikorian2017125_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrikorian2017">Krikorian 2017</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColquhoun196457-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColquhoun196457_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColquhoun1964">Colquhoun 1964</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-2600-e.html">"The Québec Conference: October 10-27, 1864"</a>. <i>Library and Archives Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Qu%C3%A9bec+Conference%3A+October+10-27%2C+1864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fconfederation%2F023001-2600-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec+Conference%2C+1864" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite197284-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite197284_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaite1972">Waite 1972</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis2013425-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis2013425_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis2013425_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancis2013">Francis 2013</a>, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughty1920" class="citation journal cs1">Doughty, A.G. 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriedger19762_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDriedger1976">Driedger 1976</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreighton201212-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreighton201212_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreighton2012">Creighton 2012</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Template:Constitution of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Constitution of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_constitutional_documents" title="List of Canadian constitutional documents">List of constitutional documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">Amendments to the Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-constitutionality" title="Quasi-constitutionality">Quasi-constitutional law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pre-Confederation_constitutional_documents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Pre-Confederation constitutional documents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Law_of_Peace" title="Great Law of Peace">Iroquois constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Council (Miꞌkmaq)">Mi'kmaq constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Constitution of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act of 1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_1791" title="Constitutional Act 1791">Constitutional Act of 1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Lower_Canada" title="Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada">Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Report" title="Durham Report">Report on the Affairs of British North America</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union 1840</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Confederation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference, 1864</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quebec Conference, 1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Resolutions" title="Quebec Resolutions">Quebec Resolutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">London Conference, 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Fathers of Confederation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Constitution_Act,_1867" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_121_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_125_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 125 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 125</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Powers under<br />Section 91</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace,_order,_and_good_government" title="Peace, order, and good government">Peace, order, and good government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(2)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 91(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Trade and commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(10)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Matters excepted from s. 92</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Powers under <br />Section 92</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867#Provincial_jurisdiction" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(10)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Works and undertakings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(13)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Property and civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(14)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(14) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867#Provincial_jurisdiction" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Fines and penalties for provincial laws</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_92(16)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 92(16) of the Constitution Act, 1867 (page does not exist)">Matters of a local or private nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Amendments_and_other_constitutional_documents_1867–1982" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts</a>, 1867–1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Act,_1870" title="Manitoba Act, 1870">Manitoba Act, 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Act" title="Alberta Act">Alberta Act, 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Act" title="Saskatchewan Act">Saskatchewan Act, 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Act" title="Newfoundland Act">Newfoundland Act, 1949</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Patriation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">Patriation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulton%E2%80%93Favreau_formula" title="Fulton–Favreau formula">Fulton–Favreau formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Charter" title="Victoria Charter">Victoria Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriation#The_Kitchen_Accord" title="Patriation">Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Constitution_Act,_1982" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_2_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_5_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 5 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_6_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_7_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_8_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_9_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 9 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_10_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 10 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_11_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_12_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 12 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_13_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 13 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_14_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 14 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_15_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16.1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16.1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_17_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 17 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_18_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 18 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_19_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 19 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_20_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 20 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_21_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 21 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_22_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 22 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_24_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 24 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_25_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_26_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 26 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_27_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 28 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_29_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_30_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 30 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_31_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 31 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_32_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 32 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_34_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 34 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">34</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982">35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_35.1_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 35.1 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part III – Equalization and regional disparities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_36_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 36 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">36</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">Part V – Procedure for amending Constitution of Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_38_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 38 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_39_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 39 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_40_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 40 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_41_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_42_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 42 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_43_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 43 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">43</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_44_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 44 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">44</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_45_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 45 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">45</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_46_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 46 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_47_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 47 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">47</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_48_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 48 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_49_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 49 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">49</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part VII – General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_52_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982">52</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_53_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 53 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">53</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_54_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 54 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">54</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_55_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 55 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_56_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 56 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">56</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_57_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 57 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">57</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_58_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 58 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">59</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> 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