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to humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Theses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Western meadowlark</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturnella_neglecta" title="Sturnella neglecta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sturnella neglecta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Западен трупиал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западен трупиал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturnella_neglecta" title="Sturnella neglecta – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sturnella neglecta" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradenca_occidental" title="Pradenca occidental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pradenca occidental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturnella_neglecta" title="Sturnella neglecta – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sturnella neglecta" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehedydd_maes_y_Gorllewin" title="Ehedydd maes y Gorllewin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ehedydd maes y Gorllewin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesenst%C3%A4rling" title="Wiesenstärling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wiesenstärling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiiyah_wozhii_(%C3%ADiyis%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD)" title="Tsiiyah wozhii (íiyisígíí) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsiiyah wozhii (íiyisígíí)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturnella_neglecta" title="Sturnella neglecta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sturnella neglecta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcidenta_sturnelo" title="Okcidenta sturnelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidenta sturnelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturnella_neglecta" title="Sturnella neglecta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sturnella neglecta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="چمن‌چکاو غربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چمن‌چکاو غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturnelle_de_l%27Ouest" title="Sturnelle de l'Ouest – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sturnelle de l'Ouest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%94" title="סטורנלה נגלקטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטורנלה נגלקטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakarinis_pievinis_trupialas" title="Vakarinis pievinis trupialas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarinis pievinis trupialas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugati_r%C3%A9ticsir%C3%B6ge" title="Nyugati réticsiröge – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugati réticsiröge" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelkaakweidespreeuw" title="Geelkaakweidespreeuw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geelkaakweidespreeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA" title="ニシマキバドリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニシマキバドリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6rielerketrupial" title="Prærielerketrupial – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prærielerketrupial" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojak_%C5%BC%C3%B3%C5%82togard%C5%82y" title="Wojak żółtogardły – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojak żółtogardły" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Западный луговой трупиал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западный луговой трупиал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_meadowlark" title="Western meadowlark – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Western meadowlark" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stlig_%C3%A4ngstrupial" title="Västlig ängstrupial – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västlig ängstrupial" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon%C3%B3xe%C3%A4se" title="Honóxeäse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Honóxeäse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Шпаркос західний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шпаркос західний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BB%81n_chi%E1%BB%87n_mi%E1%BB%81n_t%C3%A2y" title="Chiền chiện miền tây – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiền chiện miền tây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturnella_neglecta" title="Sturnella neglecta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sturnella neglecta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%8D%89%E5%9C%B0%E9%B7%9A" title="西草地鷚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西草地鷚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medium sized bird of North America with distinctive yellow chest</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_meadowlark" title="Eastern meadowlark">Eastern meadowlark</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Western meadowlark </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sturnella_neglecta_GNP_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sturnella_neglecta_GNP_02.jpg/220px-Sturnella_neglecta_GNP_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sturnella_neglecta_GNP_02.jpg/330px-Sturnella_neglecta_GNP_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sturnella_neglecta_GNP_02.jpg/440px-Sturnella_neglecta_GNP_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2583" data-file-height="2482" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="44" data-mwtitle="Sturnella_neglecta_-_Western_Meadowlark_-_XC76505.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Sturnella_neglecta_-_Western_Meadowlark_-_XC76505.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Sturnella_neglecta_-_Western_Meadowlark_-_XC76505.ogg/Sturnella_neglecta_-_Western_Meadowlark_-_XC76505.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Song </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Sturnella" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Icterid" title="Icterid">Icteridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sturnella" title="Sturnella"><i>Sturnella</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>S. neglecta</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Sturnella neglecta</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">Audubon</a>, 1844</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sturnella_neglecta_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sturnella_neglecta_map.svg/220px-Sturnella_neglecta_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sturnella_neglecta_map.svg/330px-Sturnella_neglecta_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sturnella_neglecta_map.svg/440px-Sturnella_neglecta_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1992" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Range of <i>S. neglecta</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#FFFF00; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Breeding range</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#008000; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Year-round range</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color:#0000FF; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Wintering range</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>western meadowlark</b> (<i><b>Sturnella neglecta</b></i>) is a medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Icterid" title="Icterid">icterid</a> bird, about 8.5 in (22 cm) in length. It is found across western and central North America and is a <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">full migrant</a>, breeding in Canada and the United States with resident populations also found in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The western meadowlark nests on the ground in open grasslands and shrublands.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bow_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bow-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It feeds on bugs and seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The western meadowlark has distinctive calls described as watery or flute-like, which distinguish it from the closely related <a href="/wiki/Eastern_meadowlark" title="Eastern meadowlark">eastern meadowlark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The western meadowlark is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">state bird</a> of six states: <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_meadowlark&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The western meadowlark was <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">formally described</a> in 1844 by the American ornithologist <a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> under its current <a href="/wiki/Binomial_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial name">binomial name</a> <i>Sturnella neglecta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-audubon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audubon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific epithet is from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">neglectus</i></span> meaning "ignored", "overlooked", "neglected" or "disregarded".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audubon explained that although the account of the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> of 1803–1806 mentioned yellow larks, these had never been formally described.<sup id="cite_ref-audubon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-audubon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type locality (biology)">type locality</a> is <a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_Trading_Post_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site">Old Fort Union, North Dakota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite having "lark" in their name due to their melodic song, they are not true <a href="/wiki/Lark" title="Lark">Larks</a>, as they are instead in the New World Blackbird family.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> are recognised:<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>S. n. neglecta</i> Audubon, 1844 – southwest, south central Canada through the west US (except coastal Pacific Northwest) to central Mexico</li> <li><i>S. n. confluenta</i> Rathbun, 1917 – coastal southwest Canada and northwest US (southwest British Columbia to Oregon)</li></ul> <p>Western meadowlarks will occasionally interbreed with eastern meadowlarks where their ranges overlap; however, resulting young appear to have low fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_meadowlark&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western meadowlark adults have yellow underparts with a black "V" on the breast and white flanks streaked with black. Their upper parts are mostly brown, but also have black streaks. These birds have long, pointed bills and their heads are striped with light brown and black bands. </p><p><b>Measurements</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-All_About_Birds_ID_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-All_About_Birds_ID-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Length</b>: 6.3–10.2 in (16–26 cm)</li> <li><b>Weight</b>: 3.1–4.1 oz (88–116 g)</li> <li><b>Wingspan</b>: 16.1 inches (41 cm)</li></ul> <p>These birds have a flute-like warbled song. These calls contrast with the simple, whistled call of the eastern meadowlark. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_meadowlark&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The breeding habitats of western meadowlarks are grasslands, prairies, pastures, and abandoned fields, all of which may be found across western and central North America, as far south as northern Mexico. In regions where their range overlaps with the eastern species, these birds prefer thinner, drier vegetation; the two type of birds generally do not interbreed but do defend territory against one another. Their nests are situated on the ground and are covered with a roof woven from grass. There may be more than one nesting female in a male's territory. Nests are sometimes destroyed by mowing operations with eggs and young in them. </p><p>Western meadowlarks are permanent residents throughout much of their range. Northern birds may <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrate</a> to the southern parts of their range; some birds also move east in the southern United States. </p><p>It has also been introduced to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> to control insects, and is now found on the island of <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a>. Attempted introductions to other islands failed, likely due to the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">small Indian mongoose</a>, which is absent from Kauai.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_meadowlark&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behaviour and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_meadowlark&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Meadowlark_Nest_(14441185311).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Western_Meadowlark_Nest_%2814441185311%29.jpg/150px-Western_Meadowlark_Nest_%2814441185311%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Western_Meadowlark_Nest_%2814441185311%29.jpg/225px-Western_Meadowlark_Nest_%2814441185311%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Western_Meadowlark_Nest_%2814441185311%29.jpg/300px-Western_Meadowlark_Nest_%2814441185311%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Well-hidden nest</figcaption></figure> <p>The nest is built by the female soon after arrival on the breeding grounds. The nest is placed in a concealed location on the ground. It is variable in form and ranges from a simple cup to a partially roofed structure with a runway extending from the nest entrance. Eggs are laid at daily intervals. Incubation only begins after the last egg is laid. The eggs measure on average 28 mm × 21 mm (1.10 in × 0.83 in) and have brownish spots and blotches on a white ground. The eggs hatch over a period of one or two days after being incubated by the female for 13–15 days. The young are <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a> and nearly naked; their eyes are closed until the 4th day. Only the female broods the chicks. The nestlings are almost exclusively fed insects. The male brings food to the nest which is then usually fed to the chicks by the female. The young fledge at 10–12 day but are only capable of sustained flight at around 21 days. The young receive parental care for around 2 weeks after fledging. A second brood is attempted.<sup id="cite_ref-bow_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bow-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nests are parasitized by <a href="/wiki/Brown-headed_cowbird" title="Brown-headed cowbird">brown-headed cowbirds</a> (<i>Molothrus ater</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-bow_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bow-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_feeding">Food and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_meadowlark&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Food and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These birds forage on the ground or in low to semi-low vegetation. They sometimes search for food by probing with their bills. They mainly eat <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, although they will consume <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">berries</a>. In winter, these birds often feed in flocks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_humans">Relationship to humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_meadowlark&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship to humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The western meadowlark is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">state bird</a> of six states: <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_cardinal" title="Northern cardinal">northern cardinal</a>, which represents seven states, is the only bird to hold the status of state bird in more states.<sup id="cite_ref-All_About_Birds_Overview_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-All_About_Birds_Overview-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2017 regular session of the Oregon Legislature, there was a short-lived controversy over the western meadowlark's status as state bird versus the <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a>. The sometimes-spirited debate included state representative <a href="/wiki/Rich_Vial" title="Rich Vial">Rich Vial</a> playing the meadowlark's song on his smartphone over the House microphone.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A compromise was reached in SCR 18,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was passed on the last day of the session, designating the western meadowlark as the state <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">songbird</a> and the osprey as the state <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">raptor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_meadowlark&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22724256/132173994">"<i>Sturnella neglecta</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2018</b>: e.T22724256A132173994. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724256A132173994.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724256A132173994.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Sturnella+neglecta&rft.volume=2018&rft.pages=e.T22724256A132173994&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724256A132173994.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22724256%2F132173994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+meadowlark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bow-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bow_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bow_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bow_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisLanyon2020" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, S.K.; Lanyon, W.E. (2020). Poole, A.F. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.wesmea.01">"Western Meadowlark (<i>Sturnella neglecta</i>), version 1.0"</a></span>. <i>Birds of the World</i>. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2173%2Fbow.wesmea.01">10.2173/bow.wesmea.01</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birds+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Western+Meadowlark+%28Sturnella+neglecta%29%2C+version+1.0&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2173%2Fbow.wesmea.01&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=S.K.&rft.au=Lanyon%2C+W.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2173%2Fbow.wesmea.01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+meadowlark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichele_Marie_GirardDavid_L._WheelerStephanie_B._Mills1997" class="citation book cs1">Michele Marie Girard; David L. Wheeler; Stephanie B. Mills (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBP8Xixij0C&pg=RA5-PA7"><i>Classification of Riparian Communities on the Bighorn National Forest</i></a>. Rocky Mountain Region, USDA Forest Service. p. H-7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+Riparian+Communities+on+the+Bighorn+National+Forest&rft.pages=H-7&rft.pub=Rocky+Mountain+Region%2C+USDA+Forest+Service&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Michele+Marie+Girard&rft.au=David+L.+Wheeler&rft.au=Stephanie+B.+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOmBP8Xixij0C%26pg%3DRA5-PA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+meadowlark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_P._LatimerKaren_Stray_Nolting2000" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan P. Latimer; Karen Stray Nolting (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9OFFAAAAYAAJ"><i>Songbirds</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-97941-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-97941-9"><bdi>978-0-395-97941-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songbirds&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-395-97941-9&rft.au=Jonathan+P.+Latimer&rft.au=Karen+Stray+Nolting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9OFFAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+meadowlark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-audubon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-audubon_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-audubon_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudubon1844" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">Audubon, John James</a> (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40419479">"Missouri Meadow-lark"</a>. <i>The Birds of America, from drawings made in the United States and their territories</i>. Vol. 7. New York: J.B. Chevalier. pp. <span class="nowrap">339–</span>341, Plate 489.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Missouri+Meadow-lark&rft.btitle=The+Birds+of+America%2C+from+drawings+made+in+the+United+States+and+their+territories&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E341%2C+Plate+489&rft.pub=J.B.+Chevalier&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Audubon&rft.aufirst=John+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F40419479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+meadowlark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobling2010" class="citation book cs1">Jobling, James A. (2010). <i>The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names</i>. 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New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+expedition+under+the+command+of+Captains+Lewis+and+Clark%2C+to+the+sources+of+the+Missouri%2C+thence+across+the+Rocky+Mountains+and+down+the+river+Columbia+to+the+Pacific+Ocean%3A+performed+during+the+years+1804%2C+1805%2C+1806+by+order+of+the+government+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1843&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryexpediti02macvgoog%2Fpage%2Fn250%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+meadowlark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaynter1968" class="citation book cs1">Paynter, Raymond A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=state.or.us&rft.atitle=SCR+18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folis.leg.state.or.us%2Fliz%2F2017R1%2FDownloads%2FMeasureDocument%2FSCR18%2FEnrolled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+meadowlark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_meadowlark&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_meadowlark&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lanyon, W. E. 1994. <i>Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)</i>. In <i>The Birds of North America</i>, No. 104 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists' Union.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theses">Theses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_meadowlark&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Davis SK. (2003). <i>Habitat selection and demography of mixed-grass prairie songbirds in a fragmented landscape</i>. Ph.D. The University of Regina (Canada), Canada.</li> <li>Horn AG. (1987). <i>Repertoires and song switching in western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta)</i>. Ph.D. University of Toronto (Canada), Canada.</li> <li>Pierce AM. (1974). <i>Energetics and Water Economy in the Western Meadowlark, Sturnella Neglecta</i>. Ph.D. University of California, Irvine, United States, California.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_meadowlark&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson JR & Merritt RW. (1977). "The Impact of Foraging Meadowlarks Sturnella-Neglecta on the Degradation of Cattle Dung Pads". <i>Journal of Applied Ecology</i>. vol. <b>14</b>, no. 2. pp. 355–362.</li> <li>Anderson RC. (1989). "The Development of Quadriplotriaena-Hypsokysta Nematoda Diplotriaenoidea in Grasshoppers Orthoptera". <i>Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington</i>. vol. <b>56</b>, no. 2. pp. 199–201.</li> <li>Applegate RD & Willms AG. (1987). 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"Plant and Bird Communities of Native Prairie and Introduced Eurasian Vegetation in Manitoba Canada". <i>Conservation Biology</i>. vol. <b>3</b>, no. 1. pp. 39–44.</li> <li>Winter SL, Cully JF Jr. & Pontius JS. (2003). "Breeding season avifauna of prairie dog colonies and non-colonized areas in shortgrass prairie". <i>Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science</i>. vol. <b>106</b>, no. 3-4. pp. 129–138.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_meadowlark&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4663" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4663" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Sturnella neglecta</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368136" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1368136">Q1368136</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sturnella_neglecta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Sturnella neglecta">Sturnella neglecta</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">ABA</a>: <span class="uid">wesmea</span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sturnella_neglecta/">Sturnella_neglecta</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/sturnella-neglecta/">sturnella-neglecta</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=4A5B488366FC0784">4A5B488366FC0784</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22724256">22724256</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=9707">9707</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/wesmea">wesmea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/537YZ">537YZ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/wesmea">wesmea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/45511135">45511135</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/STULNE">STULNE</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp19060.htm">19060</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2484277">2484277</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">GNAB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/western-meadowlark">western-meadowlark</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" title="Handbook of the Birds of the World">IBC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/western-meadowlark-sturnella-neglecta">western-meadowlark-sturnella-neglecta</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/9535">9535</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10722806">10722806</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=179039">179039</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22724256">22724256</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105149/">2.105149</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=84785">84785</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_Birds_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropical Birds Online">Neotropical</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/wesmea">wesmea</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/79148/">79148</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=283666">283666</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=368550">368550</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Sturnella-neglecta">Sturnella-neglecta</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox415" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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